312:(TECHINT) can overlap. A good distinction is that a technical intelligence analyst often has possession of a piece of enemy equipment, such as an artillery round, which can be evaluated in a laboratory. MASINT, even MASINT materials intelligence, has to infer things about an object that it can only sense remotely. MASINT electro-optical and radar sensors could determine the muzzle velocity of the shell. MASINT chemical and spectroscopic sensors could determine its propellant. The two disciplines are complementary: consider that the technical intelligence analyst may not have the artillery piece to fire the round on a test range, while the MASINT analyst has multispectral recordings of it being used in the field.
534:
placed in a fixed location to collect signals intelligence or measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) about a specific target. Such sensors had been used to monitor
Chinese missile tests, Soviet laser activity, military movements, and foreign nuclear programs. The office was established to bring together scientists from the DS&T's Office of SIGINT Operations, who designed such systems, with operators from the Directorate of Operations, who were responsible for transporting the devices to their clandestine locations and installing them.
219:, which serves to detect, track, identify or describe the distinctive characteristics (signatures) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. MASINT is defined as scientific and technical intelligence derived from the analysis of data obtained from sensing instruments for the purpose of identifying any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter or sender, to facilitate the latter's measurement and identification.
670:, builds the Covert Local Area Sensor System for Intruder Classification (CLASSIC) for use in 35 countries, including 12 NATO members. Australia adopted the CLASSIC 2000 version, which, in turn, becomes part of the Australian Ninox system, which also includes Textron Systems’ Terrain Commander surveillance system. CLASSIC has two kinds of sensors: Optical Acoustic Satcom Integrated Sensor (OASIS) and Air Deliverable Acoustic Sensor (ADAS), as well as television cameras, thermal imagers, and low-light cameras.
878:
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643:, which subsequently designed the Mini Intrusion Detection System (MIDS) family, and the U.S. Marine Corps's AN/GSQ-261 Tactical Remote Sensor System (TRSS). Another major U.S. Army initiative was the Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (REMBASS), which it upgraded to Improved REMBASS (IREMBASS), and now is considering REMBASS II. The REMBASS generations, for example, increasingly intertwine interconnections of
340:), etc., those properties become a new signature in the MASINT database. MASINT has been described as a "non-literal" discipline. It feeds on a target's unintended emissive byproducts, or "trails"—the spectral, chemical or RF emissions an object leaves behind. These trails form distinctive signatures, which can be exploited as reliable discriminators to characterize specific events or disclose hidden targets."
297:
traditional sources, but is also robust enough to stand with spectrometry to differentiate between paint and foliage, or recognizing radar decoys because the signal lacks unintentional characteristics of the real radar system. At the same time, it can detect things that other sensors cannot sense, or sometimes it can be the first sensor to recognize a potentially critical datum."
33:
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557:(CTBTO) or the Treaty Organization itself will be able to detect sufficiently small events. It is possible to gain valuable data from a nuclear test that has an extremely low yield, useless as a weapon but sufficient to test weapons technology. CTBT does not recognize the threshold principle and assumes all tests are detectable.
719:. If the Wolves are colocated with jammers or other ECM, and they are very close to the target, they will not need much power to mask the signatures of friendly ground forces, in frequencies used for communications or local detection. DSEAD works in a similar way, but at radar frequencies. It may be interesting to compare this
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Active sensors are conceptually of two types, imaging and non-imaging. Especially when combining classes of sensor, such as MASINT and IMINT, it can be hard to define if a given MASINT sensor is imaging or not. In general, however, MASINT measurements are mapped to pixels of a clearly imaging system,
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The two sets are not mutually exclusive, and it is entirely possible that as this newly recognized discipline emerges, a new and more widely accepted set will evolve. For example, the DIA list considers vibration. In the Center for MASINT Studies and
Research list, mechanical vibrations, of different
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Employing UGS is especially challenging in urban areas, where there is a great deal more background energy and a need to separate important measurements from them. Acoustic sensors will need to distinguish vehicles and aircraft from footsteps (unless personnel detection is a goal), and things such as
873:
Remote sensing depends on the interaction of a source of energy with a target, and energy measured from the target. In the "Remote
Sensing" diagram, Source 1a is an independent natural source such as the Sun. Source 1b is a source, perhaps manmade, that illuminates the target, such as a searchlight
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In MASINT, the active signal source can be anywhere in the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays, limited only by the propagation of the signal from the source. X-ray sources, for example, must be in very close proximity to the target, while lasers can illuminate a target from a high
515:
CIA's Office of
Research and Development was formed to stimulate research and innovation testing leading to the exploitation of non-agent intelligence collection methods. ... All non-agent technical collection systems will be considered by this office and those appropriate for field deployment will
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When combining sensors, however, even a quite coarse sensor of one type can cause a huge increase in the value of another, more fine-grained sensor. For example, a highly precise visible-light camera can create an accurate representation of a tree and its foliage. A coarse spectral analyzer in the
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ADAS sensors were in a U.S. program, Army Rapid Force
Projection Initiative advanced concept technology demonstration (ACTD), using OASIS acoustic sensors and central processing, but not the electro-optical component. ADAS sensors are emplaced in clusters of three or four, for increased detection
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as an intelligence discipline in 1986. MASINT is technically derived intelligence that—when collected, processed, and analyzed by dedicated MASINT systems—results in intelligence that detects and classifies targets, and identifies or describes signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or
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is the number of discrete frequency (or equivalent) bands recorded in an individual pixel. (Relatively coarse spectral resolution from one sensor, such as the spectroscopic analyzer that reveals a "bush" is painted plaster, may greatly enhance the ultimate value of a different sensor with finer
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Several factors make up the quality of a given sensor's information acquisition, but assessing quality can become quite complex when the end product combines the data from multiple sensors. Several factors, however, are commonly used to characterize the basic quality of a single sensing system.
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Observe that the atmosphere comes between the radiation source and the target, and between the target and the sensor. Depending on the type of radiation and sensor in use, the atmosphere can have little interfering effect, or have a tremendous effect requiring extensive engineering to overcome.
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CIA took on a more distinct MASINT responsibility in 1987. The
National Security Archive commented, "In 1987, Deputy Director for Science and Technology Evan Hineman established ... a new Office for Special Projects, concerned not with satellites, but with emplaced sensors—sensors that could be
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can subsequently be used to track or more precisely classify targets identified through the intelligence process. While traditional IMINT and SIGINT are not considered to be MASINT efforts, images and signals from other intelligence-gathering processes can be further examined through the MASINT
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Even though today's MASINT is often on the edge of technologies, many of them under high security classification, the techniques have a long history. Captains of warships, in the age of sail, used his eyes, and his ears, and sense of touch (a wetted finger raised to the breeze) to measure the
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MASINT measurement searches for differences from known norms, and characterizes the signatures of new phenomena. For example, the first time a new rocket fuel exhaust is measured, it would be a deviation from a norm. When the properties of that exhaust are measured, such as its thermal energy,
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William K. Moore described the discipline: "MASINT looks at every intelligence indicator with new eyes and makes available new indicators as well. It measures and identifies battlespace entities via multiple means that are difficult to spoof and it provides intelligence that confirms the more
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or acoustic, can pass coordinates of a target of interest to a sensitive narrowband RF spectrum analyzer for ELINT or a hyperspectral electro-optical sensor. Putting sensitive and selective, or otherwise complementary sensors, into the same reconnaissance or surveillance system enhances the
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visible light spectrum, however, can reveal that the green leaves are painted plastic, and the "tree" is camouflaging something else. Once the fact of camouflage is determined, a next step might be to use imaging radar or some other sensing system that will not be confused by the paint.
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As with many branches of MASINT, specific techniques may overlap with the six major conceptual disciplines of MASINT defined by the Center for MASINT Studies and
Research, which divides MASINT into Electro-optical, Nuclear, Geophysical, Radar, Materials, and Radiofrequency disciplines.
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would separate source 3a from sensor 3b; a multistatic system could have multiple pairs of coupled sources and sensors, or an uneven ratio of sources and sensors as long as all are correlated. It is well known that bistatic and multistatic radar are a potential means of defeating
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characteristics of wind and wave. He used a mental library of signatures to decide what tactical course to follow based on weather. Medieval fortification engineers would put their ear to the ground to obtain acoustic measurements of possible digging to undermine their walls.
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First, the atmosphere may absorb part of the energy passing through it. This is bad enough for sensing if all wavelengths are affected evenly, but it becomes much more complex when the radiation is of multiple wavelengths, and the attenuation differs among wavelengths.
681:
ACTD added Remote
Miniature Weather Station (RMWS), from System Innovations. These RMWS measure temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, visibility and barometric pressure, which can then be sent over commercial or military satellite links.
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MASINT sensors may be framing or scanning or synthetic. A framing sensor, such as a conventional camera, records the received radiation as a single object. Scanning systems use a detector that moves across the field of radiation to create a
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covers the distinctive features of phenomena, equipment, or objects as they are sensed by the collection instrument(s). The signature is used to recognize the phenomenon (the equipment or object) once its distinctive features are detected.
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being a set of techniques that do remote sensing looking away from the earth (contrasted with how MASINT employs remote sensing looking toward the earth). Astronomers make observations in multiple electromagnetic spectra, ranging through
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Any of the illuminations of the target (i.e., Source 1a, 1b, or 3a), and the returning radiation, can be affected by the atmosphere, or other natural phenomena such as the ocean, between source and target, or between target and sensor.
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methods. The wolves could be hand, artillery, or airdrop delivered. WolfPack may fit into an Air Force program for a new subdiscipline of counter-ESM, as well as
Distributed Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (DSEAD), an enhancement on
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sensors either have a sufficiently large IFOV, or the scan moves fast enough with respect to the forward speed of the sensor platform, that an entire swath width is recorded without movement artifacts. These sensors are also known as
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It can be difficult to draw a line between tactical sensors and strategic MASINT sensors. Indeed, the same sensor may be used tactically or strategically. In a tactical role, a submarine might use acoustic sensors—active and passive
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Another DARPA program is WolfPack, a ground-based electronic warfare system. WolfPack is made up of a "pack" of "wolves." Wolves are distributed electronic detection nodes with location and classification capability, which may use
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is the passing of detection, geolocation and targeting information to another sensor without human intervention. In a system of sensors, each sensor must understand which other sensors complement it. Typically, some sensors are
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Sensors may be passive or coupled to an active source (i.e., "active sensor"). Passive sensors receive radiation from the target, either from the energy the target emits, or from other sources not synchronized with the sensor.
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It is not clear where ELINT would end and MASINT would begin for some of these projects, but the role of both is potentially present. MASINT, in any event, was not formalized as a US-defined intelligence discipline until 1986.
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Passive sensors can capture information for which there is no way to generate man-made radiation, such as gravity. Geodetic passive sensors can provide detailed information on the geology or hydrology of the earth.
399:
Following the first successful launch on
December 19, 2006, about a year after the intended launch date, further satellites were launched at roughly six-month intervals, and the entire system of this five-satellite
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While there are specialized MASINT sensors, much of the MASINT discipline involves analysis of information from other sensors. For example, a sensor may provide information on a radar beam, collected as part of
982:
Most MASINT sensors will create digital recordings or transmissions, but specific cases might use film recording, analog recording or transmissions, or even more specialized means of capturing information.
305:—to close in on a target or get away from a pursuer. Those same passive sonars may be used by a submarine, operating stealthily in a foreign harbor, to characterize the signature of a new submarine type.
1014:(AFOV) of the scanning system. Most scanning sensors have an array of detectors such that the IFOV is the angle subtended by each detector and the AFOV is the total angle subtended by the array.
256:" images to give a visual representation of wavelength and energy, but much of their detailed information is more likely a graph of such things as intensity and wavelength versus viewing angle.
222:
MASINT specialists themselves struggle with providing simple explanations of their field. One attempt calls it the "CSI" of the intelligence community, in imitation of the television series
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Recording return mechanisms, such as digital telemetry from satellites or aircraft, ejection systems for recorded media, or physical return of a sensor carrier with the recordings aboard.
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Source 3a is under the observer's control, such as a radar transmitter, and Sensor 3b can be tightly coupled to Source 3. An example of coupling might be that Sensor 3 will only look for
827:. When the signatures are then correlated to precise geography, or details of an object, the combined information becomes something greater than the whole of its IMINT and MASINT parts.
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893:, the interaction of the Target with Source 1a, as in conventional sunlit photography. If the energy comes from Source 1b, Sensor 2 is doing the equivalent of photography by flash.
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Orfeo is a dual-use (civilian and military) earth observation satellite network developed jointly between France and Italy. Italy is developing the Cosmo-Skymed X-band polarimetric
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after the speed-of-light delay from Source 3a to the target and back to the position of Sensor 3b. Such waiting for a signal at a certain time, with radar, would be an example of
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work in collecting MASINT, especially with military components. Other intelligence community organizations also have a collection role and possibly an analytic role. In 1962, the
1313:
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radar is an example. This office will also provide integrated systems analysis of all possible collection methods against the Soviet antiballistic missile program is an example.
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describes the intervals at which the target is sensed. This is meaningful only in synthetic imaging, comparison over a longer time base, or in producing full-motion imagery.
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is the central agency for MASINT. This was formerly called the Central MASINT Office. For education and research, there is the Center for MASINT Studies and Research of the
368:(infrared MASINT) proved disappointing, but millimeter-wave recognition shows more promise. Still, cooperative, network-based position exchange may be crucial in preventing
554:
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sensors have the effect of stopping the scan, and focusing the detector on one part of the swath, typically capturing greater detail in that area. This is also called a
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The CTBTO runs an International Monitoring System (IMS) of MASINT sensors for verification, which include seismic, acoustic, and radionuclide techniques. See
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MASINT is made up of six major disciplines, but the disciplines overlap and intertwine. They interact with the more traditional intelligence disciplines of
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As with many intelligence disciplines, it can be a challenge to integrate the technologies into the active services, so they can be used by warfighters.
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to detect hostile artillery and anti-submarine acoustic detection in World War I. In the 1990s, an improved acoustic system for artillery location
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construction blasting. They will need to discriminate among simultaneous targets. Infrared imaging, for the urban environment, will need smaller
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satellite orbit. While this discussion has emphasized the electromagnetic spectrum, there are also both active (e.g., sonar) and passive (e.g.,
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As of 2004, China was reported not to be pursuing the more specialized MASINT technologies, although it does produce its antisubmarine sensors.
2498:
2243:
2094:
485:, Deputy Directorate for Research (now the Deputy Directorate for Science and Technology), formally took on ELINT and COMINT responsibilities.
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636:. They have improved considerably, but are still an additional capability for humans on the ground, not usually replacing people altogether.
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is the distance, centered on the sensor path, from which signal will be captured in a single scan. Swath width is a function of the
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Geographical information systems and remote sensing in inland fisheries and aquaculture. Chapter 4: Remote Sensing as a Data Source
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Signal collectors, which concentrate the energy, as with a telescope lens, or a radar antenna that focuses the energy at a detector
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702:, which is a program for developing massively parallel networks of hundreds or thousands of "motes," in the order of 1 mm.
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says that the ADAS acoustic sensors can track fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs as well as traditional ground threats.
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low-radar-observability aircraft. It is also a requirement, from operations personnel concerned with shallow water operations.
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by pixel, and try to identify the physical materials, or types of energy, that are responsible for pixels or groups of pixels:
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or ground radar transmitter. Source 1c is a natural source, such as the heat of the Earth, with which the Target interferes.
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1406:. Center for Transatlantic Relations and Funded by the Center for Technology and National Security Policy. Archived from
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The consolidation of the ELINT program was one of the major goals of the reorganization. ... it is responsible for:
276:, are more of an analysis technique than a collection method. Some MASINT techniques require purpose-built sensors.
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Signal processing, which may remove artifacts from single images, or compute a synthetic image from multiple views
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Research, development, testing, and production of ELINT and COMINT collection equipment for all Agency operations.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO Standardization Agency AAP-6 – Glossary of terms and definitions, p 156.
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Italy and France are cooperating on the deployment of the dual-use Orfeo civilian and military satellite system.
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while others have a low incidence of false positives. A fast sensitive sensor that covers a large area, such as
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ELINT support peculiar to the penetration problems associated with the Agent's reconnaissance program under NRO.
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553:(which has not entered into force), but there is controversy over whether the preparatory commission for the
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National Academy of Sciences Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources (April 29 – May 2, 1991).
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defines the correspondence between each recorded pixel and the square real-world area that the pixel covers.
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889:, such as the glow of a red-hot object, which Sensor 1 measures. Alternatively, Sensor 2 might measure, as
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Another possible definition calls it "astronomy except for the direction of view." The allusion here is to
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discipline, such as determining the depth of buried assets in imagery gathered through the IMINT process.
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The UK and Australia also are interested in UGS. Thales Defence Communications, a division of the French
348:(ELINT) gathering mission. Incidental characteristics recorded such as the "spillover" of the main beam (
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1491:"Operations Security Intelligence Threat Handbook, Section 3, Adversary Foreign Intelligence Operations"
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690:. If either the targets or the sensor is moving, micro-electromechanical accelerometers will be needed.
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Within the US Intelligence Community the Directorate of MASINT and Technical Collections office of the
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takes multiple measurements over time, giving the effect of physical separation of source and sensor.
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364:. Other work addresses the disappointments of Non-Cooperative Target Recognition. For this function,
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1729:"The Utility of Hyperspectral Data in Detecting and Discriminating Actual and Decoy Target Vehicles"
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An example of the interaction is "imagery-defined MASINT (IDM)". In IDM, a MASINT application would
383:, and other hydrographic sensors that are frequently considered too "ordinary" to be called MASINT.
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for a discussion of the controversies surrounding the ability of the IMS to detect nuclear tests.
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1401:"The NATO Response Force: Facilitating Coalition Warfare Through Technology Transfer and Sharing"
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372:. The bottom line is that MASINT cannot identify who is inside a tank or aircraft of interest.
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Another strong need where MASINT may help is with unattended ground sensors (UGS). During the
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Techniques such as synthetic aperture have source 3a and sensor 3b colocated, but the source-
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sorts, can be measured by geophysical acoustic, electro-optical laser, or radar sensors.
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Rau, Russell A, Assistant Auditor General, Defense Intelligence Agency (June 30, 1997),
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Second, the atmosphere may cause an otherwise tightly collimated energy beam to spread.
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Figure "Remote Sensing Geometry" illustrates several key aspects of a scanning sensor.
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is another discipline, dealing with such things as the analysis of captured equipment.
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or more complex object. Synthetic systems combine multiple objects into a single one.
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and urban terrorists. Several warfighter application areas are listed below; also see
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There has been work on developing standardized MASINT terminology and architecture in
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and beyond. They correlate these multispectral observations and create hybrid, often "
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or to geospatial coordinates known precisely to the MASINT sensor-carrying platform.
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is the number of levels of energy recorded, per pixel, in each spectral band.
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Technical operation and maintenance of CIA deployed non-agent ELINT systems.
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Numerous countries produce their own antisubmarine warfare sensors, such as
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Organization chart, mission and functions of the Office of Special Projects
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904:, so that a signal jamming aircraft closer to Sensor 3b would be ignored.
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ATIC—Advanced Technical Intelligence Center for Human Capital Development
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reflected (re-radiated) energy (e.g., radio frequency, light, and sound);
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be so deployed. The Agency's missile detection system, Project based on
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352:), or the interference its transmitter produces would come under MASINT.
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Remote sensing geometry—relationships between scanning sensor and target
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Remote sensing—relationships between radiation source, target and sensor
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Acoustic and optical methods for locating hostile artillery go back to
1314:"Army Vision 2010: Integrating Measurement and Signature Intelligence"
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Maintain a quick reaction capability for ELINT and COMINT equipment.
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constellation achieved full operational readiness on 22 July 2008.
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devices, comparable to wide angle lenses on conventional cameras.
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434:. Russia produces a wide range of antisubmarine warfare sensors.
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1239:"Section 2, Intelligence Collection Activities and Disciplines"
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mechanical sound (e.g., engine, propeller, or machinery noise);
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Successful Launch Second German Sar-Lupe Observation Satellite
1212:. Air Force Institute of Technology. BetterDef. Archived from
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emitted energy (e.g., nuclear, thermal, and electromagnetic);
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Evaluation Report on Measurement and Signature Intelligence
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All nuclear testing, of any level, was forbidden under the
268:, since certain aspects of MASINT, such as the analysis of
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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In the U.S., much of the Igloo White technology came from
580:. While these methods were replaced with radar for modern
1600:, Air Force Institute of Technology, CMSR, archived from
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sensitive (i.e., with a low incidence of false negatives)
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nonimaging infrared satellites to detect missile launches
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Spaceflight now—Radar reconnaissance spacecraft launched
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magnetic properties (e.g., magnetic flux and anomalies);
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Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
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Still more of an UGS research program, under DARPA, is
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relates to the finite metric parameters of targets and
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reads as a collection of fragments, contains opinions.
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scanner, comparable to a telephoto lens on a camera.
1170:"See, Hear, Sniff: How Airborne Spies Collect Intel"
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Symposium on Naval Warfare and Coastal Oceanography
1237:Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) (May 1996),
442:UK developed the first successful acoustic system,
855:motion (e.g., flight, vibration, or movement); and
555:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
1263:"Chapter 9: Measurement and Signals Intelligence"
505:Data reduction of Agency-collected ELINT signals.
499:Training and maintenance of agent ELINT equipment
1784:ATIA—Advanced Technical Intelligence Association
1658:Meaden, Geoffery J.; Kapetsky, James M. (1991),
1243:Operations Security Intelligence Threat Handbook
1210:"Toward a Better Definition [of MASINT]"
869:Basic interaction of energy sources with targets
584:, there is a resurgence of interest in acoustic
502:Technical support to the Third Party Agreements.
1819:by Kingdon R. "King" Hawes, Lt Col, USAF (Ret.)
942:Sensing systems have five major subcomponents:
834:A different set of disciplines comes from DIA:
284:dynamic target sources. In addition to MASINT,
1812:The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century
1731:. US Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from
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1135:capabilities of the entire system, as in the
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1807:NCMR—National Consortium for MASINT Research
1643:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1489:Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (May 1996).
1795:CMSR—Center for MASINT Studies and Research
1293:Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin
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1201:
1199:
840:nuclear, chemical, and biological features;
608:" (NCTR) so that, even with the failure of
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2288:
2279:
2258:
2244:
2236:
1845:
1831:
1823:
1502:
1500:
694:Research programs: Smart Dust and WolfPack
205:Technical branch of intelligence gathering
902:electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM)
193:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1594:Center for MASINT Studies and Research,
1208:Center for MASINT Studies and Research.
562:National technical means of verification
529:MASINT from clandestinely placed sensors
2672:Scientific & Technical intelligence
1372:National Defense Industrial Association
1287:William K. Moore (January–March 2003).
1232:
1230:
1160:
539:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
2728:Measurement and signature intelligence
2095:Chinese espionage in the United States
1763:
1752:
1636:
1597:Center for MASINT Studies and Research
1433:"China as a Military Space Competitor"
336:spectral analysis of its light (i.e.,
209:Measurement and signature intelligence
1399:Bialos, Jeffrey P.; Stuart L. Koehl.
1316:. US Army War College. Archived from
1289:"MASINT: new eyes in the battlespace"
7:
2494:By alliances, nations and industries
2090:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
1727:Bergman, Steven M. (December 1996).
1533:Central Intelligence Agency (1965),
1507:Central Intelligence Agency (1962),
604:MASINT could be of tactical use in "
551:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
541:plays a role in geophysical MASINT.
2156:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
1567:Jane's International Defence Review
422:, to fly on two of the satellites.
281:United States Department of Defense
2733:Intelligence gathering disciplines
1146:Cueing, however, is a step before
746:Intelligence collection management
674:capability and for triangulation.
606:Non-Cooperative Target Recognition
600:Non-cooperative target recognition
545:Multinational counterproliferation
450:was introduced, which complements
448:acoustic artillery location system
25:
1991:Computer and network surveillance
468:Air Force Institute of Technology
42:This article has multiple issues.
2026:Short-range agent communications
1431:Lewis, James A. (January 2004).
1363:Meiners, Kevin (22 March 2005).
266:intelligence analysis management
133:
72:
31:
2642:Words of estimative probability
2504:Operational platforms by nation
1466:Deagel.com (October 19, 2007),
50:or discuss these issues on the
1560:"Reformatting Fighter Tactics"
1312:Ives, John W. (9 April 2002).
1267:Field Manual 2-0, Intelligence
909:bistatic remote sensing system
885:The Target itself may produce
616:incidents could be prevented.
475:National Reconnaissance Office
225:CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
1:
1786:(formerly MASINT Association)
1344:Journal of Electronic Defense
1174:Air & Space / Smithsonian
955:for light or a radar receiver
739:Intelligence cycle management
279:MASINT was recognized by the
1664:, Meaden1991, archived from
1510:Deputy Director for Research
1338:Lum, Zachary (August 1998).
1168:Darack, Ed (April 1, 2016).
1149:automatic target recognition
641:Sandia National Laboratories
610:identification friend or foe
2690:Intelligence cycle security
1004:instantaneous field of view
483:Central Intelligence Agency
464:Defense Intelligence Agency
264:MASINT may have aspects of
215:) is a technical branch of
2749:
1079:
951:Signal detectors, such as
381:magnetic anomaly detectors
356:National and multinational
323:In the context of MASINT,
2291:
1817:"A Tale of Two Airplanes"
1558:Mark Hewish (June 2001).
620:Unattended ground sensors
270:electromagnetic radiation
1269:. Department of the Army
594:Deeply Buried Structures
479:National Security Agency
420:synthetic aperture radar
405:synthetic aperture radar
346:Electronics intelligence
86:may need to be rewritten
2657:Intelligence assessment
2647:All-source intelligence
2267:Intelligence management
1976:Covert listening device
1946:Intelligence assessment
1340:"The measure of MASINT"
233:observational astronomy
88:. The reason given is:
2341:Operational techniques
2296:Special reconnaissance
1762:Cite journal requires
1374:(NDIA). Archived from
1105:Radiometric resolution
999:
953:charge-coupled devices
882:
762:Electro-optical MASINT
710:techniques along with
522:
310:technical intelligence
217:intelligence gathering
155:by rewriting it in an
2225:Targeted surveillance
1137:Rocket Launch Spotter
1101:spectral resolution.)
1012:angular field of view
997:
898:backscatter radiation
880:
858:material composition.
787:Radiofrequency MASINT
708:radiofrequency MASINT
634:Operation Igloo White
487:
452:Counter-battery radar
2662:Medical intelligence
2632:Competing hypotheses
2442:Industrial espionage
2427:Denial and deception
2151:Industrial espionage
1951:competing hypotheses
1668:on December 14, 2007
1261:US Army (May 2004).
1072:) acoustic sensors.
582:counter-battery fire
274:signals intelligence
2695:Counterintelligence
2610:Technical (TECHINT)
2605:Open-source (OSINT)
2595:Geospatial (GEOINT)
2569:Casualty estimation
1381:on 23 December 2016
1111:Temporal resolution
1098:Spectral resolution
961:Recording mechanism
891:reflected radiation
2667:Military geography
2652:Basic intelligence
2590:Financial (FININT)
2531:signature (MASINT)
2457:One-way voice link
2393:Concealment device
2102:Cold War espionage
2069:Front organization
2043:Surveillance tools
2021:Phone surveillance
2016:One-way voice link
1971:Concealment device
1800:2013-05-25 at the
1092:Spatial resolution
1076:Quality of sensing
1000:
883:
772:Geophysical MASINT
157:encyclopedic style
144:is written like a
2715:
2714:
2618:
2617:
2509:Direction finding
2499:In modern history
2480:
2479:
2233:
2232:
1887:Agent provocateur
1706:978-0-309-57879-0
1365:"Net-Centric ISR"
1216:on April 26, 2008
938:Classes of sensor
887:emitted radiation
794:
793:
430:Russia does have
246:ultraviolet light
203:
202:
195:
185:
184:
177:
127:
126:
119:
99:lead layout guide
65:
16:(Redirected from
2740:
2514:Traffic analysis
2486:Signals (SIGINT)
2321:Asset recruiting
2289:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:on April 8, 2013
1741:
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1632:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:. Archived from
1564:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1530:
1524:
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1522:
1521:
1515:
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1380:
1369:
1360:
1354:
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1335:
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1326:
1325:
1320:on 25 April 2008
1309:
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1299:
1284:
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1274:
1258:
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1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1082:Image resolution
782:Materials MASINT
735:
734:
723:discipline with
586:gunfire locators
379:, active sonar,
366:infrared beacons
198:
191:
180:
173:
169:
166:
160:
137:
136:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
95:improve the lead
76:
75:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2676:
2614:
2600:Imagery (IMINT)
2578:
2539:Electro-optical
2530:
2529:Measurement and
2523:
2476:
2452:Numbers station
2381:Black operation
2345:
2307:
2269:
2264:
2234:
2229:
2203:Sting operation
2112:Black operation
2078:
2074:Limited hangout
2056:
2047:
2011:Numbers station
1963:
1957:
1934:
1874:
1856:
1851:
1802:Wayback Machine
1780:
1775:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1725:
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1712:
1710:
1707:
1684:
1683:
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1669:
1657:
1656:
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1635:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1604:on July 7, 2007
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1158:
1120:
1084:
1078:
1057:
989:
987:Passive sensing
940:
871:
733:
696:
657:acoustic MASINT
649:Magnetic MASINT
645:infrared MASINT
622:
612:(IFF) systems,
602:
570:
547:
531:
460:
440:
428:
413:
397:
389:
358:
321:
262:
244:, visible, and
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153:help improve it
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15:
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2637:Target-centric
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2559:Radiofrequency
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2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
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2292:
2286:
2284:Human (HUMINT)
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2240:
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2228:
2227:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
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1998:
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1978:
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1967:
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1964:communications
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1881:Agent handling
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1778:External links
1776:
1774:
1773:
1764:|journal=
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1080:Main article:
1077:
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1070:microbarograph
1056:
1055:Active sensors
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769:
767:Nuclear MASINT
764:
756:
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749:
748:
742:
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732:
729:
695:
692:
653:seismic MASINT
621:
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250:X-ray spectrum
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81:The article's
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3:
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2700:organizations
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2682:Dissemination
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2447:Interrogation
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2336:Direct action
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2331:Covert action
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2129:Eavesdropping
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2031:Steganography
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2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Invisible ink
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1925:Sleeper agent
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1697:10.17226/9946
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1576:on 2007-08-15
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1472:, Deagel 2007
1471:
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1413:on 2006-04-20
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721:counter-ELINT
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2472:Surveillance
2462:Resident spy
2403:Cryptography
2208:Surveillance
2138:
1996:Cyber spying
1981:Cryptography
1920:Resident spy
1905:Double agent
1885:
1755:cite journal
1744:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1709:. NASCGER-91
1687:
1680:
1670:, retrieved
1666:the original
1660:
1653:
1629:, retrieved
1623:
1616:
1606:, retrieved
1602:the original
1596:
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1566:
1553:
1543:, retrieved
1535:
1528:
1518:, retrieved
1509:
1484:
1474:, retrieved
1468:
1461:
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1376:the original
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1246:, retrieved
1242:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1163:
1147:
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1141:
1123:Cross-cueing
1122:
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917:sensor array
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829:
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795:
777:Radar MASINT
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664:Thales Group
661:
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93:Please help
89:
85:
83:lead section
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
2544:Geophysical
2326:Cell system
2313:Clandestine
2198:Stay-behind
2107:Recruitment
2064:Canary trap
1962:Devices and
1910:Field agent
1036:Whisk broom
1008:swath width
819:the image,
731:Disciplines
626:Vietnam War
578:World War I
518:backscatter
377:hydrophones
325:measurement
319:Terminology
308:MASINT and
254:false-color
248:, into the
238:radio waves
2722:Categories
2573:earthquake
2437:False flag
2275:Collection
2193:Sexpionage
2173:COINTELPRO
2166:safe house
2146:False flag
2083:Operations
2057:techniques
2053:Tradecraft
1746:2007-12-02
1713:2007-10-17
1672:2007-10-15
1631:2007-10-21
1627:, Rau 1997
1608:2007-10-03
1580:2007-10-17
1545:2007-10-07
1520:2007-10-07
1476:2007-10-19
1441:2007-11-16
1417:2007-10-04
1385:2007-10-04
1349:2007-10-04
1324:2007-10-03
1298:2007-10-03
1273:2007-10-03
1248:2007-10-03
1220:2007-10-03
1179:2 February
1156:References
1066:hydrophone
1045:close look
1029:wide field
1019:Push broom
825:signatures
700:Smart Dust
370:fratricide
350:side lobes
260:Discipline
107:March 2011
47:improve it
2564:Materials
2418:Defection
2413:Dead drop
2386:black bag
2351:Espionage
2117:black bag
2001:Dead drop
1930:Spymaster
1854:Espionage
1516:, CIA-DDR
1041:spotlight
329:signature
53:talk page
2624:Analysis
2422:Turncoat
2369:handling
2183:SHAMROCK
2036:microdot
1939:Analysis
1798:Archived
1639:citation
588:against
402:SAR Lupe
242:infrared
2571: (
2549:Nuclear
2519:TEMPEST
2178:MINARET
2122:wetwork
817:measure
810:TECHINT
676:Textron
590:snipers
395:Germany
151:Please
2408:Cutout
2359:Agents
2213:Global
2139:MASINT
2134:SIGINT
1986:Cutout
1870:Assets
1865:Agents
1703:
1132:SIGINT
1118:Cueing
1025:survey
973:raster
806:SIGINT
804:, and
798:HUMINT
753:MASINT
688:pixels
655:, and
426:Russia
290:HUMINT
213:MASINT
2583:Other
2554:Radar
2398:Cover
2376:Asset
2364:field
1898:Agent
1893:Cover
1574:(PDF)
1563:(PDF)
1540:(PDF)
1514:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1379:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
821:pixel
802:IMINT
712:ELINT
668:Racal
411:Italy
387:China
303:sonar
286:IMINT
18:IRINT
2218:Mass
2188:FVEY
1915:Mole
1768:help
1701:ISBN
1645:link
1181:2016
1068:and
1002:The
725:ECCM
717:SEAD
632:and
537:The
477:and
362:NATO
288:and
2055:and
1738:PDF
1693:doi
1039:or
1027:or
228:.
2724::
2420:/
1759::
1757:}}
1753:{{
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