1020:" the majority of the time. A cost center is a department or staff which incurs expenses, or "costs", within a company rather than generating profits or revenue streams. Modern businesses rely heavily on technology for their day-to-day operations, so the expenses delegated to cover technology that facilitates business in a more efficient manner are usually seen as "just the cost of doing business." IT departments are allocated funds by senior leadership and must attempt to achieve the desired deliverables while staying within that budget. Government and the private sector might have different funding mechanisms, but the principles are more-or-less the same. This is an often overlooked reason for the rapid interest in automation and
1106:
989:
system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, and others) and characteristic features — ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easily perceived and remembered by a person addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example, somebody@example.com); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in the general case, they address each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs.
1094:
1082:
1058:
1070:
458:
3082:
921:
738:
725:
429:
3106:
3094:
824:, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007, almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally: 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3
477:, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.
1038:
has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems". The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning
709:
Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. During the year of 2002, Americans exceeded $ 28 billion in goods just over the
Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $ 289 billion in sales.
992:
Disadvantages of e-mail: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size
1228:
On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual
1015:
Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry." These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for "tech companies;" which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology
988:
The technology and services it provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the
697:
Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people were able to access different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were
1001:
A software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the
Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of
705:
Along with technology revolutionizing society, millions of processes could be done in seconds. Innovations in communication were also crucial as people began to rely on the computer to communicate through telephone lines and cable. The introduction of the email was considered revolutionary as
689:
had been redefined as "The development of cable television was made possible by the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (…generally known in
Britain as information technology)." We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the
1006:
sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern
Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines).
880:
All DMS consist of components, they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a
324:
usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system. IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require
962:): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global
1676:
970:
Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited". To address that issue, the field of
572:, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring. The first recognizably modern
1093:
416:, defined as the study of procedures, structures, and the processing of various types of data. As this field continues to evolve globally, its priority and importance have grown, leading to the introduction of computer science-related courses in
1105:
346:
and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of
492:
were considered some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as
794:. However, the information stored in it and delay-line memory was volatile in the fact that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the
1229:
term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."
702:, which was equivalent to 51 million households. Along with the Internet, new types of technology were also being introduced across the globe, which has improved efficiency and made things easier across the globe.
1436:
Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and
966:
capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.
1081:
1069:
1057:
1031:, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.
1273:
942:
XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s, particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented
1002:
programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on
710:
And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century.
2764:
2660:
397:
Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD),
691:
3025:
1035:
252:
1298:
3138:
2482:
595:
allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the
215:
1024:, but the constant pressure to do more with less is opening the door for automation to take control of at least some minor operations in large companies.
2314:
332:
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed, the term
2107:
1943:
1193:
675:
285:
1915:
3229:
1674:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13
4017:
3628:
3046:
2974:
2956:
2938:
2920:
2902:
2884:
2866:
2848:
2830:
2808:
2790:
2748:
2723:
2593:
2375:
2171:
2146:
1767:
1742:
1481:
870:
845:
emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was
470:
49:
901:
3110:
2275:"Americas events – Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010"
1856:
1827:
1047:
Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies, as well as
2700:
599:, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the
2219:
Hilbert, Martin; LĂłpez, Priscila (1 April 2011), "The World's
Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information",
1422:
900:
to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort." As an evolution of the
329:
planning, seamless integration, and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.
975: — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data" — emerged in the late 1980s.
3086:
2274:
1895:
1864:
1835:
1204:
850:
245:
1172:
Research suggests that IT projects in business and public administration can easily become significant in scale. Work conducted by
2077:
1039:
and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced.
3249:
3211:
3131:
3098:
2714:
Bynum, Terrell Ward (2008), "Norbert Wiener and the Rise of
Information Ethics", in van den Hoven, Jeroen; Weckert, John (eds.),
4106:
924:
IBM card storage warehouse located in
Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the government kept storage of punched cards.
205:
3812:
1099:
U.S. projected percent change in employment in selected occupations in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020
4116:
2323:
1887:
127:
117:
67:
2668:
1356:
706:"companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world..."
4111:
3928:
3781:
3776:
3244:
452:
3802:
2034:
1598:
4007:
387:
238:
2965:
Wright, Michael T. (2012), "The Front Dial of the
Antikythera Mechanism", in Koetsier, Teun; Ceccarelli, Marco (eds.),
3580:
3124:
854:
225:
1255:
3986:
3908:
1146:
1016:
and software. It is also worth noting that from a business perspective, Information technology departments are a "
816:
computer system. Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as
719:
2188:
1313:"The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems"
4012:
3621:
2492:
511:, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered the earliest known mechanical
122:
3744:
3060:
600:
82:
2327:
1184:
of $ 15 million or more) often failed to maintain costs within their initial budgets or to complete on time.
3991:
3487:
2996:
1021:
943:
627:
577:
494:
338:
2113:
1930:
634:
and
Lincoln Derick in 1955, the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957, the
3837:
3457:
3426:
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3171:
1017:
406:
398:
165:
112:
92:
4070:
3981:
3972:
3942:
3890:
3828:
3391:
3264:
3259:
520:
508:
462:
457:
301:
200:
170:
97:
1173:
1135:
Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
1111:
U.S. projected average annual percent change in output and employment in selected industries, 2010–2020
374:. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including
1911:
774:. Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of
4076:
3951:
3842:
3614:
3566:
3522:
3492:
3254:
3161:
2230:
1796:
1519:
1312:
1177:
1075:
U.S. Employment in the computer systems and design related services industry, in thousands, 1990–2011
892:(XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal
783:
569:
545:
526:
444:
277:
195:
87:
1131:
in the 1940s. Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:
3832:
3693:
3585:
3561:
3386:
3289:
3274:
3196:
3166:
897:
107:
102:
60:
35:
869:
and the familiar concepts of tables, rows, and columns. In 1981, the first commercially available
4101:
4033:
3967:
3903:
3899:
3807:
3739:
3539:
3512:
3431:
2487:
2256:
1122:
936:
874:
611:
474:
297:
77:
3014:
1784:
548:
computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete
465:, which is considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC.
497:
began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.
3771:
3734:
3206:
3191:
3042:
3010:
2970:
2952:
2934:
2916:
2898:
2880:
2862:
2844:
2826:
2804:
2786:
2744:
2719:
2609:
2589:
2371:
2248:
2221:
2167:
2142:
2046:
1891:
1860:
1831:
1763:
1738:
1653:
1606:
1543:
1535:
1477:
1418:
1411:
1334:
1209:
1199:
963:
931:
has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception. It can be broadly categorized as
928:
775:
763:
671:
619:
592:
557:
538:
503:
have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a
485:
375:
363:
309:
1881:
1087:
U.S. Occupational growth and wages in computer systems design and related services, 2010–2020
770:, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now
3946:
3847:
3714:
3668:
3575:
3472:
3312:
3181:
2238:
1804:
1730:
1703:
1645:
1527:
1469:
1324:
905:
791:
749:
436:
413:
402:
175:
1473:
4038:
3894:
3856:
3729:
3698:
3532:
3527:
3507:
3497:
3452:
3436:
3411:
3361:
3317:
3269:
3186:
3176:
2822:
1463:
882:
866:
809:
799:
659:
655:
596:
581:
512:
352:
281:
2634:
2282:
1967:
Information technology. (2003). In E.D. Reilly, A. Ralston & D. Hemmendinger (Eds.),
2234:
1800:
1523:
782:
signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line. The first
4043:
3912:
3851:
3673:
3517:
3502:
3467:
3396:
3376:
3351:
3336:
3239:
3030:
2085:
1691:
1128:
1003:
959:
909:
745:
647:
639:
515:, and the earliest known geared mechanism. Comparable geared devices did not emerge in
343:
155:
3081:
920:
4095:
3861:
3797:
3678:
3371:
3322:
3201:
2586:
Optimizing and
Assessing Information Technology: Improving Business Project Execution
2536:
2260:
2136:
1920: Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices" filed May 1, 1959
1883:
To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology
1808:
1636:
Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998), "Some early transistor applications in the UK",
1181:
858:
821:
813:
787:
663:
607:
541:
432:
180:
150:
1465:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
737:
724:
3937:
3401:
3381:
3284:
3020:
958:
Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of
932:
767:
757:
741:
623:
561:
553:
489:
428:
31:
1063:
U.S. Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011
30:"IT" redirects here. For the customer service colloquially referred to as IT, see
3005:
2558:
2365:
1531:
1387:
3356:
3294:
3234:
3147:
1938:
1362:
1161:
1153:
1048:
972:
893:
853:(IMS), which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later. IMS stores data
802:, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.
795:
643:
631:
603:
and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.
573:
504:
481:
185:
1734:
1671:
4059:
3977:
3658:
3556:
3421:
3341:
2967:
Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012
2054:
1614:
1498:
Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology
1329:
862:
615:
588:
391:
371:
367:
366:, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as
348:
326:
317:
160:
3006:
Southern Innovator Magazine Issue 1: Mobile Phones and Information Technology
2050:
1722:
1657:
1610:
1539:
1338:
3719:
3663:
3544:
3416:
3279:
3105:
2913:
Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes
2243:
1649:
1409:
Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011), "Information technology",
549:
523:
capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.
2252:
1547:
417:
3093:
1510:
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets",
469:
Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the
17:
3688:
3606:
3594:
3550:
3462:
3327:
1141:
1028:
837:
771:
699:
651:
383:
379:
355:, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.
313:
305:
273:
132:
3055:
Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999).
1317:
International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS)
3482:
3346:
1256:"What Is Information Technology? A Beginner's Guide to the World of IT"
1180:
suggested that half of all large-scale IT projects (those with initial
1157:
825:
565:
500:
359:
220:
2893:
Ralston, Anthony; Hemmendinger, David; Reilly, Edwin D., eds. (2000),
2701:"U.S. Careers in the growing field of information technology services"
1762:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321.
1707:
1692:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
935:, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or
904:(SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both
336:
in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the
4064:
3724:
3683:
3331:
1138:
Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
817:
635:
516:
440:
210:
42:
2765:
Delivering large-scale IT projects on time, on budget, and on value
3571:
3477:
919:
779:
736:
723:
670:
in 1971. These important inventions led to the development of the
667:
534:
530:
456:
427:
1127:
The field of information ethics was established by mathematician
828:
in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years.
519:
until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first
3933:
3590:
2138:
The Essential Guide to Computer Data Storage: From Floppy to DVD
947:
842:
3610:
3120:
2514:
3116:
1998:
Encyclopedia of world trade: from ancient times to the present
1996:
Northrup, C.C. (2013). Computers. In C. Clark Northrup (Ed.),
889:
846:
805:
272:) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems,
2296:
2294:
2292:
1160:
to monitor a user's online activities, which may be used by
950:, describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".
320:
equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an
3057:
Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World
2429:
2427:
1785:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"
861:
proposed an alternative relational storage model based on
284:
and information processing, and storage. IT forms part of
1931:"Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"
1496:
Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson,
1449:
2559:"Manifesto Hatched to Close Gap Between Business and IT"
1027:
Many companies now have IT departments for managing the
2993:
Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s
2402:
2400:
2009:
939:, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.
41:"Infotech" redirects here. For the Indian company, see
2162:
Wang, Shan X.; Taratorin, Aleksandr Markovich (1999),
1980:
Stewart, C.M. (2018). Computers. In S. Bronner (Ed.),
3009:: United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation.
1301:, published 10 September 2020, accessed 23 June 2023
4052:
4026:
4000:
3960:
3921:
3883:
3874:
3821:
3790:
3764:
3757:
3707:
3651:
3644:
3445:
3303:
3220:
3154:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2877:Open and Novel Issues in XML Database Applications
2817:Han, Jiawei; Kamber, Micheline; Pei, Jian (2011),
1410:
2767:, published 1 October 2012, accessed 23 June 2023
993:of messages in the mailbox (personal for users).
630:in 1959, silicon dioxide surface passivation by
3068:Information Technology — A Luddite Analysis
1381:
1379:
1299:16 Key Steps To Successful IT Project Management
1386:Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958),
1358:A History of Information Technology and Systems
584:, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.
2991:Allen, T.; Morton, M. S. Morton, eds. (1994),
2949:Computer Science and Communications Dictionary
2861:(2nd ed.), The British Computer Society,
692:International Organization for Standardization
3622:
3132:
3026:The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
2189:"How Much Information Is There in the World?"
1036:Information Technology Association of America
246:
8:
2929:Ward, Patricia; Dafoulas, George S. (2006),
2515:"Our programmes, campaigns and partnerships"
2469:
2457:
2445:
2351:
2300:
820:. Until 2002 most information was stored on
3066:Webster, Frank, and Robins, Kevin. (1986).
2716:Information Technology and Moral Philosophy
1638:Engineering Science & Education Journal
1417:(first ed.), Oxford University Press,
544:, completed in 1941, was the world's first
3880:
3761:
3648:
3629:
3615:
3607:
3139:
3125:
3117:
2781:Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N. (2010),
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2112:, University of Manchester, archived from
2035:"Early computers at Manchester University"
1789:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
683:National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review
537:, began to appear in the early 1940s. The
253:
239:
56:
2897:(4th ed.), Nature Publishing Group,
2661:"Industry Overview: Information Services"
2635:"Follow Information Services on Index.co"
2242:
2021:
1727:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories
1584:
1572:
1450:Ralston, Hemmendinger & Reilly (2000)
1328:
1194:Information and communications technology
778:was developed to remove the clutter from
676:information and communications technology
286:information and communications technology
3782:society as information processing system
3777:humans as information processing systems
3041:, Holt-Saunders International Editions,
3039:Introduction to Computer Data Processing
2763:Bloch, M., Blumberg, S. and Laartz, J.,
1723:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device"
1462:Slotten, Hugh Richard (1 January 2014).
1350:
1348:
674:(PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence of
3003:Gitta, Cosmas and South, David (2011).
2433:
2406:
2391:
2316:A Platform for Enterprise Data Services
2164:Magnetic Information Storage Technology
1500:. (3rd ed.). . New York: Facts On File.
1413:A Dictionary of Media and Communication
1361:, University of Arizona, archived from
1246:
1221:
1053:
638:demonstration by a Bell Labs team. the
141:
66:
59:
1696:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1560:
681:By the year of 1984, according to the
412:Information technology is a branch of
4018:philosophy of artificial intelligence
2010:Alavudeen & Venkateshwaran (2010)
1992:
1990:
1857:Springer Science & Business Media
1828:Springer Science & Business Media
1783:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960).
1260:Technology Blog, Rasmussen University
871:relational database management system
471:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
50:Information Technology (constituency)
7:
2819:Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
2610:"Top Information Services companies"
2418:
1853:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1824:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1760:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1474:10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001
902:Standard Generalized Markup Language
728:Ferranti Mark I computer logic board
304:, or, more specifically speaking, a
48:For the Hong Kong constituency, see
3708:information processing abstractions
3063:, Massachusetts: Course Technology.
2195:, University of Southern California
1984:. . Johns Hopkins University Press.
1949:from the original on 17 August 2019
1597:Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998),
1311:Hindarto, Djarot (30 August 2023).
798:, invented in 1932 and used in the
762:Early electronic computers such as
2703:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2082:Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics
25:
3652:information processes by function
2911:van der Aalst, Wil M. P. (2011),
2879:, Information Science Reference,
2859:A History of Manchester Computers
2783:Computer Integrated Manufacturing
2313:Olofson, Carl W. (October 2009),
1690:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
1205:Outline of information technology
843:Database Management Systems (DMS)
812:in 1956, as a component of their
568:German messages. Although it was
3772:nature as information processing
3250:Failure of electronic components
3104:
3092:
3080:
2895:Encyclopedia of Computer Science
2801:Computer Organization and Design
2741:Ethics in Information Technology
2370:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
1982:Encyclopedia of American studies
1969:Encyclopedia of computer science
1274:"Computer Technology Definition"
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
790:, which was based on a standard
2843:, Manchester University Press,
786:digital storage device was the
606:Several other breakthroughs in
560:developed the first electronic
382:, electronics, semiconductors,
358:The term is commonly used as a
206:Library and information science
3085:Learning materials related to
2969:, Springer, pp. 279–292,
2718:, Cambridge University Press,
2699:Lauren Csorny (9 April 2013).
2364:Silberschatz, Abraham (2010).
2076:Universität Klagenfurt (ed.),
1888:Johns Hopkins University Press
1859:. pp. 120 & 321–323.
128:Science and technology studies
1:
3929:information processing theory
851:Information Management System
453:History of computing hardware
290:information technology system
4008:computational theory of mind
3245:List of emerging electronics
2483:"Technology Sector Snapshot"
2470:Han, Kamber & Pei (2011)
2458:Han, Kamber & Pei (2011)
2446:Han, Kamber & Pei (2011)
1809:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5
1599:"Computing's Golden Jubilee"
1532:10.1126/science.211.4479.283
698:personally connected to the
480:Looking at early computing,
351:and mathematical methods to
142:Related fields and subfields
2931:Database Management Systems
2135:Khurshudov, Andrei (2001),
1880:Bassett, Ross Knox (2007).
1468:. Oxford University Press.
1297:Forbes Technology Council,
1034:In a business context, the
443:. The Zuse Z3 is the first
226:Quantum information science
4133:
3909:computational neuroscience
3813:human–computer interaction
2799:Chaudhuri, P. Pal (2004),
2584:Proctor, K. Scott (2011),
2352:Ward & Dafoulas (2006)
2301:Ward & Dafoulas (2006)
1735:10.1142/9789814503464_0076
1176:in collaboration with the
1149:accessing online databases
1120:
890:extensible markup language
835:
755:
720:Electronic data processing
717:
450:
47:
40:
29:
4013:philosophy of information
3037:Price, Wilson T. (1981),
2951:, vol. 2, Springer,
2933:, Cengage Learning EMEA,
2857:Lavington, Simon (1998),
2839:Lavington, Simon (1980),
2739:Reynolds, George (2009),
2588:, John Wiley & Sons,
1388:"Management in the 1980s"
1330:10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512
896:, it is commonly held in
27:Computer-based technology
3803:brain–computer interface
2659:Publishing, Value Line.
2367:Database System Concepts
873:(RDBMS) was released by
601:University of Manchester
3992:artificial intelligence
3922:in cognitive psychology
3875:Information processing
3488:Electromagnetic warfare
2997:Oxford University Press
2841:Early British Computers
2244:10.1126/science.1200970
1392:Harvard Business Review
1022:Artificial Intelligence
748:to store and represent
628:Fairchild Semiconductor
610:technology include the
578:stored-program computer
495:artificial intelligence
339:Harvard Business Review
4107:Information technology
3987:computational circuits
3982:information structures
3838:bio-inspired computing
3758:Information processors
3638:Information processing
3458:Automotive electronics
3407:Robotic vacuum cleaner
3367:Information technology
3172:Electronic engineering
3111:Information technology
3109:Quotations related to
3099:Information technology
3087:Information technology
2875:Pardede, Eric (2009),
2000:. . London: Routledge.
1254:Cosker, Glynn (2023),
925:
753:
729:
687:information technology
466:
448:
435:replica on display at
334:information technology
266:Information technology
191:Information technology
113:Knowledge organization
34:. For other uses, see
4117:Mass media technology
4071:Decoding the Universe
3943:cognitive informatics
3877:theories and concepts
3645:Information processes
3392:Portable media player
3265:Molecular electronics
3260:Low-power electronics
3070:. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
2947:Weik, Martin (2000),
2109:The Manchester Mark 1
1650:10.1049/esej:19980301
1152:Web sites installing
923:
888:In recent years, the
808:introduced the first
740:
727:
591:in the late 1940s at
521:mechanical calculator
509:Antikythera mechanism
463:Antikythera mechanism
460:
431:
302:communications system
278:programming languages
201:Intellectual property
171:Computer data storage
4112:Intellectual capital
4077:information overload
3952:behavior informatics
3843:ubiquitous computing
3586:Terahertz technology
3567:Open-source hardware
3523:Consumer electronics
3493:Electronics industry
3255:Flexible electronics
3162:Analogue electronics
3101:at Wikimedia Commons
2743:, Cengage Learning,
1178:University of Oxford
1043:Information services
898:relational databases
552:machine. During the
527:Electronic computers
196:Intellectual freedom
3961:in computer science
3900:genetic informatics
3562:Nuclear electronics
3387:Networking hardware
3290:Quantum electronics
3275:Organic electronics
3197:Printed electronics
3167:Digital electronics
2333:on 25 December 2013
2285:on 18 January 2012.
2235:2011Sci...332...60H
2116:on 21 November 2008
1801:1960JPCS...14..131L
1524:1981Sci...211..283S
1355:Butler, Jeremy G.,
857:, but in the 1970s
587:The development of
409:(1940 to present).
405:(1840 — 1940), and
61:Information science
36:It (disambiguation)
4034:information theory
3973:computation theory
3968:neural computation
3904:cellular computing
3808:physical computing
3540:Marine electronics
3513:Integrated circuit
3432:Video game console
3230:2020s in computing
3212:Thermal management
2537:"Cyberstates 2016"
2495:on 13 January 2017
2488:The New York Times
2166:, Academic Press,
2045:(4), Summer 1992,
1851:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1822:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1758:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1721:KAHNG, D. (1961).
1142:Unsolicited emails
1123:Information ethics
1011:Commercial effects
937:telecommunications
926:
754:
730:
612:integrated circuit
475:Harvard University
467:
449:
362:for computers and
298:information system
296:) is generally an
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4027:interdisciplinary
3870:
3869:
3753:
3752:
3735:stream processing
3725:signal processing
3720:sign processesing
3604:
3603:
3581:Radio electronics
3207:Schematic capture
3192:Power electronics
3097:Media related to
3048:978-4-8337-0012-2
2976:978-94-007-4131-7
2958:978-0-7923-8425-0
2940:978-1-84480-452-8
2922:978-3-642-19344-6
2904:978-1-56159-248-7
2886:978-1-60566-308-1
2868:978-1-902505-01-5
2850:978-0-7190-0810-8
2832:978-0-12-381479-1
2810:978-81-203-1254-8
2792:978-81-203-3345-1
2750:978-0-538-74622-9
2725:978-0-521-85549-5
2595:978-1-118-10263-3
2565:. 22 October 2020
2377:978-0-07-741800-7
2173:978-0-12-734570-3
2148:978-0-130-92739-2
2141:, Prentice Hall,
2057:on 28 August 2017
1769:978-3-540-34258-8
1744:978-981-02-0209-5
1708:10.1149/1.2428650
1617:on 9 January 2012
1518:(4479): 283–285,
1483:978-0-19-976666-6
1210:Knowledge society
1200:IT infrastructure
964:telecommunication
929:Data transmission
776:delay-line memory
672:personal computer
620:Texas Instruments
614:(IC) invented by
593:Bell Laboratories
539:electromechanical
486:J. Presper Eckert
403:electromechanical
388:telecom equipment
376:computer hardware
364:computer networks
344:Harold J. Leavitt
263:
262:
16:(Redirected from
4124:
3947:neuroinformatics
3881:
3848:artificial brain
3762:
3745:state processing
3740:agent processing
3715:event processing
3649:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3576:Radio navigation
3473:Data acquisition
3182:Microelectronics
3141:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3051:
2999:
2979:
2961:
2943:
2925:
2907:
2889:
2871:
2853:
2835:
2821:(3rd ed.),
2813:
2803:, PHI Learning,
2795:
2785:, PHI Learning,
2768:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2667:. Archived from
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2491:. Archived from
2479:
2473:
2472:, p. xxiii.
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2326:, archived from
2321:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2287:
2286:
2281:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2216:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2084:, archived from
2073:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2053:, archived from
2031:
2025:
2022:Lavington (1998)
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1613:, archived from
1594:
1588:
1585:Lavington (1980)
1582:
1576:
1573:Chaudhuri (2004)
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1365:on 5 August 2012
1352:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1230:
1226:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
792:cathode ray tube
646:in 1959,and the
554:Second World War
437:Deutsches Museum
414:computer science
308:— including all
255:
248:
241:
176:Cultural studies
57:
21:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4048:
4039:decision theory
4022:
3996:
3956:
3917:
3895:systems biology
3876:
3866:
3857:virtual reality
3817:
3786:
3749:
3730:data processing
3703:
3699:decision-making
3640:
3635:
3605:
3600:
3533:Small appliance
3528:Major appliance
3508:Home automation
3498:Embedded system
3453:Audio equipment
3441:
3437:Washing machine
3362:Home theater PC
3318:Central heating
3313:Air conditioner
3305:
3299:
3270:Nanoelectronics
3222:
3216:
3187:Optoelectronics
3177:Instrumentation
3150:
3145:
3077:
3049:
3036:
2990:
2987:
2985:Further reading
2982:
2977:
2964:
2959:
2946:
2941:
2928:
2923:
2910:
2905:
2892:
2887:
2874:
2869:
2856:
2851:
2838:
2833:
2823:Morgan Kaufmann
2816:
2811:
2798:
2793:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2671:on 20 June 2021
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
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2557:
2556:
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2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
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2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:, p. xiii.
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2229:(6025): 60–65,
2218:
2217:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2088:on 21 June 2006
2078:"Magnetic drum"
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:. p. 120.
1821:
1820:
1816:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
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1429:
1427:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1190:
1170:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1045:
1013:
999:
986:
981:
956:
918:
883:database schema
867:predicate logic
840:
834:
810:hard disk drive
800:Ferranti Mark 1
760:
746:early computers
735:
722:
716:
714:Data processing
660:Masatoshi Shima
656:Federico Faggin
597:Ferranti Mark I
582:Manchester Baby
529:, using either
513:analog computer
455:
426:
401:(1450 — 1840),
353:decision-making
306:computer system
259:
230:
137:
68:General aspects
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4044:systems theory
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3913:neurocomputing
3906:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:mind uploading
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
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3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:Communications
3588:
3583:
3578:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3518:Home appliance
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Home appliance
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Control system
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Microwave oven
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Bioelectronics
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
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3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3089:at Wikiversity
3076:
3075:External links
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3034:
3031:Pantheon Books
3018:
3001:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2962:
2957:
2944:
2939:
2926:
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2890:
2885:
2872:
2867:
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2770:
2769:
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2749:
2731:
2724:
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2682:
2651:
2626:
2601:
2594:
2576:
2550:
2528:
2506:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2434:Pardede (2009)
2423:
2421:, p. 361.
2411:
2407:Pardede (2009)
2396:
2392:Pardede (2009)
2384:
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2179:
2172:
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2127:
2099:
2068:
2026:
2014:
2012:, p. 178.
2002:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1922:
1903:
1896:
1890:. p. 46.
1872:
1865:
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1750:
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1713:
1682:
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1644:(3): 100–106,
1628:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 279.
1553:
1502:
1489:
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1454:
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1442:
1424:978-0199568758
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1323:(2): 151–161.
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855:hierarchically
836:Main article:
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822:analog devices
756:Main article:
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648:microprocessor
640:planar process
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3993:
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3898:
3896:
3892:
3891:computational
3889:
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3879:
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3862:virtual world
3860:
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3827:
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3798:mixed reality
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3323:Clothes dryer
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3202:Semiconductor
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3021:Gleick, James
3019:
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2563:TechNewsWorld
2560:
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2280:
2279:The Economist
2276:
2270:
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2258:
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2240:
2236:
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2228:
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2190:
2187:Wu, Suzanne,
2183:
2180:
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2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1945:
1942:. June 2018.
1941:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1897:9780801886393
1893:
1889:
1885:
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1862:
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1837:9783540342588
1833:
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1639:
1632:
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1600:
1593:
1590:
1587:, p. 11.
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:Wright (2012)
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
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1479:
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1318:
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997:Search system
996:
994:
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953:
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803:
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796:magnetic drum
793:
789:
788:Williams tube
785:
784:random-access
781:
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769:
765:
759:
751:
747:
744:were used in
743:
742:Punched tapes
739:
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726:
721:
713:
711:
707:
703:
701:
695:
693:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
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665:
664:Stanley Mazor
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
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625:
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617:
613:
609:
608:semiconductor
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
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575:
571:
567:
563:
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551:
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498:
496:
491:
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373:
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340:
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330:
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323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
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299:
295:
291:
287:
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275:
271:
267:
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251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
236:
234:
233:
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219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Data modeling
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:Bibliometrics
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
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101:
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94:
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75:
73:
72:
69:
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3938:intelligence
3637:
3446:Applications
3427:Water heater
3402:Refrigerator
3382:Mobile phone
3366:
3285:Piezotronics
3113:at Wikiquote
3067:
3056:
3038:
3029:. New York:
3024:
3004:
2992:
2966:
2948:
2930:
2915:, Springer,
2912:
2894:
2876:
2858:
2840:
2818:
2800:
2782:
2774:Bibliography
2759:
2740:
2734:
2715:
2709:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2664:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2614:VentureRadar
2613:
2604:
2585:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:the original
2486:
2477:
2465:
2460:, p. 8.
2453:
2448:, p. 5.
2441:
2414:
2409:, p. 4.
2394:, p. 2.
2387:
2366:
2359:
2354:, p. 3.
2347:
2335:, retrieved
2328:the original
2315:
2308:
2303:, p. 2.
2283:the original
2278:
2269:
2226:
2220:
2199:10 September
2197:, retrieved
2192:
2182:
2163:
2157:
2137:
2130:
2118:, retrieved
2114:the original
2108:
2102:
2090:, retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2071:
2059:, retrieved
2055:the original
2042:
2039:Resurrection
2038:
2029:
2024:, p. 1.
2017:
2005:
1997:
1981:
1976:
1971:. (4th ed.).
1968:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:
1906:
1882:
1875:
1852:
1846:
1823:
1817:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1759:
1753:
1726:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1666:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1619:, retrieved
1615:the original
1603:Resurrection
1602:
1592:
1580:
1575:, p. 3.
1568:
1556:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1464:
1457:
1445:
1435:
1428:, retrieved
1412:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1367:, retrieved
1363:the original
1357:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:
1268:
1259:
1249:
1224:
1171:
1162:data brokers
1126:
1049:data brokers
1046:
1033:
1026:
1014:
1000:
991:
987:
969:
957:
954:Manipulation
941:
933:broadcasting
927:
916:Transmission
894:file systems
887:
879:
841:
804:
768:punched tape
766:made use of
761:
758:Data storage
708:
704:
696:
686:
682:
680:
650:invented by
624:Robert Noyce
605:
586:
570:programmable
564:computer to
546:programmable
525:
499:
490:John Mauchly
479:
468:
461:This is the
445:programmable
411:
396:
357:
337:
333:
331:
321:
293:
289:
269:
265:
264:
216:Preservation
190:
83:Architecture
54:
32:Tech support
3553:electronics
3357:Home cinema
3295:Spintronics
3235:Atomtronics
3148:Electronics
2419:Weik (2000)
1953:17 December
1939:Nobel Prize
1795:: 131–136.
1729:: 583–596.
1278:Law Insider
1168:IT projects
1018:cost center
973:data mining
960:Moore's law
685:, the term
644:Jean Hoerni
632:Carl Frosch
589:transistors
505:tally stick
482:Alan Turing
349:statistical
186:Informatics
4096:Categories
4060:infosphere
3978:algorithms
3884:in biology
3829:processors
3822:artificial
3659:perception
3557:Multimedia
3547:technology
3422:Television
3352:Home robot
3342:Dishwasher
3304:Electronic
2665:Value Line
2543:12 January
2521:12 January
2499:12 January
2120:24 January
1912:US 3025589
1702:(9): 547.
1672:US2802760A
1437:telephone.
1237:References
863:set theory
616:Jack Kilby
574:electronic
473:(MIT) and
407:electronic
399:mechanical
392:e-commerce
372:telephones
368:television
342:; authors
327:meticulous
322:IT project
318:peripheral
288:(ICT). An
161:Censorship
123:Philosophy
93:Management
18:IT systems
4102:Computers
3833:processes
3684:reasoning
3674:operating
3669:influence
3664:attention
3545:Microwave
3417:Telephone
3306:equipment
3280:Photonics
3061:Cambridge
3015:2222-9280
2539:. CompTIA
2261:206531385
2092:21 August
2051:0958-7403
1658:0963-7346
1611:0958-7403
1540:0036-8075
1339:2776-3242
1242:Citations
1029:computers
944:protocols
832:Databases
814:305 RAMAC
550:computing
447:computer.
294:IT system
98:Retrieval
3689:learning
3595:Wireless
3551:Military
3483:e-health
3463:Avionics
3332:Notebook
3328:Computer
3221:Advanced
3155:Branches
2639:Index.co
2569:22 March
2517:. TechUK
2337:7 August
2253:21310967
2193:USC News
2061:19 April
1944:Archived
1621:19 April
1548:17748027
1430:1 August
1369:2 August
1188:See also
1174:McKinsey
979:Services
946:such as
906:machine-
859:Ted Codd
838:Database
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772:obsolete
764:Colossus
700:Internet
652:Ted Hoff
580:was the
576:digital
558:Colossus
384:internet
380:software
314:software
310:hardware
274:software
133:Taxonomy
118:Ontology
88:Behavior
3765:natural
3694:storing
3347:Freezer
3023:(2011).
2675:8 March
2644:8 March
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2231:Bibcode
2222:Science
1797:Bibcode
1520:Bibcode
1512:Science
1283:11 July
1158:spyware
1154:cookies
1147:Hackers
818:CD-ROMs
733:Storage
694:(ISO).
678:(ICT).
566:decrypt
562:digital
542:Zuse Z3
501:Devices
433:Zuse Z3
424:History
360:synonym
221:Privacy
108:Society
103:Seeking
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280:, and
211:Memory
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4053:other
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3591:Wired
3572:Radar
3397:Radio
2331:(PDF)
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1947:(PDF)
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984:Email
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3980:and
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2094:2011
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1335:ISSN
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948:SOAP
908:and
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