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802.11s started as a Study Group of IEEE 802.11 in
September 2003. It became a Task Group in July 2004. A call for proposals was issued in May 2005, which resulted in the submission of 15 proposals submitted to a vote in July 2005. After a series of eliminations and mergers, the proposals dwindled
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Mesh STAs are individual devices using mesh services to communicate with other devices in the network. They can also collocate with 802.11 Access Points (APs) and provide access to the mesh network to 802.11 stations (STAs), which have broad market availability. Also, mesh STAs can collocate with an
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When peers discover each other (and security is enabled) they take part in an SAE exchange. If SAE completes successfully, each peer knows the other party possesses the mesh password and, as a by-product of the SAE exchange, the two peers establish a cryptographically strong key. This key is used
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The draft evolved through informal comment resolution until it was submitted for a Letter Ballot in
November 2006 as Draft D1.00. Draft D2.00 was submitted in March 2008 which failed with only 61% approval. A year was spent clarifying and pruning until Draft D3.00 was created which reached WG
309:
There are no defined roles in a mesh – no clients and servers, no initiators and responders. Security protocols used in a mesh must, therefore, be true peer-to-peer protocols where either side can initiate to the other or both sides can initiate simultaneously.
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802.11 portal that implements the role of a gateway and provides access to one or more non-802.11 networks. In both cases, 802.11s provides a proxy mechanism to provide addressing support for non-mesh 802 devices, allowing for end-points to be cognizant of external addresses.
38:. The IEEE 802.11s task group drew upon volunteers from university and industry to provide specifications and possible design solutions for wireless mesh networking. As a standard, the document was iterated and revised many times prior to finalization.
165:, which specifies this handoff between nodes both obeying 802.11s and otherwise, may be required. This is especially likely if a longer-range lower-bandwidth service is deployed to minimize mesh dead zones, e.g. GSM routing based on
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A wireless mesh network architecture allowing otherwise out-of-range nodes 1–4 to still connect to the
Internet. A key characteristic is the presence of multiple-hop links and using intermediate nodes to relay packets for
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to two (the "SEE-Mesh" and "Wi-Mesh" proposals), which became a joint proposal in
January 2006. This merged proposal was accepted as draft D0.01 after a unanimous confirmation vote in March 2006.
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A mesh often consists of many small nodes. When mobile users or heavy loads are concerned, there will often be a handoff from one base station to another, and not only from 802.11 but from other (
290:. AODV route discovery and localized route repair approaches are identical to Associativity-based Routing. Prior work has discussed and compared these various routing protocols in detail.
223:
device is labelled as Mesh
Station (mesh STA), or simply an ad hoc node. Mesh STAs form mesh links with one another, over which mesh paths can be established using an ad hoc mobile
48:
that govern wireless networking transmission protocols. They are commonly used today to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial establishments.
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Mesh networking often involves network access by previously unknown parties, especially when a transient visitor population is being served. Thus the accompanying
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with the "Authenticated Mesh
Peering Exchange" (AMPE) to establish a secure peering and derive a session key to protect mesh traffic, including routing traffic.
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374:, starting with version 2.6.26. The Linux community, with its many diverse distributions, provides a heterogenous testing ground for protocols like
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The IEEE 802.11s standard was issued in 2011 and was superseded in 2012 when it became part of the IEEE 802.11 standard that was issued in 2012.
338:. The problem with a Diffie–Hellman key exchange is that it does not have an authentication mechanism. So the resulting key is influenced by a
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standard will be required by most mesh networks to authenticate these users without pre-registration or any prior offline communication.
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366:. In open80211s smaller meshes of under 32 nodes are supported. Some of the projects were based on earlier (draft) versions.
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In June 2011 the fifth recirculation
Sponsor Ballot, on TGs Draft 12.0, was closed. The Draft met with 97.2% approval rate.
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282:(RFC 3561), which uses on-demand ad hoc routing approach and tree-based routing. Examples of on-demand ad hoc routing are
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710:
Harkins, Dan (2008). "Simultaneous
Authentication of Equals: A Secure, Password-Based Key Exchange for Mesh Networks".
560:"A Simulation Study of Table-Driven and On-Demand Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network - S J Lee, et. al., 1999"
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278:, or HWMP), yet allows vendors to operate using alternate routing protocols. HWMP is inspired by a combination of
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475:. The Working Group for WLAN Standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. November 2006
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The 2012 release of the 802.11 specification (802.11-2012) directly incorporates Mesh
Routing functionality.
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Between peers, 802.11s defines the secure password-based authentication and key establishment protocol
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A reference implementation of the 802.11s draft is available as part of the mac80211 layer in the
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2008 Second
International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008)
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637:"Compare the Performance of the Two Prominent Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks".
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621:"Performance Comparison of AODV, TODV, OLSR and ABR using OPNET - E. Nehra & J. Singh"
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541:. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force. July 2003
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802.11s also includes mechanisms to provide deterministic network access, a framework for
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wireless links and routing of packets through other nodes towards the destination node.
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approaches are also common. See the more detailed description of mesh security below.
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suitable to the actual network physical topology are required. 802.11s requires the
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680:"A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, 1999"
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delivery using "radio-aware metrics over self-configuring multi-hop topologies."
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mesh network, which may be used for relatively fixed (not mobile) topologies and
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The IEEE 802.11s amendment is supported by many products such as open80211s,
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See the more detailed description below comparing these routing protocols.
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697:"Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks by Padmini Misra"
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standard by defining an architecture and protocol that supports both
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254: with: all the compatible routing protocols. You can help by
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The MeshPoint.One router uses 802.11s mesh networking protocol.
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protocol. A key aspect of this architecture is the presence of
382:, a Linux distribution for routers, supports mesh networking.
238:
150:
30:, defining how wireless devices can interconnect to create a
389:, the 802.11s draft is supported starting with FreeBSD 8.0.
539:"RFC 3561 Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing"
780:"What is the maximum number of nodes supported by Mesh?"
514:"2012 release of the 802.11 specification (802.11-2012)"
22:
is a wireless local area network (WLAN) standard and an
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802.11s defines a default mandatory routing protocol (
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161:and other cordless phone) networks. Accordingly,
396:router uses the 802.11s mesh networking protocol.
494:"IEEE P802.11 - TASK GROUP S - MEETINGS UPDATE"
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8:
139:) may be supported or even static routing (
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107:to carry the actual traffic. One or more
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946:"MeshPoint.One technical specification"
446:"Quick Guide to IEEE 802.11 Activities"
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753:"IEEE 802.11s: The WLAN Mesh Standard"
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320:Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
83:802.11s inherently depends on one of
7:
14:
196:approval with 79% in March 2009.
127:) or dynamic link-state routing (
16:IEEE standard for mesh networking
827:. Linux Wireless. Archived from
420:List of ad hoc routing protocols
242:
59:802.11s extends the IEEE 802.11
925:"Making a 'mesh' of your Wi-Fi"
751:Hiertz, Guido (January 2000).
1:
473:"HWMP Protocol specification"
376:Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol
276:Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol
113:Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol
757:IEEE Wireless Communications
720:10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.131
346:of both peers to solve the
324:Diffie–Hellman key exchange
314:Peer authentication methods
288:Associativity-Based Routing
117:Associativity-Based Routing
2349:
2305:IEEE Standards Association
2295:
869:BattleMesh contributors.
79:Closely related standards
974:Wifi/Mesh - FreeBSD Wiki
415:Wireless ad hoc networks
215:802.11 mesh architecture
36:wireless ad hoc networks
2310:Category:IEEE standards
322:(SAE). SAE is based on
805:"Linux 2.6.26 Changes"
660:Cite journal requires
601:Cite journal requires
348:authentication problem
284:Dynamic Source Routing
211:
125:location based routing
425:Mobile ad hoc network
410:Wireless mesh network
221:wireless mesh network
208:
121:Zone Routing Protocol
714:. pp. 839–844.
332:primary cyclic group
328:finite cyclic groups
41:802.11 are a set of
927:. 15 November 2016
895:has generic name (
444:Stanley, Dorothy.
299:congestion control
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969:Status of 802.11s
729:978-0-7695-3330-8
571:10.1109/65.777441
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235:Routing protocols
109:routing protocols
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784:Github Issue 62
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759:. academia.edu
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588:on 2017-09-04.
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263:January 2024
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174:IEEE 802.11u
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133:B.A.T.M.A.N.
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32:wireless LAN
20:IEEE 802.11s
19:
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2331:IEEE 802.11
1872:legacy mode
778:Chun-Yeow.
394:Google Wifi
219:An 802.11s
163:IEEE 802.21
55:Description
24:IEEE 802.11
2250:Superseded
1321:802 series
951:2019-08-11
931:2016-11-16
911:"WifiMesh"
876:2014-07-31
855:2014-07-31
835:2012-01-22
810:2008-07-14
545:2007-03-03
524:2015-08-03
499:2012-01-02
479:2009-05-03
455:2021-06-30
431:References
2125:Bluetooth
825:"802.11s"
639:CiteSeerX
229:multi-hop
155:Bluetooth
69:multicast
65:broadcast
46:standards
2325:Category
2300:See also
2257:754-1985
2214:Proposed
1558:Ethernet
1044:Revision
885:cite web
738:18401678
579:12848559
404:See also
342:and the
187:Timeline
105:802.11ax
101:802.11ac
2241:P1906.1
2102:Wi-Fi 8
2078:Wi-Fi 7
2044:Wi-Fi 6
1993:Wi-Fi 5
1938:Wi-Fi 4
1017:Current
789:2 March
763:2 March
387:FreeBSD
380:OpenWrt
225:routing
210:others.
167:OpenBTS
97:802.11n
93:802.11g
89:802.11b
85:802.11a
73:unicast
2145:Zigbee
2113:802.15
1853:802.11
1091:1149.1
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334:or an
326:using
123:, and
2236:P1823
2231:P1699
2226:P1619
2221:P1363
2003:WiGig
1867:-1997
1858:Wi-Fi
1567:-1983
1553:802.3
1435:802.1
1311:42010
1306:29148
1301:16326
1296:16085
1291:14764
1286:12207
1281:11073
734:S2CID
683:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
575:S2CID
563:(PDF)
103:, or
2287:1471
2282:1364
2277:1362
2272:1233
2267:1219
1537:LACP
1276:2050
1271:2030
1266:1905
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1256:1902
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1246:1900
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897:help
791:2018
765:2018
724:ISBN
666:help
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450:IEEE
392:The
364:OLPC
286:and
280:AODV
137:OSPF
129:OLSR
71:and
43:IEEE
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