347:: Sometimes, the copper IUD can be spontaneously expelled from the uterus. Expulsion rates can range from 2.2% to 11.4% of users from the first year to the 10th year. The TCu380A may have lower rates of expulsion than other models. Unusual vaginal discharge, cramping or pain, spotting between periods, postcoital (after sex) spotting, dyspareunia, or the absence or lengthening of the strings can be signs of a possible expulsion. If expulsion occurs, the woman is not protected against pregnancy. If an IUD with copper is inserted after an expulsion has occurred, the risk of re-expulsion has been estimated in one study to be approximately one third of cases after one year.
2567:
metal frame and the specific action of the medication (copper or levonorgestrel) that is released. Exposure to a foreign body causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the intrauterine environment that is toxic to sperm and ova and impairs implantation. The production of cytotoxic peptides and activation of enzymes lead to inhibition of sperm motility, reduced sperm capacitation and survival, and increased phagocytosis of sperm. The TCu380A causes an increase in copper ions, enzymes, prostaglandins, and white blood cells (macrophages) in uterine and tubal fluids; these impair sperm function and prevent fertilization.
3768:
not indicate that embryos are formed in IUD users at a rate comparable to that of nonusers. The common belief that the usual mechanism of action of IUDs in women is the destruction of embryos in the uterus is not supported by empirical evidence. The bulk of the data indicate that interference with the reproductive process after fertilization has taken place is exceptional in the presence of a T-Cu or LNG-IUD and that the usual mechanism by which they prevent pregnancy in women is by preventing fertilization.
327:(EC). The copper IUD is the most effective form of emergency contraception. It is more effective than the hormonal EC pills currently available. The pregnancy rate among those using the copper IUD for EC is 0.09%. It can be used for EC up to five days after the act of unprotected sex and does not decrease in effectiveness during the five days. An additional advantage of using the copper IUD for emergency contraception is that it can be used as a form of birth control for 10–12 years after insertion.
445:
311:
380 mm of copper have the lowest failure rates. The TCu 380A (ParaGard) has a one-year failure rate of 0.8% and a cumulative 12-year failure rate of 2.2%. Over 12 years of use, the models with less surface area of copper have higher failure rates. The TCu 220A has a 12-year failure rate of 5.8%. The frameless GyneFix has a failure rate of less than 1% per year. Worldwide, older IUD models with lower effectiveness rates are no longer produced.
717:. The IUD is placed using a narrow tube, which is inserted through the cervix into the uterus. Short monofilament plastic/nylon strings hang down from the uterus into the vagina. The clinician will trim the threads so that they only protrude 3 to 4 cm out of the cervix and remain in the upper vagina. The strings allow the patient or clinician to periodically check to ensure the IUD is still in place and to enable easy removal of the device.
734:
652:. However, there are "frameless" copper IUDs available as well. ParaGard is the only model currently available in the United States. At least three copper IUD models are available in Canada, two of which are slimmer T-shape versions used for women who have not had children. Early copper IUDs had copper around only the vertical stem, but more recent models have copper sleeves wrapped around the horizontal arms as well, increasing effectiveness.
1586:
355:
1430:
5040:
1421:; the thread is then cut with a tail hanging outside of the cervix, similar to framed IUDs, or looped back into the cervical canal for patient comfort. When this tail is pulled, the anchor is released and the device can be removed. This requires more force than removing a T-shaped IUD and results in comparable discomfort during removal.
1465:
Europe, the prevalence is around 20%. As of 2009, levels of IUD use in the United States are estimated to be 5.5%. Data in the United States does not distinguish between hormonal and non-hormonal IUDs. In Europe, copper IUD prevalence ranges from under 5% in the United
Kingdom to over 10% in Denmark in 2006.
3909:
IUDs that release copper or levonorgestrel are extremely effective contraceptives... Both copper IUDs and levonorgestrel-releasing IUSs may interfere with implantation, although this may not be the primary mechanism of action. The devices also create barriers to sperm transport and fertilization, and
3843:
The common belief that the usual mechanism of action of IUDs in women is destruction of embryos in the uterus is not supported by empirical evidence... Because concern over the mechanism of action represents a barrier to acceptance of this important and highly effective method for some women and some
3767:
Active substances released from the IUD or IUS, together with products derived from the inflammatory reaction present in the luminal fluids of the genital tract, are toxic for spermatozoa and oocytes, preventing the encounter of healthy gametes and the formation of viable embryos. The current data do
655:
Some newer models also contain a silver core instead of a plastic core to delay copper fragmentation as well as increase the lifespan of the device. The lifespan of the devices range from 3 years to 10 years; however, some studies have demonstrated that the TCu 380A may be effective through 12 years.
3997:
When used as a regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%. This
1571:
Tatum developed many different models of the copper IUD. He created the TCu220 C, which had copper collars as opposed to a copper filament, which prevented metal loss and increased the lifespan of the device. Second-generation copper-T IUDs were also introduced in the 1970s. These devices had higher
314:
Unlike other forms of reversible contraception, the typical use failure rate and the perfect use failure rate for the copper IUDs are the same because the IUD does not depend on user action. A 2008 review of the available T-shaped copper IUDs recommended that the TCu 380A and the TCu 280S be used as
1522:
that contained a supportive structure in the center. The addition of this central disc lowered the IUD's expulsion rate. These devices still had high rates of infection, and their use and development were further stifled by World War II politics: contraception was forbidden in both Nazi
Germany and
741:
Many different types of copper IUDs are currently manufactured worldwide, but availability varies by country. In the United States, only one type of copper IUD is approved for use, while in the United
Kingdom, over ten varieties are available. One company, Mona Lisa N.V., offers generic versions of
720:
The copper IUD can be inserted at any time in a woman's menstrual cycle as long as the woman is not pregnant. An IUD can also be inserted immediately postpartum and post-abortion as long as no infection has occurred. Breastfeeding is not a contraindication for the use of the copper IUD. The IUD can
2566:
Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, currently available IUCs work primarily by preventing sperm from fertilizing ova. IUCs are not abortifacients: they do not interrupt an implanted pregnancy. Pregnancy is prevented by a combination of the "foreign body effect" of the plastic or
1510:
of
Germany published a report on an IUD made of silk sutures. He had found a 3% pregnancy rate among 1,100 women using his ring. In 1930, Gräfenberg reported a lower pregnancy rate of 1.6% among 600 women using an improved ring wrapped in silver wire. Unbeknownst to Gräfenberg, the silver wire was
1464:
Globally, the IUD is the most widely used method of reversible birth control. The most recent data indicates that there are 169 million IUD users around the world. This includes both the nonhormonal and hormonal IUDs. IUDs are most popular in Asia, where the prevalence is almost 30%. In Africa and
335:
Removal of the copper IUD should also be performed by a qualified medical practitioner. Fertility has been shown to return to previous levels quickly after removal of the device. One study found that the median amount of time from removal to planned pregnancy was three months for those women using
3945:
Another method of emergency contraception is the insertion of a copper IUD, anytime during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and up to 5 days after ovulation. The failure rate (in a small number of studies) is very low, 0.1%. This method definitely prevents implantation, but it is not
310:
and are one of the most effective forms of birth control available. The type of frame and amount of copper can affect the effectiveness of different copper IUD models. The failure rates for different models vary between 0.1 and 2.2% after 1 year of use. The T-shaped models with a surface area of
3804:
Nonmedicated IUDs depend for contraception on the general reaction of the uterus to a foreign body. It is believed that this reaction, a sterile inflammatory response, produces tissue injury of a minor degree but sufficient enough to be spermicidal. Very few, if any, sperm reach the ovum in the
402:
procedures have little or no effect on the course of gonorrhea or chlamydia infections but are important in helping protect both clients and providers from infection in general. Such infection prevention practices include washing hands and then putting on gloves, cleaning the cervix and vagina,
681:
A copper IUD can be inserted at any phase of the menstrual cycle, but the optimal time is right after the menstrual period when the cervix is softest and the woman is least likely to be pregnant. The insertion process generally takes five minutes or less. The procedure can cause cramping or be
3902:
In conclusion, IUDs may exert their contraceptive action at different levels. Potentially, they interfere with sperm function and transport within the uterus and tubes. It is difficult to determine whether fertilization of the oocyte is impaired by these compromised sperm. There is sufficient
1567:
plastic IUD (which had a multifilament tail) was manufactured by the A. H. Robins
Company and sold by Robins in the United States for three and a half years from January 1971 through June 1974, before sales were suspended by Robins on June 28, 1974, at the request of the FDA because of safety
1555:
Howard Tatum, in the US, conceived the plastic T-shaped IUD in 1968. Shortly thereafter Jaime Zipper, in Chile, introduced the idea of adding copper to the devices to improve their contraceptive effectiveness. It was found that copper-containing devices could be made in smaller sizes without
1401:
The frameless IUD eliminates the use of the frame that gives conventional IUDs their signature T-shape. This change in design was made to reduce discomfort and expulsion associated with prior IUDs; without a solid frame, the frameless IUD should mold to the shape of the uterus. It may reduce
721:
be inserted in women with HIV or AIDS as it does not increase the risk of transmission. Although previously not recommended for nulliparous women (women who have not had children), the IUD is now recommended for most women who are past menarche (their first period), including adolescents.
462:
to a woman using an IUD is lower than the risk of ectopic pregnancy to a woman using no form of birth control. However, of pregnancies that do occur during IUD use, a higher than expected percentage (3–4%) are ectopic. If pregnancy occurs with the IUD in place there is a higher risk of
3331:
3807:
The copper IUD releases free copper and copper salts that have both a biochemical and morphological impact on the endometrium and also produce alterations in cervical mucus and endometrial secretions... An additional spermicidal effect probably takes place in the cervical
3903:
evidence to suggest that IUDs can prevent and disrupt implantation. The extent to which this interference contributes to its contraceptive action is unknown. The data are scanty and the political consequences of resolving this issue interfere with comprehensive research.
1534:, was introduced in 1958. This device was somewhat large, causing discomfort to a large proportion of women users, and had a hard plastic tail, causing discomfort to their male partners. The modern colloquialism "coil" is based on the coil-shaped design of early IUDs.
3844:
clinicians, it is important to point out that there is no evidence to suggest that the mechanism of action of IUDs is abortifacient... the principal mechanism of action of the copper T 380A IUD is to interfere with sperm action, preventing fertilization of the ovum.
380:: Very rarely, the IUD can move through the wall of the uterus. Risk of perforation is mostly determined by the skill of the practitioner performing the insertion. For experienced medical practitioners, the risk of perforation is 1 per 1,000 insertions or less.
3801:
The contraceptive action of all IUDs is mainly in the intrauterine cavity. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an abortifacient. It is currently believed that the mechanism of action for IUDs is the production of an intrauterine environment that is
3899:
Thus, both clinical and experimental evidence suggests that IUDs can prevent and disrupt implantation. It is unlikely, however, that this is the main IUD mode of action, … The best evidence indicates that in IUD users it is unusual for embryos to reach the
516:
A category 3 condition indicates conditions where the theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of inserting a copper IUD. A category 4 condition indicates conditions that represent an unacceptable health risk if a copper IUD is inserted.
1673:
acquired GynoPharma and began marketing
Paragard in the U.S. On January 1, 2004, FEI Women's Health acquired the patent from the Population Council and U.S. marketing rights from Ortho-McNeil. On November 10, 2005, Duramed Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of
315:
the first choice for copper IUDs because those two models have the lowest failure rates and the longest lifespans. The effectiveness of the copper IUD (failure rate of 0.8%) is comparable to tubal sterilization (failure rate of 0.5%) for the first year.
3946:
suitable for women who are not candidates for intrauterine contraception, e.g., multiple sexual partners or a rape victim. The use of a copper IUD for emergency contraception is expensive, but not if it is retained as an ongoing method of contraception.
403:
making minimal contact with non-sterile surfaces (using a no-touch insertion technique), and, after the procedure, washing hands again and then processing instruments. The device itself carries no increased risk of PID beyond the time of insertion.
3805:
fallopian tube… In women using copper IUDs, sensitive assays for human chorionic gonadotropin do not find evidence of fertilization. This is consistent with the fact that the copper IUD protects against both intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies.
47:
572:
between 48 hours and 4 weeks (increased IUD expulsion rate with delayed postpartum insertion). The CDC and WHO criteria differ in their recommendation for women postpartum between 48 hours and 4 weeks. The CDC does not list this as a
3335:
1488:(where the stem held the pessary in place over the cervix), the 'stem' on these devices actually extended into the uterus itself. Because they occupied both the vagina and the uterus, this type of stem pessary was also known as an
724:
After the insertion is finished, normal activities such as sex, exercise, and swimming can be performed as soon as it feels comfortable. Strenuous physical activity does not affect the position of the IUD.
647:
There are a number of models of copper IUDs available around the world. Most copper devices consist of a plastic core that is wrapped in a copper wire. Many of the devices have a T-shape similar to the
4577:
1572:
surface areas of copper, and for the first time consistently achieved effectiveness rates of greater than 99%. The last model Tatum developed was the TCu380A, the model that is most recommended today.
1568:
concerns following reports of 110 septic spontaneous abortions in women with the Dalkon Shield in place, seven of whom had died. Robins stopped international sales of the Dalkon Shield in April 1975.
1448:
Although not a primary mechanism of action, some experts in human reproduction believe there is sufficient evidence to suggest that IUDs with copper can disrupt implantation, especially when used for
4000:
Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA, the
National Institutes of Health and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
4138:
1669:(FDA) and FEI began manufacturing it for distribution outside the United States in 1984. GynoPharma (originally GynoMed) began marketing it in the U.S. in May 1988. On August 2, 1995,
5065:
1437:
The copper IUD's primary mechanism of action is to prevent fertilization. Copper acts as a spermicide within the uterus. The presence of copper increases the levels of copper ions,
1548:
single-ring IUD was developed in the 1970s and widely used in China because of low manufacturing costs. The
Chinese government banned production of steel IUDs in 1993 due to high
3856:
2334:
1693:
660:
4520:
3655:
Wu S, Hu J, Wildemeersch D (February 2000). "Performance of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A IUDs in a 3-year multicenter, randomized, comparative trial in parous women".
3481:
1473:
According to popular legend, Arab traders inserted small stones into the uteruses of their camels to prevent pregnancy during long desert treks. The story was originally a
1692:
The original FDA approval of
Paragard in 1984 was for 4 years continuous use, this was later extended to 6 years in 1989, then 8 years in 1991, then 10 years in 1994. (
701:
Immediately prior to insertion, the clinician will perform a pelvic exam to determine the position of the uterus. After the pelvic exam, the vagina is held open with a
2884:
2673:
Bahamondes L, DĂaz J, Marchi NM, Petta CA, Cristofoletti ML, Gomez G (November 1995). "Performance of copper intrauterine devices when inserted after an expulsion".
4616:
3356:
3292:
4764:
3820:
Jensen JT, Mishell DR Jr (2012). "Family planning: contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination". In Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL (eds.).
1810:
2810:"Does insertion of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review"
88:
4569:
4925:
3217:
1666:
4060:
1678:, acquired FEI Women's Health and Paragard. On July 18, 2008, it was announced that Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. would acquire Barr Pharmaceuticals.
3513:
3061:
690:
by a medical professional is useful to check for any contraindications or concerns. It is also recommended by some clinicians that patients be tested for
3736:
Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action".
2861:
625:
275:
in the first three weeks after insertion. It is recommended for people who don't tolerate or hardly tolerate hormonal contraceptives. If a woman becomes
2626:
2131:
Kulier R, O'Brien P, Helmerhorst FM, Usher-Patel M, d'Arcangues C (2008). "Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception (Review)".
4797:
3378:
2238:
4356:
4199:
4172:
2974:
Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O (1992). "Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective".
471:
IUD was associated with septic abortions (infections associated with miscarriage), other brands of IUD are not. IUDs are also not associated with
4146:
2529:
Dean G, Schwarz EB (2011). "Intrauterine contraceptives (IUCs)". In
Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W Jr, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).
639:
women (women who have never given birth) is not a contraindication for IUD use. IUDs are safe and acceptable even in young nulliparous women.
409:: Some women can feel cramping during the IUD insertion process and immediately after as a result of cervix dilation during insertion. Taking
4817:
3967:
3931:
3829:
3789:
2538:
2039:
2008:
1953:
1890:
1788:
1749:
295:
4962:
4670:
4020:
410:
307:
284:
3910:
sensitive assays detect hCG in less than 1% of cycles, indicating that significant prevention must occur before the stage of implantation.
256:
and lasts up to twelve years. It may be used by women of all ages regardless of whether or not they have had children. Following removal,
3399:
3311:
2585:
Belhadj, H, et al. (1986). "Recovery of fertility after use of the Levonorgestrel 20 mcg/d or copper T 380 Ag intrauterine device".
2045:
2014:
1896:
1755:
351:(MRI) may cause dislocation of a copper IUD, and it is therefore recommended to check the location of the IUD both before and after MRI.
5060:
4640:
4609:
3958:
Trussell J, Schwarz EB (2011). "Emergency contraception". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W Jr, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).
3418:
1549:
3542:
1918:
467:
or early delivery. If this occurs and the IUD strings are visible, the IUD should be removed immediately by a clinician. Although the
4379:
2101:
1560:
such as pain and bleeding. T-shaped devices had lower rates of expulsion due to their greater similarity to the shape of the uterus.
4774:
4114:
4046:
3998:
very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization.
3470:
3119:
2958:
1860:
1625:
591:
537:
2421:
Cheng, L, Gulmezoglu, AM, Piaggio, G, Ezcurra, E, Van Look, PF (2008). Cheng L (ed.). "Interventions for emergency contraception".
4759:
1541:, a slightly smaller device with a monofilament tail, was introduced in 1962 and gained in popularity over the Margulies device.
1456:
than women not using contraception. Therefore, the copper IUD is considered to be a true contraceptive and not an abortifacient.
4660:
3605:
2770:
WHO Scientific Group on the Mechanism of Action Safety and Efficacy of Intrauterine Devices, World Health Organization (1987).
421:
6 to 12 hrs before insertion can help with cervical dilation. Some women may have cramps for 1 to 2 weeks following insertion.
268:
252:. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control with a one-year failure rate around 0.7%. The device is placed in the
4273:
2710:"Magnetic Field Interactions of Copper-Containing Intrauterine Devices in 3.0-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging: In Vivo Study"
2271:
4789:
4602:
3692:"Comparative trial of the force required for, and pain of, removing GyneFix versus Gyne-T380S following randomised insertion"
3634:
2789:
1686:
1607:
610:
169:
4443:"The TCu380A Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUD): Specification, Prequalification and Guidelines for Procurement, 2010"
4779:
5030:
3922:
Speroff L, Darney PD (2011). "Special uses of oral contraception: emergency contraception, the progestin-only minipill".
2907:
4460:
4442:
3576:
3296:
483:
448:
435:
may increase by 20–50% after insertion of a copper-T IUD; This symptom may clear up for some women after 3 to 6 months.
358:
1773:
1670:
1603:
491:
387:
272:
205:
4477:
4545:
1642:. It is the only copper-containing intrauterine device approved for use in the U.S. (four hormonal uterine devices,
1496:
devices was associated with high rates of infection; for this reason, they were condemned by the medical community.
441:: For some women, the copper IUD may cause spotting between periods during the first 3 to 6 months after insertion.
4984:
4949:
348:
1596:
713:
may be used to measure the length and direction of the cervical canal and uterus in order to decrease the risk of
4862:
4807:
4068:
2936:
2457:"The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience"
1969:
1838:
617:
4495:
3505:
698:, as these two infections increase the risk of contracting pelvic inflammatory disease shortly after insertion.
4715:
4521:"Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Completes Acquisition Of FEI Company Women's Health And ParaGard(R) IUD Product"
3238:
Sivin I, Stern J (1979). "Long-acting, more effective Copper T IUDs: a summary of U.S. experience, 1970–1975".
3057:
2837:
3179:
2865:
2622:"Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device"
2162:
O'Brien PA, Marfleet C (25 January 2005). "Frameless versus classical intrauterine device for contraception".
1523:
Axis-allied Japan. The Allies did not learn of the work by Gräfenberg and Ota until well after the war ended.
3143:
Forthofer KV (2009). "A clinical review of the intrauterine device as an effective method of contraception".
458:: Although rare, if pregnancy does occur with the copper IUD in place there can be side effects. The risk of
4877:
2373:
1449:
487:
324:
264:
245:
193:
3370:
390:(PID) in the first 21 days after insertion. However, it is a small risk and is attributable to preexisting
4957:
4749:
4740:
4704:
2219:
370:
4839:
4802:
4696:
4347:
479:
4184:
444:
3332:"Increasing the Use of Contraceptive Implants and Intrauterine Devices To Reduce Unintended Pregnancy"
4867:
1682:
1675:
1662:
1639:
1405:
Gynefix is the only frameless IUD brand currently available. It consists of hollow copper tubes on a
687:
649:
399:
4342:
4992:
4967:
4769:
4681:
2708:
Berger-Kulemann V, Einspieler H, Hachemian N, Prayer D, Trattnig S, Weber M, Ba-Ssalamah A (2013).
1643:
1507:
714:
695:
607:
581:
472:
395:
280:
233:
5017:
4972:
4892:
4645:
4246:
3255:
3039:
3001:
2365:
2093:
1658:
702:
4016:
1519:
4207:
4997:
4320:
4254:
4110:
3981:
3973:
3963:
3927:
3885:
3825:
3785:
3753:
3713:
3672:
3403:
3350:
3315:
3263:
3209:
3201:
3160:
3111:
3031:
2993:
2954:
2899:
2829:
2785:
2747:
2729:
2690:
2655:
2602:
2552:
2544:
2534:
2486:
2434:
2403:
2357:
2315:
2230:
2183:
2175:
2144:
2085:
2035:
2029:
2004:
1998:
1949:
1886:
1880:
1856:
1802:
1794:
1784:
1745:
1739:
1651:
636:
459:
78:
4303:
Sivin I (1993). "Another look at the Dalkon Shield: meta-analysis underscores its problems".
4278:
Contraception Today, Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the European Society of Contraception
3429:
2229:(6). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program: 1–35.
1638:
The Paragard T-380A is an IUD with copper, manufactured and marketed in the United States by
151:
Check thread position after each period. Have removed shortly after menopause, if not before.
4418:
4312:
4238:
4106:
3875:
3745:
3703:
3664:
3534:
3247:
3191:
3152:
3101:
3023:
2985:
2944:
2870:
By the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved on Feb 14, 2010
2821:
2775:
2737:
2721:
2682:
2645:
2635:
2594:
2573:
Myth: IUCs are abortifacients. Fact: IUCs prevent fertilization and are true contraceptives.
2476:
2468:
2426:
2349:
2305:
2167:
2136:
2075:
1977:
1910:
1846:
1442:
733:
710:
414:
267:, and/or rarely the device may come out. It is less recommended for people at high risk of
5044:
4371:
2686:
2062:
Winner, B, Peipert, JF, Zhao, Q, Buckel, C, Madden, T, Allsworth, JE, Secura, GM. (2012).
1545:
1478:
1452:. Despite this, there has been no definitive evidence that IUD users have higher rates of
1414:
683:
505:
428:
249:
4042:
3086:
2063:
3749:
3196:
2825:
1515:'s role in increasing IUD efficacy would not be recognized until nearly 40 years later.
4897:
4723:
4372:"New Attention to the IUD: Expanding Women's Contraceptive Options To Meet Their Needs"
2742:
2709:
2650:
2621:
2481:
2456:
2310:
2293:
1557:
1453:
597:
3668:
3027:
1646:, Skyla, Liletta, and Kyleena are also approved). The Paragard consists of a T-shaped
5054:
4907:
4852:
4655:
4625:
4316:
4099:
3156:
2989:
2598:
1564:
1503:
publication in 1909, although the author appears to have never marketed his product.
1438:
1406:
468:
241:
31:
3597:
3005:
2369:
2097:
1499:
The first intrauterine device (contained entirely in the uterus) was described in a
4902:
4857:
4825:
4685:
4338:
4281:
4017:"Growth in World Contraceptive Use Stalling; 215 Million Women's Needs Still Unmet"
3926:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 153–166.
3784:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 239–280.
3043:
2430:
2267:
2171:
2140:
1702:
1697:
1647:
664:
3626:
4478:"Health: Birth Control; U.S. Experts Applaud Growth in Options for Contraception"
2353:
669:
4930:
4917:
4393:
1779:. In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W Jr, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).
1585:
464:
418:
362:
288:
4043:"Popularity Disparity: Attitudes About the IUD in Europe and the United States"
3708:
3691:
323:
It was first discovered in 1976 that the copper IUD could be used as a form of
17:
4272:
Van Kets H (1997). C. Coll Capdevila, L. Iglesias Cortit, G. Creatsas (eds.).
3014:
2976:
2725:
569:
3985:
3977:
3568:
3205:
2733:
2556:
2548:
2179:
1806:
1798:
1481:; although it was later repeated as truth, it has no known historical basis.
283:
may occur during insertion if not done properly. The copper IUD is a type of
4729:
4700:
3880:
3863:
2472:
1474:
706:
691:
603:
534:
391:
354:
257:
92:
46:
3889:
3757:
3717:
3676:
3213:
3164:
3115:
3106:
3035:
3012:
Grimes DA (2000). "Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection".
2903:
2833:
2751:
2659:
2490:
2438:
2361:
2319:
2187:
2148:
2089:
1974:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
4324:
4258:
4173:"Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception"
2997:
2694:
2606:
2234:
2080:
98:
4650:
3267:
2407:
451:
visualizing an IUD with copper in the optimal location within the uterus.
432:
276:
4594:
2949:
1982:
1661:
and Finishing Enterprises Inc. (FEI). The Population Council's Paragard
427:: The copper IUD may increase the amount of blood flow during a woman's
4250:
3259:
2780:
2640:
1851:
1610: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1500:
1485:
1429:
4570:"The Cooper Companies Completes Acquisition of Paragard IUD From Teva"
3334:. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Archived from
4847:
1512:
1418:
1410:
588:
494:(PID), a serious complication of certain STIs. IUDs, by contrast, do
366:
253:
237:
30:
This article is about non-hormone-based IUDs. For hormone-based, see
4242:
3251:
2809:
1948:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 557–559.
1484:
Precursors to IUDs were first marketed in 1902. Developed from stem
1402:
expulsion and discontinuation rates compared to framed copper IUDs.
545:
Have or may have had a pelvic infection within the past three months
3962:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 113–145.
2533:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 147–191.
1783:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863.
4280:. The Parthenon Publishing Group. pp. 112–116. Archived from
3859:
2394:
Lippes, J, Malik, T, Tatum, HJ (1976). "The postcoital copper-T".
1428:
732:
443:
353:
4394:"Paragard® (intrauterine copper contraceptive) - CooperSurgical"
2772:
Mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of intrauterine devices
1518:
In 1934, Japanese physician Tenrei Ota developed a variation of
630:
United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use
577:
504:
There exists anecdotal evidence linking copper IUDs to cases of
365:(rendered as bright) line at right, 3 centimeters away from the
294:
The copper IUD came into medical use in the 1970s. It is on the
4598:
3627:"SMB T 380A, Copper T IUD, SMB T 380A IUD, Copper T IUD Device"
3087:"U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016"
2333:
Committee On Practice Bulletins-Gynecology LA (November 2017).
1738:
Goodwin TM, Montoro MN, Muderspach L, Paulson R, Roy S (2010).
413:
before the procedure often reduces discomfort, as the use of a
4229:
Kaufman J (May–Jun 1993). "The cost of IUD failure in China".
2862:"Infection Prevention Practices for IUD Insertion and Removal"
1579:
4293:(Has pictures of many IUD designs, both historic and modern.)
2794:. World Health Organization technical report series; no. 753.
3085:
Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. (July 2016).
2885:"The occasional intrauterine contraceptive device insertion"
1882:
Women's Health, An Issue of Medical Clinics of North America
398:
at the time of insertion, and not to the IUD itself. Proper
4419:"IUD Birth Control | Info About Mirena & Paragard IUDs"
4343:"A Crime Against Women. A. H. Robins and the Dalkon Shield"
3780:
Speroff L, Darney PD (2011). "Intrauterine contraception".
2455:
Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstruck N, Cheng L, Trussel T (2012).
1741:
Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology
386:: The insertion of a copper IUD poses a transient risk of
279:
with an IUD in place removal is recommended. Very rarely,
2218:
Treiman K, Liskin L, Kols A, Rinehart W (December 1995).
1911:"IUD Birth Control Info About Mirena & ParaGard IUDs"
1413:
with a special applicator that anchors the thread to the
298:. They are used by more than 170 million women globally.
1986:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
3301:
Author: Omnia M Samra. Last Editorial Review: 5/18/2006
2064:"Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
1744:(5 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 494–496.
296:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
2034:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 290.
1657:
The Paragard T 380A was developed in the 1970s by the
1433:
A diagram showing a copper IUD in place in the uterus.
369:
at left. The IUD is surrounded by a hypoechoic (dark)
5028:
1477:
to entertain delegates at a scientific conference on
616:
A full list of contraindications can be found in the
1292:
Nitinol alloy cored frame. Brand name is Ballerine.
602:
Have very high individual likelihood of exposure to
5010:
4981:
4946:
4939:
4916:
4876:
4838:
4816:
4788:
4748:
4739:
4714:
4669:
4633:
2943:(5th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
200:
187:
179:
168:
163:
155:
147:
139:
131:
126:
118:
110:
105:
87:
77:
69:
61:
56:
39:
4098:
3824:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 215–272.
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3180:"Use of intrauterine devices in nulliparous women"
2941:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use
2227:Population Reports. Series B, Intrauterine Devices
2003:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 243.
622:Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use
4177:Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine)
3690:D'Souza RE, Bounds W, Guillebaud J (April 2003).
2261:
2259:
4461:"Approval Package for Application Number 18-680"
27:Birth control and emergency contraceptive device
4101:Contraception: A Guide to Birth Control Methods
3991:
3939:
3895:
3864:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems"
3837:
3797:
3763:
2562:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
1841:(2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.).
1556:compromising effectiveness, resulting in fewer
2571:Table 7-1. Myths and misconceptions about IUCs
2450:
2448:
5066:World Health Organization essential medicines
4610:
4200:"Ultrasound Interactive Case Study: Ring IUD"
3731:
3729:
3727:
2808:Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB (2006).
2524:
2522:
2520:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2057:
2055:
1845:. World Health Organization. pp. 370–2.
1650:frame wound with copper wire, along with two
8:
4887:
4145:. Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from
3330:ACOG Committee Opinion 450 (December 2009).
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
3355:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3320:By Dawn Stacey M.Ed. Updated April 30, 2010
3293:"Birth Control Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)"
2878:
2876:
2164:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1767:
1765:
520:Women should not use a copper IUD if they:
4943:
4745:
4651:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
4617:
4603:
4595:
4274:"Importance of intrauterine contraception"
3080:
3078:
2803:
2801:
2765:
2763:
2761:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1654:threads to aid in the removal of the IUD.
744:
626:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
551:Have unexplained abnormal vaginal bleeding
527:Are pregnant or think they may be pregnant
45:
4459:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
4132:
4130:
4128:
4084:Thomas P (1988-03-14). "Contraceptives".
3879:
3707:
3195:
3105:
3058:"Athena Hidden Dangers of the Copper Iud"
2948:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2779:
2741:
2649:
2639:
2480:
2309:
2079:
1981:
1885:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 507.
1850:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1626:Learn how and when to remove this message
709:is used to steady the cervix and uterus.
3312:"What To Expect During an IUD Insertion"
3178:Lohr PA, Lyus R, Prager S (2017-06-01).
2856:
2854:
2268:"Contraceptive Use in the United States"
1946:British national formulary : BNF 69
1874:
1872:
1390:WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
1366:WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
1342:WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
1318:WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
5035:
2627:International Journal of Women's Health
2423:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2133:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1940:
1938:
1936:
1715:
1218:Only copper IUD approved by the US FDA
682:painful. Before placement of an IUD, a
51:Photo of a common IUD (Paragard T 380A)
4219:(Has pictures of various IUD designs.)
4167:
4165:
4163:
4097:Bullough VL, Bullough, Bonnie (1990).
4010:
4008:
3506:"Nova-T 380 IUD (Intrauterine Device)"
3348:
2298:Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology
36:
4359:from the original on October 3, 2006.
3563:
3561:
3559:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
2883:Hutten-Czapski P, Goertzen J (2008).
2774:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2687:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135819
2244:from the original on October 29, 2013
1976:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1445:within the uterine and tubal fluids.
560:Having a septic pregnancy or abortion
361:showing a perforated copper IUD as a
208:in first 20 days following insertion.
191:Unnecessary to take any daily action.
97:
7:
4656:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
4546:"Teva Completes Acquisition of Barr"
4061:"A History of Birth Control Methods"
2294:"Sterilization in the United States"
1701:
1608:adding citations to reliable sources
668:
308:long-acting reversible contraception
285:long-acting reversible birth control
4641:Comparison of birth control methods
3750:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020
3197:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.08.011
2826:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.007
1921:from the original on 4 January 2021
1409:thread. It is inserted through the
1268:Only frameless IUD brand available
1244:Only frameless IUD brand available
5018:Male contraceptives in development
4183:(6). February 2000. Archived from
3941:Emergency postcoital contraception
3924:A clinical guide for contraception
3782:A clinical guide for contraception
2000:A Clinical Guide for Contraception
1347:Protect Multi-arm Cu 375 standard
530:Have certain uterine abnormalities
25:
2266:The Guttmacher Institute (2012).
1689:for approximately $ 1.1 billion.
1667:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
592:gestational trophoblastic disease
538:gestational trophoblastic disease
99:FDA Professional Drug Information
5038:
4382:from the original on 2007-10-13.
4049:from the original on 2010-03-07.
3862:Workshop Group (May–June 2008).
3408:, a manufacturer of generic IUDs
3157:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01067.x
2048:from the original on 2017-11-05.
2017:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1899:from the original on 2017-09-24.
1816:from the original on 2017-02-15.
1758:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1584:
218:copper intrauterine device (IUD)
4661:Oral contraceptive formulations
4580:from the original on 2021-11-24
4550:Pharmaceutical Processing World
4023:from the original on 2012-12-03
3637:from the original on 2020-07-22
3608:from the original on 2020-03-30
3579:from the original on 2020-03-30
3545:from the original on 2020-03-30
3516:from the original on 2020-03-30
3487:from the original on 2021-01-10
3381:from the original on 2006-07-17
3220:from the original on 2021-08-28
3125:from the original on 2020-10-16
3064:from the original on 2021-11-10
2840:from the original on 2020-02-06
2376:from the original on 2021-08-28
2274:from the original on 2013-10-04
2104:from the original on 2020-08-17
2068:New England Journal of Medicine
1595:needs additional citations for
1371:Protect Multi-arm Cu 375 short
772:Distinguishing characteristics
439:Irregular bleeding and spotting
331:Removal and return to fertility
271:as it may increase the risk of
269:sexually transmitted infections
183:May be heavier and more painful
3696:J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care
3478:www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk
3145:J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs
2431:10.1002/14651858.cd001324.pub3
2292:Bartz D, Greenberg JA (2008).
2172:10.1002/14651858.CD003282.pub2
2141:10.1002/14651858.CD005347.PUB3
1687:Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
1511:contaminated with 26% copper.
554:Have untreated cervical cancer
490:reduce the risk of developing
1:
3669:10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00087-1
3028:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02699-4
1997:Speroff L, Darney PD (2011).
498:protect against STIs or PID.
4317:10.1016/0010-7824(93)90060-K
4045:. The Guttmacher Institute.
3535:"Neo-Safe T CU 380 Mini IUD"
3371:"Contraceptive coils (IUDs)"
2990:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91904-M
2620:Kaneshiro B, Aeby T (2010).
2599:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90007-7
2354:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002400
1092:Wider arms than Flexi-T 300
449:Transvaginal ultrasonography
359:Transvaginal ultrasonography
210:Rarely, uterine perforation.
164:Advantages and disadvantages
4968:Fertility awareness methods
4544:Processing P (2008-12-23).
4067:. June 2002. Archived from
4015:Brigid Fitzgerald Reading.
2714:Korean Journal of Radiology
2342:Obstetrics & Gynecology
2335:"Practice Bulletin No. 186"
1526:The first plastic IUD, the
580:(unless clinically well on
492:pelvic inflammatory disease
388:pelvic inflammatory disease
273:pelvic inflammatory disease
5082:
5061:Intrauterine contraception
4231:Studies in Family Planning
4019:. Earth Policy Institute.
3709:10.1783/147118903101197494
3240:Studies in Family Planning
2028:Schäfer-Korting M (2010).
1665:(NDA) was approved by the
349:Magnetic resonance imaging
306:Copper IUDs are a form of
106:Failure rates (first year)
83:copper-T, ParaGard, others
29:
4963:Calendar (rhythm) methods
4423:www.plannedparenthood.org
4370:Salem R (February 2006).
4198:Bradley J (August 1998).
3868:Human Reproduction Update
2937:World Health Organization
2726:10.3348/kjr.2013.14.3.416
1970:World Health Organization
1915:www.plannedparenthood.org
1839:World Health Organization
889:Williams Medical Supplies
873:Multi-Safe 375 Short Loop
866:Williams Medical Supplies
618:World Health Organization
196:if inserted within 5 days
44:
3960:Contraceptive technology
3822:Comprehensive gynecology
2531:Contraceptive technology
1843:WHO Model Formulary 2008
1781:Contraceptive technology
1774:"Contraceptive efficacy"
548:Have pelvic tuberculosis
431:. On average, menstrual
287:. It primarily works by
4878:Emergency Contraception
4041:Sonfield, Adam (2012).
1685:acquired Paragard from
1450:emergency contraception
582:anti-retroviral therapy
542:Have or may have an STI
488:Hormonal contraceptives
325:emergency contraception
319:Emergency contraception
265:heavy menstrual periods
246:emergency contraception
194:Emergency contraception
4798:Multi-month injections
4741:Hormonal contraception
4705:Levonorgestrel implant
4671:Long-acting reversible
4398:www.coopersurgical.com
4187:on September 26, 2006.
4002:
3948:
3912:
3846:
3810:
3770:
3598:"How big is Paragard?"
3107:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1
2575:
1552:(up to 10% per year).
1434:
738:
480:barrier contraceptives
452:
374:
371:foreign-body granuloma
4926:Vaginal pH modulation
4903:Low-dose mifepristone
4803:Progestogen-only pill
4697:Contraceptive implant
4348:Multinational Monitor
3995:Copper-releasing IUCs
3881:10.1093/humupd/dmn003
3569:"Product information"
3510:www.mistrymedical.com
3426:www.broadwaymed.co.nz
2473:10.1093/humrep/des140
2081:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855
1681:On November 1, 2017,
1432:
736:
447:
357:
4958:Breastfeeding method
4868:Contraceptive sponge
4752:estrogen–progestogen
4701:Etonogestrel implant
4341:(January 15, 1986).
4143:Contraception Online
4139:"History of the IUD"
3897:Mechanisms of action
3841:Mechanisms of action
3839:Intrauterine devices
3744:(6 Suppl): S16‒S30.
1683:The Cooper Companies
1676:Barr Pharmaceuticals
1663:new drug application
1640:The Cooper Companies
1604:improve this article
1563:The poorly designed
971:Neo-Safe T 380 Mini
742:many existing IUDs.
688:physical examination
400:infection prevention
263:Side effects may be
248:within five days of
4993:Non-penetrative sex
4985:vaginal intercourse
4950:vaginal intercourse
4770:Contraceptive patch
4765:Extended cycle Pill
4682:Intrauterine device
4646:Male contraceptives
3993:Mechanism of action
3799:Mechanism of action
2564:Mechanism of action
1772:Trussell J (2011).
1490:intrauterine device
1425:Mechanism of action
715:uterine perforation
557:Have uterine cancer
396:chlamydia infection
281:uterine perforation
234:intrauterine device
220:, also known as an
4893:Ulipristal acetate
4881:(Post-intercourse)
4775:Monthly injections
4482:The New York Times
4086:Medical World News
4065:Planned Parenthood
2641:10.2147/ijwh.s6914
2461:Human Reproduction
1659:Population Council
1435:
1326:T-shaped (banded)
1300:T-shaped (banded)
1200:T-shaped (banded)
1175:T-shaped (banded)
1150:T-shaped (banded)
1125:T-shaped (banded)
1100:T-shaped (banded)
739:
643:Device description
453:
375:
5026:
5025:
5006:
5005:
4834:
4833:
3969:978-1-59708-004-0
3933:978-1-60831-610-6
3831:978-0-323-06986-1
3791:978-1-60831-610-6
2540:978-1-59708-004-0
2074:(21): 1998–2007.
2041:978-3-642-00477-3
2010:978-1-60831-610-6
1955:978-0-85711-156-2
1892:978-0-323-37608-2
1790:978-1-59708-004-0
1751:978-1-4443-9034-6
1636:
1635:
1628:
1520:Gräfenberg's ring
1443:white blood cells
1394:
1393:
1323:Protect TCu 380A
1074:T-shaped (plain)
1049:T-shaped (plain)
1024:T-shaped (plain)
999:T-shaped (plain)
974:T-shaped (plain)
949:T-shaped (plain)
924:T-shaped (plain)
737:A variety of IUDs
573:contraindication.
512:Contraindications
460:ectopic pregnancy
429:menstrual periods
415:local anaesthetic
289:killing the sperm
260:quickly returns.
240:. It is used for
222:intrauterine coil
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
5073:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5034:
4944:
4790:Progestogen-only
4746:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4574:Cooper Companies
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4206:. Archived from
4195:
4189:
4188:
4169:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4107:Prometheus Books
4104:
4093:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4012:
4003:
3989:
3955:
3949:
3937:
3919:
3913:
3893:
3883:
3853:
3847:
3835:
3817:
3811:
3795:
3777:
3771:
3761:
3733:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3631:www.smbcorpn.com
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3565:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3475:
3467:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3428:. Archived from
3423:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3400:"Mona Lisa N.V."
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3314:. Archived from
3308:
3302:
3300:
3295:. Archived from
3289:
3272:
3271:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3199:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3109:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3022:(9234): 1013–9.
3009:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2906:. Archived from
2889:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2864:. Archived from
2858:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2582:
2576:
2560:
2526:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2467:(7): 1994–2000.
2452:
2443:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2348:(5): e251–e269.
2339:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2224:
2220:"IUDs—an update"
2215:
2192:
2191:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2083:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1835:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1735:
1705:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1588:
1580:
1532:Margulies Spiral
1508:Ernst Gräfenberg
745:
711:Uterine sounding
672:
502:Copper Toxicity:
482:protect against
230:non-hormonal IUD
101:
49:
37:
21:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5002:
4983:
4977:
4948:
4935:
4912:
4880:
4872:
4853:Internal condom
4848:External condom
4840:Barrier Methods
4830:
4812:
4784:
4751:
4735:
4710:
4672:
4665:
4629:
4623:
4593:
4592:
4583:
4581:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4554:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4243:10.2307/2939234
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4171:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4105:. Buffalo, NY:
4096:
4083:
4080:, which cites:
4074:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3735:
3734:
3725:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3640:
3638:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3375:NetDoctor.co.uk
3369:
3368:
3364:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3291:
3290:
3275:
3252:10.2307/1965507
3246:(10): 263–281.
3237:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3094:MMWR Recomm Rep
3089:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3011:
3010:
2984:(8796): 785–8.
2973:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2935:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2892:Can J Rural Med
2887:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2498:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2425:(2): CD001324.
2420:
2419:
2415:
2396:Adv Plan Parent
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2195:
2166:(1): CD003282.
2161:
2160:
2156:
2135:(4): CD005347.
2130:
2129:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1879:Wipf J (2015).
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1813:
1791:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1717:
1712:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1601:
1589:
1578:
1546:stainless steel
1479:family planning
1471:
1462:
1427:
1399:
1276:Spherical (3D)
1190:7-MED Industrie
1165:7-MED Industrie
1147:TT 380 Slimline
1039:Laboratoire CCD
1014:Laboratoire CCD
914:7-MED Industrie
825:Multiload Cu250
800:Multiload Cu375
777:Gyneplus Cu 380
731:
684:medical history
679:
645:
514:
506:copper toxicity
425:Heavier periods
342:
336:the TCu 380Ag.
333:
321:
304:
250:unprotected sex
236:which contains
232:, is a type of
209:
192:
132:Duration effect
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:IUD with copper
15:
12:
11:
5:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4898:Levonorgestrel
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4724:Tubal ligation
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4694:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4634:Related topics
4631:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4561:
4536:
4512:
4487:
4469:
4451:
4434:
4410:
4385:
4362:
4330:
4295:
4264:
4221:
4190:
4159:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4094:
4052:
4033:
4004:
3968:
3950:
3932:
3914:
3874:(3): 197‒208.
3848:
3830:
3812:
3790:
3772:
3723:
3682:
3647:
3618:
3589:
3555:
3526:
3497:
3445:
3410:
3406:on 2011-07-14.
3402:Archived from
3391:
3362:
3322:
3318:on 2009-04-19.
3303:
3299:on 2010-08-10.
3273:
3230:
3190:(6): 529–537.
3170:
3135:
3074:
3060:. 2021-10-13.
3049:
2966:
2959:
2923:
2872:
2868:on 2010-01-01.
2850:
2820:(2): 143–153.
2797:
2790:
2757:
2700:
2681:(11): 2917–8.
2665:
2612:
2593:(3): 261–267.
2577:
2539:
2496:
2444:
2413:
2386:
2325:
2284:
2255:
2193:
2154:
2114:
2051:
2040:
2020:
2009:
1989:
1961:
1954:
1932:
1902:
1891:
1868:
1861:
1819:
1789:
1761:
1750:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1634:
1633:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1528:Margulies Coil
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:embryonic loss
1439:prostaglandins
1426:
1423:
1398:
1397:Frameless IUDs
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:T-safe CU 380A
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:Neo-Safe T 380
943:
942:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
918:
917:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
892:
890:
887:
884:
881:
879:
877:
874:
870:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:Multi-Safe 375
845:
844:
842:
839:
836:
833:
831:
829:
826:
822:
821:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
794:
791:
788:
785:
783:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
752:
749:
730:
727:
678:
675:
644:
641:
614:
613:
600:
598:ovarian cancer
594:
585:
574:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
531:
528:
513:
510:
341:
338:
332:
329:
320:
317:
303:
300:
212:
211:
204:Small risk of
202:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:User reminders
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
95:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5078:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5046:
5036:
5032:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4908:Yuzpe regimen
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4716:Sterilization
4713:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:contraception
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4626:Birth control
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4339:Mintz, Morton
4334:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:Contraception
4299:
4296:
4284:on 2006-08-10
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4210:on 2006-01-17
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4149:on 2006-01-27
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:9780879755898
4112:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4071:on 2008-05-17
4070:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3943:Other methods
3935:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:Contraception
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:Contraception
3651:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3435:on 2020-01-17
3431:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3338:on 2012-05-02
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:Contraception
3181:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2960:9789241549158
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2913:on 2016-08-14
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:Contraception
2811:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:(3): 416–22.
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Contraception
2581:
2578:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:Drug Delivery
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:9789241547659
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1593:This section
1591:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:Dalkon Shield
1561:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1550:failure rates
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:. The use of
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:(top) of the
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:polypropylene
1403:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:IUB SCu300A/B
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:Flexi-T + 380
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:Flexi-T + 300
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
880:
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
832:
830:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
784:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
743:
735:
728:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
674:
671:
666:
662:
657:
653:
651:
642:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
609:
605:
601:
599:
595:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
565:
564:(Category 3)
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
532:
529:
526:
525:
524:
523:(Category 4)
521:
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
473:birth defects
470:
469:Dalkon Shield
466:
461:
457:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
379:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
339:
337:
330:
328:
326:
318:
316:
312:
309:
301:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:birth control
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
162:
158:
156:Clinic review
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:Reversibility
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:Hormonal IUDs
19:
5011:Experimental
4858:Cervical cap
4826:Ormeloxifene
4808:Vaginal ring
4780:Vaginal ring
4690:
4686:Hormonal IUD
4582:. Retrieved
4573:
4564:
4553:. Retrieved
4549:
4539:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:
4515:
4504:. Retrieved
4502:. 2005-06-29
4499:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4454:
4437:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:
4413:
4402:. Retrieved
4400:. 2023-06-28
4397:
4388:
4375:
4365:
4352:
4346:
4333:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4282:the original
4277:
4267:
4237:(3): 194–6.
4234:
4230:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:the original
4203:
4193:
4185:the original
4180:
4176:
4151:. Retrieved
4147:the original
4142:
4100:
4089:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4069:the original
4064:
4055:
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
3992:
3959:
3953:
3940:
3923:
3917:
3896:
3871:
3867:
3851:
3838:
3821:
3815:
3802:spermicidal.
3798:
3781:
3775:
3764:
3741:
3737:
3702:(2): 29–31.
3699:
3695:
3685:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3639:. Retrieved
3630:
3621:
3610:. Retrieved
3602:Paragard IUD
3601:
3592:
3581:. Retrieved
3575:(in Dutch).
3572:
3547:. Retrieved
3538:
3529:
3518:. Retrieved
3509:
3500:
3489:. Retrieved
3477:
3437:. Retrieved
3430:the original
3425:
3413:
3404:the original
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3325:
3316:the original
3306:
3297:the original
3243:
3239:
3233:
3222:. Retrieved
3187:
3183:
3173:
3151:(6): 693–8.
3148:
3144:
3138:
3127:. Retrieved
3100:(3): 1–103.
3097:
3093:
3066:. Retrieved
3052:
3019:
3013:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2950:10665/181468
2940:
2915:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2895:
2891:
2866:the original
2842:. Retrieved
2817:
2813:
2771:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2631:
2625:
2615:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2563:
2530:
2464:
2460:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2345:
2341:
2328:
2304:(1): 23–32.
2301:
2297:
2287:
2276:. Retrieved
2246:. Retrieved
2226:
2163:
2157:
2132:
2106:. Retrieved
2071:
2067:
2030:
2023:
1999:
1992:
1983:10665/325771
1973:
1964:
1945:
1923:. Retrieved
1914:
1905:
1881:
1842:
1780:
1740:
1691:
1680:
1671:Ortho-McNeil
1656:
1652:monofilament
1648:polyethylene
1637:
1622:
1613:
1602:Please help
1597:verification
1594:
1570:
1562:
1558:side effects
1554:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1494:intrauterine
1493:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1463:
1447:
1436:
1404:
1400:
1297:SMB TCu 380A
1021:UT 380 Short
769:Manufacturer
766:Life (years)
760:Length (mm)
755:
740:
723:
719:
700:
680:
658:
654:
650:hormonal IUD
646:
634:
629:
621:
615:
563:
522:
519:
515:
501:
500:
495:
477:
455:
454:
438:
437:
424:
423:
406:
405:
383:
382:
377:
376:
344:
343:
340:Side effects
334:
322:
313:
305:
302:Medical uses
293:
262:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
65:Intrauterine
4931:Nonoxynol-9
4918:Spermicides
4500:www.sec.gov
4376:Popul Rep B
4311:(1): 1–12.
3765:Conclusions
3663:(2): 91–8.
3539:MidMeds Ltd
2898:(1): 31–5.
2781:10665/38182
2675:Hum. Reprod
2634:: 211–220.
2402:(1): 24–9.
1852:10665/44053
1539:Lippes Loop
1249:Gynefix 200
1223:Gynefix 330
1172:TT 380 Mini
1046:Flexi-T 300
793:Dispo.Cont.
763:Copper (mm)
637:nulliparous
465:miscarriage
419:Misoprostol
378:Perforation
363:hyperechoic
226:copper coil
135:5–12+ years
119:Typical use
111:Perfect use
79:Trade names
5055:Categories
4998:Abstinence
4973:Withdrawal
4940:Behavioral
4888:Copper IUD
4691:Copper IUD
4584:2021-11-24
4555:2023-11-29
4530:2023-11-29
4506:2023-11-29
4428:2023-11-29
4404:2023-11-29
4288:2006-07-09
4214:2006-07-09
4153:2006-07-09
4137:Lynch CM.
4075:2007-10-14
4027:2013-10-04
3641:2020-07-21
3612:2020-03-29
3583:2020-03-29
3549:2020-03-30
3520:2020-03-30
3491:2020-07-10
3471:"Guidance"
3439:2020-07-10
3385:2006-07-05
3342:2012-06-28
3224:2020-05-27
3129:2020-02-03
3068:2021-11-11
2917:2009-01-22
2844:2020-09-30
2791:9241207531
2380:2019-06-20
2278:2013-10-04
2108:2019-08-18
1710:References
1252:Frameless
1226:Frameless
921:Nova-T 380
608:chlamydial
570:postpartum
433:blood loss
172:protection
57:Background
40:Copper IUD
4947:Including
4863:Diaphragm
4760:Oral pill
4730:Vasectomy
4204:OBGYN.net
3986:781956734
3978:0091-9721
3206:0010-7824
2734:1229-6929
2557:781956734
2549:0091-9721
2180:1469-493X
1807:781956734
1799:0091-9721
1616:July 2023
1506:In 1929,
1486:pessaries
1475:tall tale
1387:SMB corp
1374:U-shaped
1363:SMB corp
1350:U-shaped
1339:SMB corp
899:U-shaped
876:U-shaped
851:U-shaped
828:U-shaped
803:U-shaped
780:T-shaped
707:tenaculum
696:chlamydia
692:gonorrhea
677:Insertion
604:gonorrhea
535:malignant
456:Pregnancy
392:gonorrhea
384:Infection
345:Expulsion
258:fertility
93:Drugs.com
70:First use
5045:Medicine
4982:Avoiding
4750:Combined
4726:(female)
4578:Archived
4525:BioSpace
4380:Archived
4357:Archived
4092:(5): 48.
4047:Archived
4021:Archived
3890:18400840
3758:17531610
3718:12681034
3677:10802273
3635:Archived
3606:Archived
3577:Archived
3543:Archived
3514:Archived
3482:Archived
3379:Archived
3377:. 2006.
3351:cite web
3218:Archived
3214:27591814
3165:19930283
3120:Archived
3116:27467196
3062:Archived
3036:11041414
3006:22226835
2939:(2015).
2904:18208650
2838:Archived
2834:16413845
2752:23690707
2660:21072313
2491:22570193
2439:18425871
2374:Archived
2370:35477591
2362:29064972
2320:18701927
2272:Archived
2239:Archived
2188:15674904
2149:17943851
2102:Archived
2098:16812353
2090:22621627
2046:Archived
2015:Archived
1972:(2019).
1925:22 March
1919:Archived
1897:Archived
1811:Archived
1756:Archived
1315:SMB corp
1197:Paragard
896:Load 375
841:Multilan
818:Multilan
703:speculum
663:code is
635:Being a
624:and the
407:Cramping
277:pregnant
188:Benefits
159:Annually
4628:methods
4325:8403900
4259:8351700
4251:2939234
3990:p. 121:
3938:p. 157:
3907:Summary
3905:p. 205:
3900:uterus.
3894:p. 199:
3836:p. 259:
3796:p. 246:
3762:p. S28:
3260:1965507
3044:7760222
2998:1347812
2743:3655294
2695:8747044
2651:2971735
2607:3098498
2569:p. 162:
2482:3619968
2311:2492586
2248:July 9,
2235:8724322
1700: (
1698:G02BA02
1469:History
1265:Contrel
1241:Contrel
1215:Duramed
989:Durbin
667: (
180:Periods
5031:Portal
4732:(male)
4675:(LARC)
4323:
4257:
4249:
4113:
3984:
3976:
3966:
3930:
3888:
3828:
3808:mucus.
3788:
3756:
3716:
3675:
3573:Prosan
3419:"Data"
3268:516121
3266:
3258:
3212:
3204:
3163:
3114:
3042:
3034:
3015:Lancet
3004:
2996:
2977:Lancet
2957:
2902:
2832:
2788:
2750:
2740:
2732:
2693:
2658:
2648:
2605:
2561:p.150:
2555:
2547:
2537:
2489:
2479:
2437:
2408:976578
2406:
2368:
2360:
2318:
2308:
2233:
2186:
2178:
2147:
2096:
2088:
2038:
2007:
1952:
1889:
1859:
1805:
1797:
1787:
1748:
1644:Mirena
1576:Brands
1513:Copper
1501:German
1441:, and
1419:uterus
1415:fundus
1411:cervix
1140:Prosan
1115:Durbin
1089:Prosan
1064:Prosan
996:UT 380
964:Durbin
754:Width
628:(CDC)
620:(WHO)
589:benign
411:NSAIDs
367:uterus
254:uterus
238:copper
4818:SERMs
4496:"20f"
4464:(PDF)
4446:(PDF)
4378:(7).
4355:(1).
4247:JSTOR
3860:Capri
3857:ESHRE
3485:(PDF)
3474:(PDF)
3433:(PDF)
3422:(PDF)
3256:JSTOR
3123:(PDF)
3090:(PDF)
3040:S2CID
3002:S2CID
2911:(PDF)
2888:(PDF)
2366:S2CID
2338:(PDF)
2242:(PDF)
2223:(PDF)
2094:S2CID
1814:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1696:code
1460:Usage
1178:23.2
1153:31.8
1103:31.8
939:Bayer
902:19.5
854:19.5
806:20.5
756:(mm)
751:Type
729:Types
665:G02BA
596:Have
587:Have
576:Have
533:Have
478:Some
201:Risks
143:rapid
127:Usage
73:1970s
4321:PMID
4255:PMID
4111:ISBN
3982:OCLC
3974:ISSN
3964:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3886:PMID
3826:ISBN
3786:ISBN
3754:PMID
3714:PMID
3673:PMID
3357:link
3264:PMID
3210:PMID
3202:ISSN
3161:PMID
3112:PMID
3032:PMID
2994:PMID
2955:ISBN
2900:PMID
2830:PMID
2786:ISBN
2748:PMID
2730:ISSN
2691:PMID
2656:PMID
2603:PMID
2553:OCLC
2545:ISSN
2535:ISBN
2487:PMID
2435:PMID
2404:PMID
2358:PMID
2316:PMID
2250:2006
2231:PMID
2184:PMID
2176:ISSN
2145:PMID
2086:PMID
2036:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1927:2018
1887:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1803:OCLC
1795:ISSN
1785:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1544:The
1537:The
1381:375
1357:375
1333:380
1289:OCON
1229:2.2
1181:29.5
1156:35.8
1106:35.8
1030:28.4
983:380
905:32.5
857:32.5
705:. A
694:and
686:and
659:Its
611:STIs
578:AIDS
568:Are
484:STIs
244:and
122:0.8%
114:0.6%
89:AHFS
62:Type
4313:doi
4239:doi
3876:doi
3746:doi
3704:doi
3665:doi
3248:doi
3192:doi
3153:doi
3102:doi
3024:doi
3020:356
2986:doi
2982:339
2945:hdl
2822:doi
2776:hdl
2738:PMC
2722:doi
2683:doi
2646:PMC
2636:doi
2595:doi
2477:PMC
2469:doi
2427:doi
2350:doi
2346:130
2306:PMC
2168:doi
2137:doi
2076:doi
2072:366
1978:hdl
1847:hdl
1706:))
1703:WHO
1694:ATC
1606:by
1530:or
1336:12
1309:380
1306:36
1303:32
1283:300
1259:200
1235:330
1209:380
1203:32
1184:380
1159:380
1134:380
1128:28
1109:380
1083:300
1077:28
1058:300
1052:23
1033:380
1027:32
1008:380
1002:32
980:30
977:24
958:380
952:32
933:380
927:32
908:375
883:375
860:375
835:250
812:375
787:380
748:IUD
673:).
670:WHO
661:ATC
606:or
496:not
394:or
228:or
224:or
206:PID
170:STI
5057::
4703:,
4576:.
4572:.
4548:.
4523:.
4498:.
4480:.
4421:.
4396:.
4374:.
4351:.
4345:.
4319:.
4309:48
4307:.
4276:.
4253:.
4245:.
4235:24
4233:.
4202:.
4181:10
4179:.
4175:.
4162:^
4141:.
4127:^
4109:.
4090:29
4088:.
4063:.
4007:^
3980:.
3972:.
3884:.
3872:14
3870:.
3866:.
3752:.
3742:75
3740:.
3726:^
3712:.
3700:29
3698:.
3694:.
3671:.
3661:61
3659:.
3633:.
3629:.
3604:.
3600:.
3571:.
3558:^
3541:.
3537:.
3512:.
3508:.
3480:.
3476:.
3448:^
3424:.
3373:.
3353:}}
3349:{{
3276:^
3262:.
3254:.
3244:10
3242:.
3216:.
3208:.
3200:.
3188:95
3186:.
3182:.
3159:.
3149:38
3147:.
3118:.
3110:.
3098:65
3096:.
3092:.
3077:^
3038:.
3030:.
3018:.
3000:.
2992:.
2980:.
2953:.
2926:^
2896:13
2894:.
2890:.
2875:^
2853:^
2836:.
2828:.
2818:73
2816:.
2812:.
2800:^
2784:.
2760:^
2746:.
2736:.
2728:.
2718:14
2716:.
2712:.
2689:.
2679:10
2677:.
2654:.
2644:.
2630:.
2624:.
2601:.
2591:34
2589:.
2551:.
2543:.
2499:^
2485:.
2475:.
2465:27
2463:.
2459:.
2447:^
2433:.
2400:11
2398:.
2372:.
2364:.
2356:.
2344:.
2340:.
2314:.
2300:.
2296:.
2270:.
2258:^
2237:.
2225:.
2196:^
2182:.
2174:.
2143:.
2117:^
2100:.
2092:.
2084:.
2070:.
2066:.
2054:^
2044:.
2013:.
1935:^
1917:.
1913:.
1895:.
1871:^
1855:.
1822:^
1809:.
1801:.
1793:.
1764:^
1754:.
1718:^
1384:5
1360:5
1312:10
1232:30
1212:10
1206:36
1162:10
1131:32
1080:32
1055:29
1005:32
986:5
955:32
930:32
809:35
632:.
508:.
486:.
475:.
417:.
291:.
216:A
175:No
5033::
4707:)
4699:(
4693:)
4684:(
4618:e
4611:t
4604:v
4587:.
4558:.
4533:.
4509:.
4484:.
4466:.
4448:.
4431:.
4407:.
4353:7
4327:.
4315::
4291:.
4261:.
4241::
4217:.
4156:.
4119:.
4078:.
4030:.
3988:.
3936:.
3892:.
3878::
3834:.
3794:.
3760:.
3748::
3720:.
3706::
3679:.
3667::
3644:.
3615:.
3586:.
3552:.
3523:.
3494:.
3442:.
3388:.
3359:)
3345:.
3270:.
3250::
3227:.
3194::
3167:.
3155::
3132:.
3104::
3071:.
3046:.
3026::
3008:.
2988::
2963:.
2947::
2920:.
2847:.
2824::
2778::
2754:.
2724::
2697:.
2685::
2662:.
2638::
2632:2
2609:.
2597::
2559:.
2493:.
2471::
2441:.
2429::
2410:.
2383:.
2352::
2322:.
2302:1
2281:.
2252:.
2190:.
2170::
2151:.
2139::
2111:.
2078::
1980::
1958:.
1929:.
1865:.
1849::
1629:)
1623:(
1618:)
1614:(
1600:.
1286:5
1262:5
1238:5
1187:5
1137:5
1112:8
1086:5
1061:5
1036:5
1011:5
961:5
936:5
911:5
886:5
863:5
838:3
815:5
790:5
584:)
373:.
91:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
