Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

539:, who supported a continued US nuclear presence in Europe, was skeptical of the plan, though eventually accepted it for its value in putting the Soviet Union "on the defensive in the European propaganda war". Reagan later recounted that the "zero option sprang out of the realities of nuclear politics in Western Europe". The Soviet Union rejected the plan shortly after the US tabled it in February 1982, arguing that both the US and USSR should be able to retain intermediate-range missiles in Europe. Specifically, Soviet negotiators proposed that the number of INF missiles and aircraft deployed in Europe by each side be capped at 600 by 1985 and 300 by 1990. Concerned that this proposal would force the US to withdraw aircraft from Europe and not deploy INF missiles, given US cooperation with existing British and French deployments, the US proposed "equal rights and limits"—the US would be permitted to match Soviet SS-20 deployments. 724: 590: 621:

temporary measure, the US negotiators also proposed a cap of 450 deployed INF warheads around the world for both the United States and Soviet Union. In response, Soviet negotiators proposed that a plan would have to block all US INF deployments in Europe, cover both missiles and aircraft, include third parties, and focus primarily on Europe for it to gain Soviet backing. In the fall of 1983, just ahead of the scheduled deployment of US Pershing IIs and GLCMs, the United States lowered its proposed limit on global INF deployments to 420 missiles, while the Soviet Union proposed "equal reductions": if the US cancelled the planned deployment of Pershing II and GLCM systems, the Soviet Union would reduce its own INF deployment by 572 warheads. In November 1983, after the first Pershing IIs arrived in West Germany, the Soviet Union ended negotiations.

602:

GLCMs and each SS-20 launcher containing three warheads, such an agreement would have resulted in the US having 75 more intermediate-range warheads in Europe than the USSR, though Soviet SS-20s were seen as more advanced and maneuverable than American GLCMs. While Kvitsinsky was skeptical that the plan would be well-received in Moscow, Nitze was optimistic about its chances in Washington. The deal ultimately found little traction in either capital. In the United States, the Office of the Secretary of Defense opposed Nitze's proposal, as it opposed any proposal that would allow the Soviet Union to deploy missiles to Europe while blocking American deployments. Nitze's proposal was relayed by Kvitsinsky to Moscow, where it was also rejected. The plan accordingly was never introduced into formal negotiations.

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other participating states due to the presence of a single inspection site in each country. Inspection of INF missile sites continued until May 31, 2001, as stipulated by the 13-year inspection agreement within the treaty. After this period, the United States and Russia continued to share national technical means of verification and notifications to ensure that each state maintained compliance. The treaty states continued to meet at Special Verification Committees after the end of the inspection period. There were 30 total meetings with the final meeting occurring in November 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland with the United States, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine meeting to discuss compliance obligations.

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41, it's kind of a argument," Lewis said. "The Mk-41 is a launcher, right? So... The treaty prohibits 'GLCM launchers' and 'GLBM launchers.' The Tomahawk is permitted because it is a SLCM. Moving the MK41 to land would be a problem if we then fired a Tomahawk off it. But we've only fired SAMs out of it and the treaty contains an exception for SAMs. Then the Tomahawk would be a GLCM. But it's not." The United States has offered to allow Moscow to inspect the Mk-41 sites to verify that they do not contain Tomahawks, however, the Russians have refused. "As a practical matter, the U.S. should—and in fact has—offered to let the Russians take a look and reassure themselves," Lewis said. "Russians refused."

630: 1018: 712: 45: 1218:, who said that instead of crafting a plan to hold Russia accountable and pressure it into compliance, the Trump administration had offered Putin an easy way out of the treaty and played right into his hands. Similar arguments had been brought previously on 25 October 2018 by European members of NATO who urged the US "to try to bring Russia back into compliance with the treaty rather than quit it, seeking to avoid a split in the alliance that Moscow could exploit". 130: 142: 161: 185: 490: 4464: 1154: 686:

both nuclear and conventional warheads, but did not cover air-delivered or sea-based missiles. Existing weapons had to be destroyed, and a protocol for mutual inspection was agreed upon. Each party had the right to withdraw from the treaty with six months' notice, "if it decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests".

700: 387: 173: 889:, which has a range of 3,000 km (1,900 mi). Russia rejected the claim that their SSC-8 missiles violated the treaty, claiming that the SSC-8 has a maximum range of only 480 km (300 mi). In 2013, it was reported that Russia had tested and planned to continue testing two missiles in ways that could violate the terms of the treaty: the road-mobile 1150:

American equipment is deployed in certain regions." This moratorium request was rejected by NATO's Stoltenberg who said that it was not credible as Moscow had already deployed such warheads. On 5 August 2019, Putin stated, "As of August 2, 2019, the INF Treaty no longer exists. Our US colleagues sent it to the archives, making it a thing of the past."

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also indicated that it would not support Nitze's plan and preferred a return to the Zero Option proposal. Nitze argued that one positive consequence of the walk in the woods was that the Western European public, which had doubted American interest in arms control, became convinced that the US was participating in the INF negotiations in good faith.

410:). In describing this aggravated situation, the ministers made direct reference to the SS-20 featuring "significant improvements over previous systems in providing greater accuracy, more mobility, and greater range, as well as having multiple warheads". The ministers also attributed the altered situation to the deployment of the Soviet 274:, and missile launchers with ranges of 500–1,000 kilometers (310–620 mi) (short medium-range) and 1,000–5,500 km (620–3,420 mi) (intermediate-range). The treaty did not apply to air- or sea-launched missiles. By May 1991, the nations had eliminated 2,692 missiles, followed by 10 years of on-site verification inspections. 656:(START I) and space issues (Nuclear and Space Talks). In late 1985, both sides were moving towards limiting INF systems in Europe and Asia. On 15 January 1986, Gorbachev announced a Soviet proposal for a ban on all nuclear weapons by 2000, which included INF missiles in Europe. This was dismissed by the United States as a 486:. The core of the US negotiating position reflected the principles put forth under Carter: any limits placed on US INF capabilities, both in terms of "ceilings" and "rights", must be reciprocated with limits on Soviet systems. Additionally, the US insisted that a sufficient verification regime be put in place. 1142:

withdrawal, the US Department of Defense announced plans to test a new type of missile that would have violated the treaty, from an eastern NATO base. Military leaders stated the need for this new missile to stay ahead of both Russia and China, in response to Russia's continued violations of the treaty.

586:, away from formal negotiations in Geneva, in an independent attempt to bypass bureaucratic procedures and break the negotiating deadlock. Nitze later said that his and Kvitsinsky's goal was to agree to certain concessions that would allow for a summit meeting between Brezhnev and Reagan later in 1982. 1157: 2909:

The Russians will inevitably claim that the United States violated the INF treaty first with Aegis Ashore missile defense sites, which use the Mk-41 vertical launch system. The Mk-41 is capable of launching the Tomahawk cruise missile—which could be argued is a violation of the treaty. "As for the Mk

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the day prior. In a statement, Trump said there was a six-month timeline for full withdrawal and INF Treaty termination if the Russian Federation did not come back into compliance within that period. The same day, Putin announced that Russia had also suspended the INF Treaty in a 'mirror response' to

616:

meeting following the Nitze-Kvitsinsky walk, the proposal was received positively by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Reagan. Following protests by Perle, working within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Reagan informed Nitze that he would not back the plan. The State Department, then led by Haig,

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banned by the treaty decades prior. The Pentagon said that the data collected and lessons learned from this test would inform its future development of intermediate-range capabilities, while the Russian foreign ministry said that it was a cause for regret, and accused the United States of escalating

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and inheriting its nuclear arsenal. From these six countries, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine entered agreements to continue the fulfillment of the INF Treaty. The remaining two states, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, became passive participants in the negotiations with approval from the

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by the Soviet Union in 1940). The US did not focus immediate attention on the preservation of the INF Treaty because the disarmament of INF missiles already occurred. Eventually, the US began negotiations to maintain the treaty in the six newly independent states of the former Soviet Union

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or "zero-zero" proposal. It called for a hold on US deployment of GLCM and Pershing II systems, reciprocated by Soviet elimination of its SS-4, SS-5, and SS-20 missiles. There appeared to be little chance of the Zero Option being adopted due to Soviet opposition, but the gesture was well received by

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The treaty prohibited both parties from possessing, producing, or flight-testing ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500–5,500 km (310–3,420 mi). Possessing or producing ground-based launchers of those missiles was also prohibited. The ban extended to weapons with

672:

in August to remove the joint US-West German Pershing 1a systems. Initially, Kohl had opposed the total elimination of the Pershing missiles, claiming that such a move would increase his nation's vulnerability to an attack by Warsaw Pact forces. The treaty text was finally agreed in September 1987.

601:

Nitze's offer to Kvitsinsky was that the US would forego deployment of the Pershing II and limit the deployment of GLCMs to 75. The Soviet Union, in return, would also have to limit itself to 75 intermediate-range missile launchers in Europe and 90 in Asia. Due to each GLCM launcher containing four

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has rarely acted to stop a number of presidential decisions regarding international treaties during the 20th and 21st centuries, there have been established a precedent that the president and executive branch can unilaterally withdraw from a treaty without congressional approval. On the day of the

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said diplomats from the US, Britain, France and Germany had been invited to attend the static display of the missile, but they declined. The US had previously rejected a Russian offer to do so because it said such an exercise would not allow the Americans to verify the true range of the missile. A

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There was little convergence between the two sides over these two years. A US effort to separate the question of nuclear-capable aircraft from that of intermediate-range missiles successfully focused attention on the latter, but little clear progress on the subject was made. In the summer of 1982,

1136:

Following the six-month US suspension of the INF Treaty, the Trump administration formally announced it had withdrawn from the treaty on 2 August 2019. On that day, Pompeo stated that "Russia is solely responsible for the treaty's demise". While formally ratifying a treaty requires the support of

897:

ICBMs. The US representatives briefed NATO on other Russian breaches of the INF Treaty in 2014 and 2017. In 2018, NATO formally supported the US claims and accused Russia of breaking the treaty. Russia denied the accusation and Putin said it was a pretext for the US to withdraw from the treaty. A

667:

between Reagan and Gorbachev on 11 and 12 October 1986. Both agreed in principle to remove INF systems from Europe and to equal global limits of 100 INF missile warheads. Gorbachev also proposed deeper and more fundamental changes in the strategic relationship. More detailed negotiations extended

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The Western press has often treated the Russian claim that US missile defense installations have an offensive capability as rhetorical obfuscation. But publicly available information makes it clear that the US Aegis-based systems in Eastern Europe, if equipped with cruise missiles, would indeed

955:

The US declared its intention to withdraw from the treaty on 20 October 2018, citing the previous violations of the treaty by Russia. This prompted Putin to state that Russia would not launch first in a nuclear conflict but would "annihilate" any adversary, essentially re-stating the policy of

620:

In early 1983, US negotiators indicated that they would support a plan beyond the Zero Option if the plan established equal rights and limits for the US and USSR, with such limits valid worldwide, and excluded British and French missile systems (as well as those of any other third party). As a

420:

The Double-Track Decision involved two policy "tracks". Initially, of the 7,400 theater nuclear warheads, 1,000 would be removed from Europe and the US would pursue bilateral negotiations with the Soviet Union intended to limit theater nuclear forces. Should these negotiations fail, NATO would

1149:

invited the US and NATO "to assess the possibility of declaring the same moratorium on deploying intermediate-range and shorter-range equipment as we have, the same moratorium Vladimir Putin declared, saying that Russia will refrain from deploying these systems when we acquire them unless the

417:, which they believed had much greater performance than its predecessors. Furthermore, the ministers expressed concern that the Soviet Union had gained an advantage over NATO in "Long-Range Theater Nuclear Forces" (LRTNF), and also significantly increased short-range theater nuclear capacity. 1159: 1006:, was quoted stating that "the Chinese are stockpiling missiles because they're not bound by at all". Bringing an ascendant China into the treaty, or into a new comprehensive treaty including other nuclear powers, was further complicated by complex relationships between China, 1221:

NATO chief Stoltenberg suggested the INF Treaty could be expanded to include countries such as China and India, an idea that both the US and Russia had indicated being open to, although Russia had expressed skepticism that such an expansion could be achieved.

1225:

There were contrasting opinions on the withdrawal among American lawmakers. The INF Treaty Compliance Act (H.R. 1249) was introduced to stop the United States from using Government funds to develop missiles prohibited by the treaty, while Republican senators

1107:

Russia presented the 9M729 (SSC-8) missile and its technical parameters to foreign military attachés at a military briefing on 23 January 2019, held in what it said was an exercise in transparency it hoped would persuade Washington to stay in the treaty. The

989:

article noted the different responses US officials gave to this issue: "either find ways to bring China into the treaty or develop new American weapons to counter it" or "negotiating a new treaty with that country". The deployment since 2016 of the Chinese

524:

the European public. In February 1982, US negotiators put forth a draft treaty containing the Zero Option and a global prohibition on intermediate- and short-range missiles, with compliance ensured via a stringent, though unspecified, verification program.

902:

analysis of the meeting that culminated in the NATO statement said that "NATO allies here share Washington's concerns and have backed the US position, thankful perhaps that it includes this short grace period during which Russia might change its mind."

1203:, urged Trump to preserve the treaty. Gorbachev criticized Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal as "not the work of a great mind" and stated "a new arms race has been announced". The decision was criticized by the chairmen of the House Committees on 1261:

After the United States withdrew from the treaty, some American commentators wrote that this might allow the country to more effectively counter Russia and China's missile forces. This was later followed by the development and deployment of the

1052:

suggested that China was "the real target of the ". It was estimated that 90% of China's ground missile arsenal would be outlawed if China were a party to the treaty. Bolton said in an interview with Elena Chernenko from the Russian newspaper

739:

By the treaty's deadline of 1 June 1991, a total of 2,692 of such weapons had been destroyed, 846 by the US and 1,846 by the Soviet Union. The following specific missiles, their launcher systems, and their transporter vehicles were destroyed:

281:

announced on 20 October 2018 that he was withdrawing the US from the treaty due to Russian non-compliance, stating that Russia had breached the treaty by developing and deploying an intermediate-range cruise missile known as the SSC-8

1269:

According to Brazilian journalist Augusto Dall'Agnol, the INF Treaty's demise also needs to be understood in the broader context of the gradual erosion of the strategic arms control regime that started with the US withdrawal from the

345:, which were seen to pose a limited threat to Western Europe due to their poor accuracy, limited payload (one warhead), lengthy time to prepare to launch, difficulty of concealment, and a lack of mobility which exposed them to 1078:, but missed 18 October submission deadline so it instead called for a vote on whether the committee should be allowed to consider the draft. On the same day, Bolton said in an interview with Reuters that the INF Treaty was a 1257:

of the Soviet space industry, but was never allowed to develop a missile with the range to strike Moscow, only having both longer and shorter-ranged missiles, but it has the capability to develop intermediate-range missiles.

294:, as China was not a signatory to the treaty. The US formally suspended the treaty on 1 February 2019, and Russia did so on the following day in response. The United States formally withdrew from the treaty on 2 August 2019. 5144: 3236: 4687: 1398:

The reason for this precision of timing… was a mystery to almost everyone in both governments… Only much later did it become known that the time had been selected as propitious by Nancy Reagan's astrologer

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Between 1981 and 1983, American and Soviet negotiators gathered for six rounds of talks, each two months in length—a system based on the earlier SALT talks. The US delegation was composed of Nitze,

921:

in Europe was a violation of the treaty as they claim they could be quickly retrofitted with offensive capabilities; this accusation has in turn been rejected by US and NATO officials and academic

723: 5496: 5112: 479: 249: 4239: 1158: 589: 532: 1310:

At the 2024 NATO summit, Poland, Germany, France and Italy signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly develop ground-launched cruise missiles with a range of more than 500 kilometres.

821:

in December 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union completed the dismantling of their intermediate-range missiles on May 28 as outlined by the INF Treaty. After the collapse of the

500:, an experienced politician and long-time presidential advisor on defense policy who had participated in the SALT talks, led the US delegation after being recruited by Secretary of State 375:

argued in a speech that a Western response to the SS-20 deployment should be explored, a call which was echoed by NATO, given a perceived Western disadvantage in European nuclear forces.

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with SM-6, Tomahawk and longer range hypersonic weapons of the United States will be deployed to Germany. This marks the return of the Tomahawk cruise missile to German territory.

983:'s Asian policy under the Obama administration, said China's ability to work outside of the INF treaty had vexed policymakers in Washington, long before Trump came into office. A 4518: 3406: 3269: 5638: 3348: 3105: 1145:

The US withdrawal was backed by most of its NATO allies, citing years of Russian non-compliance with the treaty. In response to the withdrawal, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister

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Russia furthermore claims that the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper and the MQ-4 violate the INF treaty, something the United States vehemently denies.

660:

and countered with a phased reduction of INF launchers in Europe and Asia with the target of none by 1989. There would be no constraints on British and French nuclear forces.

5237: 5054: 5008: 4649: 4628: 3321: 329:. The SS-20's range of 4,700–5,000 kilometers (2,900–3,100 mi) was great enough to reach Western Europe from well within Soviet territory; the range was just below the 3377:"Statement by the President of Russia on the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles" 5408: 5121: 4752: 4267: 3799: 2889: 462:

The Soviet Union and United States agreed to open negotiations and preliminary discussions, named the Preliminary Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Talks, which began in

4584: 3217: 322: 5628: 5380: 504:. Though Nitze had backed the first SALT treaty, he opposed SALT II and had resigned from the US delegation during its negotiation. Nitze was also then a member of the 5445: 5387: 4598: 1502: 1204: 964: 287: 3630: 2994: 2836: 5503: 5221: 4339: 4232: 1909: 1208: 1075: 4791: 5588: 1250: 4981: 4974: 4333: 3087: 1328:

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles

38:

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles

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to consider calling on Washington and Moscow to preserve and strengthen the treaty. Russia had proposed a draft resolution in the 193-member General Assembly's

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and nuclear-capable aircraft to be adequate counters to the SS-20 and a sufficient deterrent against possible Soviet aggression. In 1977, however, Chancellor

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that recent Chinese statements indicate that it wants Washington to stay in the treaty, while China itself is not bound by it. On the same day, a report in

910:

wrote that the actual Russian problem with the INF Treaty was that China was not bound by it and continued to build up their own intermediate-range forces.

673:

On 8 December 1987, the treaty was officially signed by Reagan and Gorbachev at a summit in Washington and ratified the following May in a 93–5 vote by the

5251: 3548: 968: 291: 4642: 5186: 4930: 4635: 4225: 3838: 1241:

announced that since the United States and Russia had both pulled out of the treaty, it now had the right to develop intermediate-range missiles, citing

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Starting on 4 December 2018, the US asserted that Russia had 60 days to comply with the treaty. On 5 December 2018, Russia responded by revealing their

1089:

called on Russia to comply with the treaty saying "The problem is the deployment of new Russian missiles". Putin announced on 20 November 2018 that the

2196: 608:, a US negotiator, later recalled that Nitze's "walk in the woods" proposal was primarily of Nitze's own design and known beforehand only to Burns and 5482: 5417: 5401: 5313: 4511: 2432: 1041: 613: 5424: 5193: 4570: 4545: 4536: 3510: 475: 3885: 971:, was another reason for their move to withdraw, because China was not a signatory to the treaty. US officials extending back to the presidency of 5322: 5272: 5265: 5075: 4403: 4352: 2963: 2867: 2245: 1179: 747: 430: 842:

that contained INF sites subject to inspection: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan, with Russia being the USSR's

3141: 2603: 1174:

On 18 August 2019, the US conducted a test firing of a missile that would not have been allowed under the treaty; a ground-based version of the

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strikes ahead of a planned attack. While the SS-4 and SS-5 were seen as defensive weapons, the SS-20 was seen as a potential offensive system.

3566: 5489: 5228: 5165: 5105: 4990: 4662: 4364: 4345: 4137: 4118: 4061: 4025: 3716: 3649: 2372: 1968: 1516: 1391: 1238: 867:

in which he said the INF Treaty should be revisited to ensure security, as it only restricted Russia and the US but not other countries. The

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Moniz & Nunn, Ernest & Sam (2019). "The Return of Doomsday: The New Nuclear Arms Race – and How Washington and Moscow Can Stop It".

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had "developed a large and growing capability in nuclear systems that directly threaten Western Europe": "theater" nuclear systems (i.e.,

1809: 5668: 5613: 5578: 5096: 4865: 4552: 868: 555: 1133:) in response to the US announcing it would start to conduct research and development of weapons formerly prohibited under the treaty. 5593: 4303: 2621: 2200: 1542: 1215: 999: 563: 334: 3585: 2647: 5653: 5558: 5438: 4851: 1844: 1036:

said a unilateral US withdrawal would have a negative impact and urged the US to "think thrice before acting". On 23 October 2018,

5343: 5292: 5137: 4902: 4887: 4621: 513: 3616:"Text - H.R.1249 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): INF Treaty Compliance Act of 2019 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" 5663: 5648: 5608: 5535: 5299: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4291: 4261: 2278: 1905: 1646: 1071: 864: 818: 505: 394:

On 12 December 1979, following European pressure for a response to the SS-20, Western foreign and defense ministers meeting in

346: 330: 3163: 5563: 5371: 4467: 3529: 2904: 467: 242: 3295: 2004: 878:, contemporaneously said that Russia was planning to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty in response to deployment of the 3459: 5573: 5466: 5452: 5336: 5306: 5158: 5068: 4279: 2764: 1710: 1116:

The US suspended its compliance with the INF Treaty on 2 February 2019 following an announcement by US Secretary of State

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In March 1986, negotiations between the US and the USSR resumed, covering not only the INF issue, but also the separate

605: 567: 551: 380: 315: 3912: 3701: 711: 5179: 5031: 5024: 4577: 4527: 3973: 930: 879: 1595: 1570: 1017: 516:. Yuli Kvitsinsky, the second-ranking official at the Soviet embassy in West Germany, headed the Soviet delegation. 5598: 5568: 5526: 5172: 4398: 4297: 2116: 399: 4997: 4909: 3853: 5357: 5082: 4285: 2487:"Adherence to and the Compliance with Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" 2071: 1175: 1167: 478:. Formal talks began on 30 November 1981, with the US negotiators led by Reagan and those of the Soviet Union by 4782: 4775: 3482: 2757:"Russian Compliance with the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty: Background and Issues for Congress" 5200: 5128: 4812: 4423: 3044: 2169: 1130: 1033: 922: 732: 364: 4150:

Russian Compliance with the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty: Background and Issues for Congress

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Trump's decision, effective that day. The next day, Russia started work on new intermediate range (ballistic)

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summit between the United States and Russia on 30 January 2019 failed to find a way to preserve the treaty.

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was prepared to discuss the INF Treaty with Washington but would "retaliate" if the United States withdrew.

926: 571: 407: 4858: 2923: 5459: 5017: 2282: 2005:"Special Meeting of Foreign and Defence Ministers (The "Double-Track" Decision on Theatre Nuclear Forces)" 1138: 657: 559: 3731: 5394: 5089: 4923: 4438: 4428: 3919: 3567:"NATO chief Stoltenberg bats for expanded INF treaty deal with more members | DW | 07.02.2019" 3062: 2197:"Nomination of William F. Burns To Be Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency" 547: 1166:

The United States test firing a conventionally configured ground-launched medium-range cruise missile (

3675: 3650:"Ukraine has the right to develop missiles now that Russia-U.S. nuclear treaty is canceled, Kiev says" 5618: 4828: 4798: 4679: 4273: 2837:"Russia may have violated the INF Treaty. Here's how the United States appears to have done the same" 2593: 1101: 1090: 837:

to be inheritors of the treaty obligations (the three Baltic states are considered to preexist their

674: 634: 256: 4072: 3615: 1934: 4805: 4556: 4418: 4309: 1294: 1242: 860: 768: 716: 664: 65: 3063:"APNSA John Bolton Interview with Elena Chernenko, Kommersant – Moscow, Russia – October 22, 2018" 2570: 1979: 1484: 715:

Accompanied by their NATO counterparts, Soviet inspectors enter a nuclear weapons storage area at

4671: 4408: 3990: 3959: 3780: 3487: 2528: 1547: 1447: 834: 4192: 4182: 3322:"Donald Trump can unilaterally withdraw from treaties because Congress abdicated responsibility" 2486: 645:

played a key role in brokering the negotiations between Reagan and new Soviet General Secretary

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In June 2024, Russian President Putin called for resuming production of medium-range missiles.

44: 4916: 4413: 4133: 4114: 4057: 4021: 3951: 3772: 2368: 2362: 1813: 1620: 1512: 1506: 1444:"Reagan And Gorbachev Meet, Reagan And Gorbachev Sign Ratification Instruments For INF Treaty" 1387: 1383: 946: 804: 646: 642: 594: 536: 267: 252: 134: 49: 5151: 4079: 3982: 3943: 3762: 1338: 1286: 1086: 1082:

relic and he wanted to hold strategic talks with Russia about Chinese missile capabilities.

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treaty that further decreased nuclear armament. The United States considered twelve of the

731:, chief of the arms control unit at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, at the destruction site in 5431: 5258: 4761: 4496: 4448: 3593: 3294:

Stracqualursi, Veronica; Gaouette, Nicole; Starr, Barbara; Atwood, Kylie (2 August 2019).

2868:"Destabilizing Missile Politics Return to Europe, Part II: For Russia, Pershing II Redux?" 2822: 2656: 2068:""The Master of the Game": Paul H. Nitze and U.S. Cold War Strategy from Truman to Reagan" 914: 875: 483: 271: 3296:"US formally withdraws from nuclear treaty with Russia and prepares to test new missile" 1067:

all developing capabilities which would violate the treaty if they were parties to it."

466:, Switzerland, in October 1980. The relations were strained at the time due to the 1979 286:). The Trump administration claimed another reason for the withdrawal was to counter a 4433: 1246: 1146: 1045: 1037: 1021: 976: 856: 583: 575: 509: 501: 446: 411: 376: 368: 307: 266:

The INF Treaty banned all of the two nations' nuclear and conventional ground-launched

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Washington (earlier), Gabrielle Canon Ben Jacobs in; Holden, Emily (1 February 2019).

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Reagan and Gorbachev shake hands after signing the INF Treaty ratification during the

5552: 4481: 4047: 3784: 3586:"Bill offered to keep U.S. in compliance with collapsing Cold War-era weapons treaty" 2174: 1376: 1196: 1192: 1025: 728: 528: 471: 421:

modernize its own LRTNF, or intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), by replacing US

383:, later recounted that Schmidt's speech pressured the US into developing a response. 356: 283: 245: 230: 190: 146: 141: 53: 4176: 4130:

Disarmament in the Time of Perestroika: Arms Control and the End of the Soviet Union

3434: 2946: 2800: 2454: 2406: 2286: 1752: 1665: 1461: 1417: 960:". Putin claimed Russians killed in such a conflict "will go to heaven as martyrs". 205: 3908: 3376: 1734: 1126: 980: 972: 890: 822: 798: 519:

On 18 November 1981, shortly before the beginning of formal talks, Reagan made the

372: 360: 303: 278: 234: 223: 166: 129: 106: 3270:"Putin threatens new arms race after Trump pulls US out of nuclear weapons treaty" 1647:"US Nato envoy's threat to Russia: stop developing missile or we'll 'take it out'" 994:

IRBM with a range of 4,000 km (2,500 mi) meant that US forces as far as

4108: 4051: 3511:"Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'" 3407:"US tests its first intermediate-range missile since quitting treaty with Russia" 2682:"US Reluctant to Disclose to All NATO Allies that Russia is Violating INF Treaty" 2008: 1781: 937:, violated the INF Treaty, which has also in turn been rejected by US officials. 5283: 4274:

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

3904: 2756: 1840: 1283: 1211: 1117: 1064: 950: 792: 774: 759: 753: 669: 520: 489: 442: 426: 422: 403: 338: 83: 3767: 3750: 3717:"Countering Missiles With Missiles: U.S. Military Posture After the INF Treaty" 2964:"'Aggressors Will Be Annihilated, We Will Go to Heaven as Martyrs,' Putin Says" 2890:"Moscow: US comments on possible destruction of Russian warheads are dangerous" 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4011: 3252:"Roger Stone case: judge 'considering gag order' against Trump adviser – live" 2246:"Paul H. Nitze, Missile Treaty Negotiator and Cold War Strategist, Dies at 97" 1443: 1271: 1227: 1122: 1055: 1003: 780: 699: 497: 386: 342: 3955: 3776: 2067: 885:

According to US officials, Russia violated the treaty in 2008 by testing the

5214: 4951: 4944: 4376: 4358: 3971:

Garthoff, Raymond L. (1983). "The NATO Decision on Theater Nuclear Forces".

3913:

The Treaty on Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces: History and Lessons Learned

3483:"In Bipartisan Pleas, Experts Urge Trump to Save Nuclear Treaty With Russia" 2350:(4th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Harold & Stoughton. p. 393. 2224: 2222: 1231: 470:

which led America to impose sanctions against the USSR. On 20 January 1981,

3142:"Putin Says Russia Will Retaliate if U.S. Quits INF Nuclear Missile Treaty" 1378:

The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War

1245:

as a serious threat to the European continent, and the presence of Russian

4148: 17: 4937: 4768: 4327: 3326: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1757: 1200: 1079: 1011: 985: 395: 260: 3963: 3854:"Russia Vows 'Military Response' to U.S. Missile Deployments in Germany" 3349:"Russian request for missile freeze has 'zero credibility': Stoltenberg" 3237:"Trump picks climate change skeptic for EPA science board – latest news" 3106:"Trump adviser says wants U.S.-Russia strategic talks on Chinese threat" 2544: 2542: 2532: 2516: 2141:"The World in Summary; Arms Negotiators in Geneva Begin To Chip the Ice" 869:

Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

4321: 3994: 3353: 1906:"Paul Nitze and A Walk in the Woods – A Failed Attempt at Arms Control" 1696: 1508:

SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security

1085:

Four days later at a news conference in Norway, NATO Secretary General

1070:

On 26 October 2018, Russia unsuccessfully called for a vote to get the

925:. Russian experts also stated that the US usage of target missiles and 830: 653: 527:

Opinion within the Reagan administration on the Zero Option was mixed.

434: 326: 3460:"The US proves Russia right with its first post-treaty missile launch" 3124:"NATO's Stoltenberg calls on Russia to comply with INF nuclear treaty" 2731:"Moscow may walk out of nuclear treaty after US accusations of breach" 825:, the United States focused on negotiations with Belarus, Kazakhstan, 3947: 3218:"Russia takes wraps off new missile to try to save U.S. nuclear pact" 894: 826: 463: 238: 226: 178: 5145:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

4053:

Beyond the INF Treaty: Arms, Arms Control, and the Atlantic Alliance

3986: 882:

in Europe and because other countries were not bound to the treaty.

663:

A series of meetings in August and September 1986 culminated in the

337:(ICBM), 5,500 km (3,400 mi). The SS-20 replaced the aging 3839:"Will Russia deploy offensive missiles capable of striking Europe?" 1753:"INF nuclear treaty: US pulls out of Cold War-era pact with Russia" 5473: 4073:

Theater Nuclear Weapons and the NATO Strategy of Flexible Response

3886:"Four EU countries agree to co-develop long-range cruise missiles" 3189: 2995:"Trump's missile treaty pullout could escalate tension with China" 1571:"Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia" 1290: 1152: 1016: 1007: 991: 886: 722: 710: 698: 628: 588: 438: 385: 2779:"Statement on the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty" 668:

throughout 1987, aided by the decision of West German Chancellor

3800:"Missile transfers to Ukraine and wider NATO targeting dilemmas" 2622:"Russia Deploys Missile, Violating Treaty and Challenging Trump" 1596:"What the INF Treaty's Collapse Means for Nuclear Proliferation" 1060: 995: 707:

ground-launched cruise missile in 1988 prior to its dismantling.

349: 4500: 4221: 4020:. Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College Press. 3825:"Putin calls for new production of intermediate-range missiles" 3631:"U.S. officially pulls out of missile treaty with Russia today" 2387:"Senate Votes 93-5 to Approve Ratification of the INF Treaty", 1693:"Trump: U.S. to exit nuclear treaty, citing Russian violations" 597:

between the United States/NATO and the Soviet Union/Warsaw Pact

4186: 3552: 3299: 3190:"Peresvet combat lasers enter duty with Russia's armed forces" 2598: 1735:

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at a Glance

1348:

Dogovor o likvidatsiy raket sredney i menshey dalnosti / DRSMD

899: 1104:

as early as 2017 "as part of the state procurement program".

259:

approved the treaty on 27 May 1988, and Reagan and Gorbachev

5497:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

5113:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

3549:"US pulling out of the INF treaty rewards Putin, hurts NATO" 3216:

Balmforth & Osborn, Tom & andrew (23 January 2019).

3164:"U.S., NATO give Russia 60 days to comply with nuclear pact" 1841:"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces [INF] Chronology" 3250:

Ho, Vivian; Gabbatt, Adam; Durkin, Erin (1 February 2019).

3088:"Russia, U.S. Clash over INF arms treaty at United Nations" 3069:. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia. 22 October 2018. 1191:

Numerous prominent nuclear arms control experts, including

533:

Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs

4198:

Statements by Ronald Reagan on INF Treaty negotiations in

3751:"The demise of the INF Treaty: a path dependence analysis" 3435:"INF nuclear treaty: US tests medium-range cruise missile" 2112:"Yuli A. Kvitsinsky: Chief Soviet arms control negotiator" 1543:"U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty" 1450:

from the original on 12 December 2021 – via YouTube.

574:

Norman Clyne, a SALT talks participant, served as Nitze's

474:

was sworn into office after defeating Jimmy Carter in the

2548: 2307: 2228: 2098: 2053: 2041: 1881: 1869: 913:

According to Russian officials and the American academic

5245:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

2801:"Nato accuses Russia of breaking nuclear missile treaty" 3045:"U.S. Suspends Nuclear Arms Control Treaty With Russia" 3043:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (1 February 2019).

2455:"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)" 2407:"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)" 1666:"President Trump to pull US from Russia missile treaty" 1541:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (19 October 2019).

1418:"Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)" 1100:, stating the weapon system had been deployed with the 851:

Initial skepticism and allegations of treaty violations

582:

Nitze and Kvitsinsky took a "walk in the woods" in the

5330:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

4110:

Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race

3674:

Budjeryn, Mariana; Steiner, Steven E. (4 March 2019).

3019:"Chinese missile buildup strained US-Russia arms pact" 3012: 3010: 3008: 2433:"Why Europe needs to support the US-Russia INF Treaty" 2139:

Freudenheim, Milt; Slavin, Barbara (6 December 1981).

1343:Договор о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности 535:, was the architect of the plan. Secretary of Defense 3749:

Dall'Agnol, Augusto C.; Cepik, Marco (18 June 2021).

1346: 5215:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

3934:

Davis E., Lynn (1988). "Lessons of the INF Treaty".

2649:

SIPRI Yearbook 1989: World Armaments and Disarmament

1711:"Pompeo announces suspension of nuclear arms treaty" 1483:

Kramer, Andrew E.; Specia, Megan (1 February 2019).

1137:

two-thirds of the members of the US Senate, because

5282: 5238:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5007: 4751: 4661: 4535: 4391: 4253: 2705:"US briefs Nato on Russian 'nuclear treaty breach'" 1485:"What Is the I.N.F. Treaty and Why Does It Matter?" 963:It was also reported that the US need to counter a 331:

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) Treaty

196: 154: 121: 113: 102: 94: 79: 71: 61: 37: 5409:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 5122:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 4268:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 3798:Gwadera, Zuzanna; Wright, Timothy (17 June 2024). 3530:"Trump stokes debate about new Cold War arms race" 2883: 2881: 2594:"Россия "может выйти" из договора с США о ракетах" 2569: 2066:Burr, William; Wampler, Robert (27 October 2004). 1511:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 683. 1375: 3702:"Pacific collateral from the INF Treaty collapse" 2615: 2613: 1812:. Missile Threat. 17 October 2012. Archived from 1234:issued statements of support for the withdrawal. 323:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle 5446:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 5388:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 4156:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 3872:"The return of long-range US missiles to Europe" 3852:Nechepurenko, Ivan; Sonne, Paul (11 July 2024). 3211: 3209: 3207: 1503:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 5504:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 5222:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 4340:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 3429: 3427: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 2239: 2237: 2163: 2161: 1910:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 1747: 1745: 1743: 1687: 1685: 1683: 4310:South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty 3732:"America Could Lose a Real War Against Russia" 3547:Eliot Engel and Adam Smith (2 February 2019). 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2924:"Russian Nuclear Treaty Violation: The Basics" 1024:holds a meeting with Russian Defense Minister 4896:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 4512: 4233: 4195:of a 1986 year-in-review for the Soviet Union 3804:International Institute for Strategic Studies 3400: 3398: 1937:. National Security Archive. 28 February 1999 8: 5381:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 4383:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3755:Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 3454: 3452: 2905:"Russia's Dangerous Nuclear Forces are Back" 429:launchers in West Germany and deploying 464 325:(MIRV) containing three nuclear 150-kiloton 32: 4056:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 2989: 2987: 2985: 2729:Luhn, Alec; Borger, Julian (29 July 2014). 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 1835: 1833: 1831: 5208:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 5187:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 4931:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 4658: 4519: 4505: 4497: 4240: 4226: 4218: 1969:"Soviet Long Range Theater Nuclear Forces" 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1369: 1367: 314:in the West) in its European territories; 255:signed the treaty on 8 December 1987. The 31: 5483:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 5418:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 5402:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 5314:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 4982:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 4975:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 4334:United States – Russia mutual detargeting 3766: 1282:In late-2023 and early-2024, Russia used 5425:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 5194:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 4490:) is being considered for deletion. See 4316:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 2819:"Can a treaty contain China's missiles?" 2007:. NATO. 12 December 1979. Archived from 1737:, Arms Control Association, August 2019. 1660: 1658: 1656: 865:speech at the Munich Security Conference 488: 476:1980 United States presidential election 431:BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles 216:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 33:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 5639:Russia–United States military relations 5323:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 5273:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 5266:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 5076:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 4404:Timeline of nuclear weapons development 4353:African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 2620:Gordon, Michael R. (14 February 2017). 2562:"Putin rails against US foreign policy" 1929: 1927: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1363: 1319: 748:BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile 5048:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 5039:Office of National Drug Control Policy 4371:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 3592:. The Washington Times. Archived from 5589:Military history of the United States 5490:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 5229:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 5106:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 4991:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 4365:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 4346:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 4189:program on the future of arms control 4004:The INF Treaty of 1987: A Reappraisal 3038: 3036: 2945:Herteleer, Simon (11 February 2019). 2646:Norris, Cochran; et al. (1989), 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2168:Wittner, Lawrence S. (1 April 2000). 2029: 1955: 109:by the Soviet Union and United States 7: 5584:Military history of the Soviet Union 5351:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 5062:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 3017:Hellman, Gregory (23 October 2018). 2703:Marcus, Jonathan (30 January 2014). 2431:Trakimavicius, Lukas (15 May 2018). 1649:. Guardian News & Media Limited. 1569:Pengelly, Martin (20 October 2018). 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1274:in 2002 amidst Russia's objections. 1044:, said on the Russian radio station 319:intermediate-range ballistic missile 27:US-Soviet/Russian treaty (1987–2019) 5674:Treaties entered into force in 1988 5629:Soviet Union–United States treaties 5097:United States Sentencing Commission 4248:Nuclear weapons limitation treaties 4017:European Missile Defense and Russia 3730:Walton, Timothy A (5 August 2019). 3700:Williams, Clive (31 January 2019). 3481:Gladstone, Rick (8 November 2018). 2903:Majumdar, Dave (14 February 2017). 2606:from the original on 24 March 2012. 2244:Berger, Marilyn (21 October 2004). 1464:. United States Department of State 1278:New medium range missiles in Europe 1249:nuclear-capable missile systems in 1187:Further reactions to the withdrawal 1059:on 22 October 2018: "we see China, 965:Chinese arms buildup in the Pacific 861:President of the Russian Federation 556:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 288:Chinese arms buildup in the Pacific 4304:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty 3715:Mahnken, Thomas G (16 July 2019). 3704:. Lowy Institute. The Interpreter. 3584:Blake, Andrew (15 February 2019). 3509:Ellyatt, Holly (22 October 2018). 2866:Kennedy, Kristian (12 July 2018). 2767:from the original on 18 June 2017. 2568:. 10 February 2007. Archived from 2201:Ronald Reagan Presidential Library 1243:Russian aggression against Ukraine 1000:United States Secretary of Defense 564:Office of the Secretary of Defense 335:intercontinental ballistic missile 25: 5439:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 4494:to help reach a consensus. › 2841:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2755:Woolf, Amy F. (27 January 2017). 2285:. Washington, D.C. Archived from 1845:Federation of American Scientists 1645:Borger, Julian (2 October 2018). 1382:. Brookings Institution. p. 625:Restarted negotiations: 1985–1987 593:Protest in Amsterdam against the 5344:Expedited Funds Availability Act 5293:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 5138:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 4903:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 4888:We begin bombing in five minutes 4463: 4462: 3528:Swanson, Ian (27 October 2018). 3320:Feingold, Russell (7 May 2018). 3258:– via www.theguardian.com. 3239:– via www.theguardian.com. 2334:Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith 2321:Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith 2203:. 7 January 1988. Archived from 2170:"Reagan and Nuclear Disarmament" 402:. The ministers argued that the 183: 171: 159: 140: 128: 43: 5300:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 4292:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 4262:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 4147:Woolf, Amy F. (25 April 2018). 3648:Maza, Cristina (8 March 2019). 2922:Adomanis, Mark (31 July 2014). 2817:Mark Stokes and Dan Blumenthal 2680:Rogin, Josh (7 December 2013). 2515:Mendelsohn, Jack (April 1991). 2348:A History of Germany: 1815–1990 2277:Nitze, Paul (20 October 1990). 1935:"Interview with Leslie H. Gelb" 1125:missiles along with land-based 1072:United Nations General Assembly 906:In 2011, Dan Blumenthal of the 703:A Russian inspector examines a 654:Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 558:(ACDA), and officials from the 512:group composed of conservative 506:Committee on the Present Danger 117:2 August 2019 (U.S. withdrawal) 5634:Russia–United States relations 5372:Dairy Export Incentive Program 4468:Category:Arms control treaties 3676:"Forgotten Parties to the INF" 3629:Brown, David (2 August 2019). 3405:Ryan, Missy (20 August 2019). 2761:Congressional Research Service 1978:. 6 April 1978. Archived from 1782:"The development of the SS-20" 1264:Typhon Medium Range Capability 975:have noted this. For example, 829:, and Ukraine to preserve the 468:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 237:(and its successor state, the 75:8 December 1987, 1:45 pm. 1: 5467:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 5453:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 5395:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 5337:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 5307:Agriculture Mediation Program 5159:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 5069:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 4280:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 4006:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1810:"RSD-10 MOD 1/-MOD 2 (SS-20)" 1374:Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). 1028:in Moscow on 23 October 2018. 941:US withdrawal and termination 908:American Enterprise Institute 612:, the director of ACDA. In a 458:Early negotiations: 1981–1983 5511:Video Privacy Protection Act 5365:Conservation Reserve Program 4968:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 4873:Strategic Defense Initiative 3918:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 2655:, p. 21, archived from 2281:(Interview). Interviewed by 1600:Council on Foreign Relations 1253:. Ukraine was home to about 1042:US National Security Advisor 958:Mutually Assured Destruction 917:, the US decision to deploy 819:collapse of the Soviet Union 568:US National Security Council 449:beginning in December 1983. 381:Assistant Secretary of State 5624:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 5604:Nuclear technology treaties 5180:Minerals Management Service 5032:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 5025:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 4528:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 4487:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 4014:; Monaghan, Andrew (2014). 3974:Political Science Quarterly 1442:AP Archive (21 July 2015). 1347: 1239:Foreign Ministry of Ukraine 880:NATO missile defence system 363:, initially considered its 5690: 5669:Treaties concluded in 1987 5614:Nuclear weapons governance 5579:Military history of Russia 5173:Medical Waste Tracking Act 5166:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 4650:Presidential proclamations 4399:History of nuclear weapons 4298:Seabed Arms Control Treaty 4132:. Atlanta: Clarity Press. 4071:Legge, J. Michael (1983). 3911:; Woodworth, John (2012). 3768:10.1590/0034-7329202100202 3437:. BBC News. 20 August 2019 2947:"Analysis: The INF Treaty" 2117:United Press International 944: 919:its missile defense system 813:Treaty after December 1991 400:NATO Double-Track Decision 5594:1987 in the United States 5520: 5358:Food Security Act of 1985 5259:Water Quality Act of 1987 5083:Armed Career Criminal Act 4688:Joint session of Congress 4457: 4286:Threshold Test Ban Treaty 4113:. New York, NY: Vintage. 3411:The Sydney Morning Herald 2970:. Russia. 19 October 2018 2367:. SAGE. pp. 252–53. 2072:National Security Archive 1342: 817:Five months prior to the 614:National Security Council 365:strategic nuclear weapons 204: 42: 5654:Treaties of Turkmenistan 5559:1987 in the Soviet Union 5201:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 5129:Toxics Release Inventory 4492:templates for discussion 4424:Nuclear weapons delivery 4107:Rhodes, Richard (2008). 4002:Gassert, Philip (2020). 3051:– via NYTimes.com. 2494:U.S. Department of State 2459:U.S. Department of State 2411:U.S. Department of State 1780:Cant, James (May 1998). 1422:U.S. Department of State 1110:Russian Defence Ministry 1034:Chinese Foreign Ministry 927:unmanned aerial vehicles 844:official successor state 767:Soviet Union (listed by 546:William F. Burns of the 408:tactical nuclear weapons 250:Soviet General Secretary 5527:← Carter administration 4961:American Homecoming Act 4845:Constructive engagement 4608:Administration scandals 4444:Nuclear weapons testing 2323:(2016) 2: 23–26, 594–5. 1305:Typhon missile launcher 1266:weapon system in 2023. 998:can be threatened. The 979:, who helped craft the 641:British Prime Minister 359:, then under President 290:, including within the 5664:Treaties of Uzbekistan 5649:Treaties of Kazakhstan 5609:Nuclear weapons policy 5460:Tax Reform Act of 1986 4680:"Tear down this wall!" 4128:Ritter, Scott (2022). 2926:. U.S. Naval Institute 2684:. The Atlantic Council 2391:42#22 (1988): 1431–35. 2346:Carr, William (1991). 2283:Academy of Achievement 2279:"Paul Nitze Interview" 2032:, pp. 1–2, 35–37. 1789:Glasgow Thesis Service 1668:. BBC. 20 October 2018 1251:Russian-annexed Crimea 1171: 1029: 736: 720: 708: 658:public relations stunt 638: 598: 560:US Department of State 494: 391: 5564:Arms control treaties 5536:Bush administration → 5090:Sentencing Reform Act 4998:Exon–Florio Amendment 4924:Executive Order 12333 4910:Goldwater–Nichols Act 4585:Judicial appointments 4571:Assassination attempt 4439:Nuclear proliferation 4429:Nuclear weapon design 3920:Brookings Institution 1237:On 8 March 2019, the 1165: 1098:Peresvet combat laser 1076:disarmament committee 1020: 726: 714: 702: 632: 592: 548:Joint Chiefs of Staff 492: 389: 333:minimum range for an 316:a mobile, concealable 5574:December 1987 events 5018:AIDS crisis response 4792:Soviet Union summits 3462:. QZ. 21 August 2019 3067:www.ru.usembassy.gov 2602:. 15 February 2007. 2207:on 21 September 2016 1303:Starting from 2026, 1102:Russian Armed Forces 887:SSC-8 cruise missile 675:United States Senate 56:sign the INF Treaty. 5659:Treaties of Ukraine 5644:Treaties of Belarus 5252:1982 VRA Amendments 4880:International trips 4852:Invasion of Grenada 4622:Impeachment efforts 4564:Second inauguration 4557:Release of hostages 4419:Nuclear disarmament 4034:on 12 February 2017 3719:. War on the rocks. 3596:on 25 February 2019 2907:. National Review. 2574:on 10 December 2022 2120:. 25 September 1981 2011:on 27 February 2009 1295:Russo-Ukrainian War 1183:military tensions. 1170:) on 18 August 2019 967:, including within 769:NATO reporting name 306:first deployed the 302:In March 1976, the 263:it on 1 June 1988. 200:English and Russian 66:Nuclear disarmament 34: 4859:Iran–Contra affair 4553:First inauguration 4409:Nuclear deterrence 3907:; Burns, William; 3858:The New York Times 3736:The New York Times 3488:The New York Times 3276:. 2 February 2019. 3144:. 20 November 2018 3112:. 26 October 2018. 3094:. 26 October 2018. 3049:The New York Times 3001:. 23 October 2018. 2807:. 4 December 2018. 2662:on 9 December 2008 2626:The New York Times 2549:Bohlen et al. 2012 2521:Arms Control Today 2308:Bohlen et al. 2012 2289:on 9 November 2016 2250:The New York Times 2229:Bohlen et al. 2012 2145:The New York Times 2099:Bohlen et al. 2012 2054:Bohlen et al. 2012 2042:Bohlen et al. 2012 1985:on 20 January 2017 1882:Bohlen et al. 2012 1870:Bohlen et al. 2012 1699:. 20 October 2019. 1548:The New York Times 1489:The New York Times 1172: 1030: 855:In February 2007, 839:illegal annexation 835:post-Soviet states 737: 721: 709: 639: 599: 495: 425:missiles with 108 392: 268:ballistic missiles 239:Russian Federation 5599:Mikhail Gorbachev 5569:Cold War treaties 5546: 5545: 4917:Montreal Protocol 4747: 4746: 4738:1988 SOTU Address 4731:1987 SOTU Address 4724:1986 SOTU Address 4717:1985 SOTU Address 4710:1984 SOTU Address 4703:1983 SOTU Address 4696:1982 SOTU Address 4636:Executive actions 4477: 4476: 4414:Nuclear arms race 4179:of the INF Treaty 4139:978-1-949762-61-7 4120:978-0-375-71394-1 4063:978-0-8191-6942-6 4027:978-1-58487-635-9 3573:. Deutsche Welle. 3170:. 4 December 2018 2843:. 7 February 2019 2826:, 2 January 2011. 2374:978-1-4522-3532-5 2364:Guide to Congress 2361:CQ Press (2012). 2336:(2016) 2: 590–96. 1816:on 28 August 2016 1518:978-0-19-923021-1 1393:978-0-8157-3060-6 1178:, similar to the 1163: 947:Nuclear arms race 805:SSC-X-4 Slingshot 649:in 1986 to 1987. 647:Mikhail Gorbachev 643:Margaret Thatcher 595:nuclear arms race 537:Caspar Weinberger 480:General Secretary 253:Mikhail Gorbachev 212: 211: 208:of the INF Treaty 135:Mikhail Gorbachev 50:Mikhail Gorbachev 16:(Redirected from 5681: 5539: 5530: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5152:Grace Commission 5147: 5140: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5000: 4993: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4836:Governors Island 4831: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4643:Executive orders 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4548: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4498: 4466: 4465: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4219: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4155: 4143: 4124: 4103: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4080:RAND Corporation 4077: 4067: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4030:. Archived from 4007: 3998: 3967: 3948:10.2307/20043479 3930: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3770: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3014: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2968:The Moscow Times 2960: 2954: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854:violate the INF. 2850: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2491: 2483: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2403: 2392: 2389:CQ Weekly Report 2385: 2379: 2378: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2274: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2232: 2231:, pp. 9–10. 2226: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2063: 2057: 2056:, pp. 6, 9. 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1902: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1837: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1749: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1689: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1662: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1538: 1523: 1522: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1414: 1401: 1400: 1381: 1371: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1293:missiles in the 1164: 1087:Jens Stoltenberg 801:(decommissioned) 795:(decommissioned) 789:(decommissioned) 787:SS-12 Scaleboard 783:(decommissioned) 777:(decommissioned) 762:(decommissioned) 756:(decommissioned) 750:(decommissioned) 705:BGM-109G Gryphon 665:Reykjavík Summit 610:Eugene V. Rostow 493:Paul Nitze, 1983 415:strategic bomber 189: 187: 186: 177: 175: 174: 165: 163: 162: 145: 144: 133: 132: 88:Washington, D.C. 47: 35: 21: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5432:Reagan tax cuts 5430: 5423: 5416: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284:Economic policy 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5127: 5120: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5055:Cannabis policy 5053: 5046: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009:Domestic policy 5003: 4996: 4989: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4827: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4762:Reagan Doctrine 4760: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4657: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4629:Opinion polling 4627: 4620: 4615:Bush transition 4613: 4606: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4551: 4544: 4531: 4525: 4495: 4478: 4473: 4453: 4449:Nuclear warfare 4387: 4249: 4246: 4173: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4127: 4121: 4106: 4096:Foreign Affairs 4093: 4084: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4010: 4001: 3987:10.2307/2149415 3970: 3936:Foreign Affairs 3933: 3924: 3922: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3888:. 12 July 2024. 3884: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3827:. 29 June 2024. 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3383:. 5 August 2019 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3357:. 2 August 2019 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3274:The Independent 3268: 3267: 3263: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3215: 3214: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2888:Gotev, Georgi. 2887: 2886: 2879: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2823:Washington Post 2816: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2566:Financial Times 2560: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2332:Charles Moore, 2331: 2327: 2319:Charles Moore, 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2276: 2275: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2044:, pp. 8–9. 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1912:. 30 March 2016 1904: 1903: 1888: 1884:, pp. 6–7. 1880: 1876: 1868: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1761:. 2 August 2019 1751: 1750: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1691: 1690: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1654: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1621:"9M729 (SSC-8)" 1619: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1539: 1526: 1519: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1394: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1280: 1205:Foreign Affairs 1189: 1153: 1131:nuclear capable 969:South China Sea 953: 943: 915:Theodore Postol 876:Yuri Baluyevsky 853: 815: 717:Greenham Common 697: 692: 683: 637:on 1 June 1988. 627: 484:Leonid Brezhnev 460: 455: 390:SS-20 launchers 300: 292:South China Sea 272:cruise missiles 184: 182: 181: 172: 170: 160: 158: 139: 127: 90:, United States 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5531: 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Bolton 1022:John R. Bolton 977:Kelly Magsamen 942: 939: 929:, such as the 893:and the newer 857:Vladimir Putin 852: 849: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808: 807: 802: 796: 790: 784: 778: 765: 764: 763: 757: 751: 744:United States 696: 695:Implementation 693: 691: 688: 682: 679: 626: 623: 584:Jura Mountains 576:chief of staff 502:Alexander Haig 459: 456: 454: 451: 447:United Kingdom 412:Tupolev Tu-22M 377:Leslie H. 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