561:. Barings Bank auditors discovered the fraud around the time that Barings' chairman Peter Baring received a confession note from Leeson. Leeson's activities had generated losses totalling £827 million ($ 1.3 billion), twice the bank's available trading capital. The collapse cost another £100 million. The Bank of England attempted an unsuccessful weekend bailout, and employees around the world did not receive their bonuses. Barings was declared insolvent on 26 February 1995, and administrators began managing the finances of Barings Group and its subsidiaries. The same day, the Board of Banking Supervision of the Bank of England launched an investigation led by Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer; its report was released on 18 July 1995. Leeson was captured in Frankfurt on 2 March and extradited to Singapore on 23 November, 272 days after fleeing. He was sentenced to six years and six months imprisonment, served in Singapore's
278:'s war effort. Technically, the United States purchased Louisiana from Barings and Hope, not from Napoleon. Baring was willing to help Napoleon in the short term because he, and British politicians who backed him, predicted that American expansion into Louisiana would ensure Barings' profits in Britain. After a $ 3 million down payment in gold, the remainder of the purchase was made in United States bonds, which Napoleon sold to Barings through Hope & Co. of Amsterdam at a price of $ 87.50 per $ 100 face value (a discount of one-eighth). Francis's second son
418:
437:—Baring Brothers & Co., Ltd.—was formed, to which the viable business of the old partnership was transferred. The assets of the old house and several partners were taken over and liquidated to repay the rescue consortium, with guarantees provided by the Bank of England. Lord Revelstoke and others lost their partnerships along with their personal fortunes, which were pledged to support the bank. Nearly 10 years elapsed before the debts were paid. Revelstoke did not live to see this accomplished, dying in 1897.
328:) to Ireland for famine relief between November 1845 and July 1846, after the staple potato crop failed. The company declined to act beyond 1846, when the government instructed it to restrict its purchases to within Britain. Baring Brothers stated it would refuse future commissions in famine relief, with the blame this could so easily entail. Its position as the prime purchaser of Indian corn was assumed by Erichson, a corn factor of Fenchurch St, London.
718:
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different employees. With authority to settle his own trades, Leeson was able to operate with no supervision from London—an arrangement that made it easier for him to hide his losses. After the collapse, several observers placed much of the blame on the bank's own deficient internal control and risk management practices. A number of people had raised concerns over Leeson's activities but were ignored.
175:
339:, Sturgis proved a capable banker. Baring did not deal in U.S. bonds, but it did help fund the American purchases of armaments. After the death of Bates in 1864, Sturgis gradually assumed a leadership role. In the 1850s and 1860s, the commercial credit business provided the firm with its basic income. Thomas Baring's nephew Edward, son of
444:, in the early years of the 20th century. The company's restraint during this period cost it its pre-eminence in the world of finance, but later paid dividends when its refusal to take a chance on financing Germany's recovery from World War I saved it some of the most painful losses incurred by other British banks at the onset of the
317:, began a turnaround. Bates advocated a shift in Barings' efforts from Europe to the Americas, believing that greater opportunity lay in the West. In 1832, a Barings office was established in Liverpool specifically to capitalise on new North American opportunities. In 1843, Barings became an exclusive agent to the US government.
496:(SIMEX). However, instead of buying on behalf of clients on one market and immediately selling on another market for a small profit, using the strategy approved by his superiors, Leeson started undertaking such trades using the bank's own money, gambling on the future direction of the Japanese markets.
289:
In 1803, Francis began to withdraw from active management, bringing in Thomas's younger brothers
Alexander and Henry to become partners in 1804. The new partnership was called Baring Brothers & Co., which it remained until 1890. The offspring of these three brothers became the future generations
544:
Using the hidden five-eights account, Leeson began to trade aggressively in futures and options on SIMEX. His decisions routinely resulted in losses of substantial sums and he used money entrusted to the bank by subsidiaries for use in their own accounts. He falsified trading records in the bank's
515:
Leeson was general manager for
Barings' trading on SIMEX. Barings circumvented normal accounting, internal control and audit safeguards by making Leeson head of settlement operations for SIMEX, charged with ensuring accurate accounting for the unit. These positions would normally have been held by
704:
As today is
Wednesday, the 2nd of October, I shall be due in London in this very room of the Reform Club, on Saturday, the 21st of December, at a quarter before nine p.m.; or else the twenty thousand pounds, now deposited in my name at Barings, will belong to you, in fact and in right, gentlemen.
528:
market at
Barings Futures Singapore and cover up his shortfalls by reporting losses as gains to Barings in London. Specifically, Leeson altered the branch's error account, subsequently known by its account number 88888 as the "five-eights account", to prevent the London office from receiving the
258:
In 1774, Barings started business in North
America. By 1790, Barings had greatly expanded its resources, both through Francis's efforts in London and by association with Hope & Co. In 1793, the increased business necessitated a move to larger quarters in Devonshire Square. In 1796, the bank
456:
During the Second World War, the
British government used Barings to liquidate assets in the United States and elsewhere to help finance the war effort. After the war, Barings was overtaken in size and influence by other banking houses, but remained an important player in the market until 1995.
597:
name still lives on as the MassMutual subsidiary Baring Asset
Management. In March 2016, a merger was announced with other asset management subsidiaries of MassMutual, creating a new "Barings" headquartered in Charlotte, NC. Baring Private Equity International was acquired by its respective
347:, Barings were increasingly involved in international securities, especially from the United States, Canada, and Argentina. Barings cautiously and successfully ventured into the North American railroad boom following the Civil War. A new railroad town was renamed
393:, and the country was close to defaulting on its debt payments. This crisis finally exposed the vulnerability of Barings, which lacked sufficient reserves to support the Argentine bonds. Through the organisational skills of the governor of the Bank of England,
301:. By 1818, Barings was called "the sixth great European power", after England, France, Prussia, Austria and Russia. A fall-off in business and some poor leadership in 1820s caused Barings to cede its dominance in the City of London to the rival firm of
645:
but it failed to reach its reserve price despite a highest bid of £16,100. It was subsequently sold for £21,000. In
October 2007 a similar jacket used by Leeson's team but not thought to have been worn by Leeson himself sold at auction for £4,000.
1756:
618:
The Baring
Foundation was established in 1969 as a charitable foundation, which survived the collapse of Barings Bank and in 2019 celebrated its 50th anniversary. By 2019 the foundation had provided £120 million in grant funding.
662:
274:, which doubled the size of the United States. It is regarded as "one of the most historically significant trades of all time". This was accomplished even though Britain was at war with France and the sale helped to finance
1290:
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1760:
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standard daily reports on trading, price and status. Leeson claimed the losses started when one of his colleagues bought 20 contracts when she should have sold them, costing
Barings £20,000.
1599:"Return to an order of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 18 July 1995 for the Report of the Board of Banking Supervision inquiry into the circumstances of the collapse of Barings"
294:, where it stayed for the remaining life of the company. The building underwent several expansions and refurbishments, and was ultimately replaced with a new high-rise building in 1981.
440:
Barings did not return to issuance on a substantial scale until 1900, concentrating on securities in the United States and Argentina. It operated under the leadership of Edward's son
577:
purchased Barings Bank in 1995 for the nominal sum of £1 and took over all of Barings' liabilities, forming the subsidiary ING Barings. In 2001, ING sold the US-based operations to
2719:
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computer systems and used money intended for margin payments on other trading. As a result, he appeared to be making substantial profits. However, his luck ran out when the
3094:
228:. Barings gradually diversified from wool into many other commodities, providing financial services for the rapid growth of international trade, including the lucrative
460:
The bank decided to enter the UK securities market buying Henderson Crosthwaite, a stockbroker, in May 1984 and Wilson & Watford, a stock jobber, in November 1985.
1281:
385:
In the late 1880s, daring efforts in underwriting got the firm into serious trouble through overexposure to Argentine and Uruguayan debt. In 1890, Argentine president
1176:
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a £102 million profit. If the company had uncovered his true financial dealings then, collapse might have been avoided as Barings still had £350 million of capital.
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upset the Asian financial markets—and with them, Leeson's investments. Leeson bet on a rapid recovery by the Nikkei, which failed to materialise.
270:) and son-in-law, Charles Wall. Then, in 1802, Barings and Hope & Co. were called on to facilitate the largest land purchase in history: the
266:
In 1800, John retired and the company was reorganized as Francis Baring and Co.. Francis's new partners were his eldest son Thomas (later to be
3049:
235:
The success of Baring's was greatly influenced by establishment of a network of corresponding houses. One of the most valuable connections was
507:, Leeson began doing this at the end of January 1992. Due to a series of internal and external events, his unhedged losses escalated rapidly.
3064:
2076:
1986:
356:
279:
2623:
989:
154:
The bank collapsed in 1995 after suffering losses of £827 million (£2 billion in 2023) resulting from fraudulent investments, primarily in
2211:
2463:
344:
286:, director of the Public Treasury. Alexander then sailed to the United States and back to pick up the bonds and deliver them to France.
581:
for $ 275 million and folded the rest of ING Barings into its European banking division. This left only the asset management division,
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2007:
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which enriched the family and the business considerably and allowed significant expansion of the bank's activities and prestige.
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66:
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The rescue avoided what could have been a worldwide financial collapse, but Barings never regained its dominant position. A
310:
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38:
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helped to finance the purchase of about 1 million acres (4000 km) of remote land that became part of the US state of
1379:
593:, which acquired BAM's Financial Services Group. Barings Bank no longer has a separate corporate existence, although the
3084:
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2431:
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405:, to bail Barings out and support a bank restructuring. The resulting turmoil in financial markets became known as the
283:
252:
201:
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Körnert, Jan. "The Barings crises of 1890 and 1995: causes, courses, consequences and the danger of domino effects."
1116:
589:, which acquired BAM's investment management activities and the rights to use the Baring Asset Management name, and
2984:
2924:
2035:
Herring, Richard J. "BCCI & Barings: Bank Resolutions Complicated by Fraud and Global Corporate Structure." in
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thought to have been worn by Nick Leeson while trading on SIMEX in Singapore. The jacket was offered for sale on
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179:
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243:, at that time Europe's leading financial centre. Hope & Co played a major part in the finances of the
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750:
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335:, as a partner. Despite the embarrassment to his partners caused by his sympathies for the South in the
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2800:
776:
469:
305:. Barings remained a powerful firm, however, and in the 1830s the leadership of new American partner
524:
Because of the absence of oversight, Leeson was able to make seemingly small gambles in the futures
468:
Barings was brought down in 1995 by a massive trading loss caused by fraudulent trading by its head
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Sir Francis Baring (left), with brother John Baring and son-in-law Charles Wall, in a painting by
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1624:"Guilty As Charged: Rogue trader Nick Leeson brought down Britain's oldest merchant bank Barings"
810:
394:
336:
271:
229:
2231:
2221:
2157:
Calming the Storms: The Carry Trade, the Banking School and British Financial Crises Since 1825.
1053:
He had contacts at Britain's Baring & Co. Bank, which agreed, along with several other banks
343:, became a partner in 1856. By the 1870s, under the emerging leadership of "Ned" Baring, later
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2142:
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2106:
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2022:
2003:
1982:
1961:
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1324:
Mark Stein, "The risk taker as shadow: A psychoanlytic view of the collapse of Barings Bank."
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1455:
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1245:
Debtor Diplomacy: Finance and American Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era, 1837–1873
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is a fictionalized account of the bank's downfall based upon Leeson's autobiography
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1932:
1905:
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558:
340:
225:
143:, Barings' close collaborator and German representative. It was founded in 1762 by
1701:
351:, in honour of the leading partner of the bank that enabled the completion of the
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1735:
1089:
816:
2969:
693:
477:
426:
298:
291:
159:
1558:
817:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
174:
2647:
2343:
1023:. The European Association for Banking and Financial History. 2016. p. 2.
713:
676:
586:
485:
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525:
481:
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240:
221:
163:
101:
87:
2098:
Rogue Trader: How I Brought down Barings Bank and Shook the Financial World
1227:, D.J. Hickey & J.E.Doherty, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1980. p. 24.
663:
Rogue Trader: How I Brought Down Barings Bank and Shook the Financial World
196:
Barings Bank was founded in 1762 as the John and Francis Baring Company by
17:
2767:
2752:
2747:
578:
374:
275:
2071:. Singapore: World Scientific. Chapter 10: "Barings", pp. 143–178.
1355:
From Crisis to Crisis: The Transformation of Merchant Banking, 1914–1939
2615:
2447:
2375:
532:
By December 1994, Leeson had cost Barings £200 million. He reported to
255:
and his brother Adria profited from the Netherlands' neutral position.
217:
48:
2959:
2908:
2236:
213:
209:
119:
700:'s bet is guaranteed by a cheque for £20,000 drawn on Barings Bank:
2191:
1956:
1757:"Mass Mutual Asset Management Affiliates Announce Plans to Combine"
1117:"Jefferson Buys Louisiana Territory, and the Nation Moves Westward"
37:
2087:
Journal of International financial markets, institutions and money
1651:"World Business Briefing: Europe; More Restructuring by ING Group"
1137:
The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia
416:
325:
297:
Barings helped to finance the United States government during the
282:, working for Hope & Co., made the arrangements in Paris with
260:
173:
1979:
The Dynamics of Organizational Collapse: The Case of Barings Bank
1338:
1313:
The Dynamics of Organizational Collapse: The Case of Barings Bank
2868:
1490:"Barings rogue trader Nick Leeson: 'Money is not my motivation'"
642:
634:
533:
397:, a consortium of banks was arranged, headed by former governor
2708:
2240:
2949:
2591:
1201:
The history of foreign investment in the United States to 1914
355:. Barings also helped to finance major railways including the
224:
in London, and within a few years moved to larger quarters in
1414:. Vol. 334, no. 7904. 4 March 1995. pp. 19–21.
2037:
Systemic Financial Crises: Resolving Large Bank Insolvencies
1800:
1513:"Implications of the Barings Collapse for Bank Supervisors"
290:
of Barings leadership. In 1806, the company relocated to 8
1781:
2050:
Barings Lost: Nick Leeson and the Collapse of Barings Plc
1282:"Barings: the collapse that erased 232 years of history"
990:"The British Bank That Forever Altered the U.S. Economy"
1258:"Spencer, Charles Robert, 6th Earl Spencer (1857–1922)"
331:
In 1851, Baring and Bates brought in another American,
2135:
Rawnsley, Judith H.; Leeson, Nicholas William (1995).
2069:
Global Derivative Debacles: From Theory to Malpractice
732:
CITIC Pacific#2008 foreign exchange losses controversy
484:, seeking to profit from differences in the prices of
1163:"Small War, Big Consequences: Why 1812 Still Matters"
867:
865:
863:
557:
On 23 February 1995, Leeson left Singapore to fly to
2138:
Total Risk: Nick Leeson and the Fall of Barings Bank
1819:"A history of the Baring Foundation in fifty grants"
429:
for £1000, a sum equivalent to £137,362 in 2023
373:In 1886, the bank helped broker the listing of the
115:
94:
80:
72:
62:
54:
44:
2095:Leeson, Nicholas William; Whitley, Edward (1996).
1676:"ING Group agrees to sell Baring Asset Management"
1358:. Springer International Publishing. p. 341.
1280:
1066:
683:play a significant part in the story's structure.
585:. In March 2005, BAM was split and sold by ING to
1518:. Reserve Bank of Australia. 1995. Archived from
1115:Wayne T. De Cesar and Susan Page (Spring 2003).
425:issued by Baring Brothers in 1892 to US Senator
1582:Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents
1036:"How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World"
797:Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents
220:. The company started business in offices off
204:as a mostly silent partner. They were sons of
147:, a British-born member of the German–British
2720:
2252:
1584:. Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 28–34.
1380:"Nick Leeson: the man who broke Barings Bank"
1073:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
8:
1121:National Archives and Records Administration
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
953:At Spes non Fracta: Hope & Co. 1770–1815
898:
896:
30:
1507:
1505:
2727:
2713:
2705:
2259:
2245:
2237:
1928:"Book review: Stone's Fall, by Iain Pears"
610:and Baring Private Equity Partners India.
29:
2640:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
2352:Bank of Credit and Commerce International
2052:. Singapore: Butterworth-Heinemann Asia.
1593:
1591:
1012:
1010:
813:inflation figures are based on data from
799:. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 29.
637:, the liquidators of Barings, had sold a
494:Singapore International Monetary Exchange
3095:British companies disestablished in 1995
2168:The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929
1428:. Sungard Bancware Erisk. Archived from
1204:. Harvard University Press. p. 75.
877:The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929
2017:Gapper, John; Denton, Nicholas (1995).
1799:India, Baring Private Equity Partners.
1542:
1540:
1260:. The Bibliographical Society of London
787:
3055:Economic history of the United Kingdom
2736:Merchant banking private equity groups
2019:All That Glitters: The Fall of Barings
1801:"Baring Private Equity Partners India"
598:management teams, which today include
135:based in London, and one of England's
1845:"Nick Leeson's jacket raises £21,000"
1682:from the original on 10 December 2007
1549:"The Collapse of oBarings Bank, 1995"
988:Aguilera, Kristin (22 January 2013).
357:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
280:Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton
239:, the most powerful merchant bank of
7:
3075:1762 establishments in Great Britain
2048:Hunt, Luke; Heinrich, Karen (1996).
1712:from the original on 23 October 2007
1470:"The man who broke the queen's bank"
1179:from the original on 16 January 2013
3020:Defunct banks of the United Kingdom
1649:Kapner, Suzanne (31 January 2001).
1454:. Risk Encyclopedia. Archived from
1279:Titcomb, James (23 February 2015).
1161:Hickey, Donald R. (November 2012).
389:was forced to resign following the
345:Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke
1875:"Distressed investing dinner 2007"
1091:Empire of Cotton: A Global History
768:– 1999 film starring Ewan McGregor
25:
2632:Wells Fargo account fraud scandal
1855:from the original on 3 April 2010
922:. Breaking the Silence. p. 2
906:, Volume I. London: Pimlico, 1994
442:John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke
366:, who was a great-grandmother of
2998:
2159:Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 268−270.
1843:Wearden, Graeme (5 April 2007).
1702:"ING ends link with Baring name"
1094:. New York: Knopf. p. 214.
1034:Joseph A. Harriss (April 2003).
950:Buist, Marten Gerbertus (2012).
716:
705:Here is a cheque for the amount.
488:futures contracts listed on the
36:
2600:Saradha Group financial scandal
2560:National Herald corruption case
1957:Around the World in Eighty Days
1678:. ING Group. 22 November 2004.
1293:from the original on 2022-01-12
689:Around the World in Eighty Days
198:Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet
2913:Lazard Alternative Investments
2884:Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
2781:Baring Vostok Capital Partners
2416:Lysine price-fixing conspiracy
2197:"The Collapse of Barings Bank"
679:, Barings and its role in the
623:In popular culture and fiction
600:Baring Vostok Capital Partners
315:Sir Thomas Baring, 2nd Baronet
268:Sir Thomas Baring, 2nd Baronet
245:Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1:
3050:Economic history of Singapore
2826:Court Square Capital Partners
2288:Panic of 1890 (Baring crisis)
2212:"Sir Miles Rivett-Carnac, Bt"
2141:. New York: Harper Business.
1326:Journal of Management Studies
1247:(Clarendon Press, 2005) p. 90
1225:A Dictionary of Irish History
1134:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2002).
772:1992 Indian stock market scam
362:"Ned Baring" had a daughter,
27:Defunct English merchant bank
3065:Banks disestablished in 1995
2945:Terra Firma Capital Partners
2624:1Malaysia Development Berhad
2536:Volkswagen emissions scandal
2432:Long-Term Capital Management
2392:Towers Financial Corporation
1759:. March 2016. Archived from
1604:. London: HMSO. 18 July 1995
1173:Council on Foreign Relations
1018:"Architecture & Finance"
480:. Leeson was supposed to be
349:Revelstoke, British Columbia
158:, conducted by its employee
2985:William Blair & Company
2672:Facebook company files leak
2584:Indian coal allocation scam
2123:. New York: HarperCollins.
2067:Jacque, Laurent L. (2010).
2021:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
1877:. July 2016. Archived from
1426:"Case Study : Barings"
1065:Alberts, Robert C. (1969).
162:, working at its office in
3111:
2925:Trilantic Capital Partners
2002:. New York: W. W. Norton.
1352:O'Sullivan, Brian (2018).
608:Baring Private Equity Asia
189:
151:of merchants and bankers.
3025:Banks established in 1762
2996:
2874:Madison Dearborn Partners
2811:Trimaran Capital Partners
2763:Ridgemont Equity Partners
2743:
2682:
2274:
2222:The story of Barings bank
2202:"The Collapse of Barings"
1732:"Baring Asset Management"
1547:Howard Chua-Eoan (2007).
1140:. ABC-CLIO. p. 143.
966:– via Google Books.
940:Barings archives, DEP249.
490:Osaka Securities Exchange
435:limited liability company
423:circular letter of credit
324:to supply "Indian corn" (
320:Barings was appointed by
311:Thomas Baring (1799–1873)
303:N M Rothschild & Sons
200:, with his older brother
35:
2975:Norwest Venture Partners
2955:Affinity Equity Partners
2786:EQT Private Capital Asia
2568:News Corporation scandal
2368:Indian stock market scam
2227:Timeline of Barings bank
1977:Drummond, Helga (2007).
1328:37.8 (2000): 1215-1230.
669:In the historical novel
633:newspaper reported that
368:Diana, Princess of Wales
353:Canadian-Pacific Railway
3045:Former investment banks
2990:Chicago Growth Partners
2899:HPS Investment Partners
2846:Diamond Castle Holdings
2841:Avista Capital Partners
2772:Barclays Private Equity
2155:Read, Charles. (2023).
1999:The Collapse of Barings
844:"The Barings Bank Case"
815:Clark, Gregory (2017).
583:Baring Asset Management
534:British tax authorities
413:Reduced role: 1891–1929
403:Antony Gibbs & Sons
401:and his family firm of
206:John (né Johann) Baring
107:Baring Asset Management
2496:Bayou Hedge Fund Group
1580:Reason, James (1997).
1198:Wilkins, Mira (1989).
1088:Beckert, Sven (2014).
848:www.fraud-magazine.com
795:Reason, James (1997).
751:List of trading losses
707:
430:
284:François Barbé-Marbois
182:
67:Sir Francis Baring, Bt
2304:Kinney Services, Inc.
2119:Mezrich, Ben (2004).
2089:13.3 (2003): 187-209.
1996:Fay, Stephen (1997).
1981:. London: Routledge.
757:Re Barings plc (No.5)
702:
614:The Baring Foundation
565:for his wrongdoings.
420:
391:Revolución del Parque
177:
137:oldest merchant banks
86:(Purchased for £1 by
2831:CVC Capital Partners
2801:Irving Place Capital
2753:AAC Capital Partners
2408:Sumitomo Corporation
2232:Barings – the people
2039:pp (2005): 321-345.
1708:. 22 November 2004.
777:NSE co-location scam
492:in Japan and on the
387:Miguel Juárez Celman
3085:Accounting scandals
3035:Rogue trading banks
2904:One Equity Partners
2738:(current and prior)
2693:Accounting scandals
2170:. London: Collins.
1824:. Baring Foundation
1561:on 16 November 2007
1525:on 1 September 2007
1495:The Daily Telegraph
1478:. 24 February 1996.
1315:(Routledge, 2008).
1287:The Daily Telegraph
879:. London: Collins.
180:Sir Thomas Lawrence
32:
3040:Crime in Singapore
3030:Corporate scandals
2861:First Chicago Bank
2806:CIBC World Markets
2384:Metallgesellschaft
2268:Corporate scandals
2206:The New York Times
2192:The Baring Archive
1655:The New York Times
1432:on 17 October 2007
1341:. Wardsbookofdays.
1339:"Barings Bank WW2"
811:Retail Price Index
503:, Governor of the
431:
395:William Lidderdale
337:American Civil War
272:Louisiana Purchase
183:
3007:
3006:
2965:Lightyear Capital
2940:Nomura Securities
2935:Metalmark Capital
2856:MidOcean Partners
2821:Metalmark Capital
2702:
2701:
2280:South Sea Company
2078:978-981-283-770-7
1988:978-0-415-39961-6
1962:Project Gutenberg
1805:www.bpepindia.com
1788:. 23 August 2015.
1628:The Straits Times
1498:. 19 August 2012.
1452:"Barings debacle"
1069:The Golden Voyage
902:D. Kinaston. The
741:Managing Director
627:On 5 April 2007,
399:Henry Hucks Gibbs
208:, wool trader of
156:futures contracts
126:
125:
16:(Redirected from
3102:
3002:
2921:
2865:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2695:
2688:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2552:2G spectrum case
2547:
2539:
2531:
2528:Anglo Irish Bank
2523:
2515:
2507:
2504:Société Générale
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2312:Banco Ambrosiano
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2181:
2152:
2116:
2082:
2063:
2032:
2013:
1992:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1901:"Risky business"
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
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1862:
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1840:
1834:
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1815:
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1796:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1734:. Archived from
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1665:
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1640:
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1637:
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1620:
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1613:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:. Archived from
1544:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1486:
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1479:
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1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1311:Helga Drummond,
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1284:
1276:
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1269:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1248:
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1216:
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1195:
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1062:
1056:
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1031:
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1022:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
968:
967:
947:
941:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
921:
913:
907:
900:
891:
890:
869:
858:
857:
855:
854:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
807:
801:
800:
792:
745:Garsington Opera
726:
721:
720:
719:
511:Internal control
446:Great Depression
309:, together with
249:Seven Years' War
76:26 February 1995
40:
33:
21:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2980:Pamlico Capital
2919:
2917:Lehman Brothers
2863:
2758:Bank of America
2739:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2602:(2013–ongoing)
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2562:(2010–ongoing)
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
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2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2216:Daily Telegraph
2188:
2178:
2164:Ziegler, Philip
2162:
2149:
2134:
2113:
2094:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2029:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1973:
1971:Further reading
1968:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1881:on 21 July 2011
1873:
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1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1475:The Irish Times
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:on 3 July 2014.
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1406:"A Fallen Star"
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
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1351:
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1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1168:Foreign Affairs
1160:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1087:
1086:
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1020:
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987:
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944:
939:
935:
925:
923:
919:
915:
914:
910:
901:
894:
887:
873:Ziegler, Philip
871:
870:
861:
852:
850:
842:
841:
837:
827:
825:
814:
808:
804:
794:
793:
789:
785:
743:and founder of
737:Leonard Ingrams
722:
717:
715:
712:
652:
625:
616:
571:
555:
547:Kobe earthquake
542:
540:Kobe earthquake
522:
513:
505:Bank of England
466:
454:
415:
383:
364:Margaret Baring
333:Russell Sturgis
322:Sir Robert Peel
247:and during the
194:
188:
172:
111:
85:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:Banks of Devon
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2930:Morgan Stanley
2927:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:JPMorgan Chase
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:GP Investments
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2734:
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2697:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2634:(2016–ongoing)
2628:
2626:(2015–ongoing)
2620:
2612:
2610:(2013–ongoing)
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
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2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
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2444:
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2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2360:Robert Maxwell
2356:
2348:
2340:
2336:Bofors scandal
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2275:
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2249:
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2235:
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2229:
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2209:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2186:External links
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2121:Ugly Americans
2117:
2111:
2091:
2090:
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2027:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1947:
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1397:
1371:
1365:978-3319966984
1364:
1344:
1330:
1317:
1304:
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1249:
1236:
1217:
1211:978-0674396661
1210:
1190:
1153:
1147:978-1576071885
1146:
1126:
1107:
1100:
1080:
1057:
1026:
1006:
994:Bloomberg View
969:
962:
942:
933:
917:"Slave Routes"
908:
904:City of London
892:
885:
859:
835:
822:MeasuringWorth
802:
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784:
781:
780:
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708:
654:The 1999 film
651:
648:
639:trading jacket
624:
621:
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604:GP Investments
591:Northern Trust
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382:
379:
237:Hope & Co.
190:Main article:
187:
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145:Francis Baring
141:Berenberg Bank
131:was a British
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3080:Bank failures
3078:
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3070:Baring family
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2320:Carrian Group
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2177:0-00-217508-8
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2148:0-88730-781-7
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2129:0-06-057500-X
2126:
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2112:0-316-51856-5
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2103:Little, Brown
2100:
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2059:981-00-6802-6
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2034:
2030:
2028:0-241-13699-7
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2009:0-393-04055-0
2005:
2001:
2000:
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1990:
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1934:
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1920:
1909:, 8 June 1999
1908:
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1783:
1777:
1774:
1763:on 2017-11-07
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1738:on 2007-12-27
1737:
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1630:. 15 May 2016
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1411:The Economist
1407:
1401:
1398:
1386:. 1 July 2020
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2894:CCMP Capital
2796:Bear Stearns
2776:Barings Bank
2775:
2554:(2010–2019)
2512:Bear Stearns
2400:Barings Bank
2399:
2215:
2204:
2167:
2156:
2137:
2120:
2097:
2086:
2068:
2049:
2036:
2018:
1998:
1978:
1955:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1936:. 7 May 2009
1933:The Scotsman
1931:
1922:
1911:, retrieved
1906:The Guardian
1904:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1849:The Guardian
1848:
1838:
1828:12 September
1826:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1726:
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1705:
1696:
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1670:
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1654:
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1632:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1581:
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1559:the original
1552:
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1520:the original
1493:
1484:
1473:
1464:
1456:the original
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
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1388:. Retrieved
1383:
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1333:
1325:
1320:
1312:
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1286:
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1252:
1244:
1243:Jay Sexton,
1239:
1224:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1166:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1110:
1090:
1083:
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1047:20 September
1045:. Retrieved
1039:
1029:
997:. Retrieved
993:
956:. Springer.
952:
945:
936:
924:. Retrieved
911:
876:
851:. Retrieved
847:
838:
826:. Retrieved
820:
805:
796:
790:
765:Rogue Trader
763:
755:
724:Banks portal
703:
698:Phileas Fogg
687:
685:
672:Stone's Fall
670:
668:
661:
657:Rogue Trader
655:
653:
630:The Guardian
628:
626:
617:
594:
572:
559:Kuala Lumpur
556:
543:
531:
523:
514:
501:Eddie George
498:
476:since 1992,
467:
459:
455:
439:
432:
384:
372:
361:
341:Henry Baring
330:
319:
307:Joshua Bates
296:
288:
265:
257:
251:(1756–1763)
234:
226:Mincing Lane
195:
153:
129:Barings Bank
128:
127:
116:Headquarters
31:Barings Bank
2970:Wells Fargo
2594:(2012–2013)
2538:(2008–2015)
2530:(2008–2011)
2522:(2008–2012)
2482:(2003-2005)
2426:(1999-2006)
1940:26 February
1913:23 February
1786:bpeasia.com
1716:26 November
1686:26 November
1660:26 November
1608:25 February
1565:18 November
1529:18 November
1436:18 November
1390:11 December
1264:11 December
1041:Smithsonian
926:11 December
694:Jules Verne
606:in Brazil,
602:in Russia,
573:Dutch bank
482:arbitraging
478:Nick Leeson
470:derivatives
427:George Hoar
299:War of 1812
292:Bishopsgate
253:Thomas Hope
230:slave trade
202:John Baring
160:Nick Leeson
18:ING Barings
3014:Categories
2648:Moser Baer
2344:Polly Peck
2101:. Boston:
1885:10 January
1851:. London.
1767:2017-10-31
1742:2008-01-02
1634:30 October
1384:Money Week
853:2022-10-26
783:References
760:1 BCLC 433
692:(1872) by
677:Iain Pears
675:(2009) by
587:MassMutual
520:Corruption
486:Nikkei 225
472:trader in
212:, born in
3060:ING Group
2920:(defunct)
2864:(defunct)
2816:Citigroup
2296:Salad Oil
739:, former
569:Aftermath
553:Discovery
526:arbitrage
474:Singapore
464:1992–1995
452:1929–1992
377:brewery.
313:, son of
241:Amsterdam
222:Cheapside
186:1762–1889
164:Singapore
122:, England
102:ING Group
95:Successor
84:Collapsed
2768:Barclays
2748:ABN Amro
2687:See also
2656:Wirecard
2480:Parmalat
2472:WorldCom
2464:Adelphia
2328:Guinness
2218:obituary
2166:(1988).
1859:26 April
1853:Archived
1710:Archived
1706:BBC News
1680:Archived
1297:27 March
1291:Archived
1177:Archived
999:26 March
875:(1988).
710:See also
579:ABN Amro
375:Guinness
276:Napoleon
45:Industry
2616:Toshiba
2586:(2012)
2576:Olympus
2448:One.Tel
2376:Banesto
2338:(1990)
1183:26 July
650:Fiction
595:Barings
218:Germany
170:History
73:Defunct
63:Founder
55:Founded
49:Banking
2960:Capvis
2909:Lazard
2674:(2021)
2666:(2020)
2664:Nikola
2658:(2020)
2650:(2019)
2642:(2018)
2618:(2015)
2578:(2011)
2570:(2011)
2546:(2009)
2544:Satyam
2514:(2008)
2506:(2008)
2498:(2005)
2490:(2004)
2474:(2002)
2466:(2002)
2458:(2001)
2450:(2001)
2442:(2000)
2434:(2000)
2424:Daewoo
2418:(1997)
2410:(1996)
2402:(1995)
2394:(1993)
2386:(1993)
2378:(1993)
2370:(1992)
2362:(1991)
2354:(1990)
2346:(1990)
2330:(1986)
2322:(1983)
2314:(1982)
2306:(1971)
2298:(1963)
2290:(1890)
2282:(1720)
2174:
2145:
2127:
2109:
2075:
2056:
2041:online
2025:
2006:
1985:
1782:"Home"
1362:
1231:
1208:
1144:
1098:
960:
883:
828:May 7,
214:Bremen
210:Exeter
139:after
120:London
2608:Forex
2520:Libor
2456:Enron
2440:CINAR
1822:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
1523:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
326:maize
261:Maine
2869:GTCR
2488:Tyco
2172:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2023:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1942:2018
1915:2012
1887:2010
1861:2010
1830:2023
1718:2007
1688:2007
1662:2007
1636:2021
1610:2021
1567:2007
1554:Time
1531:2007
1438:2007
1392:2022
1360:ISBN
1299:2017
1266:2022
1229:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1185:2014
1142:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1049:2019
1001:2017
958:ISBN
928:2022
881:ISBN
830:2024
643:eBay
635:KPMG
81:Fate
58:1762
2950:UBS
2592:OCZ
1960:at
1075:423
809:UK
575:ING
88:ING
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