1116:
Padova, Stefano Diehl, Roland Dietze, Claudia
Domingo, Albert Drapes, Mark D'uva, Eleonora Ehle, Matthias Ebrero, Jacobo Edirimanne, Mithrajith Eismont, Natan A. Finn, Timothy Fiocchi, Mariateresa Tomas, Elena Garcia Gaudenzi, Gianluca Godard, Thomas Goldwurm, Andrea Gotz, Diego Gouiffes, Christian Grebenev, Sergei A. Greiner, Jochen Gros, Aleksandra Hanlon, Lorraine Hermsen, Wim Hernandez, Cristina Hernanz, Margarita Huebner, Jutta Jourdain, Elisabeth La Rosa, Giovanni Labanti, Claudio Laurent, Philippe Lehanka, Alexander Lund, Niels Madison, James Malzac, Julien Martin, Jim Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel McBreen, Brian McDonald, Alastair McEnery, Julie Mereghetti, Sandro Natalucci, Lorenzo Ness, Jan-Uwe Oxborrow, Carol Anne Palmer, John Peschke, Sibylle Petrucciani, Francesco Pfeil, Norbert Reichenbaecher, Michael Rodi, James Rodriguez, Jerome Roques, Jean-Pierre Donate, Emilio Salazar Salt, Dave Sanchez-Fernandez, Celia Sauvageon, Aymeric Savchenko, Volodymyr Sazonov, Sergey Yu. Scaglioni, Stefano Schartel, Norbert Siegert, Thomas Southworth, Richard Sunyaev, Rashid A. Toma, Liviu Ubertini, Pietro Heuvel, Ed P. J. van den von Kienlin, Andreas von Krusenstiern, Nikolai Winkler, Christoph Wojciech, Hajdas Zannoni (2021-06-23).
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Four instruments with large fields-of-view are co-aligned on this platform, to study targets across such a wide energy range of almost two orders of magnitude in energy (other astronomy instruments in X-rays or optical cover much smaller ranges of factors of a few at most). Imaging is achieved by
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2015: Fuel usage is much lower than predictions. INTEGRAL has far exceeded its 2+3-year planned lifetime, and is set to enter Earth atmosphere in 2029 as a definite end of the mission. Its orbit was adjusted in Jan/Feb 2015 to cause such a safe (southern) reentry (due to lunar/solar perturbations,
770:
body. This saved development costs and simplified integration with infrastructure and ground facilities. (An adapter was necessary to mate with the different booster, though.) However, the denser instruments used for gamma rays and hard X-rays make INTEGRAL the heaviest scientific payload ever
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tiles sits 3.2 meters above the detectors. The detector system contains a forward plane of 128 x 128 Cadmium-Telluride tiles (ISGRI- Integral Soft Gamma-Ray Imager), backed by a 64 x 64 plane of
Caesium-Iodide tiles (PICsIT- Pixellated Caesium-Iodide Telescope). ISGRI is sensitive up to 1 MeV,
792:
The instrument structure ("payload module") is also composite. A rigid base supports the detector assemblies, and an H-shaped structure holds the coded masks approximately 4 meters above their detectors. The payload module can be built and tested independently from the service module, reducing
1115:
Ugo, Kuulkers, Erik
Ferrigno, Carlo Kretschmar, Peter Alfonso-Garzon, Julia Baab, Marius Bazzano, Angela Belanger, Guillaume Benson, Ian Bird, Anthony J. Bozzo, Enrico Brandt, Soren Coe, Elliott Caballero, Isabel Cangemi, Floriane Chenevez, Jerome Cenko, Bradley Cinar, Nebil Coleiro, Alexis De
940:
INTEGRAL contributes to multi-messenger astronomy, detecting gamma rays from the first merger of two neutron stars observed in gravitational waves, and from a fast radio burst. By 2018, approximately 5,600 scientific papers had been published, averaging one every 29 hours since the launch.
879:(AntiCoincidence Shield) consists of a BGO scintillator blocks surrounding the camera and aperture, detecting all charged particles, and photons exceeding an energy of about 75 keV, that would hit the instrument from directions different from the aperture. A thin layer of plastic
789:) at 30 ยฐC, and have tank diaphragms. Attitude control is via a star tracker, multiple Sun sensors (ESM), and multiple momentum wheels. The dual solar arrays, spanning 16 meters when deployed and producing 2.4 kW BoL, are backed up by dual nickel-cadmium battery sets.
696:, cannot penetrate Earth's atmosphere, and direct observations must be made from space. INTEGRAL is an observatory, scientists can propose for observing time of their desired target regions, data are public after a proprietary period of up to one year.
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crystals (also packed hexagonally). The high energy resolution of 2 keV at 1 MeV is capable to resolve all candidate gamma-ray lines. The Ge crystals are actively cooled with a mechanical system of
Stirling coolers to about 80K.
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units provide additional information on sources at soft and hard X-rays, from 3 to 35 keV. Aside from broadening the spectral coverage, imaging is more precise due to the shorter wavelength. Detectors are gas scintillators
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In March 2023, INTEGRAL science operations were extended to the end of 2024, which will be followed by a two-year post-operations phase and further monitoring of the spacecraft until its estimated reentry in
February 2029.
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triggered a sequence of events that put INTEGRAL into an uncontrolled tumbling state, considered to be a 'mission critical anomaly'. The operations team used the reaction wheels to recover attitude control.
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of above 2,000 km, hence mostly beyond radiation belts which would otherwise lead to high instrumental backgrounds from charged-particle activation. The spacecraft and instruments are controlled from
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Huebner, Jutta M.; Southworth, Richard T.; Salt, David J.; Dietze, Claudia; McDonald, Alastair; Merz, Klaus; Ziegler, Gerald (2016-05-13). "Clean-up your space: INTEGRAL low cost end-of-life disposal".
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921:. It acts as both a framing aid, and can note the activity and state of some brighter targets, e.g. it had been useful to monitor supernova light over months from SN2014J.
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while PICsIT extends to 10 MeV. Both are surrounded by passive shields of tungsten and lead. IBIS was provided by PI institutes in Rome/Italy and Paris/France.
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INTEGRAL is an ESA mission with additional contributions from
European member states including Italy, France, Germany, and Spain. Cooperation partners are the
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593:(ESA) into Earth orbit in 2002, and is designed to provide imaging and spectroscopy of cosmic sources. In the MeV energy range, it is the most sensitive
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The large effective area of the ACS turned out to be useful as an instrument in its own right. Its all-sky coverage and sensitivity make it a natural
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In July 2020 INTEGRAL put itself in safe-mode, and it seemed the thrusters had failed. Since then alternative algorithms to slew and unload the
654:, which is particularly useful for detecting gamma-ray emission from transient sources as they can continuously monitor large parts of the sky.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the โ sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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Also in March 2023, a new software based safe mode was tested that would use reaction wheels (rather than the failed thrusters).
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Launches are separated by dots ( โข ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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casting a shadowgram onto pixelised cameras; the tungsten masks were provided by the
University of Valencia, Spain.
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IBIS and SPI use active detectors to detect and veto charged particles that lead to background radiation. The SPI
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system, containing 544 kg of fuel in four exposed tanks. The titanium tanks were charged with gas to 24
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Savchenko, Volodymyr; et al. (2019). "Hunting for elusive multi-messenger transients with INTEGRAL".
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As of June 2023, INTEGRAL continues to operate despite the loss of its thrusters through the use of its
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American
Astronomical Society, HEAD Meeting #4, #17.01; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
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can be sensed. Should the background exceed a preset threshold, IREM can shut down the instruments.
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Savchenko, Volodymyr (2019-10-29). "Hunting for elusive multi-messenger transients with INTEGRAL".
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5 m ร 2.8 m ร 3.2 m (16.4 ft ร 9.2 ft ร 10.5 ft)
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behind the tungsten tiles serves as additional charged-particle detector within the aperture.
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711:-DM2 rocket achieved a 3-day elliptical orbit with an apogee of nearly 160,000 km and a
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Teegarden, B. J.; Sturner, S. J. (April 1999). "INTEGRAL Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts".
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The spacecraft also includes a radiation monitor, INTEGRAL Radiation
Environment Monitor (
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Simplified principle of operation of a HURA hexagonal coded aperture mask used in SPI
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in space. It is sensitive to higher energy photons than X-ray instruments such as
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Proceedings of the New Era of Multi-Messenger
Astrophysics โ PoS(Asterics2019)
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Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
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at ESA. Says "the currently planned end of mission is December 2014" !
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INTEGRAL Sources identified through optical and near-infrared spectroscopy
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1162:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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799:(now Thales Alenia Space Italia) was the spacecraft prime contractor.
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724:, Germany, ESA's control centre, through ground stations in Belgium (
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This article is about the satellite. For integrals in calculus, see
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The body is constructed largely of composites. Propulsion is by a
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Radiation more energetic than optical light, such as ultraviolet,
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1305:"ESA celebrates an unlikely 20 years of the Integral mission"
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INTEGRAL reloaded: spacecraft, instruments and ground system
910:) in a microstrip layout, below a mask of hexagonal tiles.
819:(Imager on-Board the INTEGRAL Satellite) observes from 15
42:
International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)
736:
predicted for 2029), using half the remaining fuel then.
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The spacecraft body ("service module") is a copy of the
152:
21 years, 11 months and 11 days elapsed
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more information on SPI the spectrometer for INTEGRAL
1191:"Rescuing Integral: No thrust? No problem" July 2021
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1009:"INTEGRAL Satellite details 2002-048A NORAD 27540"
622:Photons in INTEGRAL's energy range are emitted by
609:, and lower than other gamma-ray instruments such
630:particles in violent sources, radioactivity from
551:Animation of INTEGRAL spacecraft orbit trajectory
27:European space telescope for observing gamma rays
3610:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
589:of energies up to 8 MeV. It was launched by the
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575:INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
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3620:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
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650:. The spacecraft's instruments have very wide
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411:500 cm (78 sq in) (SPI, JEM-X)
8:
1140:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
41:
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3769:European Launcher Development Organisation
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1353:at the ISDC (INTEGRAL Science Data Centre)
1278:Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana
1203:"Extended life for ESA's science missions"
509:
446:
413:3,100 cm (480 sq in) (IBIS)
106:
47:
40:
1252:
917:) instrument, sensitive from 500 to 580
890:detector, and a valued component of the
967:
699:INTEGRAL was launched from the Russian
1303:Dobberstein, Laura (20 October 2022).
1133:
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1001:
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993:
913:INTEGRAL includes an Optical Monitor (
476:INTEGRAL Radiation Environment Monitor
468:Imager on-Board the INTEGRAL Satellite
3731:Space Situational Awareness Programme
7:
4778:
3774:European Space Research Organisation
3590:Space Research and Technology Centre
867:tiles, above a detector plane of 19
843:The spectrometer aboard INTEGRAL is
4802:
1383:INTEGRAL article on eoPortal by ESA
976:"NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft Details"
334:147,563 kilometres (91,691 mi)
4858:List of Explorers Program missions
665:(military CP Comand Punkt KW) and
364:17 October 2021, 05:57:43 UTC
314:81,116 kilometres (50,403 mi)
25:
5684:indicates active current missions
3441:List of proposed space telescopes
2127:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
6413:European Space Agency satellites
5616:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4766:
4765:
3595:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
3469:
3468:
743:have been developed and tested.
324:1,911 kilometres (1,187 mi)
5696:indicate missions yet to launch
2348:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1377:A Catalogue of INTEGRAL Sources
1361:NASA's Solar System Exploration
199:~ 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
191:~ 3,450 kg (7,610 lb)
183:~ 4,000 kg (8,800 lb)
4614:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
1061:"Three hours to save Integral"
956:List of X-ray space telescopes
603:Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory
515:ESA astrophysics insignia for
118:
1:
3451:List of heliophysics missions
1341:at CNES (French Space Agency)
1247:. Vol. 90. p. 071.
5690:indicates cancelled missions
707:. The 2002 launch aboard a
484:Joint European X-Ray Monitor
6433:Spacecraft launched in 2002
3431:Great Observatories program
53:Artist's impression of the
6454:
4684:Mars sample return mission
4504:European Data Relay System
4184:Meteosat Second Generation
4097:James Webb Space Telescope
3959:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
3641:European Data Relay System
3615:Concurrent Design Facility
2922:Orbiting Solar Observatory
894:(InterPlanetary Network).
228:17 October 2002, 01:33 UTC
29:
6388:
5677:
5614:
4855:
4757:
4307:Meteosat Third Generation
4166:Meteosat First Generation
3827:
3815:Planetary Science Archive
3600:European Astronaut Centre
3522:
3474:Category:Space telescopes
3464:
1335:at ESA (archived in 2013)
508:
500:SPectrometer for INTEGRAL
445:
441:
372:
368:
279:
275:
215:
211:
160:
156:
62:
46:
36:INTEGRAL (disambiguation)
3436:List of space telescopes
1357:INTEGRAL Mission Profile
1345:Integral operations page
1159:SpaceOps 2016 Conference
678:solar radiation pressure
646:of all types, including
3726:Living Planet Programme
3585:Space Operations Centre
1011:. N2YO. 17 October 2021
644:astronomical transients
403:~ 4 metres (13 ft)
395:3.7 metres (12 ft)
4037:Hubble Space Telescope
3605:Space Astronomy Centre
2762:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
1090:"Integral Latest News"
840:
570:
492:Optical Monitor Camera
460:AntiCoincidence Shield
34:. For other uses, see
3834:Projects and missions
3516:European Space Agency
2383:Space Solar Telescope
1231:Integral safe at last
838:
815:The INTEGRAL imager,
595:gamma ray observatory
591:European Space Agency
550:
289:Reference system
165:Spacecraft properties
6428:Gamma-ray telescopes
6332:TrailBlazer-2001 STA
5747:Orbital launches in
4434:European Robotic Arm
4278:Sentinel-5 Precursor
3456:List of planetariums
2358:NRO donation to NASA
823:(hard X-rays) to 10
746:In September 2021 a
659:Russian Space Agency
386:Coded mask telescope
354:3,832.0 minutes
4759:Future missions in
3805:European Space Camp
3536:Guiana Space Centre
3152:(Mission completed)
1434:Radio and Microwave
1366:NSSDC overview page
1309:www.theregister.com
1290:2019MmSAI..90...19S
1254:10.22323/1.357.0071
1168:10.2514/6.2016-2359
1044:1999HEAD....4.1701T
431:3 to 35 keV (JEM-X)
232:2002-10-17UTC01:33Z
43:
5034:25 (Injun 4, IE-B)
4609:Ceres Polar Lander
4444:Telecommunications
3089:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
2914:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
2898:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2746:Hinotori (Astro-A)
2353:New Worlds Mission
936:Scientific results
841:
748:single event upset
728:) and California (
571:
284:Orbital parameters
6438:Explorers Program
6400:
6399:
5706:
5705:
5673:
5672:
5612:
5611:
5119:42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)
4849:Explorers Program
4815:
4814:
4753:
4752:
4371:
4370:
4153:Earth observation
3983:Comet Interceptor
3974:Rosalind Franklin
3946:Trace Gas Orbiter
3897:Planetary science
3823:
3822:
3736:Science Programme
3482:
3481:
3380:SIM & SIMlite
2754:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2714:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
2273:Astro-1 Telescope
2091:
2090:
1339:INTEGRAL overview
1177:978-1-62410-426-8
1067:. 18 October 2021
632:unstable isotopes
545:
544:
504:
503:
344:68.0 degrees
303:Highly elliptical
16:(Redirected from
6445:
6423:X-ray telescopes
6418:Space telescopes
5752:
5751:
5750:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5710:
5689:
5683:
5630:
5620:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5545:
5523:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5279:
5265:
4869:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4781:
4780:
4769:
4768:
4745:Schiaparelli EDM
4604:Calathus Mission
4428:Georges Lemaรฎtre
4386:ISS contribution
3845:
3829:
3524:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3472:
3471:
3271:
3267:Hitomi (Astro-H)
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3172:
3164:
3153:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2001:or unclassified)
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1746:Hinode (Solar-B)
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1637:Hinode (Solar-B)
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1430:
1419:Space telescopes
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:. 1 October 2021
1086:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1005:
988:
987:
985:
983:
972:
648:gamma-ray bursts
634:produced during
569:
567:
558:
556:
513:
452:
447:
320:Perigee altitude
235:
233:
220:Start of mission
149:Mission duration
144:
141:
139:
137:
135:
120:
111:
110:
104:
51:
44:
21:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6384:
6265:
6216:
6169:
6117:
6109:Atlantic Bird 1
6087:
6048:
5991:
5942:
5902:
5845:
5780:
5759:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5707:
5702:
5687:
5681:
5669:
5621:
5608:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5543:
5521:
5479:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5368:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5277:
5258:
4860:
4851:
4846:
4816:
4811:
4749:
4718:
4586:
4580:
4561:LISA Pathfinder
4518:
4516:
4509:
4439:
4422:Albert Einstein
4410:Johannes Kepler
4367:
4148:
4006:
4004:
3997:
3892:
3836:
3819:
3778:
3757:
3645:
3624:
3573:
3551:Launch vehicles
3545:
3518:
3513:
3483:
3478:
3460:
3446:X-ray telescope
3419:
3301:Constellation-X
3274:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3139:
3137:Yokoh (Solar-A)
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3105:Tenma (Astro-B)
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2866:LISA Pathfinder
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2722:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2716:
2708:
2700:
2698:Ginga (Astro-C)
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2417:Akari (Astro-F)
2411:
2397:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2000:
1999:Other (particle
1994:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1421:
1416:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1132:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
991:
981:
979:
974:
973:
969:
964:
947:
938:
888:gamma-ray burst
805:
764:
741:reaction wheels
686:
674:reaction wheels
636:nucleosynthesis
583:space telescope
565:
564:
554:
553:
552:
541:
540:
532:
525:
514:
450:
432:
430:
412:
408:Collecting area
330:Apogee altitude
310:Semi-major axis
231:
229:
132:
105:
100:
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6405:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6393:Crewed flights
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6359:
6354:
6329:
6324:
6298:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6250:
6245:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6190:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5807:
5802:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5314:85โ89 (THEMIS)
5310:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5169:52 (Hawkeye 1)
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5129:44 (Solrad 10)
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Darwin Mission
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4570:
4569:(2019โpresent)
4564:
4558:
4552:
4551:(2013โpresent)
4546:
4545:(2009โpresent)
4540:
4534:
4533:(2001โpresent)
4528:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4506:(2016โpresent)
4501:
4496:
4495:(2014โpresent)
4490:
4489:(2011โpresent)
4484:
4483:(2010โpresent)
4478:
4477:(2008โpresent)
4472:
4471:(2005โpresent)
4466:
4465:(2001โpresent)
4460:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4416:Edoardo Amaldi
4413:
4407:
4406:(2010โpresent)
4401:
4395:
4394:(2008โpresent)
4389:
4388:(1998โpresent)
4382:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4286:(2018โpresent)
4281:
4280:(2017โpresent)
4275:
4274:(2016โpresent)
4261:
4260:(2015โpresent)
4243:
4242:(2014โpresent)
4229:
4228:(2013โpresent)
4223:
4222:(2010โpresent)
4217:
4216:(2009โpresent)
4211:
4205:
4204:(2006โpresent)
4199:
4193:
4187:
4186:(2002โpresent)
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4162:(1988โpresent)
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4105:(2023โpresent)
4100:
4099:(2021โpresent)
4094:
4093:(2019โpresent)
4088:
4087:(2013โpresent)
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
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3924:(2003โpresent)
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1327:External links
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1211:. 7 March 2023
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652:fields of view
640:X-ray binaries
585:for observing
568: INTEGRAL
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4003:Astronomy and
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3408:
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3348:
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3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3097:Taiyo (SRATS)
3095:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
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2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
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2925:
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2915:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2183:Solar-C EUVST
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:Solar Orbiter
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1786:Solar Orbiter
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1450:Solar Orbiter
1448:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
977:
971:
968:
961:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
942:
935:
933:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
900:
895:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
863:of hexagonal
862:
859:. SPI has a
858:
854:
850:
846:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
802:
800:
798:
797:Alenia Spazio
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
777:
772:
769:
761:
759:
756:
752:
749:
744:
742:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
683:
681:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:supra-thermal
625:
620:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
562:
549:
539: →
538:
537:
531:
528:←
524:
523:
518:
512:
507:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
424:
420:
416:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
245:
242:
238:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:Alenia Spazio
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
131:
127:
123:
121:
114:
109:
103:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87: /
86:
83: /
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
6392:
6281:
6227:
6209:
6199:
6194:Foton-M No.1
6192:
6180:
6147:
6129:Intelsat 906
6020:Ekspress A1R
6007:
6003:Intelsat 905
5935:
5918:
5898:Intelsat 903
5861:
5836:Intelsat 904
5831:EchoStar VII
5693:
5682:Green titles
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5528:82 (CHIPSat)
5520:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5109:40 (Injun 5)
5004:S-66A (BE-A)
4794:
4783:
4770:
4760:
4669:Lunar Lander
4587:and proposed
4572:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4060:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3964:
3945:
3922:Mars Express
3884:
3762:Predecessors
3741:Horizon 2000
3322:
3305:
3149:Hibernating
2901:(2016โ2019?)
2444:(1962, 1964)
2343:Nano-JASMINE
2167:NEO Surveyor
2083:(since 2006)
2075:(since 2020)
2067:(since 1995)
2059:(since 2019)
2051:(since 2017)
2043:(since 2008)
2035:(since 2015)
2027:(since 2015)
2019:(since 2011)
2011:(since 1997)
1990:(since 1999)
1982:(since 2024)
1974:(since 2023)
1966:(since 2022)
1958:(since 2012)
1950:(since 2017)
1942:(since 2018)
1934:(since 2009)
1926:(since 2017)
1918:(since 2004)
1910:(since 2024)
1902:(since 2019)
1894:(since 2021)
1886:(since 2020)
1878:(since 2008)
1870:(since 2002)
1866:
1862:(since 2017)
1854:(since 2024)
1846:(since 2015)
1838:(since 1999)
1830:(since 2015)
1805:(since 2004)
1797:(since 2006)
1789:(since 2020)
1781:(since 2008)
1773:(since 1995)
1765:(since 2010)
1757:(since 2013)
1749:(since 2006)
1741:(since 2021)
1733:(since 2015)
1725:(since 2022)
1717:(since 2023)
1696:(since 2018)
1688:(since 2004)
1680:(since 2008)
1672:(since 1995)
1664:(since 2010)
1656:(since 2001)
1648:(since 2013)
1640:(since 2006)
1632:(since 1990)
1624:(since 2005)
1616:(since 2013)
1608:(since 2021)
1600:(since 2023)
1592:(since 2015)
1584:(since 2019)
1576:(since 2021)
1568:(since 2013)
1559:(since 2015)
1551:(since 2018)
1530:(since 2009)
1522:(since 2008)
1514:(since 2001)
1506:(since 2022)
1485:(since 2024)
1477:(since 1994)
1469:(since 2018)
1461:(since 2006)
1453:(since 2020)
1445:(since 2018)
1371:SPI/INTEGRAL
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1186:
1158:
1150:
1118:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1093:
1069:. Retrieved
1064:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
980:. Retrieved
970:
939:
925:
923:
914:
912:
898:
896:
885:
881:scintillator
876:
874:
844:
842:
816:
814:
806:
795:
791:
773:
765:
757:
753:
745:
738:
734:
698:
687:
671:
656:
624:relativistic
621:
610:
578:
574:
572:
560:
557: Earth
534:
522:Horizon 2000
520:
516:
400:Focal length
196:Payload mass
170:Manufacturer
67:Mission type
54:
6370:Kosmos 2396
6366:Kosmos 2395
6362:Kosmos 2394
6357:Kosmos 2393
6336:Saudisat 1C
6257:Mozhayets 3
6211:Soyuz TMA-1
6155:Hispasat 1D
6083:Kosmos 2392
6078:Kosmos 2391
6074:Kosmos 2390
5987:Kosmos 2389
5977:Hai Yang 1A
5973:Feng Yun 1D
5937:Soyuz TM-34
5914:Kosmos 2388
5841:Kosmos 2387
5688:Grey titles
5516:79 (HETE-2)
5432:93 (NuSTAR)
5407:81 (RHESSI)
5382:68 (SAMPEX)
5224:61 (Magsat)
5199:56 (ISEE-1)
5089:36 (GEOS-B)
5054:29 (GEOS-A)
4807:WikiProject
4679:MarcoPolo-R
4629:Don Quijote
4599:Ariane 5 ME
4563:(2015โ2017)
4493:Galileo FOC
4487:Galileo IOV
4459:(1989โ1993)
4398:Jules Verne
4379:spaceflight
4210:(2009โ2013)
4198:(2003โ2007)
4196:Double Star
4192:(2002โ2012)
4180:(1995โ2011)
4174:(1991โ2000)
4168:(1977โ1997)
4081:(2009โ2013)
4075:(2009โ2013)
4051:(1995โ1998)
4033:(1989โ1993)
4027:(1983โ1986)
4021:(1978โ1996)
4015:(1975โ1982)
3953:BepiColombo
3940:(2005โ2014)
3934:(2004โ2016)
3918:(2003โ2006)
3912:(1997โ2005)
3906:(1985โ1992)
3875:(2000โ2024)
3863:(1990โ2009)
3857:(1977โ1987)
3790:Arianespace
3262:(2014โ2015)
3214:(2012โ2013)
3180:Lost/Failed
3171:(1998โ2010)
3163:(1998โ2005)
3140:(1991โ2001)
3132:(2001โ2010)
3116:(1970โ1973)
3108:(1983โ1985)
3100:(1975โ1980)
3092:(2005โ2015)
3084:(2003โ2020)
3076:(2011โ2019)
3068:(1979โ1985)
3060:(1975โ1979)
3052:(1972โ1973)
3044:(1992โ2004)
3036:(1995โ2012)
3028:(1990โ1999)
3020:(2002โ2018)
3012:(1983โ1984)
3004:(2009โ2013)
2988:(2006โ2016)
2917:(1972โ1981)
2909:(1968โ1973)
2893:(1996โ1997)
2885:(2003โ2019)
2877:(2015โ2017)
2869:(2015โ2017)
2861:(1997โ2002)
2853:(1990โ2001)
2845:(2009โ2018)
2837:(1996โ2004)
2829:(1978โ1996)
2821:(1996โ1998)
2813:(1995โ1996)
2789:(1989โ1993)
2781:(2000โ2008)
2773:(1979โ1981)
2765:(1978โ1982)
2757:(2013โ2023)
2749:(1981โ1991)
2741:(2009โ2013)
2733:(1977โ1979)
2725:(1997โ2005)
2717:(1979โ1985)
2709:(1989โ1998)
2701:(1987โ1991)
2693:(1990โ1992)
2685:(2003โ2013)
2677:(1987โ2001)
2669:(1999โ2007)
2661:(1992โ2001)
2653:(1983โ1986)
2642:Explorer 11
2613:(2017โ2019)
2605:(1989โ1993)
2597:(1975โ1982)
2589:(2006โ2013)
2581:(1991โ2000)
2573:(2003โ2008)
2565:(1996โ2003)
2557:(1974โ1976)
2549:(1983โ1991)
2508:(1993โ2000)
2500:(1973โ1974)
2492:(2017โ2019)
2484:(1979โ1982)
2476:(1974โ1980)
2468:(1971โ1972)
2460:(1967โ1969)
2436:(1962โ1972)
2428:(1993โ2005)
2420:(2006โ2011)
2412:(2007โ2024)
1706:Ultraviolet
930:cosmic rays
810:coded masks
803:Instruments
451:Instruments
433:500 to 580
418:Wavelengths
340:Inclination
253:Launch site
225:Launch date
180:Launch mass
6407:Categories
6375:Shenzhou 4
6344:LatinSat B
6340:LatinSat A
6313:ยต-LabSat 1
6283:Hot Bird 7
6205:Zi Yuan 2B
6165:Nadezhda 7
6149:Tsinghua 2
6099:Hot Bird 6
6034:Iridium 98
6030:Iridium 97
5884:Shenzhou 3
5826:Iridium 96
5822:Iridium 95
5818:Iridium 94
5814:Iridium 91
5810:Iridium 90
5412:83 (GALEX)
5392:73 (TRACE)
5356:HelioSwarm
5307:84 (Swift)
5289:78 (IMAGE)
5174:53 (SAS-C)
5159:50 (IMP-J)
5154:49 (RAE-B)
5149:48 (SAS-B)
5144:47 (IMP-H)
5134:45 (SSS-A)
5124:43 (IMP-I)
5114:41 (IMP-G)
5099:38 (RAE-A)
5084:35 (IMP-E)
5079:34 (IMP-F)
5074:33 (IMP-D)
5064:31 (DME-A)
5049:28 (IMP-C)
5039:26 (EPE-D)
5024:23 (S-55C)
5014:21 (IMP-B)
4994:18 (IMP-A)
4984:16 (S-55B)
4979:15 (EPE-C)
4974:14 (EPE-B)
4969:13 (S-55A)
4964:12 (EPE-A)
4879:Explorer 1
4694:Phootprint
4674:Marco Polo
4515:Technology
4345:MetOp-SG-B
4337:MetOp-SG-A
4313:Sentinel-4
4284:ADM-Aeolus
4264:Sentinel-3
4246:Sentinel-2
4232:Sentinel-1
4160:Copernicus
4055:XMM-Newton
3873:Cluster II
3679:Copernicus
3650:Programmes
3578:Facilities
3528:Spaceports
3121:Vanguard 3
2433:Alouette 1
2278:AstroSat-2
1987:XMM-Newton
1503:James Webb
1314:24 October
1128:1262720738
1100:19 October
1071:19 October
1015:19 October
982:2 February
962:References
861:coded mask
768:XMM-Newton
762:Spacecraft
705:Kazakhstan
694:gamma rays
607:XMM-Newton
587:gamma rays
530:Cluster II
293:Geocentric
266:Contractor
204:Dimensions
57:spacecraft
6305:Kanta Kun
6122:September
6065:Stellat 5
6025:Galaxy 3C
5968:DirecTV-5
5633:Proposals
5626:Proposals
5506:72 (SNOE)
5453:97 (IXPE)
5439:94 (IRIS)
5425:91 (IBEX)
5402:75 (WIRE)
5397:74 (SWAS)
5387:70 (FAST)
5335:96 (ICON)
5328:95 (TESS)
5321:92 (WISE)
5294:80 (WMAP)
5284:77 (FUSE)
5272:69 (RXTE)
5254:67 (EUVE)
5249:66 (COBE)
5234:63 (DE-2)
5229:62 (DE-1)
5219:60 (SAGE)
5209:58 (HCMM)
5184:55 (AE-E)
5179:54 (AE-D)
5164:51 (AE-C)
5104:39 (AD-C)
5069:32 (AE-B)
5044:27 (BE-C)
5029:24 (AD-B)
5019:22 (BE-B)
5009:20 (IE-A)
4999:19 (AD-A)
4989:17 (AE-A)
4949:11 (S-15)
4934:9 (S-56A)
4872:1958โ1992
4735:CryoSat-1
4709:STE-QUEST
4644:Eddington
4634:e.Deorbit
4585:Cancelled
4457:Olympus-1
4299:EarthCARE
4220:CryoSat-2
4069:(2006โ13)
4045:(1992โ93)
4031:Hipparcos
4005:cosmology
3324:Eddington
3279:Cancelled
2786:Hipparcos
2199:Spektr-UV
2056:Mini-EUSO
2048:ISS-CREAM
1899:Spektr-RG
1819:Gamma-ray
1714:Aditya-L1
1605:Hayabusa2
1482:Queqiao 2
1426:Operating
1263:213420364
1136:cite book
869:germanium
776:hydrazine
730:Goldstone
722:Darmstadt
270:Roscosmos
140:/integral
102:2002-048A
96:COSPAR ID
71:Astronomy
18:INTEGRAL1
6348:UniSat 2
6301:ADEOS II
6270:December
6248:Astra 1K
6242:MEPSI 1B
6238:MEPSI 1A
6221:November
6200:INTEGRAL
6069:N-STAR c
5893:Astra 3A
5785:February
5776:INSAT-3C
5522:INTEGRAL
5418:90 (AIM)
5278:71 (ACE)
5244:65 (CCE)
5239:64 (SME)
5214:59 (ICE)
5204:57 (IUE)
5139:46 (MTS)
4914:7 (S-1A)
4865:Missions
4796:Wikinews
4772:Category
4392:Columbus
4316:) (2024)
4126:ARRAKIHS
4079:Herschel
4061:INTEGRAL
3991:EnVision
3944:ExoMars
3800:EUMETSAT
3691:Columbus
3684:Sentinel
3564:Ariane 6
3559:Ariane 5
3375:Sentinel
3073:Spektr-R
3009:RELIKT-1
2850:Kristall
2738:Herschel
2562:BeppoSAX
2323:JEM-EUSO
2318:iWF-MAXI
2260:Proposed
2223:LiteBIRD
2215:Spektr-M
1939:MinXSS-2
1867:INTEGRAL
1730:Astrosat
1556:Astrosat
1495:Infrared
1351:INTEGRAL
1333:INTEGRAL
1215:20 March
945:See also
865:tungsten
829:tungsten
701:Baikonur
579:INTEGRAL
517:INTEGRAL
392:Diameter
257:Baikonur
247:Blok-DM2
244:Proton-K
188:Dry mass
77:Operator
55:INTEGRAL
32:Integral
6380:Nimiq 2
6352:Rubin 2
6287:Stentor
6277:TDRS-10
6261:Rubin-3
6253:AlSAT-1
6229:STS-113
6182:STS-112
6174:October
6060:CONTOUR
6039:NOAA-17
6009:STS-111
5920:STS-110
5889:JCSAT-8
5863:STS-109
5857:Envisat
5792:Tsubasa
5771:USA-164
5764:January
5694:Italics
5640:FINESSE
5589:SunRISE
5467:TRACERS
5342:SPHEREx
4909:6 (S-2)
4784:Commons
4761:italics
4730:Cluster
4714:THESEUS
4699:SOLARIS
4574:PROBA-3
4567:OPS-SAT
4549:PROBA-V
4543:PROBA-2
4531:PROBA-1
4481:HYLAS-1
4475:GIOVE-B
4469:GIOVE-A
4463:Artemis
4291:Biomass
4190:Envisat
4129:(2030s)
3928:Rosetta
3916:SMART-1
3910:Huygens
3861:Ulysses
3841:Science
3716:ExoMars
3706:GALILEO
3696:CryoSat
3657:Artemis
3636:ESTRACK
3541:Esrange
3424:Related
3335:FINESSE
3313:Destiny
3296:Astro-G
3259:Tsubame
3251:Astro-E
3227:ABRIXAS
3081:Spitzer
3065:Solwind
3017:R/HESSI
2977:Orion 2
2969:Orion 1
2674:Kvant-1
2570:CHIPSat
2533:Astro-2
2513:Astro-1
2489:ASTERIA
2481:Ariel 6
2473:Ariel 5
2465:Ariel 4
2457:Ariel 3
2449:Ariel 2
2441:Ariel 1
2402:Retired
2393:THESEUS
2378:Solar-D
2373:PhoENiX
2218:(2030+)
2175:JASMINE
2143:Xuntian
2111:SPHEREx
2096:Planned
1645:NEOSSat
1540:Optical
1466:Queqiao
1286:Bibcode
1040:Bibcode
1038:: 717.
908:methane
713:perigee
692:, and
684:Mission
581:) is a
536:Rosetta
230: (
129:Website
117:SATCAT
6321:RITE 2
6317:RITE 1
6309:FedSat
6234:ITS P1
6187:ITS S1
6143:METSAT
6138:Kodama
6092:August
5982:Ofek-5
5958:Idefix
5954:SPOT-5
5925:ITS S0
5869:TDRS-9
5756:2003 โ
5741:โ 2001
5665:ESCAPE
5660:EXCEDE
5550:Hitomi
5538:Suzaku
5501:HETE-1
5194:DADE-B
5189:DADE-A
4740:GEOS 1
4723:Failed
4689:ODINUS
4659:Hopper
4654:Hermes
4649:EXPERT
4577:(2024)
4557:(2015)
4539:(2007)
4527:(1998)
4453:(1978)
4451:GEOS 2
4436:(2021)
4430:(2014)
4424:(2013)
4418:(2012)
4412:(2011)
4404:Cupola
4400:(2008)
4364:(2027)
4356:(2025)
4348:(2025)
4340:(2025)
4332:(2025)
4324:(2025)
4321:ALTIUS
4302:(2024)
4294:(2024)
4145:(2035)
4137:(2035)
4134:Athena
4121:(2029)
4113:(2026)
4103:Euclid
4091:CHEOPS
4073:Planck
4043:Eureca
4025:EXOSAT
3994:(2031)
3986:(2029)
3978:(2028)
3969:(2024)
3961:(2023)
3932:Philae
3904:Giotto
3889:(2031)
3855:ISEE-2
3669:Aurora
3400:TAUVEX
3307:Darwin
3286:Aelita
3270:(2016)
3254:(2000)
3246:(1999)
3238:(1996)
3235:HETE-1
3230:(1999)
3222:(1965)
3206:(1976)
3198:(1970)
3190:(1966)
3124:(1959)
3041:SAMPEX
3001:Planck
2996:(2018)
2993:PicSat
2985:PAMELA
2980:(1973)
2972:(1971)
2874:MinXSS
2842:Kepler
2805:(1983)
2797:(2024)
2778:HETE-2
2770:HEAO-3
2730:HEAO-1
2706:Granat
2650:EXOSAT
2645:(1961)
2637:(2010)
2629:(2008)
2621:(1993)
2610:CXBN-2
2546:Astron
2541:(1995)
2516:(1990)
2452:(1964)
2425:ALEXIS
2333:LUVOIR
2283:EXCEDE
2250:(2035)
2242:(2035)
2239:Athena
2234:(2033)
2226:(2032)
2210:(2030)
2202:(2030)
2194:(2029)
2186:(2028)
2178:(2028)
2170:(2027)
2162:(2027)
2154:(2027)
2146:(2026)
2138:(2026)
2130:(2026)
2122:(2026)
2119:K-EUSO
2114:(2025)
2106:(2025)
2103:PETREL
2080:STEREO
2016:AMS-02
1979:XPoSat
1955:NuSTAR
1794:STEREO
1738:Hibari
1629:Hubble
1621:HiRISE
1597:Euclid
1589:DSCOVR
1581:CHEOPS
1458:STEREO
1284:: 19.
1261:
1174:
1126:
978:. NASA
951:BOOTES
855:and 8
793:cost.
709:Proton
690:X-rays
642:, and
601:, the
599:NuSTAR
566:
561:·
559:
555:
429:(main)
425:to 10
350:Period
299:Regime
260:200/39
240:Rocket
6327:NSS-6
6295:MFD-B
6291:MFD-A
6134:USERS
6113:MSG-1
5931:NSS-7
5907:April
5874:GRACE
5850:March
5805:HESSI
5800:VEP-3
5655:ASTRE
5650:OHMIC
5645:Arcus
5576:GUSTO
5570:XRISM
5556:NICER
5544:TWINS
5533:CINDI
5460:PUNCH
5264:MIDEX
4954:S-45A
4919:S-46A
4704:SPICA
4499:EGNOS
4361:FORUM
4353:SMILE
4226:Swarm
4202:MetOp
4178:ERS-2
4172:ERS-1
4118:ARIEL
4110:PLATO
4067:CoRoT
4013:Cos-B
3976:rover
3886:Vigil
3810:GEWEX
3753:Pride
3711:ELIPS
3701:EGNOS
3395:SPOrt
3390:SPICA
3370:OSO K
3365:OSO J
3219:OSO C
3203:CORSA
3195:OAO-B
3187:OAO-1
3168:TRACE
3113:Uhuru
3057:SAS-C
3049:SAS-B
3025:ROSAT
2962:OSO 8
2957:OSO 7
2952:OSO 6
2947:OSO 5
2942:OSO 4
2937:OSO 3
2932:OSO B
2927:OSO 1
2906:OAO-2
2858:LEGRI
2794:ILO-X
2690:Gamma
2682:GALEX
2634:EPOXI
2626:EPOCh
2594:Cos-B
2586:CoRoT
2521:BBXRT
2409:AGILE
2388:THEIA
2363:ORBIS
2313:ILO-1
2298:HabEx
2293:FOCAL
2268:Arcus
2231:Taiji
2191:ARIEL
2135:PLATO
2032:DAMPE
2024:CALET
1971:XRISM
1947:NICER
1915:Swift
1883:GECAM
1875:Fermi
1843:DAMPE
1827:CALET
1815:X-ray
1802:Swift
1778:SOLAR
1722:ASO-S
1685:Swift
1677:SOLAR
1573:CHASE
1564:BRITE
1519:SOLAR
1259:S2CID
906:plus
904:xenon
899:JEM-X
897:Dual
785:(2.4
661:with
612:Fermi
563:
481:JEM-X
437:(OMC)
360:Epoch
124:27540
6053:July
5996:June
5963:Aqua
5796:DASH
5749:2002
5603:CASE
5596:EZIE
5563:GOLD
5485:UNEX
5474:COSI
5446:GEMS
5374:SMEX
5363:UVEX
5349:MUSE
5300:FAME
4959:S-55
4939:S-45
4929:S-56
4664:LOFT
4639:EChO
4619:CSTS
4594:AIDA
4537:YES2
4329:FLEX
4214:SMOS
4208:GOCE
4142:LISA
4085:Gaia
3966:Hera
3867:SOHO
3721:FLPP
3569:Vega
3415:XIPE
3410:XEUS
3385:SNAP
3360:LOFT
3355:JDEM
3340:GEMS
3330:FAME
3318:EChO
3291:AOSO
3243:WIRE
3211:CXBN
3160:SWAS
3129:WMAP
3033:RXTE
2882:MOST
2834:IXAE
2810:IRTS
2802:IRAS
2666:FUSE
2658:EUVE
2602:COBE
2338:Lynx
2328:LUCI
2247:LISA
2207:UVEX
2159:LORD
2151:COSI
2064:SOHO
2040:IBEX
1963:LEIA
1931:MAXI
1907:SVOM
1891:IXPE
1817:and
1770:SOHO
1754:IRIS
1693:TESS
1669:SOHO
1653:Odin
1613:Gaia
1527:WISE
1511:Odin
1474:Wind
1442:NCLE
1316:2022
1217:2023
1172:ISBN
1142:link
1124:OCLC
1102:2021
1073:2021
1017:2021
984:2015
926:IREM
849:CNES
817:IBIS
726:Redu
718:ESOC
676:and
667:NASA
626:and
617:HESS
615:and
573:The
473:IREM
465:IBIS
382:Type
138:.int
136:.esa
89:NASA
5947:May
5582:AWE
4904:S-1
4555:IXV
4525:ARD
4377:ISS
4049:ISO
4019:IUE
3674:ATV
3662:ESM
3405:TPF
3350:IXO
3345:HOP
2890:MSX
2826:IUE
2818:ISO
2618:DXS
2554:ANS
2537:HUT
2526:HUT
2497:ATM
2368:OST
2303:HWO
2008:ACE
1762:SDO
1661:SDO
1548:Aoi
1359:by
1249:doi
1208:ESA
1164:doi
1094:ESA
1065:ESA
915:OMC
892:IPN
877:ACS
857:MeV
853:keV
845:SPI
825:MeV
821:keV
787:MPa
783:bar
732:).
720:in
663:IKI
497:SPI
489:OMC
457:ACS
427:MeV
423:keV
421:15
134:sci
119:no.
85:RKA
81:ESA
6409::
6368:,
6364:,
6350:,
6346:,
6342:,
6338:,
6334:,
6319:,
6311:,
6307:,
6303:,
6293:,
6289:,
6285:,
6259:,
6255:,
6240:,
6236:,
6136:,
6111:,
6076:,
6067:,
6032:,
5975:,
5956:,
5891:,
5824:,
5820:,
5816:,
5812:,
5798:,
5794:,
5489:MO
4944:10
4272:3B
4270:/
4268:3A
4266:/
4258:2C
4256:/
4254:2B
4252:/
4250:2A
4248:/
4240:1B
4238:/
4236:1A
4234:/
2539:)
1307:.
1282:90
1280:.
1257:.
1205:.
1170:.
1138:}}
1134:{{
1122:.
1092:.
1081:^
1063:.
1052:^
1036:31
1034:.
992:^
919:nm
680:.
669:.
638:,
619:.
605:,
435:nm
6323:)
6315:(
6244:)
6232:(
6189:)
6185:(
6016:)
6012:(
5927:)
5923:(
5732:e
5725:t
5718:v
5493:I
5491:/
5487:/
4924:8
4899:5
4894:4
4889:3
4884:2
4841:e
4834:t
4827:v
4310:(
3930:/
3508:e
3501:t
3494:v
2535:(
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1318:.
1292:.
1288::
1265:.
1251::
1219:.
1180:.
1166::
1144:)
1130:.
1104:.
1075:.
1046:.
1042::
1019:.
986:.
902:(
577:(
234:)
142:/
38:.
20:)
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