1140:, contain a sequence of lessons about resisting oppression. The sequence she describes leads Angelou, as the protagonist, from "helpless rage and indignation to forms of subtle resistance, and finally to outright and active protest". Walker insists that Angelou's treatment of racism is what gives her autobiographies their thematic unity and underscores one of their central themes: the injustice of racism and how to fight it. In Angelou's depiction of the "powhitetrash" incident, Maya reacts with rage, indignation, humiliation, and helplessness. Angelou portrays Momma as a realist whose patience, courage, and silence ensured the survival and success of those who came after her. As Braxton put it, the white and female children "deliberately exploit their protected status to intimidate and humiliate" Maya's family. Braxton also considers the incident an implied threat towards the men in the family. Momma teaches Maya how they can maintain their personal dignity and pride while dealing with racism, and that it is an effective basis for actively protesting and combating racism. Walker calls Momma's way a "strategy of subtle resistance"; Dolly McPherson calls it "the dignified course of silent endurance" and "a pivotal experience in her initiation" of Maya's awareness about her place in the racist world. McPherson, who considers the incident "a dramatic re-enactment of the kind of spiritual death and regeneration Angelou experienced during the shaping of her development", also states that the incident taught Maya how her grandmother was able to survive and triumph psychologically in a hostile environment. Not only was it a depiction of the tensions between Blacks and whites during the period, it also depicted how Momma was able to protest, transcend the children's behavior towards her, and preserve her own dignity. Braxton states that the incident demonstrates Momma's courage, a virtue Angelou learns to use and develop from her; Angelou praises Momma's courage in the book and praises it in later writings. Courage in the face of racism is also shown in Angelou's treatment of
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Angelou's description of the strong and cohesive black community of Stamps also demonstrates how
African Americans subvert repressive institutions. Angelou demonstrates how religion, which "was designed to keep the Afro-American in an oppressed condition", has been subverted and used by her community to help them withstand the cruelty of racism. McPherson states that Angelou's depiction of the economic displacement of Black cotton field workers, who gather at Momma's store before and after work and could never get ahead despite their hard work, demonstrates how the Black community nurtures its members and helps them survive in an antagonistic environment. Angelou's depiction of the Joe Lewis fight demonstrates how her community has subverted the American institution of sports. As Selwyn R. Cudjoe puts it, the fight was supposed to "act as a pacifier, as entertainment for Blacks, and to help demonstrate how far they had progressed in the society". Instead, it became a recreation of the struggle between white and Black America. Later in the book, Maya responds assertively when subjected to demeaning treatment by Mrs. Cullinan and breaks the race barrier when she becomes the first Black streetcar operator in San Francisco. McPherson states that Maya's experience with Mrs. Cullinan places her "into a clearer awareness of social reality and into a growing consciousness of self-worth". Mrs. Cullinan's attempt to change Maya's name to fit her own convenience also "echoes the larger tradition of American racism that attempts to prescribe the nature and limitations of a Black person's identity". Maya stands up for her individuality and value by deliberately breaking Mrs. Cullinan's heirloom china.
1052:, Angelou demonstrates the "racist habit" of renaming African Americans, as shown when her white employer insists on calling her "Mary". Angelou describes the employer's renaming as the "hellish horror of being 'called out of name'". Scholar Debra Walker King calls it a racist insult and an assault against Maya's race and self-image. Cudjoe, who calls the incident "poignant", states the renaming denies Maya of her individuality, although Maya's response shocks Mrs. Cullinan into "(re)cognition of her personhood". King, in her discussion of the discourse production of poetic names in African American literature and its gendered difference, states that Angelou uses what King calls "name fragmentation" in this vignette. It also demonstrates "the subversive complexities and resistive nature of black names' deep talk when confronted with racist oppression", which is the point of the vignette. Angelou uses the conflicts of renaming to demonstrate that resistance to the practice and to communicate a confrontation of linguistic control, or as King puts it, "a battle for dominion and control over the naming process". The renaming emphasizes Maya's feelings of inadequacy and denigrates her identity, individuality, and uniqueness. As King puts it, the renaming "stresses the violent effects of being renamed through the contaminating sieve of racism".
1077:, which due to the siblings' early displacement, begins with a preoccupation with the nuclear family, but evolves into a dependence upon the extended family. Maya's conflict about her mother is not resolved until the end of the book, when Maya becomes a mother herself, and her mother finally becomes the nurturing presence for which Maya has longed. The two main maternal influences on Maya's life change as well; Vivian becomes a more active participant, while Momma becomes less effective as Maya. As she becomes a mother herself, Maya moves from childhood to adulthood. Braxton adds that Maya does more than move from semi-orphanhood to motherhood; she also grows through various stages of self-awareness. McPherson states that as the book ends, Maya is no longer a displaced child; as a new mother, she takes control of her life and fully accepts her womanhood. As Susan Gilbert puts it, unlike at the beginning of the book, "the writer neither wishes to be white nor fears for her black son". Braxton adds that Maya's entry into motherhood is an assertion of her identity as both a mother and a daughter, "as well as her relation to the maternal archetype". The birth of Maya's son opened up new avenues of identity, not only for herself, but for her grandmother and mother as well.
1224:. According to Vermillion, one major difference between Angelou and Jacobs is the way somatophobia, which Vermillion defines as the "fear and disdain for the body", especially the female body, is depicted in their books. Angelou, for example, is freer to portray her rape, her body, and her sexuality than Jacobs because she does not have to deal with the 19th century patriarchal view of "true womanhood". Jacobs describes herself as beautiful and sexually desirable, but Angelou, as a child and young adult, thinks she is ugly. Jacobs and Angelou both use rape as a metaphor for the suffering of African Americans; Jacobs uses the metaphor to critique slaveholding culture, while Angelou uses it to first internalize, then challenge, 20th-century racist conceptions of the Black female body. Angelou connects her rape with the suffering of the poor and the subjection of her race and "represents the black girl's difficulties in controlling, understanding, and respecting both her body and her words". Vermillion also connects the violation of Maya's body to her self-imposed muteness because she believes that her lie during the trial is responsible for her rapist's death. McPherson evaluates the rape in
1093:, has very little "social ambiguity"; it is a racist world divided between Black and white, male and female. Angelou demonstrates, through her involvement with the Black community of Stamps, her presentation of vivid and realistic racist characters, "the vulgarity of white Southern attitudes toward African Americans", and her developing understanding of the rules for surviving in a racist society. Hilton Als characterizes the division as "good and evil", and notes how Angelou's witness of the evil in her society, which was directed at Black women, shaped Angelou's young life and informed her views into adulthood. Angelou uses the metaphor of a bird struggling to escape its cage, described in Paul Laurence Dunbar's poem, as a prominent symbol throughout her series of autobiographies. Like elements within a prison narrative, the caged bird represents Angelou's confinement resulting from racism and oppression, forces that were outside Maya's control or comprehension. The caged bird metaphor also invokes the "supposed contradiction of the bird singing in the midst of its struggle". Scholar Ernece B. Kelley calls
1423:. The public library is a "quiet refuge" to which Maya retreats when she experiences crisis. Novels and the characters in them became Maya's references for viewing and dealing with the world around her. Hagen describes Angelou as a "natural story-teller", which "reflect a good listener with a rich oral heritage". Hagen also insists that Angelou's years of muteness provided her with this skill. Books and poetry, with Mrs. Flowers' help, become Maya's "first life line" and a way to cope with the trauma of her rape. First, Mrs. Flowers treats her as an individual, unconnected to another person, and then by encouraging Maya to memorize and recite poetry, gives her a "sense of power within herself, a transcendence over her immediate environment". Mrs. Flowers' friendship awakens Maya's conscience, increases her perspective of what is around her and of the relationship between Black culture and the larger society, and teaches her about "the beauty and power of language". Their friendship also inspires Maya to begin writing poetry and record her observations of the world around her.
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on to say that the pain of Maya's displacement is intensified by her awareness of the displacement, a personal displacement that is amplified by "the ambience of displacement within the larger black community". Maya's displacement and "diminished self of self" is reflected in her community's diminished self image. Smith also connects Maya's rape with her displacement, stating that Mr. Freeman took advantage of Maya's feelings of abandonment, self-loathing, and rejection. Maya is freed from her further displacement by Mrs. Flowers, who accepted Maya for who she was and "allows her to experience the incipient power of her own self-worth". Braxton states that
Angelou's "celebration of self" is nurtured and developed by Black women—Momma, Mrs. Flowers, and even Maya's mother, Vivian. Both Momma and Vivian are different representations of "the Jungian archetype of the Great Mother, protecting, nurturing, sheltering".
1264:: a demonstration of "the manner in which the Black female is violated in her tender years and ... the 'unnecessary insult' of Southern girlhood in her movement to adolescence". Vermillion goes further, maintaining that a Black woman who writes about her rape risks reinforcing negative stereotypes about her race and gender. When Joanne Braxton asked Angelou decades later how she was able to survive the trauma she experienced, Angelou explained it by stating, "I can't remember a time when I wasn't loved by somebody". She also told Braxton that she thought about the rape daily and that she wrote about the experience because it was the truth and because she wanted to demonstrate the complexities of rape for both the victim and the rapist. She also wanted to prevent it from happening to someone else and so that the rape victim might gain understanding, forgive herself, and not blame herself.
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against Mrs. Cullinan, her racist white employer, is another way she preserves her individual and affirms her self-worth. Smith connects this incident with Maya's grandmother's decision to send Maya and Bailey to their mother in San
Francisco, where Maya finally feels at home; as Smith puts it, "She could feel in place in an environment where everyone and everything seemed out-of-place". This was solidified in her experiences in Mexico and San Diego with her father, her short period of homelessness, and her pregnancy and birth of her son. The book ends in this way: "The black American girl child has succeeded in freeing herself from the natural and social bars imprisoning her in the cage of her own diminished self-image by assuming control of her life and fully accepting her black womanhood". Angelou told a interviewer that she did not set out, while writing
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rich and dazzling images and Dolly McPherson praises
Angelou for describing "a life lived with intensity, honesty, and a remarkable combination of innocence and knowledge". McPherson, who calls Angelou "an accomplished writer", calls the book "a carefully conceived record of a young girl's slow and clumsy growth" and "a record of her initiation into her world and her discovery of her interior identity". She goes on to praise Angelou for confronting her own painful past while recognizing that the painful events in her life "form a necessary part of her development". McPherson also states that Angelou uses her narrative gifts and use of language to confidently and effectively describe her painful memories, while understanding that "events are not only significant in themselves, but because they mark points of transcendence". Harold Bloom calls
1294:, are "very much concerned with what knew and how she learned it". Lupton compares Angelou's informal education with the education of other Black writers of the twentieth century, who did not earn official degrees and depended upon the "direct instruction of African American cultural forms". Angelou's quest for learning and literacy parallels "the central myth of black culture in America": that freedom and literacy are connected. As Fred Lee Hord puts it, "the book world was a world of integration, where you were the confidant of all the denizens—in whose skins, regardless of color, you could move inside and breathe free". Hord adds that Maya also rejected the part of her culture "that she associated with powerlessness in the world of book learning". For example, one of the most traumatic experiences Angelou relates in
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will never happen. As Dolly McPherson states, the scene graphically re-creates "the dynamics of many young black girls' disillusionment and imprisonment in
American society", which gives the message to Maya and girls like her that physical beauty is defined in terms of whiteness. Arensberg states that Maya's displacement, or rootlessness, as well as her geographic movements and temporary residences throughout the book, are formative aspects of Maya's identity. It also helps her develop "a stoic flexibility" that becomes a way for her to both protect herself against and deal with the world around her. According to Arensberg, the flexibility is "both a blessing and a curse: it enables her to adapt to various and changing environments, but it also keeps her forever threatened with loss or breakdown of her identity".
616:"rich, humorous, intense, engaging". The language Angelou uses can be frightening and her dialogue in the book, which is sharp and direct, conveys her characters' distinctive language and both reflects the language of her literary models and draws on the Southern speech patterns of her characters. Her use of metaphor places Angelou "within the stylistic tradition of black protest literature". She also uses precision to describe objects or places and her observations are sensual. As Lupton puts it, "Her writing resembles a series of photographs or fragments of music: snapshots taken from many angles, notes played from a variety of instruments". McPherson agrees, stating that in her autobiographies, Angelou "uses the narrative gifts of an accomplished writer". Braxton compares Angelou's style to that of
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208:. She also writes in new ways about women's lives in a male-dominated society. Maya, the younger version of Angelou and the book's central character, has been called "a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America". Angelou's description of being raped as an eight-year-old child overwhelms the book, although it is presented briefly in the text. Another metaphor, that of a bird struggling to escape its cage, is a central image throughout the work, which consists of "a sequence of lessons about resisting racist oppression". Angelou's treatment of racism provides a thematic unity to the book. Literacy and the power of words help young Maya cope with her bewildering world; books become her refuge as she works through her trauma.
1007:. McPherson states that unlike Christ, whose death and resurrection was being celebrated, it was impossible for Maya to be "born into another life where she will be white and perfect and wonderful", although Angelou creatively uses Christian mythology and theology to present the Biblical themes of death, regeneration, and rebirth in the book and "skillfully re-creates the psychic, intellectual, and emotional patterns that identify her individual consciousness and experience". Maya's childhood is shaped by her religiously devout grandmother, who although was not emotionally demonstrative, Maya knew that she was loved by her, which strengthened Maya as she grew and developed into childhood and early adolescence. As Angelou wrote in
1249:, as Mr. Freeman threatens to kill Maya's brother Bailey if she tells anyone about the rape. After Maya lies during Freeman's trial, stating that the rape was the first time he touched her inappropriately, Freeman is murdered (presumably by one of Maya's uncles) and Maya sees her words as a bringer of death. As a result, she resolves never to speak to anyone other than Bailey. Angelou connects the violation of her body and the devaluation of her words through the depiction of her self-imposed, five-year-long silence. As Angelou later stated, "I thought if I spoke, my mouth would just issue out something that would kill people, randomly, so it was better not to talk". Christine Froula connects Maya's self-imposed muteness with
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school students, for promoting premarital sex, homosexuality, cohabitation, and pornography, and for not supporting traditional values. Parents have also objected to the book's use of profanity and to its graphic and violent depiction of rape and racism. Educators have responded to these challenges by removing it from reading lists and libraries, by providing students with alternatives, and by requiring parental permission from students. In 2009, Angelou expressed her sorrow and outrage about the banning of all her books, stating that those who insisted upon banning them had not read them. She also said, “I feel sorry for the young person who never gets to read ".
1189:"a celebration of black culture". Also unlike Wright, Angelou recalls the larger rituals of black community, such as religious practices, the radio broadcast of the Joe Lewis fight, a summer fish fry, the telling of ghost stories, and graduation activities, favorably. McPherson states that Angelou uses community to demonstrate how Blacks survived racism; as McPherson puts it, "personal values become synonymous with Stamps' communal values". Liliane Arensberg insists that Angelou demonstrates how she, as a Black child, evolves out of her "racial hatred", common in the works of many contemporary Black novelists and autobiographers. McPherson states that
1073:. For the first five years of her life, Maya thinks of herself as an orphan and finds comfort in the thought that her mother is dead. Maya's feelings for and relationship with her mother, whom she blames for her abandonment, express themselves in ambivalence and "repressed violent aggression". For example, Maya and her brother destroy the first Christmas gifts sent to them by their mother. Being sent away from their parents was a psychological rejection, and resulted in a quest for love, acceptance, and self-worth for both Maya and Bailey. McPherson believes that family, or as she calls it, "kinship concerns", is an important theme in
1101:, although "segregation was so complete that most Black children didn't really, absolutely know what Whites looked like" and Blacks rarely interacted with them, the white world was a constant threat and Blacks were expected to behave in a certain way in order to survive. As Keneth Kinnamon states, Angelou does not de-emphasize the effects of racism on her community, but "shows with respect if not always agreement the defensive and compensatory patterns needed to survive in such an environment". Lupton, who sees the themes of racism and slavery as separate from imprisonment in
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understood within the context of the entire book; everything that happens to Maya in it "should be understood against the ravaging of rape". For Moore, the rape "raises issues of trust, truth, and lie, love, and the naturalness of a child's craving for human contact, language and understanding, and the confusion engendered by the power disparities that necessarily exist between children and adults". Angelou describes two sexual encounters with Mr. Freeman; she uses metaphors, which allow her to describe her pain without having to explain what and how she feels.
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episodic quality of the narrative". The way in which
Angelou constructs, arranges, and organizes her vignettes often undermine the chronology of her childhood by "juxtaposing the events of one chapter with the events of preceding and following ones so that they too comment on each other". As Dolly McPherson points out, Angelou does not record every experience, but instead selects, through a series of episodic chapters, "valuable, life-determining truths about the world, about her community, and about herself". Lupton points out that
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family; and the quest for independence, personal dignity, and self-definition. Angelou introduces a unique point of view in
American autobiography by revealing her life story through a narrator who is a Black female from the South, at some points a child, and other points a mother. As Gilbert puts it, "the reader of the book must deal throughout the dual perspective of the child, growing to consciousness of herself and the limits of her world, and the author, experienced, confident, and didactic". Braxton states that
1382:. For example, Maya chooses to not speak after her rape because she is afraid of the destructive power of words. Mrs. Flowers, by introducing her to classic literature and poetry, teaches her about the positive power of language and empowers Maya to speak again. Myra K. McMurray agrees, saying that Angelou uses art, even the artistic aspects of the Joe Lewis fight and of other instances, to demonstrate her community's survival instincts. The importance of both the spoken and written word appears repeatedly in
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National Anthem, when Maya senses the pride and strength of her community. As Hord puts it, Maya realizes, for the first time, "how black writers not only made possible an alternative world, but pushed the boundaries outward in her actual world". Hord also states that the white speaker helped Maya demystify her ideas about the power of education for
African Americans; the composer of the Anthem also provided her with the strength to resist the white speaker's dehumanization of her community.
1920:. Two scenes in the movie differed from events described in the book. Angelou added a scene between Maya and Uncle Willie after the Joe Louis fight; in it, he expresses his feelings of redemption and hope after Louis defeats a white opponent. Angelou and Thuna also present Maya's eighth grade graduation differently in the film. In the book, Henry Reed delivers the valedictory speech and leads the Black audience in the Negro national anthem. In the movie, Maya conducts these activities.
553:. Eight-year-old Maya is sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. He is found guilty during the trial, but escapes jail time and is murdered, presumably by Maya's uncles. Maya feels guilty and withdraws from everyone but her brother. Even after returning to Stamps, Maya remains reclusive and nearly mute until she meets Mrs. Bertha Flowers, "the aristocrat of Black Stamps," who encourages her through books to regain her voice. This coaxes Maya out of her shell.
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She stated, "Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people, because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about". Although
Angelou has never admitted to changing the facts in her stories, she has used these facts to make an impact with the reader. As Hagen states, "One can assume that 'the essence of the data' is present in Angelou's work", adding that Angelou "fictionalizes, to enhance interest". For example, Angelou uses the
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1367:, by stating that they "speak directly to her dilemma—the problem of developing a positive self-image in a culture whose standards of beauty are uniformly white, and the problem of finding a place for herself in that culture". Maya finds novels and their characters complete and meaningful, so she uses them to make sense of her bewildering world. She is so involved in her fantasy world of books that she even uses them as a way to cope with her rape, writing in
608:, Angelou calls her books autobiographies. Dolly McPherson states that Angelou's work demonstrates how a writer can use the autobiography to define her quest for human individuality, identify her struggle with "the general condition of Black Americans", and claim a representative role not only for Black Americans, but for "the idea of America". McPherson goes on to say that "through a study of her work, one gains a closer access to American cultural history".
906:-street tradition, as represented through her mother. Kent states that the first impact of the blues-street tradition on Maya and her brother is instability, when their mother ships the children to Stamps. Kent goes on to say that Angelou balances the qualities of both traditions, adding that "a good deal of the book's universality derives from black life's traditions seeming to mirror, with extraordinary intensity, the root uncertainty in the universe".
1144:. Early in the book, Momma helps a man trying to escape lynching by hiding him and giving him supplies for his journey, thus endangering her own security. Later, the family has to conceal Uncle Willy from a potential lynch mob in their store's potato and onion bin. Braxton states that it demonstrates the absurdity of lynching and that in this incident, Momma "fulfills the archetypical role of the outraged mother by concealing her innocent child".
893:, agrees, stating that Angelou could rewrite any of her books by changing the order of her facts to make a different impact on the reader. Hagen sees Angelou's structure somewhat differently, focusing on Maya's journey "to establish a worthwhile self-concept", and states that she structures the book into three parts: arrival, sojourn, and departure, which occur both geographically and psychologically. Hagen notes that she does not begin
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autobiography, meaning that
Angelou was one of the first Black autobiographers to present, as Cudjoe put it, "a powerful and authentic signification of womanhood in her quest for understanding and love rather than for bitterness and despair". Lauret sees a connection between Angelou's autobiographies, which Lauret calls "fictions of subjectivity" and "feminist first-person narratives", and fictional first-person narratives (such as
382:, and the Bible, and left by the early afternoon. She averaged 10–12 pages of material a day, which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening. Critic Mary Jane Lupton states that this ritual indicated "a firmness of purpose and an inflexible use of time". Angelou went through this process to give herself time to turn the events of her life into art, and to "enchant" herself; as she said in a 1989 interview with the
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the child version of herself, although unlike other autobiographers, she avoids linking the child she was to the adult she became. As Vermillion states, Angelou reembodies Maya following the trauma of her rape by critiquing her early dependency on white literary discourse, even though Angelou "is not content to let the mute, sexually abused, wishing-to-be-white Maya represent the black female body in her text".
1599:, in the high school curriculum as partly responsible for the "dumbing down" of American society. Prose calls the book "manipulative melodrama", and considers Angelou's writing style an inferior example of poetic prose in memoir. She faults Angelou with poor writing, including combing a dozen metaphors in one paragraph and "obscuring ideas that could be expressed so much more simply and felicitously".
1646:"seems a conscious defense against the pain felt at evoking unpleasant memories". Mary Jane Lupton compares Angelou's works with Richard Wright's two-volume serial autobiographies, stating that Angelou's transitions between her volumes are smoother than Wright's and that her presentation of herself as a character is more consistent. Lupton also compares Angelou's autobiographies with
1347:" instead. Froula goes on to state that the vignette "raises the question of what it means for a female reader and fledging writer to carry on a love affair with Shakespeare or with male authors in general" and connects Maya's attraction to Shakespeare and his writings with Maya's rape described later on. Mary Vermillion sees a connection between Maya's rape and Shakespeare's
795:, for example, she records a life story begun in fear of crosses burning in the night, a life that is directly affected by the brutal remnants of slavery". Lupton states that Angelou presents material not found in other autobiographies, written by both Black and white writers, because she addresses topics from the perspective of an African American woman. Lupton also compares
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1330:'Litany at Atlanta.' But it was Shakespeare who said, 'When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes.' It was a state with which I felt most familiar". As Hord states, Shakespeare identified with the state Maya, "a young castaway without parents in a freedom-stifling, small southern town", found herself in. Christine Froula, though, in her discussion about incest in
434:, with forming her "writing ambition". According to Mary Jane Lupton, the caged bird in the title symbolizes a chained slave and appears frequently in Angelou's writings. Lupton also discusses Angelou's use of the word "sings", which she says critics have tended to downplay. The word creates an upward mood and "suggests the survival of African Americans through the
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1003:, "If growing up is painful for the Southern Black girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat. It is an unnecessary insult" characterize important parts of Angelou's life and "provide wide-ranging, significant themes" of the book. Selwyn R. Cudjoe agrees, stating that the statement contains the "pervading themes" in
396:, to "tell the human truth" about her life. Angelou stated that she played cards to reach that place of enchantment, to access her memories more effectively. She has stated, "It may take an hour to get into it, but once I'm in it—ha! It's so delicious!" She did not find the process cathartic; rather, she found relief in "telling the truth". Angelou told scholar
1469:, but states that "such moments came...as 'the occasional episodes(s) in a general drama of pain'". Hagen states that Angelou is able to make an indictment of institutionalized racism as she laughs at her flaws and the flaws of her community and "balances stories of black endurance of oppression against white myths and misperceptions". Hagen also characterizes
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their feelings about race and their privileged status in society. Glazier found that although critics have focused on where Angelou fits within the genre of African American autobiography and her literary techniques, readers react to her storytelling with "surprise, particularly when enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography".
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and oppression at the beginning, before describing how the protagonist escapes from it. Hagen explains that Angelou's purpose is to demonstrate Maya's journey from insecurity to her feelings of worth gained by becoming a mother at the end of the book. Even though the book begins with the Easter service, Angelou begins her "autobiographical journey" in
604:. Other critics, like Mary Jane Lupton, insist that Angelou's books should be categorized as autobiographies because they conform to the genre's standard structure: they are written by a single author, they are chronological, and they contain elements of character, technique, and theme. In a 1983 interview with African-American literature critic
305:. According to Angelou, Baldwin had a "covert hand" in getting her to write the book, who advised Loomis to use "a little reverse psychology"; Angelou later reported that Loomis told her: "It's just as well, because to write an autobiography as literature is just about impossible". Angelou was unable to resist a challenge, and she began writing
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her life and identity. Her experiences, as described in her books, "represent stages of her spiritual growth and awareness". As McPherson puts it, Angelou's autobiographies "creates a unique place within Black autobiographical tradition" and reveal "important insights into Black traditions and culture". Unlike other Black autobiographers like
646:, stating that Angelou "provides us with a voice that we encounter very infrequently, whether in life or in literature". According to Susan Gilbert, however, while Angelou records African American cadences and speech patterns, she does not limit herself "to the tongues of black Arkansas or ghetto streets". For example, Angelou describes the
859:, "Racial Protest, Identity, Words, and Form", focuses on the book's structure, and describes how it supports her presentation of racism. Walker states that critics had neglected analyzing its structure, choosing to focus instead on its themes, which he feels neglects the political nature of the book. He states, "One serves Angelou and
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of their town, in an "almost ritual insult", hassle Maya's family relentlessly. One of these "powhitetrash" girls, for example, reveals her pubic hair to Momma in a humiliating incident which leaves Maya, watching from a distance, indignant and furious. Early in the book, Momma hides Uncle Willie in a vegetable bin to protect him from
442:. Finally, also according to Lupton, the cage is a symbol of the restraint of not only the Black body, but of the female Black body. The cage is also a metaphor for the roles that force the bird to deny its identity and reject interrelationships with others, not just for the child Maya, but for almost everyone in her community.
874:"During the months she spent writing the book, practically withdrew from the world. She'd set the bar high. Her ambition was to write a book that would honor the Black experience and affirm the 'human spirit.' She more than achieved her goal. She wrote a coming-of-age story that has become a modern classic".
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dangerous; later she sheds her self-loathing and embraces a strong racial identity. Both Angelou's depiction of her community's reaction to the victorious Joe Louis fight and her elementary school graduation, in which they respond to a racist school official demeaning their future opportunities by singing "
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repurposed dress Maya wore to the crepe paper at the back of a hearse, which represented Maya's body and the death of her fantasy about whiteness. As Arensberg states, Maya is forced to acknowledge her blackness and the "malevolent force beyond her control that dictates her personal and racial identity".
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they may be, they evidently work to the book's engaging artfulness". Angelou identifies with slavery, verifying its power in her life and works, but Black womanhood and truth, themes found throughout the history of Black autobiography, is transformed by the period she describes. As Lupton puts it, "In
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scripture. Angelou told an interviewer in 1981 that the Bible and the language spoken at church was crucial to her development as a writer, likening it to going to the opera. Hagen says that in addition to being influenced by rich literary form, Angelou has also been influenced by oral traditions. In
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It should be clear, however, that this portrayal of rape is hardly titillating or "pornographic." It raises issues of trust, truth and lies, love, the naturalness of a child's craving for human contact, language and understanding, and the confusion engendered by the power disparities that necessarily
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Angelou describes other incidences that demonstrate the strength and unity in Stamps. As McPherson puts it, "Unlike the white American, in order for the individual black American to be self-reliant, he or she must rely on the community". Lupton states that Angelou's emphasis on collectivity, "a major
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and confirm her self-worth. Her experience of homelessness also teaches her that "outside the barriers of race, all men and women are the same" and confirms her commitment to her personal growth. McPherson connects Maya's experiences while visiting her father with her determination and accomplishment
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suggests her sense of self "as perpetually in the process of becoming, of dying and being reborn, in all its ramifications". Angelou begins to describe her changing identity in the book's early pages describing the Easter church service, when Maya painfully realizes that her fantasy of becoming white
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Sidonie Ann Smith states that Angelou starts the book with the Easter service incident because it "defines the strategy of the narrative". Smith also states that Angelou follows the convention in Black American autobiography, especially slave narratives, which recreates the environment of enslavement
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agrees, and sees Angelou as representative of the convention in African-American autobiography as a public gesture that speaks for an entire group of people. Angelou, throughout her series of autobiographies, also seeks to describe the personal, cultural, social, and historical influences that shaped
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As Lupton states, what makes Angelou's autobiographies different than more conventional autobiographies is her "denial of closure". Lupton says that no other serial autobiography places the mother/child theme in the center of the conflict, which made it important to the book's narrative. Lupton calls
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Many of the problems Maya encounters in her childhood stem from the overt racism of her white neighbors and the subliminal awareness of race relations weaved in society. Although Momma is relatively wealthy because she owns the general store at the heart of Stamps' Black community, the white children
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Another incident in the book that solidifies Maya's identity is her trip to Mexico with her father, when she has to drive a car for the first time. Contrasted with her experience in Stamps, Maya is finally "in control of her fate". This experience is central to Maya's growth, as is the incident that
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Maria Lauret states that the "formation of female cultural identity" is woven into the book's narrative, setting Maya up as "a role model for Black women". Scholar Liliane Arensberg calls this presentation Angelou's "identity theme" and a major motif in Angelou's narrative. McPherson states that the
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with the Easter poem, which she evaluates in light of the book's plot and themes, because it emphasizes its significance in her life, describes her rootlessness, and "is also a blues metaphor that foreshadows a cyclical pattern of renewal, rebirth, change in consciousness, and the circuitous journey
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at the end of the 1960s, one of the necessary and accepted features of literature, according to critic Pierre A. Walker, was thematic unity. One of Angelou's goals was to create a book that satisfied this criterion, in order to achieve her political purposes, which were to demonstrate how to resist
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was written during an important period for African American literature, when there was an influx of prose writings by African American women. The book presents themes that are common in autobiography by Black American women: a celebration of Black motherhood; a criticism of racism; the importance of
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and write no more autobiographies, but as she stated in an interview in 1989, she chose the genre as her primary mode of expression because of its challenge and so that she could "change it, to make it bigger, richer, finer, and more inclusive in the twentieth century", adding that "I think I am the
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because Angelou uses thematic development and other techniques common to fiction, but the prevailing critical view characterizes it as an autobiography, a genre she attempts to critique, change, and expand. The book covers topics common to autobiographies written by black American women in the years
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curriculum. Attempts by parents to censor it began in 1983. Some have been critical of its sexually explicit scenes, use of language, and irreverent religious depictions. Many parents throughout the U.S. have sought to ban the book from schools and libraries for being inappropriate for younger high
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was "one of the best autobiographies of its kind that I have read". Edmund Fuller insists that Angelou's intellectual range and artistry were apparent in how she told her story and Selwyn R. Cudjoe calls it "a triumph of truth in simple, forthright terms". R. A. Gross praises Angelou for her use of
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in light of how it affected Maya's identity, and how her displacement from the dangerous but comfortable setting of Stamps to her mother's chaotic and unfamiliar world of St. Louis contributes to Maya's trauma and withdrawal into herself. Sondra O'Neale states, however, that the birth of Maya's son
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and depends upon "the illusion of presence in their mode of signification". Maya is "the forgotten child", and must come to terms with "the unimaginable reality" of being unloved and unwanted; she lives in a hostile world that defines beauty in terms of whiteness and that rejects her simply because
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which she calls Angelou's "singular traditional focus" is "the growth of the individual from innocence to knowledge". Sidonie Ann Smith, using the opening incident at church, connects Maya's appearance with the imprisonment and displacement imposed on her by the white society around her. Smith goes
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with Maya and Bailey's train ride from California to Arkansas and continues in a triangular movement between Stamps, St. Louis, and California; according to Lupton, the reader, by following Maya's journeys, "can get a solid sense of how structure operates within an autobiographical text". McPherson
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form develops from the characters' interaction with each other, not through the development of dramatic actions. According to scholar Sondra O'Neale, unlike Angelou's poetry and despite the nonchronological structure of the book, which O'Neale calls "skillfully controlled", Angelou's prose "follows
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Angelou has recognized that there are fictional aspects to her books, and that she tends to "diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth". Angelou discussed her writing process with Plimpton, and when asked if she changed the truth to improve her story, she admitted that she had.
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has two points of view, the child and the mature narrator/artist; while the child's point of view governs Angelou's "principle of selection", the tone of the adult narrator is personal and compelled to explore aspects of her coming of age. Keneth Kinnamon states that like other Black female writers
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feature literary aspects such as oral story traditions and traditional religious beliefs and practices that depict African American cultural life. For example, the story about Maya's racist employer Mrs. Cullinan parallels traditional African American folklore, the significance, horror, and danger
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and humor. Arensberg states that Angelou uses the literary technique of wit, humor, and irony to defeat her enemies by mocking them and using her adult narrative voice. In tis way, Angelou "retaliates for the tongue-tied child's helpful pain". Arensberg goes on to state that Angelou even ridicules
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helps her overcome her literal muteness, it ushers her into a literary recovery because it connects her voice to Shakespeare's words. Froula goes on to say, "But if Shakespeare's poem redeems Maya of her hysterical silence, it is also a lover she embraces at her peril" because it "signals a double
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indicates her attachment to the verbal and the literary, which leads her to ignore her corporeality and helps her find comfort in the poem's identification with suffering. As Vermillion states, Maya must use the words she memorizes and recites to reconstruct her own body. Froula says that although
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customary with autobiographies, told from the perspective, as Lupton puts it, of a child that is "artfully recreated by an adult narrator", although at times the book sounds more like fiction than autobiography. Harold Bloom says that, "like all autobiographies, has fictive elements, but whatever
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conductor in San Francisco. While still in high school, Maya visits her father in southern California one summer and has some experiences pivotal to her development. She drives a car for the first time when she must transport her intoxicated father home from an excursion to Mexico. She experiences
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when training teachers to appropriately explore racism in their classrooms. Angelou's use of understatement, self-mockery, humor, and irony causes readers to wonder what she "left out" and to be unsure how to respond to the events Angelou describes. These techniques force white readers to explore
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was published in 1969, Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist, one of the first African-American women who was able to publicly discuss her personal life. Up to that point, Black women writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters.
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is her eighth-grade graduation, when the white commencement speaker denigrates Blacks, reduces their potential to athletics, and conveys to his audience a sense of impotence and nothingness. The anger and depression Maya feels changes when Henry Reed leads the audience and graduates in the Negro
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in the early 1960s taught her "to see the survival of distinctly African ways" among African Americans, which affect her portrayal of character, both collectively and individually. For example, as Susan Gilbert puts it, Angelou "relates the habits of address...to a heritage of tribal belonging".
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Indeed, Angelou's descriptions of her younger self seem almost entirely composed of negatives: she is not wanted by her parents, who hold over her the unspoken but everpresent threat of banishment; she is not beautiful or articulate like her brother, Bailey; she is too introverted and passive to
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better by emphasizing how form and political content work together". Angelou structures her book so that it presents a series of lessons about how to resist racism and oppression. Maya's growth in resisting racism unifies the book thematically, something that "stands in contrast to the otherwise
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share the following similarities: a focus on young strong-willed heroines who have solid relationships with their brothers; an examination of the role of literature in life; and an emphasis on the importance of family and community life. Angelou uses two distinct voices, the adult writer and the
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only serious writer who has chosen the autobiographical form to carry my work, my expression". McPherson agrees, stating in 1990 that no other American writer had chosen to make their "major literary and cultural contribution so predominately in autobiographical form". As Angelou told journalist
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As Lauret indicates, Angelou and other female writers in the late 1960s and early 1970s used autobiography to reimagine ways of writing about women's lives and identities in a male-dominated society. Up until this time, Black women were not depicted realistically in African American fiction and
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has a unique place within Black autobiography. McPherson says about Angelou: "I know of no other autobiographer in American letters who celebrates and sings her life with as much verve and display of vulnerability", adding that Angelou has demonstrated how the genre of the autobiography "can be
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that she tried to "suspend herself from the present" while writing her autobiographies and put herself into the time wrote about, despite understanding that "I might be trapped in that time", a process she called "frightening". According to Myra K. McMurray, when Angelou was often asked how she
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for two years. It has been used in educational settings from high schools to universities, and the book has been celebrated for creating new literary avenues for the American memoir. However, the book's graphic depiction of childhood rape, racism, and sexuality has caused it to be challenged or
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Scholar Mary Burgher believes that female Black autobiographers like Angelou have debunked the stereotypes of African American mothers as "breeder and matriarch", and have presented them as having "a creative and personally fulfilling role". Lupton believes that Angelou's plot construction and
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After Momma sends the children to their mother in California to protect them from the racism in Stamps, Maya learns from Vivian increased self-reliance; Braxton adds that Maya "grows out of the passive stage, asserting herself through action, and forging an identity". Maya's earlier rebellion
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and in all her autobiographies is drawn from Black folklore and is used to demonstrate that in spite of severe racism and oppression, Black people thrive and are, as Hagen states, "a community of song and laughter and courage". According to Selwyn R. Cudjoe, although life is difficult for the
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twice as a young child, and memorized many passages from it. African American spirituality, as represented by Angelou's grandmother, has influenced all of Angelou's writings, in the activities of the church community she first experiences in Stamps, in the sermons and public addresses, and in
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Angelou's description of being raped as an eight-year-old child overwhelms the autobiography, although it is presented briefly in the text. Opal Moore calls Angelou's graphic and complicated depiction of rape and incest "the center and bottom" of the autobiography and states the rape must be
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is her embarrassing incident at the Easter Sunday church service; even though the incident is out of order chronologically, Angelou considers it "an epiphanic moment of her youth" because it presents Maya's identity as a young child, her blackness and her outcast status. Angelou compares the
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describes centuries-long traditions, developed in Africa and during slavery, that taught Black children to never resist "the idea that whites were better, cleaner, or more intelligent than blacks". At first, Maya wishes that she could become white, since growing up Black in white America is
977:, thinking out her own life or identity, but that she was "thinking about a particular time in which I lived and the influence of that time on a number of people...I used the central figure—myself—as a focus to show how one person can make it through those times". Maya's unsettled life in
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raiders, where he moans and groans under the potatoes throughout the night. Maya has to endure the insult of her name being changed to Mary by a racist employer. A white speaker at her eighth-grade graduation ceremony disparages the Black audience by suggesting that they have limited job
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series of four autobiographies. McPherson says that Angelou's serial autobiographies, along with other contemporary autobiographies written by Baldwin, Moody, and Malcolm X, "is the urge to articulate, as if for the first time, a sensibility at once determined and precluded by history".
1874:(ALA) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000, sixth on the ALA's 2000–2009 list, and fell to 88th place on the ALA's 2010-2019 list. As of 1998, it was one of the ten books most frequently banned from high school and junior high school libraries and classrooms.
1089:"perhaps the most aesthetically satisfying autobiography written in the years immediately following the Civil Rights era". Pierre A. Walker expresses a similar sentiment, and places it in the African American literature tradition of political protest. Stamps, Arkansas, as depicted in
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chronologically, with Maya and Bailey's arrival in Stamps. Rather, she begins it later much later, with an embarrassing experience during an Easter service at church, an incident that demonstrates Maya's diminished sense of self, insecurity, and lack of status. George E. Kent divides
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takes place in chapter 5, when Maya was ten years old, well before Angelou's recounting of her rape in chapter 12, which occurred when Maya was 8. Walker explains that Angelou's purpose in placing the vignettes in this way is that it followed her thematic structure. Angelou's editor,
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child who is the focus of the book, whom Angelou calls "the Maya character". Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and the Maya character is "damned difficult", but "very necessary". Scholar Liliane Arensberg, in her discussion about the theme of death in
297:, who became Angelou's editor throughout her long writing career until he retired in 2011, and "told him that he ought to get this woman to write a book". At first, Angelou refused, since she thought of herself as a poet and playwright, and was in the middle of writing a series for
372:, Angelou used the same "writing ritual" for many years. She would get up at 5 am and check into a hotel room, where the staff were instructed to remove pictures from the walls. She wrote on yellow legal pads while lying on the bed, with a bottle of sherry, a deck of cards to play
584:). She ultimately initiates sexual intercourse with a teenage boy. She becomes pregnant, which, on the advice of her brother, she hides from her family until her eighth month of pregnancy in order to graduate from high school. Maya gives birth to her son at the end of the book.
1634:"more a carol than it is a prayer or plea" and Sidonie Ann Smith states that Angelou's "genius as a writer is her ability to recapture the texture of the way of life in the texture of its idioms, its idiosyncratic vocabulary and especially in its process of image-making".
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from schools, states that the book's message of overcoming racism transcends its author and that the book "is an affirmation; it promises that life, if we have the courage to live it, will be worth the struggle". Liliane Arensberg states that like all autobiographies,
959:, Maya, who has been described as "a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America", goes from being a victim of racism with an inferiority complex to a self-aware individual who responds to racism with dignity and a strong sense of her own identity.
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in a 1993 interview to "do as West Africans do ... listen to the deep talk", or the "utterances existing beneath the obvious". As Liliane Arensberg puts it, "If there is one stable element in Angelou's youth it is dependence upon books" and fiction, including
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Angelou subsequently wrote six additional autobiographies, covering a variety of her young adult experiences. They are distinct in style and narration, but unified in their themes, and stretch from Arkansas to Africa, and back to the U.S., from the beginnings of
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elicits criticism for its honest depiction of rape, its exploration of the ugly specter of racism in America, its recounting of the circumstances of Angelou's own out-of-wedlock teen pregnancy, and its humorous poking at the foibles of the institutional church.
1526:, maintained that her book "liberates the reader into life" and called it "a Biblical study of life in the midst of death". According to Angelou's biographers, "Readers, especially women, and in particular Black women, took the book to heart". By the mid-1980s,
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has been criticized by many parents, causing it to be removed from school curricula and library shelves. The book was approved to be taught in public schools and was placed in public school libraries through the U.S. in the early-1980s, and was included in
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suggested the title. According to Lyman B. Hagen, the title pulls Angelou's readers into the book while reminding them that it is possible to both lose control of one's life and to have one's freedom taken from them. Angelou has credited Dunbar, along with
691:, she used the literary technique of "speaking in the first-person singular talking about the first-person plural, always saying I meaning 'we'". As critic Susan Gilbert states, Angelou was reporting not one person's story, but the collective's. Scholar
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calls Angelou one of the "pioneers of self-exposure", willing to focus honestly on the more negative aspects of her personality and choices. For example, Angelou was worried about her readers' reactions to her disclosure in her second autobiography,
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Maya fantasizes that she is white because she feels unloved, especially by her parents; both she and her brother deal with their abandonment and rejection by pretending that their mother was dead. McPherson also states that Angelou's statement in
1730:" of its time, at the end of the American Civil Rights Movement. Angelou's writings, more interested in self-revelation than in politics or feminism, freed many other women writers to "open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world".
1172:. McPherson agrees, although how Maya uses and defines community changes when she leaves Stamps, and continues to adapt later in her life, as she describes in the later volumes of her autobiographical story. Kinnamon, in his comparison of
596:, can be placed in the long tradition of African-American autobiography. Her use of fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and thematic development, however, often lead reviewers to categorize her books, including
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in children. Challener states that Angelou's book provides a useful framework for exploring the obstacles many children like Maya face and how a community helps these children succeed as Angelou did. Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has used
1353:, which Vermillion calls "Angelou's most complex and subtle examination of Maya's attachment to white literary discourse" and which Maya memorizes and recites when she regains her speech. Vermillion maintains that Maya's attachment to
1477:. These elements include the act of testimony when speaking of one's life and struggles, ironic understatement, and the use of natural metaphors, rhythms, and intonations. Hagen also sees elements of African American sermonizing in
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The Black female is assaulted in her tender years by all those common forces of nature at the same time that she is caught in the tripartite crossfire of male prejudice, white illogical hate and Black lack of power.
1542:, which had sold steadily since its publication, and her other works rose by 300–600 percent. The 16-page publication of "On the Pulse of Morning" became a bestseller, and the recording of the poem was awarded a
624:, stating that Angelou also uses "rhythmic language, lyrically suspended moments of consciousness, and detailed portraiture". Braxton, due to Angelou's use of humor and folklore, also calls her a "tale-teller
1185:, states that unlike Wright, whose response to the poverty and racism of his childhood is "individualistic alienation from all sense of community", Angelou's response is to embrace community. Kinnamon calls
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333:
1554:, which published Angelou's hardcover books and the poem later that year, reported that they sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992, marking a 1,200 percent increase.
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on April 4, which was also her birthday. For many years, Angelou responded to King's murder by not celebrating her birthday, instead choosing to meet with, call, or send flowers to his widow,
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was banned in prisons throughout the U.S.; for example, the book was banned in North Carolina prisons because officials determined that its depiction of sexual assault was a security threat.
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catapulted Angelou to international fame and critical acclaim and was a significant development in Black women's literature because it "heralded the success of other now prominent writers".
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A turning point in the book occurs when Maya and Bailey's father unexpectedly appears in Stamps. He takes the two children with him when he departs, but leaves them with their mother in
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at the age of forty, Angelou had a long and varied career, holding jobs such as composer, singer, actor, civil rights worker, journalist, and educator. In the late 1950s, she joined the
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Arensberg, who blames Maya's vulnerability on her previous experiences of neglect, abandonment, and lack of parental love, notes that Maya's rape is connected to the theme of death in
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seduction" of white and male culture. Braxton, however, explains Maya's connection with Shakespeare and with Dunbar, who influenced Angelou more than the other writers she names in
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racism in America. The structure of the text, which resembles a series of short stories, is not chronological but is arranged according to themes. Walker, in his 1993 article about
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that many in her community engage in; as Gilbert also says, the language Angelou uses "moves between a strong, colloquial simplicity and a sometimes over-blown literary mannerism".
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Vermillion, Mary (1999). "Reembodying the Self: Representations of Rape in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings". In Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
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an important contribution to the increase of Black feminist writings in the 1970s, he attributes its success less to its originality than to "its resonance in the prevailing
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1710:"a work of art that eludes description", has insisted that Angelou's autobiographies set a precedent for African American autobiography as a whole. Hilton Als insists that
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assert herself on her environment; and finally, she is a child in a world of enigmatic adults, and a black girl in a world created by and for the benefit of white men.
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Angelou was deeply depressed in the months following King's assassination, so to help lift her spirits, Baldwin brought her to a dinner party at the home of cartoonist
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1343:, points out that Maya and Bailey gave up memorizing a scene from Shakespeare to avoid their grandmother's opposition to reading a white author, choosing Johnson's "
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and his wife Judy in late 1968. The guests began telling stories of their childhoods and Angelou's stories impressed Judy Feiffer. The next day Judy Feiffer called
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Angelou uses her many roles, incarnations, and identities throughout her books to illustrate how oppression and personal history are interrelated. For example, in
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marked one of the first times that a Black autobiographer could, as he put it, "write about blackness from the inside, without apology or defense". After writing
1439:, Mrs. Flowers encourages her to listen carefully to "Mother Wit", which Hagen defines as the collective wisdom of the African American community as expressed in
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as a strong influence on her life and works, especially his identification with what she saw as marginalized people, stating that "Shakespeare was a black woman".
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a "gentle indictment of white American womanhood"; Hagen expands it further, stating that the book is "a dismaying story of white dominance". In the Stamps of
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and wit. As Lupton says, Maya "fills readers' imaginations as have very few similar characters in American autobiography" as she evolves from child to woman.
513:. Abandoned by their parents, Maya and her older brother Bailey are sent to live with their paternal grandmother (Momma) and disabled uncle (Uncle Willie) in
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Burgher, Mary (1979). "Images of Self and Race in the Autobiographies of Black Women". In Bell, Roseann P.; Parker, Bettye J.; Guy-Sheftall, Beverly (eds.).
1306:, "During these years in Stamps, I met and fell in love with William Shakespeare. He was my first white love. Although I enjoyed and respected Kipling, Poe,
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O'Neale, Sondra (1984). "Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelou's Continuing Autobiography". In Evans, Mari (ed.).
325:, the events in these books are episodic and crafted as a series of short stories, yet do not follow a strict chronology. Later books in the series include
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Kinnamon, Keneth (1998). "Call and Response: Intertextuality in Two Autobiographical Works by Richard Wright and Maya Angelou". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
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and unlike many male writers, Angelou was concerned with themes such as community, sexism, sexual exploitation, and relationships with family friends.
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632:, who does not think as highly of Angelou's poetry and does not find her subsequent autobiographies as compelling as her first, compares the tone in
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immediately follows it, her short period of homelessness after arguing with her father's girlfriend. These two incidents give Maya a knowledge of
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follows Marguerite's (called "My" or "Maya" by her brother) life from the age of three to seventeen and the struggles she faces—particularly with
1561:"is one of the essential books produced by our culture". He insists that "e should all read it, especially our children". It was nominated for a
1105:, states that Maya constantly feels caged, "unable to escape the reality of her blackness". Imprisonment is also expressed in the book's title.
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is the most highly acclaimed of Angelou's autobiographies. The other volumes in her series of seven autobiographies are judged and compared to
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and the next four volumes to prison narratives, although through her use of the caged bird symbol, her prison is symbolic rather than literal.
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accompanied by the importance of naming in traditional society, and the practice of depriving slaves of their true names and cultural past.
1011:, "a deep-brooding love hung over everything touched". Liliane Arensberg finds it significant that the first vignette Angelou presents in
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opportunities. A white dentist refuses to treat Maya's rotting tooth, even when Momma reminds him that she had loaned him money during the
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is not "an exorcism of or escape from the past", but that it was "a transmutation of that past", adding, "The almost novelistic clarity of
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and in all of Angelou's autobiographies. Referring to the importance of literacy and methods of effective writing, Angelou once advised
706:, however, Angelou is less concerned with her book's place or setting, and instead focuses on her growing awareness of her environment.
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Kent, George E. (1998). "Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Black Autobiographical Tradition". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
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Braxton, Joanne M. (1999). "Symbolic Geography and Psychic Landscapes: A Conversation with Maya Angelou". In Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
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she is a Black girl. Maya internalizes the rejection she has experienced; for example, her belief in her own ugliness was "absolute".
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during a 1990 interview, "Autobiography is awfully seductive; it's wonderful". She also told Plimpton that like the tradition begun by
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Lupton, Mary Jane (1999). "Singing the Black Mother: Maya Angelou and the Autobiographical Continuity". In Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
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in their classrooms, stating that the book is a difficult text for both teachers and students. Angelou's autobiographies, especially
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by Alice Walker "points to a larger pattern of banning books significant to African American history and culture". They found that
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By the end of 1969, critics had placed Angelou in the tradition of other Black autobiographers. Poet James Bertolino asserts that
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a "survival memoir," or "a first-person narrative of victimization and recovery", considers its inclusion, along with books like
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Smith, Sidonie Ann (1998). "The Song of a Caged Bird: Maya Angelou's Quest after Self-Acceptance". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
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of language". Other reviewers have praised Angelou's use of language in the book, including E. M. Guiney, who reports that
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at the end of the book provides the reader with hope for her future and implies that the rape would not control her life.
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After "closeting herself" in London, it took her two years to write it. She shared the manuscript with her friend, writer
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Bertolino, James (1993). "Maya Angelou is Three Writers". In Karolides, Nicholas J.; Burress, Lee; Kean, John M. (eds.).
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to work for him shortly before his assassination in 1965. In 1968, King asked her to organize a march, but he too was
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Boyatzis, Chris J. (February 1992). "Let the Caged Bird Sing: Using Literature to Teach Developmental Psychology".
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Glazier, Jocelyn A. (Winter 2003). "Moving Closer To Speaking the Unspeakable: White Teachers Talking about Race".
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438:". Although singing is more developed in Angelou's later books, she hints at the "possibilities of joyful song" in
327:
118:
5962:
Gilbert, Susan (1998). "Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: Paths to Escape". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
1272:
1257:
rape myth, in which the victim's power of speech becomes a threat to the rapist and another victim of the rapist.
6425:
1938:
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1195:
902:
into two "areas of black life": the religious-folk tradition, as represented through Maya's grandmother, and the
713:
as "the fully developed black female autobiographical form that began to emerge in the 1940s and 1950s". Scholar
557:
361:(2013, at the age of 85). Critics have often judged Angelou's later autobiographies "in light of the first", and
351:
401:
escaped from her painful past, she would respond, "How the hell do you know I did escape?" McMurray states that
6605:
6485:
1955:
with a lifetime-achievement award for this accomplishment. She also wrote about it in her final autobiography,
1772:
1393:
1307:
601:
5755:
Gendered Resistance: The Autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir, Maya Angelou, Janet Frame and Marguerite Duras
2406:
1722:
made her "without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer". Although Als considers
1784:
topics such as the development of self-concept and self-esteem, ego resilience, industry versus inferiority,
542:. The Black community of Stamps enjoys a moment of racial victory when they listen to the radio broadcast of
6703:
6499:
2148:
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had gone through 20 hardback printings and 32 paperback printings. The week after Angelou recited her poem "
1504:
1177:
1152:
1040:) written during the same period. As French and Lessing do in their novels, Angelou employs the narrator as
565:
185:
6012:
Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer, and Soul of a Poet: A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou
5572:
4531:
Victorian Appropriations of Shakespeare: George Eliot, A.C. Swinburne, Robert Browning, and Charles Dickens
392:". She placed herself back in the time she wrote about, even during traumatic experiences like her rape in
6448:
1668:
1606:
1523:
787:
510:
247:
243:
6209:
Moore, Opal (1999). "Learning to Live: When the Bird Breaks from the Cage". In Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
5100:
2125:
1159:
Angelou later said that her years living in Africa and her relationship to South African freedom fighter
838:, suggests that Angelou "retaliates for the tongue-tied child's helpless pain" by using her adult self's
730:
George E. Kent states that due to "its special stance toward the self, the community, and the universe",
6580:
6162:
McMurray, Myra K. (1998). "Role Playing as Art in Maya Angelou's 'Caged Bird'". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
5982:
5654:
1793:
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1315:
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251:
190:
161:, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of
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results from the artistic tension between Angelou's recollected self and her authorial consciousness".
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1957:
1323:
454:
418:
378:
357:
339:
239:
154:
5909:
Cudjoe, Selwyn R. (1984). "Maya Angelou and the Autobiographical Statement". In Evans, Mari (ed.).
1562:
1349:
1277:
1032:
1022:
550:
215:
166:
5461:
Henry, Peaches M. (2001). "Maya Angelou: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings". In Jones, Derek (ed.).
1575:
placed the book in its list of 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923.
5127:
2259:
1837:
1801:
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1066:
1057:
684:
657:
617:
271:
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character development were influenced by the same mother/child motif as is found in the work of
242:, where she met a number of important African-American authors, including her friend and mentor
17:
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5914:
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5876:
5857:
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5758:
5739:
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5407:
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in 1970, has never been out of print, and has been published in many languages. It has been a
621:
197:
2539:
1621:"a story of hurt, and loneliness, and anger, and love" and Robert A. Gross calls the book "a
6623:
6471:
5833:
Braxton, Joanne M. (1998). "A Song of Transcendence: Maya Angelou". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
5430:
1970:
There are over 100 references to literary characters in Angelou's first six autobiographies.
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180:, to write an autobiography that was also a piece of literature. Reviewers often categorize
158:
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1808:
a highly effective tool for providing real-life examples of these psychological concepts.
1703:
1685:
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1550:
was a bestseller for 36 weeks; 400,000 copies of her books were reprinted to meet demand.
1319:
680:
661:
637:
580:(which she confuses due to her sexual inexperience with the belief that lesbians are also
466:
388:
310:
5734:
Arensberg, Liliane K. (1999). "Death as Metaphor for Self". In Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
3065:
262:, West Africa, as a journalist, actress, and educator. She was invited back to the US by
5945:
Banned in the U.S.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries
1522:
It became a bestseller immediately after it was published. Angelou's friend and mentor,
6304:
Walker, Pierre A. (2009). "Racial Protest, Identity, Words, and Form in Maya Angelou's
6182:
2179:
1917:
1583:
1416:
1215:
1027:
647:
581:
546:'s championship fight, but generally, they feel the heavy weight of racist oppression.
397:
254:. She organized several benefits for him, and he named her Northern Coordinator of the
149:
that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome
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767:
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According to Walker, the power of words is another theme that appears repeatedly in
445:
6374:
6361:
4185:"Maya Angelou Honored for Her First Job as a Street Car Conductor in San Francisco"
2320:
1901:
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1335:
1160:
816:
772:
629:
605:
534:
318:
294:
142:
138:
90:
63:
5795:
Bertolino, James (1996). "Maya Angelou is Three Writers". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
6266:
Tate, Claudia (1999). "Maya Angelou: An Interview". In Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
4529:
1061:
of becoming the first streetcar conductor in San Francisco several months later.
746:, that she was a prostitute. She went through with it, anyway, after her husband
674:
At first, Angelou intended to return to poetry and play-writing after completing
169:
into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice.
1785:
1474:
1408:
1041:
747:
642:
431:
6037:
Hord, Fred Lee (1998). "Someplace to Be a Black Girl". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
5797:
Modern Critical Interpretations: Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5434:
6541:
1983:, lists all the folk stories and jokes Angelou refers to and uses in the book.
1718:, Angelou became recognized as a respected spokesperson for Blacks and women.
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157:. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to
1936:
Angelou returned to Dunbar's poem for the title of her sixth autobiography,
1727:
1254:
1181:
1147:
543:
263:
4534:. Cranberry, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 82.
1896:. Angelou and Leonora Thuna wrote the teleplay; the movie was directed by
5871:
Braxton, Joanne M. (2004). "Black Autobiography". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
1602:
573:
homelessness for a short time after a fight with her father's girlfriend.
1913:
1440:
1141:
576:
During Maya's final year of high school, she worries that she might be a
205:
6326:
5927:
Cullinan, Bernice E. & Diane Goetz Person, eds. "Angelou, Maya". In
2544:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. p. 102.
753:
5499:
1797:
592:
Angelou's prose works, while presenting a unique interpretation of the
577:
5981:
Gillespie, Marcia Ann; Butler, Rosa Johnson; Long, Richard A. (2008).
5063:
5061:
5179:"ALL-Time 100 Best Nonfiction Books: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"
1260:
Selwyn R. Cudjoe calls Angelou's depiction of the rape "a burden" of
560:, to protect them from the dangers of racism in Stamps. Maya attends
506:
150:
465:
The title of the book comes from the third stanza of Dunbar's poem "
2787:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 2.
2099:
2097:
2095:
1780:
to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of
1284:
As Lupton points out, all of Angelou's autobiographies, especially
1151:
Angelou's treatment of racism has been compared to the writings of
660:, 1840s. Angelou's autobiographies are within the tradition of the
1733:
Opal Moore has called for better preparation for teachers who use
1601:
1498:
1431:
1430:, spirituals, and other autobiographies. Angelou read through the
1271:
1146:
903:
839:
652:
556:
Later, Momma decides to send her grandchildren to their mother in
519:
458:
444:
421:, an African American poet whose works she had admired for years.
276:
259:
735:
transformed into a strong evocation of the human spirit". Writer
137:
describing the young and early years of American writer and poet
1250:
1210:
Scholar Mary Vermillion compares Angelou's treatment of rape in
422:
302:
201:
6330:
1900:. Constance Good played young Maya. Also appearing were actors
1582:
The book's reception has not been universally positive; author
1456:, moments of happiness are not absent in the book. He compares
1318:, I saved my young and loyal passion for Paul Lawrence Dunbar,
250:
speak for the first time in 1960, she was inspired to join the
6184:
Order out of Chaos: The Autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou
2783:
Bloom, Harold (1998). "Introduction". In Bloom, Harold (ed.).
1893:
1741:, have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches to
667:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
298:
1473:
as a "blues genre autobiography" because it uses elements of
1198:", demonstrate the strength and resiliency of her community.
6041:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 141–151.
4766:
4764:
4708:
4706:
4398:
4396:
4383:
4381:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3226:
3224:
1371:, "...I was sure that any minute my mother or Bailey or the
5837:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 93–110.
5275:
5273:
4266:
4264:
4227:
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4134:
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3505:
3503:
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3182:
3180:
3178:
196:
Angelou uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as
6287:
Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook
6268:
Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook
6211:
Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook
6166:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 25–30.
6098:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 69–79.
6060:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 15–24.
5966:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 81–91.
5892:
Sturdy Black Bridges: Visions of Black Women in Literature
5875:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 63–64.
5854:
Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook
5773:"Banning the Caged Bird: Prison Censorship Across America"
5736:
Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook
4281:
4279:
3913:
3911:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3573:
3571:
3211:
3209:
3207:
1992:
The ALA did not track data about banned books before 1990.
1892:
was filmed in Mississippi and aired on April 28, 1979, on
6251:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 3–13.
5782:. Washington, D.C.: Howard University School of Law. 2021
3454:
3452:
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2910:
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2981:
2939:
2937:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2761:
2759:
2570:
2568:
2538:
Dunbar, Paul Laurence (1993). Braxton, Joanne M. (ed.).
568:. Before graduating, she becomes the first Black female
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5000:
4998:
4949:
4947:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4595:
4593:
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4356:
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4027:
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2619:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2229:
2227:
461:, is an image Angelou uses throughout all her writings.
6230:
Black Women Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation
5911:
Black Women Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation
3066:"Songbird: Maya Angelou Takes Another Look at Herself"
2636:
2634:
2430:
2428:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2118:"Maya Angelou Celebrates Her 80 Years of Pain and Joy"
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
482:
But a prayer that he sends from his heart's deep core,
6405:
Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas
6312:(New ed.). Infobase Publishing. pp. 17–36.
5599:"Top 100 Most Banned and Challenged Books: 2010-2019"
3415:
3413:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1569:
selection and an Ebony Book Club selection. In 2011,
1131:—The final stanza of Maya Angelou's poem "Caged Bird"
498:
List of characters in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
334:
Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas
6232:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 25–36.
564:
and studies dance and drama on a scholarship at the
6642:
6615:
6590:
6558:
6447:
6382:
6368:
5931:. Continuum International Publishing Group (2003).
5929:
The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature
5913:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 6–24.
5152:
5067:
4448:"Maya Angelou Speaks to 2,000 at Arlington Theater"
2260:"At 80, Maya Angelou Reflects on a 'Glorious' Life"
2206:"Robert Loomis, Editor of Styron, Angelou, Retires"
2103:
1792:, sibling and friendship relations, gender issues,
113:
105:
97:
85:
77:
69:
59:
6115:Liberating Literature: Feminist Fiction in America
6077:Deep Talk: Reading African American Literary Names
5659:"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979): Overview"
5406:London, England: Taylor & Francis, pp. 22–23.
5126:
2371:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press. p.
165:, Maya transforms from a victim of racism with an
6079:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
5543:"100 Most Frequently Challenged Books: 1990–1999"
1613:"a Biblical study of life in the midst of death".
528:, is the setting for a large portion of the book.
6458:Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie
5625:"100 Most Frequently Challenged Books by Decade"
1637:Opal Moore, in her criticism of the push to ban
869:classic technique in nonpoetic Western forms".
5500:"Maya Angelou—the Most Banned Author in the US"
1953:Conference of Minority Transportation Officials
1816:
1232:
1108:
985:
939:
872:
6514:Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women
6249:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
6164:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
6096:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
6058:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
6039:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5964:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5873:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5835:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5549:. American Library Association. Archived from
5456:
5454:
3955:
3953:
2785:Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
2407:"Maya Angelou I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"
884:The incident with the "powhitetrash" girls in
6342:
4178:
4176:
2778:
2776:
2774:
172:Angelou was challenged by her friend, author
8:
6507:The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou
6270:. New York: Oxford Press. pp. 149–158.
5573:"Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009"
4888:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcPherson1999 (
4419:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcPherson1999 (
4058:The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou
3900:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcPherson1999 (
3845:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcPherson1992 (
2541:The Collected Poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar
2413:(interview). BBC World Service. October 2005
2180:"A Career in Letters, 50 Years and Counting"
1763:Educator Daniel Challener, in his 1997 book
1609:(1955), Angelou's friend and mentor, called
1503:Angelou during her recitation of her poem, "
484:But a plea, that upward to Heaven he flings—
476:When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore,
42:
6310:Bloom's Modern Critical Views: Maya Angelou
5101:"Angelou Journeys Onto the Bestseller List"
3230:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2670:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: A Casebook
811:; for example, Lupton compares it to other
457:. The caged bird, a symbol for the chained
6349:
6335:
6327:
6289:. New York: Oxford Press. pp. 59–76.
6213:. New York: Oxford Press. pp. 49–58.
6138:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
5947:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
4989:
4724:
4712:
4491:
4402:
4387:
4372:
2859:"Maya Angelou, The Art of Fiction No. 119"
1536:President Bill Clinton's 1993 inauguration
1509:President Bill Clinton's 1993 inauguration
1168:aspect of black survival", is relevant in
1136:Angelou's autobiographies, beginning with
417:When selecting a title, Angelou turned to
48:
41:
6528:Celebrations, Rituals of Peace and Prayer
5856:. New York: Oxford Press. pp. 3–20.
5375:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5221:
5219:
5164:
4977:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4883:
4770:
4741:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFroula1998 (
4695:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFroula1998 (
4676:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFroula1998 (
4477:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFroula1998 (
4433:
4414:
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4270:
4243:
4231:
4216:
4138:
4109:
4016:
3895:
3859:
3840:
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3758:
3637:
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3594:
3577:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3392:
3380:
3338:
3215:
3186:
3038:
2928:
2916:
2750:
2655:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2245:
2173:
2171:
2169:
1407:, and works by Shakespeare, Poe, Dunbar,
478:When he beats his bars and would be free;
386:, to "relive the agony, the anguish, the
6567:Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now
5485:
4806:
4297:
4285:
3962:"35 Who Made a Difference: Maya Angelou"
3826:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2004 (
3744:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2004 (
3014:
2525:
2458:
930:Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies
752:
313:, before submitting it for publication.
256:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
6419:All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes
5498:Goffe, Leslie Gordon (August 5, 2014).
5264:
5228:"I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read"
5210:
4938:
4871:
4782:
4755:
4659:
4515:
4503:
4121:
4043:
3932:
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3883:
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2999:
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2812:
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2672:. New York: Oxford Press. p. 130.
2586:
2574:
2446:
2004:
1929:
1852:, which stated that banning books like
474:I know why the caged bird sings, ah me,
365:generally receives the highest praise.
346:All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes
6465:Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well
6015:. Lanham, Maryland: University Press.
5799:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
5699:
5687:
5641:
5603:ALA Advocacy, Legislation & Issues
5363:
5351:
4794:
4736:
4690:
4671:
4623:
4557:
4472:
4255:
4167:
4155:
4082:
3997:
3985:
3944:
3797:
3688:
3649:
3562:
3365:
3326:
3242:
3198:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3109:
3097:
2972:
2960:
2901:
2839:
2729:
2714:
2697:
2625:
2610:
2513:
2401:
2399:
2350:
2302:
2233:
2060:
2037:
757:In addition to being classified as an
449:The book's title comes from a poem by
226:banned in some schools and libraries.
5818:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 299–305.
5780:Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center
5465:. Vol. 2. Routledge Publishers.
5445:
5339:
5327:
5099:Colford, Paul D. (October 28, 1993).
5086:
5052:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4965:
4953:
4859:
4818:
4572:
4360:
4345:
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4094:
4031:
3871:
3821:
3739:
3712:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3431:
3419:
3404:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3254:
3121:
2598:
2482:
2470:
2434:
2290:
1850:Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center
1745:. Jocelyn A. Glazier, a professor at
1375:would bust in the door and save me".
1221:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
7:
5984:Maya Angelou: A Glorious Celebration
5894:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
4842:
4830:
4647:
4635:
4611:
4599:
4584:
3724:
3700:
3676:
3278:
3266:
3026:
2640:
2494:
2116:Minzesheimer, Bob (March 26, 2008).
2016:
1951:In 2014, Angelou was honored by the
1538:, sales of the paperback version of
246:. After hearing civil rights leader
6187:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
5816:Censored Books, Critical Viewpoints
5404:Stories of Resilience in Childhood.
5125:Brozan, Nadine (January 30, 1993).
4183:Brown, DeNeen L. (March 12, 2014).
2365:"A Life in the Day of Maya Angelou"
2178:Smith, Dinitia (January 23, 2007).
1235:exist between children and adults.
425:vocalist and civil rights activist
6135:Maya Angelou: A Critical Companion
5738:. Oxford Press. pp. 111–128.
5226:Prose, Francine (September 1999).
4446:Healy, Sarah (February 21, 2001).
4061:, New York: Random House, p. 194.
3960:Long, Richard (November 1, 2005).
1765:Stories of Resilience in Childhood
750:advised her to be honest about it.
258:. She worked for several years in
27:1969 autobiography by Maya Angelou
25:
5177:Gibson, Megan (August 17, 2011).
5153:Gillespie, Butler & Long 2008
5068:Gillespie, Butler & Long 2008
2104:Gillespie, Butler & Long 2008
486:I know why the caged bird sings.
480:It is not a carol of joy or glee,
6684:American autobiographical novels
6679:African-American autobiographies
5463:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia
1678:Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood
109:Print (hardback & paperback)
43:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
6391:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
6306:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5717:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
5631:. American Library Association.
2369:Conversations with Maya Angelou
2367:. In Elliot, Jeffrey M. (ed.).
1889:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
1516:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
1426:Angelou was also influenced by
949:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
852:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
763:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
598:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
503:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
236:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
130:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
35:I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
18:I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings
5579:. American Library Association
2857:Plimpton, George (Fall 1990).
2204:Italie, Hillel (May 6, 2011).
1804:in adolescence. He has called
1546:. The Bantam Books edition of
993:— Scholar Liliane K. Arensberg
321:to King's assassination. Like
1:
6599:Hallelujah! The Welcome Table
5943:Foerstel, Herbert N. (2002).
5402:Challener, Daniel D. (1997).
3064:Als, Hilton (July 28, 2002).
2258:Neary, Lynn (April 6, 2008).
2147:Younge, Gary (May 25, 2002).
2073:Moore, Lucinda (April 2003).
1218:' in her 1861 autobiography,
562:George Washington High School
6574:Even the Stars Look Lonesome
6181:McPherson, Dolly A. (1990).
1872:American Library Association
1747:George Washington University
1659:Coming of Age in Mississippi
1495:Critical reception and sales
788:first-person narrative voice
703:Coming of Age in Mississippi
509:and self-affirmation—in the
54:Cover from the first edition
6535:Mother: A Cradle to Hold Me
6521:A Brave and Startling Truth
6479:Shaker, Why Don't You Sing?
6075:King, Debra Walker (1998).
5629:Banned and Challenged Books
5577:Banned and Challenged Books
5547:Banned and Challenged Books
5390:Teacher Education Quarterly
1413:William Makepeace Thackeray
6725:
6398:Gather Together in My Name
6308:". In Harold Bloom (ed.).
6132:Lupton, Mary Jane (1998).
5987:. New York: Random House.
5719:. New York: Random House.
5435:10.1207/s15328023top1904_5
1979:Hagen, in his analysis of
1756:Gather Together in My Name
1291:Gather Together in My Name
927:
920:of recovered innocence".
915:states that Angelou opens
743:Gather Together in My Name
495:
328:Gather Together in My Name
119:Gather Together in My Name
31:
6426:A Song Flung Up to Heaven
5753:Baisnée, Valérie (1994).
2321:"Maya Angelou: 1929-2014"
2075:"Growing Up Maya Angelou"
1939:A Song Flung Up to Heaven
1767:, analyzed the events in
1466:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1302:Angelou states, early in
1288:and its immediate sequel
1196:Lift Every Voice and Sing
558:San Francisco, California
352:A Song Flung Up to Heaven
223:paperback bestseller list
47:
6694:Books adapted into films
6606:Great Food, All Day Long
6549:Life Doesn't Frighten Me
6486:Now Sheba Sings the Song
6009:Hagen, Lyman B. (1997).
5661:. Movies & TV Dept.
1085:Joanne M. Braxton calls
602:autobiographical fiction
218:in 1970 and remained on
186:autobiographical fiction
6689:American bildungsromans
6500:On the Pulse of Morning
6117:. New York: Routledge.
4528:Sawyer, Robert (2003).
1532:On the Pulse of Morning
1505:On the Pulse of Morning
1419:, Langston Hughes, and
1358:Maya's memorization of
825:. According to Lupton,
765:has also been called a
612:the narrative style in
566:California Labor School
6433:Mom & Me & Mom
6113:Lauret, Maria (1994).
5715:Angelou, Maya (1969).
5424:Teaching of Psychology
4055:Angelou, Maya (1994).
2363:Sarler, Carol (1989).
1958:Mom & Me & Mom
1870:appeared third on the
1824:
1614:
1567:Book of the Month Club
1512:
1281:
1276:Angelou has described
1237:
1156:
1128:
990:
944:
876:
782:
671:
529:
511:Southern United States
489:
462:
358:Mom & Me & Mom
282:
248:Martin Luther King Jr.
6699:Books by Maya Angelou
6581:Letter to My Daughter
5757:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
2264:National Public Radio
1924:Explanatory footnotes
1794:cognitive development
1649:Dust Tracks on a Road
1605:
1596:To Kill a Mockingbird
1502:
1275:
1155:(shown here in 1939).
1150:
1119:and his tune is heard
879:—Marcia Ann Gillespie
831:The Mill on the Floss
822:The Mill on the Floss
778:The Mill on the Floss
756:
656:
594:autobiographical form
523:
471:
448:
280:
252:Civil Rights Movement
191:Civil Rights Movement
6674:1969 American novels
6493:I Shall Not Be Moved
6412:The Heart of a Woman
5669:on December 25, 2013
5504:New African Magazine
3966:Smithsonian Magazine
2210:The Washington Times
2079:Smithsonian Magazine
1669:Report From Part One
1617:Susan Gilbert calls
1490:Reception and legacy
1324:James Weldon Johnson
1117:but longed for still
1113:with a fearful trill
1111:The caged bird sings
709:Joanne Braxton sees
664:, such as Douglass'
455:Paul Laurence Dunbar
419:Paul Laurence Dunbar
340:The Heart of a Woman
240:Harlem Writers Guild
214:was nominated for a
5605:. September 9, 2020
5488:, pp. 195–196.
4614:, pp. 143–144.
4436:, pp. 120–121.
4189:The Washington Post
2128:on October 24, 2022
1563:National Book Award
1447:Angelou's humor in
1350:The Rape of Lucrece
1278:William Shakespeare
1121:on the distant hill
1033:The Golden Notebook
850:When Angelou wrote
551:St. Louis, Missouri
301:television station
216:National Book Award
167:inferiority complex
147:coming-of-age story
143:seven-volume series
44:
6709:Random House books
5663:The New York Times
5133:The New York Times
4454:. UC Santa Barbara
2528:, pp. 25, 27.
2212:. Associated Press
2184:The New York Times
1838:Advanced Placement
1802:identity formation
1654:Zora Neale Hurston
1615:
1513:
1282:
1157:
1125:sings of freedom.
1123:for the caged bird
1067:Harlem Renaissance
1058:self-determination
805:has been called a
783:
685:Frederick Douglass
672:
658:Frederick Douglass
618:Zora Neale Hurston
530:
463:
283:
272:Coretta Scott King
221:The New York Times
176:, and her editor,
32:For the film, see
6661:
6660:
6651:Down in the Delta
6319:978-1-60413-177-2
5994:978-0-385-51108-7
5726:978-0-375-50789-2
5553:on April 13, 2024
5472:978-1-57958-135-0
5354:, pp. 36–37.
5235:Harper's Magazine
5105:Los Angeles Times
5043:, pp. 55–56.
4968:, pp. 30–45.
4917:, pp. 43–44.
4809:, pp. 29–30.
4727:, pp. 69–70.
4674:, pp. 58–59.
4541:978-0-8386-3970-2
4494:, pp. 60–61.
4417:, pp. 38–43.
4300:, pp. 77–78.
4000:, pp. 38–39.
3843:, pp. 14–15.
3485:, pp. 11–12.
3341:, pp. 17–18.
3317:, pp. 58–59.
3029:, pp. 19–20.
3002:, pp. 95–96.
2975:, pp. 52–53.
2904:, pp. 10–11.
2613:, pp. 29–30.
2485:, pp. 54–55.
2327:. Poetry Magazine
2325:Poetry Foundation
1884:made-for-TV movie
1782:child development
1743:teacher education
1253:retelling of the
1115:of things unknown
955:In the course of
622:Era Bell Thompson
524:The community of
398:Joanne M. Braxton
379:Roget's Thesaurus
141:. The first in a
126:
125:
98:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
6716:
6624:Georgia, Georgia
6472:And Still I Rise
6351:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6323:
6300:
6281:
6262:
6243:
6224:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6177:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6128:
6109:
6090:
6071:
6052:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5977:
5958:
5924:
5905:
5886:
5867:
5848:
5829:
5810:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5777:
5768:
5749:
5730:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5665:. Archived from
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5523:"Banning", p. 54
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5458:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5420:
5414:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5237:. pp. 76–84
5232:
5223:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5071:
5065:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4391:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4142:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4069:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3581:
3575:
3566:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3369:
3363:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3173:
3172:, p. 38-39.
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2866:The Paris Review
2863:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2113:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2014:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1858:The Color Purple
1828:
1790:parenting styles
1786:effects of abuse
1686:Lilian Hellman's
1674:Gwendolyn Brooks
1428:slave narratives
1421:W. E. B. Du Bois
1340:The Color Purple
1328:W. E. B. DuBois'
1241:
1178:Richard Wright's
1132:
1023:The Women's Room
994:
961:Feminist scholar
951:
880:
715:Selwyn R. Cudjoe
693:Selwyn R. Cudjoe
689:slave narratives
526:Stamps, Arkansas
515:Stamps, Arkansas
451:African-American
159:Stamps, Arkansas
114:Followed by
52:
45:
21:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6638:
6611:
6586:
6554:
6443:
6383:Autobiographies
6378:
6364:
6355:
6320:
6303:
6297:
6284:
6278:
6265:
6259:
6246:
6240:
6227:
6221:
6208:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6180:
6174:
6161:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6125:
6112:
6106:
6093:
6087:
6074:
6068:
6055:
6049:
6036:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6008:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5961:
5955:
5942:
5921:
5908:
5902:
5889:
5883:
5870:
5864:
5851:
5845:
5832:
5826:
5813:
5807:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5752:
5746:
5733:
5727:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5532:"Banning", p. 5
5531:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5421:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5294:, pp. 8–9.
5290:
5286:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5074:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4996:
4990:Vermillion 1999
4988:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4725:Vermillion 1999
4723:
4719:
4713:Vermillion 1999
4711:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4492:Vermillion 1999
4490:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4452:The Daily Nexus
4445:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4403:Vermillion 1999
4401:
4394:
4388:Vermillion 1999
4386:
4379:
4373:Vermillion 1999
4371:
4367:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4145:
4137:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4072:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:, p. 1988.
3699:
3695:
3691:, pp. 8–9.
3687:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3584:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:, pp. 5–6.
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3063:
3062:
3045:
3041:, pp. 7–8.
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2687:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:, pp. 6–7.
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2411:World Book Club
2405:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2044:
2036:
2023:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1910:Diahann Carroll
1906:Roger E. Mosley
1880:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1704:Julian Mayfield
1695:
1497:
1492:
1452:individuals in
1394:The Lone Ranger
1320:Langston Hughes
1270:
1243:
1239:
1204:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1083:
996:
992:
953:
947:—Maya Angelou,
946:
937:
932:
926:
882:
878:
848:
681:George Plimpton
662:slave narrative
638:Rudyard Kipling
590:
588:Style and genre
500:
494:
488:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
415:
389:Sturm und Drang
368:Beginning with
311:Jessica Mitford
234:Before writing
232:
106:Media type
55:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6722:
6720:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6704:Censored books
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6666:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6632:Sister, Sister
6628:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6301:
6295:
6282:
6276:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6238:
6225:
6219:
6206:
6193:
6178:
6172:
6158:
6157:
6144:
6129:
6123:
6110:
6104:
6091:
6085:
6072:
6066:
6053:
6047:
6034:
6021:
6006:
5993:
5978:
5972:
5959:
5953:
5940:
5925:
5919:
5906:
5900:
5887:
5881:
5868:
5862:
5849:
5843:
5830:
5824:
5811:
5805:
5792:
5769:
5763:
5750:
5744:
5731:
5725:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5646:
5634:
5616:
5590:
5564:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5490:
5478:
5471:
5450:
5438:
5429:(4): 221–222.
5415:
5395:
5380:
5376:McPherson 1990
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5316:McPherson 1990
5308:
5304:McPherson 1990
5296:
5292:McPherson 1990
5284:
5280:McPherson 1990
5269:
5257:
5248:
5215:
5203:
5169:
5167:, p. 305.
5165:Bertolino 1993
5157:
5155:, p. 142.
5145:
5117:
5091:
5072:
5070:, p. 101.
5057:
5045:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4994:
4982:
4980:, p. 144.
4978:Arensberg 1999
4970:
4958:
4943:
4931:
4927:McPherson 1990
4919:
4915:McPherson 1990
4907:
4903:McPherson 1990
4895:
4884:McPherson 1999
4876:
4864:
4847:
4845:, p. 215.
4835:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4773:, p. 113.
4771:Arensberg 1999
4760:
4748:
4729:
4717:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4652:
4650:, p. 145.
4640:
4638:, p. 144.
4628:
4616:
4604:
4602:, p. 143.
4589:
4587:, p. 142.
4577:
4562:
4547:
4540:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4465:
4438:
4434:Arensberg 1999
4426:
4415:McPherson 1999
4407:
4392:
4377:
4365:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4322:McPherson 1990
4314:
4310:McPherson 1990
4302:
4290:
4275:
4271:McPherson 1990
4260:
4248:
4244:McPherson 1990
4236:
4232:McPherson 1990
4221:
4217:McPherson 1990
4209:
4172:
4160:
4143:
4139:McPherson 1990
4126:
4124:, p. 100.
4114:
4110:McPherson 1990
4099:
4087:
4070:
4048:
4036:
4021:
4017:McPherson 1990
4002:
3990:
3978:
3949:
3937:
3922:
3920:, p. 109.
3907:
3896:McPherson 1999
3888:
3876:
3864:
3862:, p. 126.
3860:Arensberg 1999
3852:
3841:McPherson 1992
3833:
3814:
3812:, p. 118.
3810:Arensberg 1999
3802:
3790:
3788:, p. 115.
3778:
3774:McPherson 1990
3763:
3759:McPherson 1990
3751:
3729:
3727:, p. 188.
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3679:, p. 189.
3666:
3654:
3642:
3640:, p. 116.
3638:Arensberg 1999
3623:
3611:
3607:McPherson 1990
3599:
3595:McPherson 1990
3582:
3578:McPherson 1990
3567:
3550:
3538:
3534:McPherson 1990
3526:
3524:, p. 122.
3522:Arensberg 1999
3514:
3512:, p. 112.
3510:Arensberg 1999
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3461:, p. 107.
3448:
3446:, p. 106.
3436:
3424:
3409:
3407:, p. 6-7.
3397:
3393:McPherson 1990
3385:
3383:, p. 115.
3381:Arensberg 1999
3370:
3355:
3353:, p. 265.
3343:
3339:McPherson 1990
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3220:
3216:McPherson 1990
3203:
3191:
3189:, p. 114.
3187:Arensberg 1999
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3070:The New Yorker
3043:
3039:McPherson 1990
3031:
3019:
3004:
2992:
2977:
2965:
2948:
2933:
2929:McPherson 1990
2921:
2917:McPherson 1990
2906:
2894:
2882:
2844:
2829:
2817:
2800:
2793:
2770:
2755:
2751:McPherson 1990
2734:
2719:
2702:
2685:
2678:
2660:
2656:McPherson 1990
2645:
2643:, p. 153.
2630:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2564:
2550:
2530:
2518:
2499:
2497:, p. 158.
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2424:
2395:
2381:
2355:
2338:
2307:
2295:
2276:
2250:
2246:McPherson 1990
2238:
2223:
2196:
2165:
2149:"No Surrender"
2139:
2108:
2091:
2065:
2042:
2021:
2019:, p. 150.
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1963:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:Madge Sinclair
1879:
1876:
1842:gifted student
1815:
1813:
1810:
1771:to illustrate
1694:
1691:
1584:Francine Prose
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1462:Thomas Hardy's
1417:Samuel Johnson
1336:Alice Walker's
1269:
1266:
1231:
1216:Harriet Jacobs
1203:
1200:
1153:Richard Wright
1109:
1107:
1082:
1079:
1028:Marilyn French
984:
938:
936:
933:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
871:
847:
844:
813:bildungsromans
636:with the tone
626:par excellence
589:
586:
582:hermaphrodites
493:
490:
472:
414:
411:
231:
228:
204:, racism, and
189:following the
124:
123:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
93:), 1st edition
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6721:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6321:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6296:0-19-511606-2
6292:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6277:0-19-511606-2
6273:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6239:0-385-17124-2
6235:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6220:0-19-511606-2
6216:
6212:
6207:
6196:
6194:0-8204-1139-6
6190:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6147:
6145:0-313-30325-8
6141:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6124:0-415-06515-1
6120:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6086:0-8139-1852-9
6082:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6024:
6022:0-7618-0621-0
6018:
6014:
6013:
6007:
5996:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5954:1-59311-374-9
5950:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5937:0-8264-1778-7
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5920:0-385-17124-2
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5901:0-385-13347-2
5897:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5882:0-7910-7562-1
5878:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5863:0-19-511606-2
5859:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5825:0-8108-2667-4
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5806:0-7910-4773-3
5802:
5798:
5793:
5781:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5764:90-420-0109-7
5760:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5745:0-19-511606-2
5741:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5709:Sources cited
5708:
5702:, p. 64.
5701:
5696:
5693:
5690:, p. 59.
5689:
5684:
5681:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5655:Erickson, Hal
5650:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5486:Foerstel 2002
5482:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5448:, p. 50.
5447:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5412:0-8153-2800-1
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5391:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5366:, p. 33.
5365:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5345:
5342:, p. 49.
5341:
5336:
5333:
5330:, p. 13.
5329:
5324:
5321:
5318:, p. 40.
5317:
5312:
5309:
5306:, p. 11.
5305:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5285:
5282:, p. 23.
5281:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5267:, p. 82.
5266:
5261:
5258:
5255:Moore, p. 56.
5252:
5249:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5213:, p. 56.
5212:
5207:
5204:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5134:
5129:
5121:
5118:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5092:
5089:, p. 56.
5088:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:, p. 56.
5054:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5031:, p. 61.
5030:
5025:
5022:
5019:, p. 60.
5018:
5013:
5010:
5007:, p. 50.
5006:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4992:, p. 68.
4991:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4956:, p. 28.
4955:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:, p. 83.
4940:
4935:
4932:
4929:, p. 10.
4928:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4908:
4905:, p. 43.
4904:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4886:, p. 36.
4885:
4880:
4877:
4874:, p. 92.
4873:
4868:
4865:
4862:, p. 19.
4861:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4821:, p. 36.
4820:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4807:McMurray 1998
4803:
4800:
4797:, p. 24.
4796:
4791:
4788:
4785:, p. 78.
4784:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4758:, p. 98.
4757:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4739:, p. 61.
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4715:, p. 69.
4714:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:, p. 59.
4692:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4662:, p. 13.
4661:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4626:, p. 14.
4625:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4575:, p. 63.
4574:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:, p. 16.
4559:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4521:
4518:, p. 12.
4517:
4512:
4509:
4506:, p. 11.
4505:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4475:, p. 60.
4474:
4469:
4466:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4405:, p. 67.
4404:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4390:, p. 66.
4389:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4375:, p. 59.
4374:
4369:
4366:
4363:, p. 53.
4362:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4348:, p. 54.
4347:
4342:
4339:
4336:, p. 52.
4335:
4330:
4327:
4324:, p. 48.
4323:
4318:
4315:
4312:, p. 24.
4311:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4298:Kinnamon 1998
4294:
4291:
4288:, p. 76.
4287:
4286:Kinnamon 1998
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:, p. 13.
4272:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:, p. 44.
4257:
4252:
4249:
4246:, p. 36.
4245:
4240:
4237:
4234:, p. 45.
4233:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:, p. 44.
4218:
4213:
4210:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4170:, p. 26.
4169:
4164:
4161:
4158:, p. 13.
4157:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:, p. 37.
4140:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4112:, p. 32.
4111:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:, p. 70.
4096:
4091:
4088:
4085:, p. 22.
4084:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:0-679-42895-X
4064:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4049:
4046:, p. 24.
4045:
4040:
4037:
4034:, p. 55.
4033:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4019:, p. 31.
4018:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3988:, p. 38.
3987:
3982:
3979:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:, p. 63.
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:, p. 44.
3897:
3892:
3889:
3886:, p. 97.
3885:
3880:
3877:
3874:, p. 59.
3873:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3824:, p. 52.
3823:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3800:, p. 49.
3799:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3776:, p. 33.
3775:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:, p. 52.
3760:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3742:, p. 54.
3741:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3715:, p. 53.
3714:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:, p. 91.
3663:
3658:
3655:
3652:, p. 98.
3651:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3621:, p. 55.
3620:
3615:
3612:
3609:, p. 29.
3608:
3603:
3600:
3597:, p. 28.
3596:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:, p. 25.
3579:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:, p. 12.
3564:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3536:, p. 27.
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:, p. 12.
3496:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3473:, p. 11.
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3395:, p. 20.
3394:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3368:, p. 97.
3367:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3329:, p. 54.
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3281:, p. 24.
3280:
3275:
3272:
3269:, p. 20.
3268:
3263:
3260:
3257:, p. 58.
3256:
3251:
3248:
3245:, p. 20.
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:, p. 32.
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:, p. 26.
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:, p. 31.
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3160:, p. 37.
3159:
3154:
3151:
3148:, p. 35.
3147:
3142:
3139:
3136:, p. 52.
3135:
3130:
3127:
3124:, p. 18.
3123:
3118:
3115:
3112:, p. 34.
3111:
3106:
3103:
3100:, p. 14.
3099:
3094:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3017:, p. 79.
3016:
3015:Kinnamon 1998
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2990:, p. 81.
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2963:, p. 11.
2962:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:, p. 64.
2945:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:, p. 12.
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2892:, p. 87.
2891:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2842:, p. 30.
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:, p. 86.
2826:
2821:
2818:
2815:, p. 85.
2814:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:, p. 96.
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:, p. 69.
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:, p. 68.
2716:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:, p. 57.
2699:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2679:0-19-511607-0
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:, p. 32.
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2589:, p. 93.
2588:
2583:
2580:
2577:, p. 10.
2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2553:
2551:0-8139-1438-8
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:McMurray 1998
2522:
2519:
2516:, p. 66.
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:, p. 54.
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:, p. 25.
2460:
2459:McMurray 1998
2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:, p. 55.
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2384:
2382:0-87805-362-X
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2353:, p. 15.
2352:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2293:, p. 57.
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2248:, p. 22.
2247:
2242:
2239:
2236:, p. 17.
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2106:, p. 81.
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2063:, p. 19.
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2040:, p. 67.
2039:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:In 2021, the
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
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1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
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1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1623:tour de force
1620:
1612:
1608:
1607:James Baldwin
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:Time Magazine
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:James Baldwin
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:Marvel Comics
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:Oprah Winfrey
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:Jessie Fauset
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:Doris Lessing
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
989:
983:
980:
976:
970:
967:
962:
958:
952:
950:
943:
934:
931:
923:
921:
918:
913:
907:
905:
901:
896:
892:
891:Robert Loomis
887:
881:
875:
870:
867:
862:
858:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
809:
808:bildungsroman
804:
800:
798:
794:
789:
780:
779:
774:
770:
769:
768:Bildungsroman
764:
760:
759:autobiography
755:
751:
749:
745:
744:
738:
733:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
649:
648:codeswitching
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
536:
527:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
491:
487:
470:
468:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
427:Abbey Lincoln
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Robert Loomis
288:
287:Jules Feiffer
281:Angelou, 1969
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:James Baldwin
241:
237:
229:
227:
224:
222:
217:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
187:
183:
179:
178:Robert Loomis
175:
174:James Baldwin
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:autobiography
132:
131:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:United States
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:Autobiography
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
51:
46:
38:
36:
30:
19:
6649:
6630:
6622:
6604:
6597:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6547:
6533:
6526:
6512:
6505:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6375:Miss Calypso
6373:
6362:Maya Angelou
6309:
6305:
6286:
6267:
6248:
6229:
6210:
6198:. Retrieved
6183:
6163:
6149:. Retrieved
6134:
6114:
6095:
6076:
6057:
6038:
6026:. Retrieved
6011:
5998:. Retrieved
5983:
5963:
5944:
5928:
5910:
5891:
5872:
5853:
5834:
5815:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5779:
5754:
5735:
5716:
5695:
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5667:the original
5662:
5649:
5644:, p. 5.
5637:
5628:
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5602:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5576:
5567:
5555:. Retrieved
5551:the original
5546:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5503:
5493:
5481:
5462:
5441:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5403:
5398:
5389:
5383:
5378:, p. 3.
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5265:Gilbert 1998
5260:
5251:
5239:. Retrieved
5234:
5211:Baisnée 1994
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5182:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5132:
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5104:
5094:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5012:
4985:
4973:
4961:
4939:Angelou 1969
4934:
4922:
4910:
4898:
4879:
4872:Angelou 1969
4867:
4838:
4833:, p. 1.
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4783:Angelou 1969
4778:
4756:Braxton 1998
4751:
4732:
4720:
4686:
4667:
4660:Angelou 1969
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4580:
4530:
4523:
4516:Braxton 1999
4511:
4504:Braxton 2004
4499:
4487:
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4451:
4441:
4429:
4410:
4368:
4341:
4329:
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4305:
4293:
4251:
4239:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4188:
4163:
4122:Braxton 1998
4117:
4090:
4057:
4051:
4044:Angelou 1969
4039:
3993:
3981:
3969:. Retrieved
3965:
3940:
3935:, p. 4.
3933:Braxton 1999
3918:Braxton 1998
3891:
3884:Braxton 1998
3879:
3867:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3786:Burgher 1979
3781:
3754:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3662:Angelou 1969
3657:
3645:
3619:Angelou 1969
3614:
3602:
3548:, p. 6.
3546:Angelou 1969
3541:
3529:
3517:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3459:Braxton 1998
3444:Braxton 1998
3439:
3434:, p. 9.
3427:
3422:, p. 8.
3400:
3388:
3351:Angelou 1969
3346:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3293:, p. 5.
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3231:O'Neale 1984
3194:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3069:
3034:
3022:
3000:Braxton 1998
2995:
2988:Gilbert 1998
2968:
2944:Braxton 2004
2924:
2919:, p. 6.
2897:
2890:Gilbert 1998
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2865:
2825:Gilbert 1998
2820:
2813:Gilbert 1998
2784:
2766:Braxton 1998
2753:, p. 9.
2669:
2663:
2658:, p. 5.
2606:
2594:
2587:Angelou 1969
2582:
2575:Braxton 1999
2555:. Retrieved
2540:
2533:
2521:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2449:, p. 7.
2447:Braxton 1999
2442:
2415:. Retrieved
2410:
2386:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:
2329:. Retrieved
2324:
2305:, p. 1.
2298:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:
2253:
2241:
2214:. Retrieved
2209:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2156:. Retrieved
2153:The Guardian
2152:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2121:
2111:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2068:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1902:Esther Rolle
1898:Fielder Cook
1887:
1881:
1878:Film version
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1805:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:, who calls
1698:
1696:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1594:
1592:Harper Lee's
1587:
1586:, who calls
1581:
1576:
1570:
1558:
1556:
1552:Random House
1547:
1544:Grammy Award
1539:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1425:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:Green Hornet
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1345:The Creation
1338:
1331:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1261:
1259:
1246:
1244:
1238:
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1211:
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1190:
1186:
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1173:
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1166:
1161:Vusumzi Make
1158:
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948:
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885:
883:
877:
873:
866:Caged Bird's
865:
860:
856:
851:
849:
835:
830:
826:
820:
817:George Eliot
812:
806:
802:
801:
796:
792:
784:
776:
773:George Eliot
766:
762:
741:
731:
729:
723:
718:
717:states that
710:
708:
701:
675:
673:
665:
641:
633:
630:Harold Bloom
625:
613:
610:
606:Claudia Tate
597:
591:
575:
555:
548:
535:Ku Klux Klan
531:
502:
501:
492:Plot summary
473:
464:
439:
416:
406:
402:
393:
387:
377:
369:
367:
362:
356:
355:(2002), and
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
322:
319:World War II
315:
306:
295:Random House
284:
268:assassinated
235:
233:
220:
211:
210:
195:
181:
171:
162:
139:Maya Angelou
129:
128:
127:
117:
91:Random House
64:Maya Angelou
34:
29:
6616:Screenplays
5700:Lupton 1998
5688:Lupton 1998
5642:Lupton 1998
5364:Lupton 1998
5352:Lupton 1998
5128:"Chronicle"
4795:Walker 2009
4737:Froula 1998
4691:Froula 1998
4672:Froula 1998
4624:Cudjoe 1984
4558:Lupton 1998
4473:Froula 1998
4256:Lupton 1998
4168:Walker 2009
4156:Cudjoe 1984
4083:Walker 2009
3998:Lupton 1998
3986:Lupton 1998
3945:Lupton 1998
3798:Lupton 1998
3689:Cudjoe 1984
3650:Lauret 1994
3563:Cudjoe 1984
3366:Lauret 1994
3327:Lupton 1998
3243:Walker 2009
3199:Walker 2009
3170:Lupton 1998
3158:Lupton 1998
3146:Lupton 1998
3134:Lupton 1998
3110:Lupton 1998
3098:Lupton 1998
2973:Lupton 1998
2961:Cudjoe 1984
2902:Cudjoe 1984
2862:(Interview)
2840:Lupton 1998
2730:Lupton 1998
2715:Lupton 1998
2698:Lupton 1998
2626:Lupton 1998
2611:Lupton 1998
2514:Lupton 1998
2351:Lupton 1998
2303:Lupton 1998
2234:Walker 2009
2061:Walker 2009
2038:Lupton 1998
1886:version of
1827:—Opal Moore
1749:, has used
1520:Caged Bird.
1475:blues music
1409:Jane Austen
1240:—Opal Moore
1042:protagonist
966:Caged Bird,
748:Paul Du Feu
432:Shakespeare
307:Caged Bird.
6668:Categories
6542:We Had Him
6258:0791047733
6173:0791047733
6105:0791047733
6067:0791047733
6048:0791047733
5973:0791047733
5844:0791047733
5446:Moore 1999
5340:Moore 1999
5328:Smith 1998
5087:Hagen 1997
5053:Moore 1999
5041:Moore 1999
5029:Hagen 1997
5017:Hagen 1997
5005:Hagen 1997
4966:Hagen 1997
4954:Hagen 1997
4860:Hagen 1997
4819:Hagen 1997
4573:Hagen 1997
4361:Moore 1999
4346:Moore 1999
4334:Moore 1999
4095:Hagen 1997
4032:Hagen 1997
3872:Hagen 1997
3822:Smith 2004
3740:Smith 2004
3713:Smith 1998
3495:Smith 1998
3483:Smith 1998
3471:Smith 1998
3432:Smith 1998
3420:Smith 1998
3405:Smith 1998
3315:Hagen 1997
3303:Smith 1998
3291:Smith 1998
3255:Hagen 1997
3122:Hagen 1997
2794:0791047733
2599:Hagen 1997
2483:Hagen 1997
2471:Hagen 1997
2435:Moore 1999
2291:Hagen 1997
1981:Caged Bird
1868:Caged Bird
1862:Caged Bird
1854:Caged Bird
1833:Caged Bird
1819:Caged Bird
1812:Censorship
1806:Caged Bird
1778:Caged Bird
1773:resiliency
1769:Caged Bird
1751:Caged Bird
1739:Caged Bird
1735:Caged Bird
1724:Caged Bird
1720:Caged Bird
1716:Caged Bird
1712:Caged Bird
1708:Caged Bird
1699:Caged Bird
1682:bell hooks
1680:(1996) by
1672:(1972) by
1664:Anne Moody
1662:(1968) by
1652:(1942) by
1644:Caged Bird
1639:Caged Bird
1632:Caged Bird
1627:Caged Bird
1619:Caged Bird
1611:Caged Bird
1588:Caged Bird
1577:Caged Bird
1559:Caged Bird
1548:Caged Bird
1540:Caged Bird
1528:Caged Bird
1507:", during
1483:Caged Bird
1479:Caged Bird
1471:Caged Bird
1458:Caged Bird
1454:Caged Bird
1449:Caged Bird
1437:Caged Bird
1400:The Shadow
1384:Caged Bird
1380:Caged Bird
1369:Caged Bird
1365:Caged Bird
1332:Caged Bird
1304:Caged Bird
1296:Caged Bird
1286:Caged Bird
1262:Caged Bird
1247:Caged Bird
1226:Caged Bird
1212:Caged Bird
1191:Caged Bird
1187:Caged Bird
1174:Caged Bird
1170:Caged Bird
1138:Caged Bird
1103:Caged Bird
1099:Caged Bird
1095:Caged Bird
1091:Caged Bird
1087:Caged Bird
1075:Caged Bird
1050:Caged Bird
1013:Caged Bird
1009:Caged Bird
1005:Caged Bird
1001:Caged Bird
979:Caged Bird
975:Caged Bird
957:Caged Bird
917:Caged Bird
912:Caged Bird
900:Caged Bird
895:Caged Bird
886:Caged Bird
861:Caged Bird
857:Caged Bird
836:Caged Bird
827:Caged Bird
803:Caged Bird
797:Caged Bird
793:Caged Bird
737:Hilton Als
732:Caged Bird
724:Caged Bird
719:Caged Bird
711:Caged Bird
698:Anne Moody
676:Caged Bird
634:Caged Bird
614:Caged Bird
540:Depression
496:See also:
440:Caged Bird
407:Caged Bird
403:Caged Bird
394:Caged Bird
370:Caged Bird
363:Caged Bird
323:Caged Bird
230:Background
212:Caged Bird
182:Caged Bird
163:Caged Bird
145:, it is a
133:is a 1969
6591:Cookbooks
5191:0040-781X
4843:King 1998
4831:King 1998
4648:Hord 1998
4636:Hord 1998
4612:Hord 1998
4600:Hord 1998
4585:Hord 1998
4197:0190-8286
3725:King 1998
3701:King 1998
3677:King 1998
3279:Kent 1998
3267:Kent 1998
3078:0028-792X
3027:Kent 1998
2641:Tate 1999
2495:Tate 1999
2122:USA Today
2017:Tate 1999
2000:Citations
1728:Zeitgeist
1693:Influence
1312:Thackeray
1255:Philomela
1182:Black Boy
964:heart of
819:'s novel
570:cable car
544:Joe Louis
436:spiritual
374:solitaire
264:Malcolm X
86:Published
6200:April 4,
6151:April 2,
6028:April 3,
6000:April 2,
5786:April 6,
5673:April 6,
5657:(2013).
5609:April 6,
5583:April 6,
5392:: 73–94.
5241:April 5,
5196:April 5,
5138:April 6,
5110:April 6,
4458:April 5,
4202:April 4,
3971:April 4,
3083:April 3,
2875:April 3,
2557:April 2,
2417:April 2,
2388:April 2,
2331:April 2,
2269:April 2,
2216:April 2,
2189:April 2,
2158:April 2,
2132:April 2,
2084:April 2,
1914:Ruby Dee
1441:folklore
1268:Literacy
1142:lynching
935:Identity
640:uses in
467:Sympathy
349:(1986),
343:(1981),
337:(1976),
331:(1974),
206:literacy
198:identity
70:Language
5509:May 10,
1961:(2013).
1942:(2002).
1798:puberty
1360:Lucrece
1355:Lucrece
771:, like
670:(1845).
578:lesbian
73:English
6654:(1998)
6635:(1982)
6627:(1972)
6559:Essays
6449:Poetry
6439:Themes
6369:Albums
6316:
6293:
6274:
6255:
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6217:
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5557:May 9,
5469:
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2791:
2676:
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1916:, and
1800:, and
1684:, and
1403:, and
1316:Henley
1308:Butler
1251:Ovid's
1081:Racism
924:Themes
507:racism
155:trauma
151:racism
121:
89:1969 (
60:Author
37:(film)
6643:Films
6358:Works
5776:(PDF)
5231:(PDF)
1697:When
1534:" at
1432:Bible
1069:poet
904:blues
840:irony
815:like
600:, as
459:slave
453:poet
413:Title
260:Ghana
78:Genre
6314:ISBN
6291:ISBN
6272:ISBN
6253:ISBN
6234:ISBN
6215:ISBN
6202:2024
6189:ISBN
6168:ISBN
6153:2024
6140:ISBN
6119:ISBN
6100:ISBN
6081:ISBN
6062:ISBN
6043:ISBN
6030:2024
6017:ISBN
6002:2024
5989:ISBN
5968:ISBN
5949:ISBN
5933:ISBN
5915:ISBN
5896:ISBN
5877:ISBN
5858:ISBN
5839:ISBN
5820:ISBN
5801:ISBN
5788:2024
5759:ISBN
5740:ISBN
5721:ISBN
5675:2024
5611:2024
5585:2024
5559:2024
5511:2024
5467:ISBN
5408:ISBN
5243:2024
5198:2024
5187:ISSN
5183:Time
5140:2024
5112:2024
4890:help
4743:help
4697:help
4678:help
4536:ISBN
4479:help
4460:2015
4421:help
4204:2024
4193:ISSN
4063:ISBN
3973:2015
3902:help
3847:help
3828:help
3746:help
3085:2024
3074:ISSN
2877:2024
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2419:2024
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2377:ISBN
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2191:2024
2160:2024
2134:2024
2086:2024
1856:and
1840:and
1753:and
1334:and
1326:and
1314:and
1202:Rape
1176:and
1030:and
846:Form
829:and
628:."
620:and
423:Jazz
303:WNET
202:rape
153:and
6360:by
5431:doi
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1894:CBS
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1214:to
1036:by
1026:by
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700:in
687:in
643:Kim
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384:BBC
299:PBS
293:at
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