412:. The struggle between the old and the new god and the predominant popularity of I Verbti in Albanian folk beliefs is expressed in a tale narrated from a Christian point of view, according to which two lads met together, then one said: "Let me pray to I Verbti! Afterwards we will go to fight on!" The other, however, replied to him: "I Verbti, there's no such thing! But the God in heaven, who is only one, he is the true God!" So one prayed to I Verbti and the other to the true God. Then they fought against each other. But God arranged it so that the one who prayed to the true God was killed, while the other who prayed to I Verbti survived. Hence all the people placed their hopes in I Verbti.
384:
region, I Verbti is the god who controls fire and wind. By controlling the wind he is able to fan the flames of fire and move water, the opposite element to fire. He is said to have saved a boy from drowning after the people prayed to him. I Verbti performed the rescue by controlling the northern
385:
wind, which raised the water in billow, and the thus created waves threw the boy out of the water alive. I Verbti is described as a deity who hates uncleanliness and bad ways of speaking and he will punish anyone who speaks badly of him. The
351:
is associated with the Sun in the heavens, with lightning in the clouds, and with both hearth and ritual fire on the earth among humans. It has been suggested that the deity to whom
Thursday was dedicated was worshiped by the
459:, tribesmen of Shala shot with their firearms at an approaching storm, and they were pleased for their success in sending away the storm god, who went over the neighboring territory of
408:, and it was spread about that anyone who invoked him would be blinded by fire. However, in folk beliefs the god I Verbti was often considered more powerful than the Christian
78:
In
Zadrima it was believed that by controlling the wind I Verbti is able to fan the flames of fire and move water, the opposite element to fire. The Albanian word for "
121:
when he arrives. He can be greeted and turned away with noise and gunshots. These beliefs and practices were similar to those associated with the thunderstorm god
452:
from big storms with torrential rains, lightning and hail, which often cause great damage to agriculture, livestock, and to the rural economy in general.
1349:
Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur RĂŒckerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre
Bedeutung fĂŒr die sĂŒdslawische Philologie". In Henrik BariÄ (ed.).
1289:
1253:
1229:
1166:
1145:
1121:
1339:
1208:
954:
927:
363:, when week-day names were formed in the Albanian language. A prominent role played by the fire and wind god referred to as
106:
underlies the popular idea according to which the god of fire is the enemy of uncleanliness and the opponent of filth.
1375:
90:. Originally holding a prominent role in the Albanian pantheon, under Christianization the god of fire and wind was
1370:
444:
when he arrives. He can be greeted and turned away with noise from metallic objects and gunshots, according to the
40:
393:
underlies the popular idea according to which this deity is the enemy of uncleanliness and the opponent of filth.
348:
397:
304:"the holy blind one", which was used to refer to the weather and storm god in the Albanian Alps along with
544:
532:
195:
183:
179:
36:
1299:
357:
356:
in antiquity and he may have been the most prominent god of the
Albanian pantheon in Roman times by
327:
1385:
1187:
386:
360:
332:
99:
488:
1390:
1380:
473:
456:
421:
56:
1335:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1249:
1225:
1204:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1117:
950:
923:
32:
27:
145:
was used in
Dukagjin and Malësia e Vogël for the thunderstorm god, who was referred to as
1116:. Leiden Studies in Indo-European (in German). Vol. 7. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Brill.
460:
318:
227:
211:
1364:
1239:
277:
271:, "I gave/he gave"); his name thus means "water donor". A relation between the name
98:, and it was spread about that anyone who invoked him would be blinded by fire. The
1131:
503:
449:
445:
390:
163:
103:
87:
52:
1350:
1320:
1303:
1243:
1219:
1177:
944:
919:
Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form of
Multiplicity in Indian Art
917:
109:
In
Dukagjin, Malësia e Vogël and Shala it was believed that the thunderstorm god
429:
64:
508:
483:
425:
313:
60:
267:
257:
441:
405:
401:
353:
118:
95:
91:
1276:
Spirits, fairies, gnomes, and goblins: an encyclopedia of the little people
282:
154:
79:
44:
339:' as an active force. The PIE name is also continued in the name of the
1263:
Poghirc, Cicerone (1987). "Albanian
Religion". In Mircea Eliade (ed.).
946:
The Artful
Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination
478:
381:
247:
meaning "the deaf one", seems to be only a coincidence, since the name
239:
72:
48:
1322:
Le origini delle lingue neolatine: introduzione alla filologia romanza
1190:(1973). "Die Mythologie der Albaner". In Hans Wilhelm Haussig (ed.).
692:
690:
688:
513:
150:
141:
was used in the
Zadrima region to refer to the god of fire and wind.
122:
1114:
Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz
440:, lives in the clouds and travels using storm clouds which announce
35:
adjectival noun meaning "the blind one", which was used in northern
1267:. Vol. 1. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. pp. 178â180.
498:
493:
340:
117:
lives in the clouds and travels using storm clouds which announce
1221:
The Routledge dictionary of gods and goddesses, devils and demons
1201:
The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons
1179:
Albanische MĂ€rchen (und andere Texte zur albanischen Volkskunde)
344:
336:
308:, and to refer to the fire and wind god in the Zadrima region.
1304:"Altheidnischer Volksglaube und Christianisierung in Albanien"
409:
1137:
A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology and folk culture
922:. Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology. Vol. 20. Brill.
463:, no longer constituting a threat for Shala's grape harvest.
432:
it was believed that the thunderstorm god, referred there as
149:
in Shala, and who bears similarities to the thunderstorm god
835:
833:
296:"the deaf one" probably gave rise to the adjectival noun
288:
The coincidence of the name of the weather and storm god
1314:. Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum: 211â246.
820:
818:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
455:
According to a 1913 account reported by Albanologist
1273:
218:undergoing typical Albanian phonetic development.
161:â was evidently named after the Albanian fire god
86:â was evidently named after the Albanian fire god
448:practiced in order to seek the protection of the
311:The reconstructed name of the Albanian fire god
1352:Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju
1103:Ăabej, Eqrem (1966). "Albanische Volkskunde".
16:Albanian god of fire and wind or thunderstorms
8:
949:. SUNY series in Hindu Studies. SUNY Press.
380:According to folk beliefs recorded from the
1355:. Vol. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27â33.
1194:(in German). Vol. 2. pp. 455â509.
1053:
1033:
1013:
675:
1330:Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.).
903:
788:
764:
583:
285:epigraphic monuments has been suggested.
1057:
1049:
1037:
1017:
1009:
993:
973:
760:
756:
696:
679:
643:
639:
623:
619:
579:
575:
222:means "the holy blind one" in Albanian.
67:the thunderstorm god was referred to as
989:
977:
969:
863:
839:
744:
659:
568:
525:
1029:
851:
772:
671:
611:
607:
591:
1334:(in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja.
1085:
1073:
1069:
879:
875:
824:
809:
768:
728:
724:
712:
708:
635:
615:
603:
587:
71:. These beliefs survived in northern
26:
7:
997:
891:
784:
740:
655:
539:"the blind one", from the adjective
190:"the blind one", from the adjective
1203:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
367:is attested in the Zadrima region.
275:and the second part of the theonym
14:
1245:Albanian etymological dictionary
1158:Dictionary of gods and goddesses
916:Srinivasan, Doris Meth (2024) .
1308:Orientalia Christiana Periodica
1155:Jordan, Michael (August 2004).
251:must be seen as a compound of
1:
1176:Lambertz, Maximilian (1922).
1265:The Encyclopedia of Religion
1052:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146;
1012:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146;
759:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146;
642:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146;
622:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146;
578:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146;
265:"giver/donor" (cf. Albanian
1040:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146.
943:Mahony, William K. (1998).
699:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146.
682:, pp. 47, 49, 145â146.
234:'shouting, noise, rumour'.
1407:
1319:Tagliavini, Carlo (1963).
1140:. NYU Press. p. 259.
446:Albanian apotropaic ritual
436:("the holy blind one") or
113:("the holy blind one") or
1332:Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë
1192:Wörterbuch der Mythologie
1112:Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997).
210:"blind" is borrowed from
202:. The Albanian adjective
153:. The Albanian word for "
1218:Lurker, Manfred (2004).
1199:Lurker, Manfred (2005).
255:, "water" (cf. Albanian
1161:. Infobase Publishing.
548:
536:
398:Christianity in Albania
243:with the Albanian term
199:
187:
231:
215:
1280:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
1072:, pp. 238, 259;
727:, pp. 238, 259;
711:, pp. 238, 259;
317:presumably continues
37:Albanian folk beliefs
1272:Rose, Carol (1996).
1188:Lambertz, Maximilian
1056:, pp. 216â217;
1036:, pp. 216â217;
1016:, pp. 216â217;
763:, pp. 505â506;
678:, pp. 216â217;
618:, pp. 372â373;
582:, pp. 505â506;
75:until recent times.
1088:, pp. 82, 309.
1076:, pp. 372â373.
1060:, pp. 505â506.
1020:, pp. 505â506.
731:, pp. 372â373.
715:, pp. 372â373.
646:, pp. 505â506.
626:, pp. 505â506.
396:With the coming of
333:Proto-Indo-European
300:"the blind one" or
51:region, and to the
1376:Albanian mythology
1300:StadtmĂŒller, Georg
1182:. Wien: A. Hölder.
1105:SĂŒdost-Forschungen
474:Albanian mythology
457:Baron Franz Nopcsa
324:, ultimately from
237:The connection of
28:[iËveÉŸbti]
1371:Albanian paganism
1291:978-0-87436-811-6
1255:978-90-04-11024-3
1231:978-0-415-34018-2
1168:978-0-8160-5923-2
1147:978-1-85065-570-1
1123:978-90-420-0161-9
842:, pp. 31â33.
404:and considered a
281:found in ancient
226:is possibly from
94:and considered a
1398:
1356:
1345:
1326:
1315:
1295:
1279:
1268:
1259:
1235:
1214:
1195:
1183:
1172:
1151:
1127:
1108:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1054:StadtmĂŒller 1954
1047:
1041:
1034:StadtmĂŒller 1954
1027:
1021:
1014:StadtmĂŒller 1954
1007:
1001:
987:
981:
967:
961:
960:
940:
934:
933:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
828:
822:
813:
807:
792:
782:
776:
754:
748:
738:
732:
722:
716:
706:
700:
694:
683:
676:StadtmĂŒller 1954
669:
663:
653:
647:
633:
627:
601:
595:
573:
552:
530:
39:to refer to the
30:
25:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1329:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1198:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1130:
1124:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1048:
1044:
1032:, p. 197;
1028:
1024:
1008:
1004:
996:, p. 476;
988:
984:
976:, p. 476;
968:
964:
957:
942:
941:
937:
930:
915:
914:
910:
904:Tagliavini 1963
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:, p. 259;
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
838:
831:
823:
816:
808:
795:
789:Tagliavini 1963
787:, p. 499;
783:
779:
771:, p. 259;
767:, p. 177;
765:Tagliavini 1963
755:
751:
739:
735:
723:
719:
707:
703:
695:
686:
674:, p. 197;
670:
666:
654:
650:
638:, p. 259;
634:
630:
614:, p. 197;
610:, p. 339;
606:, p. 259;
602:
598:
590:, p. 259;
586:, p. 177;
584:Tagliavini 1963
574:
570:
565:
560:
555:
531:
527:
523:
518:
469:
426:Malësia e Vogël
418:
400:, I Verbti was
387:purifying power
378:
373:
180:adjectival noun
178:is an Albanian
173:
136:
131:
100:purifying power
61:Malësia e Vogël
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1316:
1296:
1290:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1240:Orel, Vladimir
1236:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1196:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1109:
1107:(25): 333â387.
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1062:
1042:
1022:
1002:
1000:, p. 499.
992:, p. 32;
982:
980:, p. 178.
972:, p. 32;
962:
955:
935:
928:
908:
906:, p. 103.
896:
884:
882:, p. 130.
868:
856:
854:, p. 172.
844:
829:
827:, p. 238.
814:
812:, p. 259.
793:
791:, p. 177.
777:
775:, p. 197.
749:
743:, p. 88;
733:
717:
701:
684:
664:
658:, p. 88;
648:
628:
596:
594:, p. 197.
567:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
468:
465:
417:
414:
377:
376:Zadrima region
374:
372:
369:
349:Vedic religion
331:, the archaic
319:Proto-Albanian
292:with the term
261:"urine"), and
172:
169:
135:
132:
130:
127:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1341:99927-938-9-9
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1310:(in German).
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:. Routledge.
1223:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1210:0-203-64351-8
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:Elsie, Robert
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:Lambertz 1973
1055:
1051:
1050:Lambertz 1922
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:Lambertz 1922
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:Lambertz 1973
1015:
1011:
1010:Lambertz 1922
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Lambertz 1973
991:
986:
983:
979:
975:
974:Lambertz 1973
971:
966:
963:
958:
956:9780791435809
952:
948:
947:
939:
936:
931:
929:9789004644977
925:
921:
920:
912:
909:
905:
900:
897:
894:, p. 88.
893:
888:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
866:, p. 31.
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Lambertz 1973
758:
757:Lambertz 1922
753:
750:
747:, p. 32.
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
726:
721:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
697:Lambertz 1922
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:Lambertz 1922
677:
673:
668:
665:
662:, p. 32.
661:
657:
652:
649:
645:
644:Lambertz 1973
641:
640:Lambertz 1922
637:
632:
629:
625:
624:Lambertz 1973
621:
620:Lambertz 1922
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Lambertz 1973
577:
576:Lambertz 1922
572:
569:
562:
557:
550:
546:
545:Tosk Albanian
542:
538:
534:
533:Gheg Albanian
529:
526:
520:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Nëna e Vatrës
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
466:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:Albanian Alps
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
383:
375:
370:
368:
366:
362:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
323:
320:
316:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:Tosk Albanian
193:
189:
185:
184:Gheg Albanian
181:
177:
170:
168:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
133:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
21:
1351:
1331:
1325:. R. PatrĂČn.
1321:
1311:
1307:
1275:
1264:
1244:
1220:
1200:
1191:
1178:
1157:
1136:
1113:
1104:
1096:Bibliography
1081:
1065:
1045:
1025:
1005:
990:Treimer 1971
985:
978:Poghirc 1987
970:Treimer 1971
965:
945:
938:
918:
911:
899:
887:
871:
864:Treimer 1971
859:
847:
840:Treimer 1971
780:
752:
745:Treimer 1971
736:
720:
704:
667:
660:Treimer 1971
651:
631:
599:
571:
540:
537:i verb(Ă«)t-i
528:
504:Zojz (deity)
454:
437:
433:
419:
395:
379:
371:Folk beliefs
364:
358:interpreting
325:
321:
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
276:
272:
266:
262:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
223:
219:
207:
203:
191:
188:i verb(Ă«)t-i
175:
174:
162:
158:
146:
142:
138:
137:
114:
110:
108:
83:
77:
68:
53:thunderstorm
19:
18:
1030:Lurker 2004
852:Lurker 2004
773:Lurker 2004
672:Lurker 2004
612:Lurker 2004
608:Jordan 2004
592:Lurker 2004
434:Shën Verbti
302:Shën Verbti
278:Zibelsurdus
220:Shën Verbti
143:Shën Verbti
111:Shën Verbti
41:god of fire
1386:Water gods
1365:Categories
1086:Tirta 2004
1074:Ăabej 1966
1070:Elsie 2001
880:Tirta 2004
876:Elsie 2001
825:Elsie 2001
810:Elsie 2001
769:Elsie 2001
729:Ăabej 1966
725:Elsie 2001
713:Ăabej 1966
709:Elsie 2001
636:Elsie 2001
616:Ăabej 1966
604:Elsie 2001
588:Elsie 2001
484:En (deity)
450:fire deity
442:hailstorms
335:word for '
268:dhashë/dha
245:i shurdhët
119:hailstorms
1391:Wind gods
1381:Fire gods
1248:. Brill.
998:Orel 1998
892:Orel 1998
785:Orel 1998
741:Orel 1998
656:Orel 1998
563:Citations
543:"blind",
406:false god
402:demonized
354:Illyrians
347:, who in
343:fire god
328:hânÌ„gÊ·nis
194:"blind",
171:Etymology
96:false god
92:demonized
24:Albanian:
1302:(1954).
1242:(1998).
1134:(2001).
549:i verbër
541:i verbët
467:See also
422:Dukagjin
365:i Verbti
298:I Verbti
294:shurdh-i
283:Thracian
200:i verbër
192:i verbët
176:I Verbti
155:Thursday
139:I Verbti
134:Variants
80:Thursday
59:and the
57:Dukagjin
33:Albanian
31:) is an
20:I Verbti
558:Sources
509:Perëndi
479:Drangue
382:Zadrima
361:Jupiter
306:Rrmoria
240:Shurdhi
224:Rrmoria
159:e enjte
84:e enjte
73:Albania
55:god in
49:Zadrima
47:in the
1338:
1288:
1252:
1228:
1207:
1165:
1144:
1120:
953:
926:
514:Shurdh
461:Shoshi
438:Rmoria
322:*agni-
290:Shurdh
273:Shurdh
258:shurrë
253:*seuro
249:Shurdh
204:verbër
151:Shurdh
147:Rmoria
123:Shurdh
115:Rmoria
69:Rmoria
521:Notes
499:Ljubi
494:Stihi
430:Shala
341:Vedic
314:*Enj-
232:rumor
228:Latin
216:orbus
212:Latin
65:Shala
63:; in
1336:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1118:ISBN
951:ISBN
924:ISBN
428:and
391:fire
345:Agni
337:fire
263:*dos
208:verb
164:Enji
157:" â
129:Name
104:fire
88:Enji
82:" â
45:wind
43:and
1282:327
420:In
410:God
389:of
102:of
1367::
1312:XX
1306:.
1284:.
832:^
817:^
796:^
687:^
547::
535::
424:,
230::
214::
206:~
198::
186::
182::
167:.
125:.
1344:.
1294:.
1258:.
1234:.
1213:.
1171:.
1150:.
1126:.
959:.
932:.
551:.
326:*
22:(
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