394:
the
Lakhmids, who turned it into an important trading centre. By the fifth century the dominant group there was the Christians, who called themselves ʿIbād. Abuʾl-Baqāʾ, writing in the twelfth century, says that the ʿIbād "formed the majority" in al-Ḥīra. They had arrived in a series of migrations from
467:(531–579) and Bishop Ephrāem, the monastery of Dayr al-Hind al-Kubrā was founded in al-Ḥīra. It is the only monastery the foundation inscription of which has been preserved. It was copied by Ḥishām ibn al-Kalbī. It records that the church was founded by Hind bint al-Ḥārith, wife of the Lakhmid king
393:
According to Syriac tradition, Christianity was brought to the region of al-Ḥīra by a hermit named ʿAbdīshoʿ in the third century. He is said to have founded the first monastery of al-Ḥīra, probably as a hermitage. By the end of the third century, the encampment of al-Ḥīra had become the capital of
153:
of the region of al-Ḥīra and the study of the architecture of the Church of the East are underexplored and underdeveloped. Although both Arabic and Syriac sources name many churches and monasteries associated with the ʿIbād, none has yet been identified with any existing ruins.
145:
Syriac sources are all ecclesiastical. Their concerns and tendencies are completely different from those of the Arab
Islamic historiography. They are concerned only with saints, holy men and clerics and often exaggerate their sufferings.
498:
had to be fetched to perform an exorcism. This story probably represents part of the origin legend of the ʿIbād of Abuʾl-Baqāʾ's day, explaining how the confessional diversity in the city was replaced by uniformity. According to
112:(d. 819), who consulted ʿIbādī books and archives in al-Ḥīra. He thus passes on something of the ʿIbād's own perception of themselves, their history and their city. His monograph about the ʿIbād is titled
494:(Nestorians). The prayers of the Jacobites failed to heal the king, and the Nestorians demanded that he convert to their faith. This was done in a public ceremony, but nonetheless the archbishop of
514:
could build his capital of Kūfa. In later
Islamic writings, al-Ḥīra became a symbol of the transience of worldly accomplishments. It was a common setting for the orgies and bacchanalia in the
288:
tribes were not usually called ʿIbād, nor were
Christian newcomers to al-Ḥīra. Abuʾl-Baqāʾ says explicitly that the ʿIbād were "the noble people of al-Ḥīra, the people of the good families" (
546:
In the evening, there was no Arab on earth that did not request favors from us and glorify us, but then in the morning, there was no one from whom we did not request favors and glorify!
456:
in 540 was a major catalyst, since it was refounded by some former students in al-Ḥīra. Around the same time there seems to have been an exodus of monophysites from al-Ḥīra to
302:
The ʿIbād were of considerable antiquity, part of a wider
Christian community in southern Mesopotamia and the Sasanian Empire that developed independently of trends within the
452:
The ʿIbād appear to have been doctrinally mixed prior to the late sixth century, when dyophysite influence overwhelmed the monophysite. The closure of the dyophysite
580:
495:
1015:
284:
seems only to have referred to the established sedentary
Christian population of mixed tribal background in al-Ḥīra. The Christians of the nearby semi-nomadic
1075:
1100:
410:
194:
the term usually referred to the
Christians of al-Ḥīra exclusively, it may sometimes have been used a synonym for Christians generally, as in the phrase
96:
The most extensive sources on the ʿIbād are in Arabic. These tend to focus on kings and poets, and are also concerned with tribal genealogies. From the
321:
had some difficulty accepting the ʿIbād as fellow Arabs. One legend has an ʿIbādī referring to his people as both "true Arabs and
Arabized Arabs" (
255:
in al-Ḥīra, but it is not clear if they were considered ʿIbād. ʿĀqūlāyē, the Syriac name for the ʿIbād, is derived from the prominent tribe of the
1105:
1095:
69:. Of diverse tribal backgrounds, the ʿIbād were united only by their adherence to Christianity and, after the sixth century, the
263:, one early Christian settlement was named ʿAqūla after the tribe. Because the ʿIbād were a unity formed out of several tribes,
1049:
482:
converted to
Nestorianism. According to a legend repeated by Abuʾl-Baqāʾ, the king fell ill and requested the help of both the
479:
468:
349:). The traditions show that the ʿIbād were accepted as Arabs by other Arabs, largely because their first language was Arabic.
19:
This article is about the
Christian community known as ʿIbād. For the founder and namesake of Ibadi Islam, known as Ibāḍ, see
369:
251:, Banū ʿUqayl and even the Banū Marīna, the same branch as the Lakhmid royal family. There were prominent Christians of the
109:
457:
406:
1080:
264:
1090:
1085:
131:
507:
353:
336:
121:
503:, writing in the tenth century, the ʿIbād were all Nestorians, which meant members of the Church of the East.
203:
190:("slaves of God"). It seems to have been the self-designation of the Christians of al-Ḥīra. Although in later
352:
Archaeological excavations suggest that the church architecture of the ʿIbād belonged to the traditions of
936:
511:
361:
247:). There were ʿIbād who could trace their genealogy to the Banū ʿAlqama, Banū Ayyūb, Banū Buqayla (Azd),
1027:
918:
438:
357:
318:
937:"ʿAdī ibn Zayd al-ʿIbādī, the Pre-Islamic Christian Poet of al-Ḥīrā and His Poem Nr. 3 Written in Jail"
568:
525:
425:(Jacobite) missionaries were active among the Arab tribes around the city. In the early sixth century,
530:) of Kūfa, since the monasteries of al-Ḥīra were associated with drinking and taverns. According to
414:
562:
531:
500:
969:
270:
191:
70:
517:
957:
Christliche Araber vor dem Islam: Verbreitung und konfessionelle Zugehörigkeit: eine Hinführung
556:
453:
340:
209:
20:
117:
973:
445:
were also converted to monophysitism and the pagans of the oasis of ʿAyn al-Namir even to
213:
86:
62:
35:
574:
309:
The first language of the ʿIbād was Arabic, but their dress and manners were that of the
50:
909:
395:
127:
90:
54:
426:
317:(the fertile land of southern Mesopotamia). Later Islamic traditions records that the
252:
1069:
135:
472:
446:
418:
376:
303:
240:
43:
399:
248:
228:
103:
422:
150:
58:
539:
256:
224:
913:
232:
535:
464:
365:
332:
328:
260:
66:
430:
172:
means "servants" or "devotees". It is probably a contraction of the phrase
999:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
978:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
965:
114:
The Churches and Monasteries of al-Ḥīra and the Genealogies of the ʿIbādīs
314:
217:
139:
1016:"The ʿIbād of al-Ḥīra: An Arab Christian Community in Late Antique Iraq"
994:
442:
434:
405:
A bishop of al-Ḥīra, named Hosea, is first attested in the acts of the
310:
285:
97:
421:(Nestorianism), but the doctrine prevailing at al-Ḥīra is uncertain.
208:
of Abuʾl-Faraj, or for Christians of the Church of the East, as when
163:
142:
that had ruled the region before Islam was taught to schoolchildren.
82:
223:
The ʿIbād had diverse tribal backgrounds from both northern Arabia (
1020:
The Qurʾān in Context: Entangled Histories and Textual Palimpsests
997:. In S. P. Brock; A. M. Butts; G. A. Kiraz; L. Van Rompay (eds.).
244:
46:
846:
844:
108:. An important authority on the ʿIbād in the Arabic tradition is
888:
886:
861:
859:
780:
778:
776:
538:, who had retired to a monastery, met Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ and
275:, a surname usually indicating tribal affiliation: al-ʿIbādī.
236:
807:
805:
763:
761:
748:
746:
744:
700:
698:
130:
also informed Arabic historiography. In the twelfth century,
100:
period, they also tend to idealize the pre-Islamic past, the
1018:. In Angelika Neuwirth; Michael Marx; Nicolai Sinai (eds.).
731:
729:
727:
725:
629:
627:
625:
623:
610:
608:
685:
683:
681:
259:. When Christianity began to spread out from al-Ḥīra into
379:
in pre-Islamic times. Early Islamic tradition, as in the
375:
It has been argued that the ʿIbād developed the original
1041:
The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East
668:
666:
364:. This style of church architecture is found throughout
1022:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 323–347 (1–25 in the PDF).
523:
515:
489:
483:
380:
344:
322:
289:
279:
268:
201:
195:
185:
179:
173:
167:
101:
542:around the time of the conquest and told them how:
441:was actively proselytizing in al-Ḥīra itself. The
1032:Christianity Among the Arabs in Pre-Islamic Times
339:saying, "we are Nabateanized Arabs and Arabized
212:(d. 1175) distinguishes between the erstwhile "
81:Written sources of ʿIbādī history are found in
216:" churches and the "churches of the ʿIbād" in
892:
877:
865:
850:
823:
811:
796:
784:
767:
752:
704:
657:
633:
614:
8:
922:. Vol. XII, Fasc. 3. pp. 322–323
835:
735:
716:
689:
672:
645:
200:("the Christians of Tamīm") found in the
1054:Journal of the American Oriental Society
599:
124:use it as their main source on al-Ḥīra.
592:
522:(wine poetry) of the "accursed poets" (
409:in 410. The see was a suffragan of the
335:. Another records the legendary ʿIbādī
346:ʿarabun stanbaṭnā wa-nabaṭun staʿrabnā
510:, the church of al-Ḥīra was razed so
385:, traces the script back to al-Ḥīra.
7:
1076:Christian groups in the Middle East
39:
16:Former Christian Arab group in Iraq
14:
1101:Christians in the Sasanian Empire
534:, the daughter of al-Nuʿmān III,
417:, the Church of the East adopted
324:ʿarab ʿāriba wa-ʿarab mutaʿarriba
61:, when the city was part of the
1106:Arabs from the Sasanian Empire
1096:Arab Christians in Mesopotamia
1014:Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (2010).
319:Arab conquerors of Mesopotamia
267:says, they received their own
138:wrote that the history of the
1:
955:Hainthaler, Theresia (2007).
935:Hainthaler, Theresia (2005).
540:Mughīra ibn Shuʿba al-Thaqafī
478:Around 592, the Lakhmid king
471:(503–554) and mother of King
407:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
469:al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nuʿman
1050:"Al-Ḥīra and Its Histories"
1043:. East and West Publishing.
993:Takahashi, Hidemi (2011b).
964:Takahashi, Hidemi (2011a).
524:
516:
490:
484:
381:
360:with little influence from
345:
327:), i.e., a mix of southern
323:
313:-speaking peasantry of the
290:
280:
269:
202:
196:
186:
180:
174:
168:
158:Name and tribal affiliation
102:
1122:
1039:Wilmshurst, David (2011).
581:Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq al-ʿIbādī
362:eastern Roman architecture
18:
508:Muslim conquest of Persia
354:Mesopotamian architecture
337:ʿAbd al-Masīḥ ibn Buqayla
49:group within the city of
976:; L. Van Rompay (eds.).
184:("slaves of Christ") or
178:("slaves of the Lord"),
473:ʿAmr III ibn al-Mundhir
197:al-ʿIbādiyyūn min Tamīm
1028:Trimingham, J. Spencer
548:
1048:Wood, Philip (2016).
919:Encyclopaedia Iranica
544:
358:Sasanian architecture
488:(Jacobites) and the
463:During the reign of
439:Simeon of Bēt Arshām
411:patriarchal province
298:Language and culture
278:Generally, the term
1081:Syriac Christianity
910:Bosworth, C. Edmund
838:, pp. 225–228.
536:Hind bint an-Nuʿmān
512:Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ
506:In 636, during the
402:in central Arabia.
110:Ḥishām ibn al-Kalbī
1091:Arab ethnic groups
1086:Church of the East
1034:. London: Longman.
959:. Leuven: Peeters.
944:Parole de l'Orient
893:Toral-Niehoff 2010
878:Toral-Niehoff 2010
866:Toral-Niehoff 2010
851:Toral-Niehoff 2010
824:Toral-Niehoff 2010
812:Toral-Niehoff 2010
797:Toral-Niehoff 2010
785:Toral-Niehoff 2010
768:Toral-Niehoff 2010
753:Toral-Niehoff 2010
705:Toral-Niehoff 2010
658:Toral-Niehoff 2010
634:Toral-Niehoff 2010
615:Toral-Niehoff 2010
192:Islamic literature
71:Church of the East
995:"Ḥirta (al-Ḥīra)"
880:, pp. 14–15.
853:, pp. 15–16.
826:, pp. 12–13.
569:Jābir ibn Shamʿūn
559:(reigned 363–368)
526:shuʿarāʾ al-mujūn
454:School of Nisibis
433:and the Arabs of
21:Abdallah ibn Ibad
1113:
1061:
1044:
1035:
1023:
1010:
1008:
1006:
989:
987:
985:
960:
951:
941:
931:
929:
927:
896:
890:
881:
875:
869:
863:
854:
848:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
800:
794:
788:
782:
771:
765:
756:
750:
739:
733:
720:
714:
708:
702:
693:
687:
676:
670:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
618:
612:
603:
597:
529:
521:
493:
487:
384:
348:
326:
293:
283:
274:
235:) and southern (
207:
199:
189:
183:
177:
171:
107:
41:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1047:
1038:
1026:
1013:
1004:
1002:
1001:. Gorgias Press
992:
983:
981:
980:. Gorgias Press
972:; A. M. Butts;
963:
954:
939:
934:
925:
923:
908:
904:
899:
891:
884:
876:
872:
864:
857:
849:
842:
836:Trimingham 1979
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:
803:
795:
791:
783:
774:
766:
759:
751:
742:
736:Trimingham 1979
734:
723:
717:Takahashi 2011a
715:
711:
703:
696:
690:Trimingham 1979
688:
679:
673:Takahashi 2011b
671:
664:
656:
652:
646:Trimingham 1979
644:
640:
632:
621:
613:
606:
598:
594:
590:
553:
551:Notable ʿIbādīs
496:Mosul and Erbil
391:
382:Kitāb al-Aghānī
300:
204:Kitāb al-Aghānī
160:
140:Lakhmid dynasty
79:
63:Sasanian Empire
53:(Ḥirtā) during
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1045:
1036:
1024:
1011:
990:
961:
952:
932:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:
882:
870:
855:
840:
828:
816:
801:
789:
772:
757:
740:
738:, p. 171.
721:
709:
694:
692:, p. 156.
677:
662:
650:
648:, p. 196.
638:
619:
604:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
557:Aws ibn Qallām
552:
549:
429:converted the
415:Council of 484
396:eastern Arabia
390:
387:
299:
296:
181:ʿibād al-Masīḥ
159:
156:
128:Oral tradition
78:
75:
65:and later the
57:and the early
55:Late Antiquity
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1118:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1060:(4): 785–799.
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1000:
996:
991:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
938:
933:
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
906:
901:
895:, p. 18.
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
868:, p. 17.
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
820:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
790:
787:, p. 13.
786:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
707:, p. 11.
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
660:, p. 12.
659:
654:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
630:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
600:Bosworth 2012
596:
593:
587:
582:
579:
576:
573:
571:(6th century)
570:
567:
565:(6th century)
564:
563:ʿAdī ibn Zayd
561:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
528:
527:
520:
519:
513:
509:
504:
502:
497:
492:
486:
481:
480:al-Nuʿmān III
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
388:
386:
383:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:and northern
330:
325:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
297:
295:
292:
287:
282:
276:
273:
272:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
205:
198:
193:
188:
182:
176:
175:ʿibād al-Rabb
170:
165:
157:
155:
152:
147:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
105:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1031:
1019:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
982:. Retrieved
977:
956:
947:
943:
924:. Retrieved
917:
902:Bibliography
873:
831:
819:
814:, p. 7.
799:, p. 6.
792:
770:, p. 5.
755:, p. 4.
712:
653:
641:
636:, p. 2.
617:, p. 3.
595:
575:Shubhalishoʿ
545:
532:al-Shābushtī
505:
477:
462:
451:
419:dyophysitism
404:
392:
377:Kufic script
374:
370:Persian Gulf
351:
308:
304:Roman Empire
301:
277:
222:
161:
148:
144:
126:
113:
95:
80:
31:
27:
25:
974:G. A. Kiraz
970:S. P. Brock
491:Nasṭūriyyūn
475:(554–570).
447:Phantasiasm
423:Monophysite
257:Banū ʿUqayl
210:Ibn ʿAsākir
187:ʿibād Allāḥ
151:archaeology
132:Abuʾl-Baqāʾ
122:Abuʾl-Faraj
59:Middle Ages
1070:Categories
1005:10 October
984:10 October
966:"Damascus"
950:: 157–172.
926:10 October
577:(fl. 780s)
518:khamriyyāt
501:al-Masʿūdī
485:Yaʿqūbiyya
265:al-Jawharī
912:(2012) .
583:(809–873)
465:Khosrow I
427:Aḥudemmeh
413:. In the
400:al-Yamāma
366:Babylonia
341:Nabateans
333:Adnanites
329:Qahtanite
261:Babylonia
249:Banū Kaʿb
118:al-Ṭabarī
104:jāhiliyya
67:Caliphate
44:Christian
42:) were a
1030:(1979).
368:and the
218:Damascus
214:Jacobite
136:al-Ḥilla
443:Taghlib
389:History
311:Aramaic
291:buyūtāt
286:Bedouin
116:. Both
98:Abbasid
77:Sources
51:al-Ḥīra
914:"Ḥira"
458:Najrān
431:Tanūkh
253:Ṭayyiʾ
229:Rabīʿa
164:Arabic
87:Syriac
83:Arabic
36:Arabic
968:. In
940:(PDF)
588:Notes
315:Sawād
281:ʿIbād
271:nisba
245:Lakhm
233:Muḍar
225:Tamīm
169:ʿibād
166:term
91:Greek
40:عِباد
32:ʿEbād
28:ʿIbād
1007:2019
986:2019
928:2019
437:and
435:Kūfa
398:and
356:and
243:and
241:Iyād
231:and
162:The
149:The
120:and
89:and
47:Arab
26:The
1058:136
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294:).
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