436:, however, interpreted this exemption narrowly to claim it held the right to prohibit any transactions associated with "informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date of the transaction." In response, the Berman-sponsored Free Trade in Ideas Actâpassed by Congress in 1994ârevised the original amendment's First Amendment exemptions to include newer and forthcoming mediums (including intangible items such as television broadcasts and methods of personal communication), further clarifying that the President's emergency sanction powers under the IEEPA and TWEA cannot be used with regard to any information or informational materials, regardless of their format or medium, or whether they are intended for personal or commercial use. The updated language also clarified that the non-exhaustive list of exempted materials was illustrative in nature, inferring that unlisted materials not yet invented or in wide use at the time of its passage would be prohibited from being subject to sanctions or other regulation under both acts.
527:; the restrictions would have become applicable to TikTok unless it was sold to an American company within 45 days of the executive order's issuance. Observers (including Trump administration critics and many TikTok users) raised First Amendment concerns with the executive order and suggested that, while national security concerns were cited to justify them, the sanctions were prompted by the administration's hostile relations toward China in general and retaliation against TikTok in particular for certain anti-Trump content hosted by the app and, as also suggested by ByteDance in court documents pertaining to its lawsuit to overturn the order, a ticket reservation prank waged by some users of the video platform that depressed attendance for a campaign rally he held in
38:
336:, the IEEPA is Title 50, §§1701â1707. The IEEPA authorizes the president to declare the existence of an "unusual and extraordinary threat... to the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States" that originates "in whole or substantial part outside the United States." It further authorizes the president, after such a declaration, to block transactions and freeze assets to deal with the threat. In the event of an actual attack on the United States, the president can also confiscate property connected with a country, group, or person that aided in the attack.
424:), aimed at protecting the rights of American citizens to receive information, regardless of the country of origin of such materials used, by exempting varied methods of communication from regulation. The revisions to both acts, known collectively as the "Berman Amendment," restrict the President's authority to regulate or prohibit the importation or exportation of various forms of print, audio and video materials, artwork and other images, and other informational materials protected under the
3777:
461:
blocking subject's wrongdoing nor to permit the blocking subject a chance to effectively respond to the allegations in court. Executing these blocking actions led to a series of legal cases challenging federal authority to indefinitely prevent charitable organizations from accessing their assets held in the United States.
468:
used the IEEPA extensively, sanctioning more than 3,700 entities and invoking 11 national emergency declarations (out of the 13 that he declared overall) relying primarily or exclusively on IEEPA authority during his 2017â21 term; Trump also used or threatened use of its powers in unconventional and
460:
which, in part, enhanced IEEPA asset blocking provisions under §1702(a)(1)(B) to permit the blocking of assets during the "pendency of an investigation." This statutory change gave the
Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control the power to block assets without the need to provide evidence of the
346:
The authority given to the
President under the IEEPA does not grant them the ability to regulate or prohibit communication that "does not involve a transfer of anything of value"; imports or exports of information or any informational materials; and transactions incidental to travel. Donations
1741:
H. Rep. No. 95-459, at 7 (1977) " has become essentially an unlimited grant of authority for the
President to exercise, at his discretion, broad powers in both the domestic and international economic arena, without congressional review. These powers may be exercised so long as there is an
472:
On May 30, 2019, the White House announced that Trump would use IEEPA powers to introduce tariffs on
Mexican exports in response to the national security threat of illegal immigration from Mexico into the United States. As part of an ongoing
496:, respectively. Critics considered the order an effort to intimidate ICC civil servants from proceeding with its investigation and accused the administration of targeting the two prosecutors, both of African origin, based on their race. The
1742:
unterminated declaration of national emergency on the books, whether or not the situation with respect to which the emergency was declared bears any relationship to the situation with respect to which the
President is using the authorities"
477:, on August 24, 2019, Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" U.S. companies to start looking at alternatives to China on the basis of claimed powers under IEEPA. Trump, however, did not formally declare an emergency as required by IEEPA.
3098:
3822:
2969:
194:
3093:
2147:
2031:
497:
2785:
624:
over accusations that the bank assisted residents of IEEPA sanctioned countries to wire money in violation of the Act from 1995 to 2006. The settlement resulted in Credit Suisse forfeiting $ 536 million.
2944:
2804:
2178:
3434:
2768:
3322:
3290:
456:
under the IEEPA to block the assets of terrorist organizations. The
President delegated blocking authority to federal agencies led by the U.S. Treasury. In October 2001, Congress passed the
2649:
2644:
409:, presidents have invoked IEEPA to safeguard U.S. national security interests by freezing or "blocking" assets of belligerent foreign governments, or certain foreign nationals abroad.
3497:
535:
on grounds that the sanctions likely violated IEEPA's informational materials exemption (under the Berman
Amendment) and First Amendment protections applying to users of the apps.
2903:
2829:
368:
in 1933, presidents had the power to declare emergencies without limiting their scope or duration, without citing the relevant statutes, and without congressional oversight. The
252:
1109:
3827:
3165:
2758:
3517:
3160:
2974:
2852:
557:
3552:
2703:
1970:
1612:
653:
425:
500:
granted a preliminary injunction blocking the sanctions in
January 2021, through a challenge to the order brought by four dual-national American law professors and the
3812:
3148:
2666:
190:
3118:
2671:
822:
2639:
2634:
2629:
401:
Unlike TWEA, IEEPA was drafted to permit presidential emergency declarations only in response to threats originating outside the United States. Beginning with
3465:
3317:
3285:
3016:
2352:
2090:
347:
intended to relieve human suffering, such as food, clothing or medicine are also excluded unless the
President specifically finds their inclusion necessary.
2143:
3177:
2869:
2502:
2170:
2327:
382:) that four declared emergencies remained in effect: the 1933 banking crisis with respect to the hoarding of gold, a 1950 emergency with respect to the
378:
limited what a president could do in such an emergency, but did not limit the emergency declaration power itself. A 1973 Senate investigation found (in
2328:"Credit Suisse Agrees to Forfeit $ 536 Million in Connection with Violations of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and New York State Law"
3138:
3108:
3031:
2678:
2996:
631:-based firm, Essentra FZE Company Limited, admitted of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and defying the
3337:
3305:
2874:
2862:
2693:
594:
433:
374:
3572:
3332:
3312:
3300:
3280:
3081:
2624:
2614:
2605:
2566:
2429:
580:
3376:
2778:
1823:
Andrew Boyle (June 10, 2021). "Checking the
President's Sanctions Powers: A Proposal to Reform the International Emergency Economic Powers Act".
3086:
2545:
2200:
754:
3602:
3388:
2879:
2836:
2824:
865:
3807:
3054:
1890:
3567:
508:
3415:
3327:
3295:
3264:
3259:
2924:
2891:
2656:
1538:
640:
2412:
2024:
3481:
3049:
3041:
2964:
2959:
1350:
Harmful foreign activities of the government, including activities that undermine the security and stability of the US and its allies
361:
238:
140:
127:
474:
3244:
1828:
360:
Congress enacted the IEEPA in 1977 to clarify and restrict presidential power during times of declared national emergency under the
3628:
3006:
2991:
2857:
2231:
2121:
940:
429:
417:
176:
2425:"Presidential Emergency Powers Related to International Economic Transactions: Congressional Recognition of Customary Authority"
519:
from U.S. app stores as well as prohibit domestic business transactions involving their respective China-based parent companies
3633:
3393:
3366:
3353:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
2799:
2518:
2393:
501:
290:
108:
100:
3458:
3197:
2984:
2919:
2688:
2569:
760:
318:
306:
2721:
1327:
3802:
3532:
3207:
3128:
1564:
2728:
1661:
3442:
3425:
3202:
3026:
2949:
2809:
2683:
2619:
2577:
1500:
610:
492:, over the court's investigation into allegations of war crimes committed by the U.S. and Israel in Afghanistan and the
481:
1862:§ 525 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995, Pub. L. No. 103-236, 108 Stat. 382 (1994)
3064:
717:
445:
70:
2353:"UAE Company Admits to North Korean Sanctions Violations and Defrauding the U.S. Government, Agrees to Pay $ 665,000"
3588:
3547:
3172:
3123:
2939:
2661:
2600:
2538:
1824:
469:
unprecedented manners (including executive actions utilizing powers under the act that prompted legal challenges).
387:
277:
2407:
2083:"Trump issues executive order banning TikTok from operating in 45 days if it's not sold by Chinese parent company"
2082:
3817:
3696:
3646:
3383:
3001:
2378:
842:
550:
394:
to the government's deteriorating economic and fiscal conditions. Congress terminated these emergencies with the
302:
247:
172:
37:
3684:
3153:
2979:
2929:
1607:
1101:
395:
340:
1971:"Global Supply Chains, Economic Decoupling, and U.S.-China Relations, Part 1: The View from the United States"
3405:
2510:
1488:
1025:
632:
493:
1798:
3608:
3473:
1662:"Jimmy Carter: "Presidential War Powers Bill Statement on Signing H.R. 7738 Into Law.," December 28, 1977"
1997:
3780:
3720:
3702:
3450:
2954:
2898:
2886:
2814:
2743:
2531:
2144:"TIKTOK INC. and BYTEDANCE LTD. v. DONALD J. TRUMP, WILBUR L. ROSS, JR.,and U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE"
1891:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10931539635102900344&hl=en&as_sdt=2,14&as_vis=1
1871:
1836:
1786:
1570:
1185:
617:
453:
365:
256:
2514:
1937:
3708:
3542:
3371:
2748:
2588:
2490:
1975:
1751:
379:
343:, which means that an emergency declared under the act must be renewed annually to remain in effect.
93:
2494:
1691:
50 U.S. Code Chapter 35 â International Emergency Economic Powers| LII / Legal Information Institute
317:
which has its source in whole or substantial part outside the United States. The act was signed by
3714:
3652:
3640:
3537:
3071:
3059:
3021:
2791:
2733:
2580:
1427:
Property of foreign persons involved in such activities, and migration of such persons into the US
1408:
697:
576:
406:
1810:§ 2502(a) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, Pub. L. No. 100-418, 102 Stat. 1107 (1988)
1484:
3410:
3212:
2716:
2471:
2452:
2424:
1460:
1262:
Technology and services connected with a foreign adversary that pose a risk to the United States
598:
489:
333:
310:
134:
2466:
2443:
1875:
3562:
3527:
3489:
3011:
2303:
1945:
1775:
1522:
1466:
Property of foreign persons participating in such violence; entry of such persons into the US
168:
3594:
818:
480:
In September 2020, the Trump administration sanctioned and imposed visa restrictions on two
180:
153:
2377:
U.S. Treasury, Office of Foreign Asset Control, Sanctions Programs and Country Information
1801:, 60 C.F.R. 54,579 (1995) (blocking the assets of certain Colombian narcotics traffickers).
398:, and then passed the IEEPA to restore the emergency power in a limited, overseeable form.
3744:
3678:
3660:
3133:
2773:
2763:
2711:
2281:
2225:
1849:
1031:
809:
532:
528:
2295:
1763:
1690:
144:
48:
An Act with respect to the powers of the President in time of war or national emergency.
3076:
2753:
1554:
891:
485:
449:
259:
2467:"Forgotten Rights: Takings Claims and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act"
2113:
1441:
Development of technologies and products to counter US national security capabilities
3796:
3766:
3361:
1732:
50 U.S. Code § 1702 - Presidential authorities â (b) Exceptions to grant of authority
1239:
621:
606:
413:
314:
2053:
1911:
3732:
3726:
3557:
2934:
2554:
1582:
1576:
932:
Property of government officials and other persons involved in human rights abuses
587:
465:
402:
321:
286:
227:
2498:
1310:
Use of United States financial capital for military development and modernization
847:
Continuation of authority for all regulations previously authorized under the Act
1224:
Property of foreign persons determined to have participated in such interference
3759:
3738:
3505:
3400:
2819:
2245:
1478:
1122:
978:
636:
457:
391:
1503:(2020â2021 for investigating actions by United States personnel in Afghanistan)
1279:
Property of Turkish government officials, institutions and supporting entities
1008:
Property of persons that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Somalia
3690:
3099:
Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978
2379:
http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/Programs.aspx
2246:"U.S. judge blocks Commerce Department order to remove WeChat from app stores"
1669:
1368:
1067:
Actions and policies that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Yemen
421:
383:
2307:
1949:
1373:
Property of and transactions with foreign persons contributing to the crisis
3143:
1635:
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use
1633:
1544:
1452:
1141:
894:
government, and of persons undermining stabilization efforts with violence.
572:
520:
412:
In 1988, Congress passed amendments to the TWEA and IEEPA, authored by Rep.
2148:
U.S. District Court for the Central District of California Western Division
1998:"Trump authorizes sanctions against International Criminal Court officials"
1259:
Vulnerabilities in information and communications technology and services
2058:
1594:
1333:
869:
771:
602:
827:
Property of persons engaged in or providing support for such activities
294:
112:
2970:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
2249:
2201:"U.S. Judge Halts Trump's TikTok Ban, Hours Before It Was Set To Start"
1534:
1518:
1177:
1078:
997:
959:
921:
524:
53:
1404:
Humanitarian crisis and claims involving victims of terrorist attacks
575:
was accused of violating the act by trading in Iranian oil during the
2505:
1560:
1550:
1512:
1169:
Property of persons responsible for or complicit in such activities.
1082:
583:
516:
512:
504:. (The Biden administration lifted the ICC sanctions in April 2021.)
369:
17:
3094:
Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
2296:"New York Man Charged With Enabling Hezbollah Television Broadcasts"
970:
Various forms of commerce involving persons engaged in such actions
488:
and Jurisdiction Complementarity and Cooperation Division Director
1588:
1528:
1494:
1293:
Actions that undermine the autonomy and institutions of Hong Kong
1059:
1016:
989:
Various forms of commerce involving North Korea and its nationals
902:
790:
1506:
1130:
Activities that threaten regional peace, security, or stability
879:
868:
that commit, threaten to commit or support terrorism, including
689:
531:
that June. The executive order was blocked by federal courts in
3823:
United States federal defense and national security legislation
2527:
2523:
2002:
1238:
Human rights abuses, destabilization and corruption under the
1090:
Actions and policies of persons engaged in the Ukraine crisis
628:
702:
Property of the government of Iran and its instrumentalities
1444:
Investment transactions that contribute to such development
722:
Property of persons that engage in or support proliferation
2114:"Trump bans dealings with Chinese owners of TikTok, WeChat"
1876:
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2001-09-25/pdf/01-24205.pdf
1776:
http://www.ncrepublic.org/images/lib/SenateReport93_549.pdf
313:
in response to any unusual and extraordinary threat to the
1938:"Trump Asserts He Can Force U.S. Companies to Leave China"
1668:. University of California â Santa Barbara. Archived from
1207:
Property of designated persons engaged in such activities
2282:
USDOJ: Office of the Pardon Attorney: Clemency Recipients
2032:
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York
1313:
Transactions in securities of Chinese military companies
1190:
Property of persons engaged in destabilizing activities.
948:
Violence and atrocities that threaten regional stability
639:. The firm also agreed to pay a fine of $ 665,112 to the
593:
On August 23, 2006, Javed Iqbal was arrested through the
498:
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York
214:
on November 30, 1977 (agreed) with further amendment
2171:"Is This The Real Reason Why Trump Wants To Ban TikTok?"
1591:(1993â2003 for interfering with UN peacekeeping efforts)
1547:(1985â1990 for aggressive activities in Central America)
1296:
Property of foreign persons connected with such actions
861:
Threat of terrorist attacks on the US and its nationals
663:
As of 2021, the following IEEPA emergencies are active.
2294:
Williams, Timothy; Rashbaum, William K. (2006-08-25).
1424:
Hostage-taking and wrongful detention of US nationals
782:
Property of traffickers and their material supporters
2054:"US lifts Trump-era sanctions against ICC prosecutor"
1764:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=13684
1632:
Casey, Christopher A.; et al. (March 20, 2019).
1152:
Property of persons responsible for such violations.
601:
to violate the IEEPA for airing material produced by
309:
to regulate international commerce after declaring a
3166:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
3671:
3618:
3581:
3516:
3424:
3352:
3273:
3252:
3243:
3190:
3107:
3040:
2912:
2845:
2702:
2599:
1912:"Trump to hit Mexico with tariffs to halt migrants"
1353:Property of persons connected with such activities
1051:Property of persons involved in such organizations
1048:Activities of transnational criminal organizations
237:
151:
133:
123:
118:
99:
89:
84:
76:
65:
52:
44:
3161:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
2975:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
1701:
1699:
1573:(1992â2003 for sponsoring Serb nationalist groups)
1114:Property of persons contributing to the conflict.
951:Property of persons contributing to said violence
929:Actions and policies of members of the government
558:KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Development
278:
3553:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1613:List of national emergencies in the United States
1390:Property of foreign persons engaged in the trade
817:Extremist violence and actions that obstruct the
654:List of national emergencies in the United States
3149:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1818:
1816:
1641:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
1387:Global illicit trade in opioids and other drugs
1133:Property of persons engaged in such activities.
1110:Central African Republic conflict (2012âpresent)
616:On December 16, 2009, it was announced that the
507:Also in September 2020, Trump used the IEEPA to
208:on October 11, 1977 (passed) with amendment
3119:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
1332:Property of foreign persons connected with the
1245:Property of persons engaged in such activities
1166:Significant malicious cyber-enabled activities
913:Property of persons involved in those actions
2539:
1969:Saha, Sagatom; Feng, Ashley (April 1, 2020).
1221:Risk of foreign interference in US elections
1070:Property of persons engaged in such actions.
910:Various aggressive actions of the government
8:
3017:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
2904:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1936:Baker, Peter; Bradsher, Keith (2019-08-24).
1030:Property of officials and associates of the
890:Property of officials and associates of the
339:The IEEPA falls under the provisions of the
30:
3828:United States foreign relations legislation
3178:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
2870:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
2739:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
2511:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
2491:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
2444:"President's Foreign Economic Powers After
2399:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
1693:. Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.
270:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
31:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
3249:
2699:
2546:
2532:
2524:
1889:, 647 F. Supp. 2d 857, 866, ND Ohio 2009,
1597:(2003â2024 against the ZANUâPF government)
1204:Serious human rights abuse and corruption
195:Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
3139:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
3032:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980
2769:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
739:Various forms of commerce involving Iran
375:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
356:Curtailment of emergency executive powers
3377:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
3173:Three Mile Island accident investigation
2875:Department of Education Organization Act
2244:Shepardson, David (September 20, 2020).
2232: No. 1:20-cv-02658-CJN (Opinion)
2025:"20 Civ. 8121 (KPF) - Opinion and Order"
1005:Deterioration of the security situation
665:
3813:United States federal trade legislation
3082:National Energy Conservation Policy Act
2442:Marks, Lee R.; Grabow, John C. (1982).
2430:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
2423:Bowman, Mary Margaret Coughlin (1978).
2284:. Justice.gov. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.
1624:
1579:(2001â2004 for human rights violations)
1537:(1997â2016 against the policies of the
1367:Humanitarian crisis connected with the
798:Actions and policies of the government
763:committing or supporting such violence
736:Actions and policies of the government
3087:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
1845:
1834:
1521:(2001â2015 directed against President
866:Specially Designated Global Terrorists
29:
3603:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
3389:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
2837:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978
2825:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
1585:(1985â1991 for maintaining apartheid)
7:
3055:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2997:HumphreyâHawkins Full Employment Act
1531:(1986â2004 for sponsoring terrorism)
967:Actions to undermine the government
446:September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
364:("TWEA"). Under TWEA, starting with
3416:Continuity of Government Commission
2925:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
2892:Federal Emergency Management Agency
2093:from the original on 10 August 2020
1515:(1990â1991, while occupied by Iraq)
641:United States Department of Justice
128:50 U.S.C.: War and National Defense
3482:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land
2965:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
2960:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
2779:IranâUnited States Claims Tribunal
2181:from the original on 3 August 2020
2124:from the original on 7 August 2020
1996:Jennifer Hansler (April 2, 2021).
1660:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
1481:(1999â2002 for harboring al-Qaeda)
1336:or repressive actions and polices
1024:Extreme measures taken during the
753:Terrorist violence to disrupt the
362:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
283:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
2759:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
2081:Carvajal, Nikki (7 August 2020).
1829:New York University School of Law
1774:S. Rep. No. 93-549, at 2 (1973),
386:, a 1970 emergency regarding the
220:on December 7, 1977 (agreed)
3776:
3775:
3129:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
3007:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
2992:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
2858:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
2234: (D.D.C. Sep. 27, 2020).
941:Democratic Republic of the Congo
430:Office of Foreign Assets Control
218:Senate agreed to House amendment
212:House agreed to Senate amendment
36:
3568:CarterâMenil Human Rights Prize
3394:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
3367:Presidential Library and Museum
2800:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
2786:Diplomatic relations with China
2506:Statute Compilations collection
1666:The American Presidency Project
1509:(1990â2004 for invading Kuwait)
761:Specially Designated Terrorists
595:U.S. Department of the Treasury
502:Open Society Justice Initiative
3459:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid
2985:Right to Financial Privacy Act
2920:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
2689:Solar power at the White House
2570:President of the United States
2448:: Legislation by Acquiescence"
2169:Brown, Abram (1 August 2020).
1463:violence against Palestinians
341:National Emergencies Act (NEA)
202:on July 12, 1977 (passed)
1:
3656:(2002 television documentary)
3533:Presidential Medal of Freedom
2112:Arbel, Tali (6 August 2020).
1762:Executive Proclamation 2914,
1565:Megatons to Megawatts Program
1276:Military operations in Syria
3609:Georgia State Capitol statue
3027:Trade Agreements Act of 1979
2950:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
2880:U.S. Department of Education
2810:1980 Summer Olympics boycott
2413:Resources in other libraries
1501:International Criminal Court
887:Obstacles to reconstruction
801:US-Sudan commerce generally
611:2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
484:(ICC) officials, prosecutor
482:International Criminal Court
3808:95th United States Congress
3747:(first cousin once removed)
3065:Synthetic Fuels Corporation
718:weapons of mass destruction
590:in his last days in office.
434:U.S. Department of Treasury
239:United States Supreme Court
71:95th United States Congress
3844:
3589:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue
3548:Philadelphia Liberty Medal
3213:State of the Union Address
3124:Antarctic Conservation Act
2940:Community Reinvestment Act
2446:Dames & Moore v. Regan
1825:Brennan Center for Justice
1563:(2000â2012 to support the
1093:Property of such persons.
779:Foreign narcotics traffic
651:
620:reached a settlement with
551:Dames & Moore v. Regan
511:of social media platforms
248:Dames & Moore v. Regan
3754:
3050:U.S. Department of Energy
3002:Motor Carrier Act of 1980
2722:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
2561:
2465:Meezan, David M. (1996).
2408:Resources in your library
1487:(2006â2016 regarding the
843:Export Administration Act
303:United States federal law
245:
173:Jonathan Brewster Bingham
160:
35:
27:United States federal law
3154:National Priorities List
2980:National security letter
2930:Airline Deregulation Act
2863:Senior Executive Service
2729:TorrijosâCarter Treaties
2357:US Department of Justice
2269:KindHearts v. Geithner,
1723:50 U.S.C. §1702(a)(1)(C)
1714:50 U.S.C. §1702(a)(1)(B)
1608:National Emergencies Act
1328:2021 Myanmar coup d'Ă©tat
1149:Human rights violations
1102:Central African Republic
396:National Emergencies Act
3466:reaction and commentary
3406:Nairobi Agreement, 1999
3198:Moral Equivalent of War
3134:Clean Water Act of 1977
1553:(1988â1990 against the
1489:First Ivorian Civil War
1334:armed forces of Myanmar
633:United States sanctions
494:Palestinian territories
390:, and a 1971 emergency
187:Committee consideration
3474:Beyond the White House
3323:running mate selection
3291:running mate selection
3208:A Crisis of Confidence
1887:KindHearts v. Geithner
1844:Cite journal requires
986:Nuclear proliferation
324:on December 28, 1977.
3721:Ruth Carter Stapleton
3703:James Earl Carter Sr.
3451:Our Endangered Values
2955:Executive Order 12086
2899:Executive Order 12172
2887:Executive Order 12148
2815:Executive Order 12036
2744:Executive Order 12170
2667:Judicial appointments
2589:Georgia State Senator
1872:Executive Order 13224
1799:Executive Order 12978
1787:Executive Order 12170
1571:Serbia and Montenegro
1186:2015 Burundian unrest
652:Further information:
618:U.S. Dept. of Justice
454:Executive Order 13224
388:postal workers strike
366:Franklin D. Roosevelt
191:House Foreign Affairs
3803:1977 in American law
3709:Lillian Gordy Carter
3543:Silver Buffalo Award
3372:Habitat for Humanity
2749:Operation Eagle Claw
2519:US Statutes at Large
1976:Jamestown Foundation
1752:Executive Order 6102
823:UNSC Resolution 1244
627:On July 16, 2020, a
475:trade war with China
380:Senate Report 93-549
230:on December 28, 1977
3715:Gloria Carter Spann
3538:Freedom of the City
3203:Island of Stability
3072:National Energy Act
3060:Energy Security Act
3022:Revenue Act of 1978
2805:International trips
2792:Goldwater v. Carter
2734:Iran hostage crisis
2657:Political positions
2581:Governor of Georgia
2158:– via Scribd.
1789:, 44 C.F.R. 65,729.
1539:military government
1409:Da Afghanistan Bank
698:Iran hostage crisis
678:Basis of emergency
648:List of emergencies
577:Iran hostage crisis
571:In 1983, financier
407:Iran Hostage Crisis
405:in response to the
154:Legislative history
32:
3664:(2007 documentary)
3435:Everything to Gain
3411:One America Appeal
2717:Camp David Accords
2472:Vermont Law Review
2453:Cornell Law Review
2300:The New York Times
1942:The New York Times
1705:50 U.S.C. §1701(a)
1672:on August 21, 2018
841:Expiration of the
533:two separate cases
490:Phakiso Mochochoko
334:United States Code
311:national emergency
183:) on June 13, 1977
3790:
3789:
3563:Christopher Award
3528:Nobel Peace Prize
3490:White House Diary
3443:The Hornet's Nest
3348:
3347:
3186:
3185:
3012:Staggers Rail Act
2694:Reagan transition
2679:Executive Actions
2394:Library resources
2034:. January 4, 2021
1523:Charles G. Taylor
1470:
1469:
716:Proliferation of
597:with a charge of
509:order the removal
432:(OFAC) under the
266:
265:
206:Passed the Senate
102:Statutes at Large
80:December 28, 1977
16:(Redirected from
3835:
3818:Economic warfare
3779:
3778:
3498:A Call to Action
3250:
2700:
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2166:
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2150:. 24 August 2020
2140:
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2118:Associated Press
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1026:Libyan Civil War
819:Dayton Agreement
675:Executive order
666:
605:(The Beacon) in
579:. He was one of
305:authorizing the
300:
299:October 28, 1977
284:
280:
200:Passed the House
167:in the House as
156:
137:sections created
103:
58:
40:
33:
21:
3843:
3842:
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3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3767:Ronald Reagan â
3750:
3745:Hugh Carter Jr.
3679:Rosalynn Carter
3667:
3661:Man from Plains
3614:
3577:
3519:
3512:
3420:
3354:Post-presidency
3344:
3269:
3239:
3182:
3110:
3103:
3036:
2913:Economic policy
2908:
2853:Cannabis policy
2846:Domestic policy
2841:
2774:Algiers Accords
2764:1979 oil crisis
2712:Carter Doctrine
2698:
2684:Rabbit incident
2603:
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2388:Further reading
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2332:www.justice.gov
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2062:. June 14, 2020
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1032:Muammar Gaddafi
810:North Macedonia
672:Country/region
661:
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650:
568:
546:
541:
529:Tulsa, Oklahoma
458:USA PATRIOT Act
442:
426:First Amendment
358:
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276:), Title II of
233:
224:Signed into law
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66:Enacted by
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3096:
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3079:
3077:Energy Tax Act
3069:
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3057:
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2754:Canadian Caper
2751:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2704:Foreign policy
2697:
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2485:External links
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2389:
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2370:
2359:. 16 July 2020
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1555:Manuel Noriega
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669:Starting year
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486:Fatou Bensouda
450:George W. Bush
444:Following the
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147:§ 1701 et seq.
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124:Titles amended
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3761:
3760:â Gerald Ford
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3362:Carter Center
3360:
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3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:1980 campaign
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:1976 campaign
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:Gubernatorial
3251:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3231:
3229:
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3224:
3221:
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3130:
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3114:
3112:
3109:Environmental
3106:
3100:
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3088:
3085:
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3075:
3074:
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3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3042:Energy policy
3039:
3033:
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3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
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2687:
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2680:
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2672:controversies
2670:
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2492:
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2488:
2484:
2479:(2): 591â632.
2478:
2474:
2473:
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2459:
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2454:
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2447:
2440:
2437:(3): 515â534.
2436:
2432:
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2421:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
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2305:
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2297:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2272:
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2263:
2255:September 20,
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
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2172:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2139:
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2105:
2092:
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2077:
2074:
2061:
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2055:
2049:
2046:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1901:See e.g., id.
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:, Sec. 1(a),
1873:
1868:
1865:
1859:
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1826:
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1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
1483:
1480:
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1476:
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1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:Daniel Ortega
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
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1103:
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1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
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1061:
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1038:
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1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
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1011:
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1001:
999:
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992:
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969:
966:
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931:
928:
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923:
920:
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867:
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857:
854:
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850:
846:
844:
840:
837:
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826:
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820:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
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792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
758:
756:
755:peace process
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
664:
658:
655:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
622:Credit Suisse
619:
615:
612:
608:
607:New York City
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:by President
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
565:
561:
559:
555:
553:
552:
548:
547:
544:Notable cases
543:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
470:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Howard Berman
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
370:Supreme Court
367:
363:
355:
350:
348:
344:
342:
337:
335:
327:
325:
323:
320:
316:
315:United States
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
288:
281:
275:
271:
261:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
229:
226:by President
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
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163:
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159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
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132:
129:
126:
122:
117:
114:
110:
106:
104:
98:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3774:
3765:
3758:
3733:Emily Dolvin
3727:Billy Carter
3697:Jason Carter
3659:
3653:Jimmy Carter
3651:
3647:UFO incident
3597:Jimmy Carter
3596:
3573:Grammy Award
3558:Hoover Medal
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3274:Presidential
2935:Carter bonds
2790:
2738:
2650:January 1981
2620:Inauguration
2555:Jimmy Carter
2513:as enacted (
2493:as amended (
2476:
2470:
2460:(1): 68â103.
2457:
2451:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2398:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2336:. Retrieved
2334:. 2009-12-16
2331:
2322:
2311:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2239:
2224:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2174:
2164:
2154:14 September
2152:. Retrieved
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2117:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2086:
2076:
2066:December 31,
2064:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:December 31,
2007:. Retrieved
2001:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1918:. 2019-05-31
1915:
1906:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1867:
1858:
1837:cite journal
1831:: 14â15, 18.
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:the original
1665:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1634:
1627:
1583:South Africa
1577:Sierra Leone
1407:Property of
1398:Afghanistan
864:Property of
759:Property of
747:Middle East
662:
588:Bill Clinton
556:
549:
506:
479:
471:
466:Donald Trump
463:
448:, President
443:
411:
403:Jimmy Carter
400:
373:
359:
345:
338:
331:
322:Jimmy Carter
273:
269:
267:
246:
228:Jimmy Carter
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
186:
164:
119:Codification
57:(colloquial)
3739:Hugh Carter
3685:Jack Carter
3641:Mary Prince
3625:Residences
3506:A Full Life
3401:White House
2820:Refugee Act
2591:(1963â1967)
2583:(1971â1975)
2572:(1977â1981)
1557:government)
1497:(1991â1994)
1479:Afghanistan
1242:government
1123:South Sudan
1034:government
979:North Korea
637:North Korea
609:during the
581:many people
560:v. Geithner
392:in response
262: (1981)
3797:Categories
3699:(grandson)
3693:(daughter)
3691:Amy Carter
3629:Birthplace
3520:and honors
3384:The Elders
3328:convention
3296:convention
2830:FISA Court
2615:Transition
2601:Presidency
2338:2020-04-10
2313:2020-04-10
2210:2020-09-28
2038:January 1,
1982:2020-04-10
1955:2020-04-10
1922:2020-04-10
1619:References
1418:Worldwide
1381:Worldwide
1369:Tigray War
1253:Worldwide
1232:Nicaragua
1215:Worldwide
1198:Worldwide
1160:Worldwide
1042:Worldwide
855:Worldwide
835:Worldwide
710:Worldwide
599:conspiracy
566:Violations
539:Litigation
464:President
440:Since 9/11
384:Korean War
328:Provisions
297:, enacted
289:, 91
165:Introduced
90:Public law
45:Long title
3729:(brother)
3595:USS
3318:primaries
3286:primaries
3245:Elections
3144:Superfund
2945:DIDMC Act
2517:) in the
2501:) in the
2308:0362-4331
1950:0362-4331
1545:Nicaragua
1453:West Bank
1361:Ethiopia
1142:Venezuela
573:Marc Rich
521:ByteDance
319:President
307:president
141:50 U.S.C.
85:Citations
77:Effective
3781:Category
3741:(cousin)
3723:(sister)
3717:(sister)
3711:(mother)
3705:(father)
3338:election
3306:election
3191:Speeches
2625:Timeline
2606:timeline
2185:3 August
2179:Archived
2128:6 August
2122:Archived
2097:7 August
2091:Archived
2059:BBC News
1916:BBC News
1645:29 March
1602:See also
1595:Zimbabwe
1321:Myanmar
870:al-Qaeda
772:Colombia
603:al-Manar
584:pardoned
107:91
54:Acronyms
3643:(nanny)
3619:Related
3462:(2006)
3333:debates
3301:debates
2662:Cabinet
2515:details
2499:details
2363:16 July
2250:Reuters
2205:NPR.org
1676:May 31,
1535:Myanmar
1519:Liberia
1461:Settler
1344:Russia
1270:Turkey
1178:Burundi
1079:Ukraine
998:Somalia
960:Lebanon
922:Belarus
659:Current
525:Tencent
452:issued
351:History
332:In the
301:, is a
279:Pub. L.
3735:(aunt)
3681:(wife)
3672:Family
3611:(1994)
3605:(1987)
3591:(1976)
3582:Legacy
3518:Awards
3509:(2015)
3501:(2014)
3493:(2010)
3485:(2009)
3477:(2007)
3454:(2006)
3446:(2003)
3438:(1987)
3111:policy
2396:about
2306:
2230:,
2175:Forbes
1948:
1561:Russia
1551:Panama
1513:Kuwait
1457:14115
1438:14105
1435:China
1421:14078
1401:14064
1384:14059
1364:14046
1347:14024
1324:14014
1307:13959
1304:China
1290:13936
1287:China
1273:13894
1256:13873
1235:13851
1218:13848
1201:13818
1182:13712
1163:13694
1146:13692
1127:13664
1106:13667
1087:13660
1083:Russia
1064:13611
1045:13581
1021:13566
1002:13536
983:13466
964:13441
945:13413
926:13405
907:13338
884:13303
858:13224
838:13222
814:13219
795:13067
776:12978
750:12947
733:12957
713:12938
694:12170
681:Scope
517:WeChat
513:TikTok
428:. The
293:
287:95â223
285:
145:ch. 35
135:U.S.C.
111:
94:95-223
3687:(son)
3426:Books
2271:supra
2028:(PDF)
1639:(PDF)
1589:UNITA
1529:Libya
1495:Haiti
1449:2024
1432:2023
1415:2022
1395:2022
1378:2021
1358:2021
1341:2021
1318:2021
1301:2020
1284:2020
1267:2019
1250:2019
1229:2018
1212:2018
1195:2017
1174:2015
1157:2015
1138:2015
1119:2014
1098:2014
1075:2014
1060:Yemen
1056:2012
1039:2011
1017:Libya
1013:2011
994:2010
975:2008
956:2007
937:2006
918:2006
903:Syria
899:2004
876:2003
852:2001
832:2001
806:2001
791:Sudan
787:1997
768:1995
744:1995
730:Iran
727:1995
707:1994
686:1979
291:Stat.
274:IEEPA
255:
241:cases
143:
109:Stat.
61:IEEPA
18:IEEPA
3634:Home
3265:1970
3260:1966
3233:1981
3228:1980
3223:1979
3218:1978
2645:1980
2640:1979
2635:1978
2630:1977
2578:76th
2567:39th
2365:2020
2304:ISSN
2257:2020
2187:2020
2156:2020
2130:2020
2099:2020
2068:2022
2040:2023
2011:2022
1946:ISSN
1850:help
1678:2015
1647:2019
1507:Iraq
1473:Past
1081:and
880:Iraq
690:Iran
523:and
515:and
295:1626
268:The
257:U.S.
113:1625
69:the
2503:GPO
2495:PDF
2087:CNN
2003:CNN
1827:at
821:or
635:on
629:UAE
372:in
260:654
253:453
189:by
171:by
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2433:.
2427:.
2355:.
2330:.
2302:.
2298:.
2248:.
2203:.
2177:.
2173:.
2146:.
2120:.
2116:.
2089:.
2085:.
2056:.
2030:.
2000:.
1973:.
1944:.
1940:.
1914:.
1841::
1839:}}
1835:{{
1815:^
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1664:.
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181:NY
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2604:(
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2367:.
2341:.
2316:.
2259:.
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2101:.
2070:.
2042:.
2013:.
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1958:.
1925:.
1852:)
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