81:
1171:
The
Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the Byzantines recovered their position in battles at Dara and Satala while their Ghassanid allies defeated the Sasanian-aligned Lakhmids. A Sasanian victory at Callinicum in 531 continued the war for another year until the empires signed the
1334:
turn a loose coalition into a coherent kingdom which was able to gain the upper hand against the
Lakhmids over the following decades. In 530, Belisarius led the Romans to victory over a much larger Persian force under Perozes at the
1292:
In 528, the
Persians pressed on from Iberia to capture forts in eastern Lazica. Attempting to remedy the deficiencies revealed by these Persian successes, Justinian reorganised the eastern armies by dividing the command of the
1347:
but during the summer, the Romans captured some forts in
Armenia and repulsed a Persian offensive. The Roman failure at Callinicum was followed by a commission of inquiry; Belisarius was dismissed from his post.
478:
512:
791:
1780:
398:
471:
1500:
1927:
784:
1876:
1773:
464:
1972:
1372:
but abandoned it as Kavadh died shortly afterwards and in spring 532, new negotiations began between the Roman envoys and the new
Persian king, Khosrow I.
758:
753:
1871:
1952:
1801:
1250:, raided Roman territories on the edge of the desert. The Romans were interested in gaining influence in Yemen to protect Christian interests there
777:
1281:
acceded to the imperial throne. The early years of war favored the
Persians, by 527 the Iberian revolt had been crushed, a Roman offensive against
517:
1766:
1223:, and in 523, under the leadership of Gourgen, they rose in revolt against Persia, following the example of the neighboring Christian kingdom of
728:
554:
588:
1962:
1957:
1749:
1706:
1683:
391:
583:
544:
1851:
1360:
Justinian's envoy, Hermogenes, visited Kavadh to re-open negotiations but without success. Justinian tried to form an alliance with the
1131:
889:
640:
1352:, the Persians' commander at Callinicum, was also stripped of his ranks due to his failure to capture any significant fortification.
733:
1725:
1537:
1922:
384:
243:
660:
1866:
904:
539:
365:
1094:
968:
1932:
1168:—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.
993:
682:
1375:, who needed to devote his attention to securing his position. In spring 532 negotiations began in earnest to end the war.
1861:
1253:
1216:
549:
180:
106:
1079:
1947:
1917:
1886:
1856:
1806:
1013:
522:
280:
1836:
1008:
943:
721:
30:
1846:
1826:
1369:
846:
630:
445:
857:
1967:
1494:
894:
1384:
1084:
1831:
1235:
Violence escalated at various points where the power of the two empires met: in 525 a Roman fleet transported an
1099:
1045:
697:
645:
564:
559:
921:
1312:
1188:, a seven-year truce was agreed on, yet it lasted for nearly twenty years. Even during the war in 505, Emperor
1023:
532:
329:
308:
264:
80:
576:
501:
1942:
1937:
1588:
Conor
Whately, Battles and Generals: Combat, Culture, and Didacticism in Procopius, 2006, Netherlands, p.238
1040:
1028:
948:
884:
707:
665:
650:
569:
488:
1841:
1821:
1340:
1189:
1050:
836:
675:
655:
625:
615:
593:
435:
1331:
1173:
1055:
998:
938:
692:
620:
527:
276:
1114:
1912:
1344:
1089:
1074:
1069:
869:
864:
841:
670:
440:
1881:
1316:
1136:
988:
958:
821:
687:
420:
248:
136:
1891:
1650:
1642:
1193:
1003:
983:
879:
826:
425:
72:
1326:
by the
Lakhmids in 529 also encouraged Justinian to strengthen his own Arab allies, helping the
1790:
1745:
1721:
1702:
1679:
1533:
1527:
1240:
1165:
1104:
1018:
973:
933:
928:
899:
714:
702:
608:
603:
507:
260:
114:
1634:
1295:
1236:
1153:
963:
953:
874:
635:
353:
300:
296:
268:
200:
196:
176:
156:
1368:
of Yemen against the
Persians but his alliance proposal failed. The Persians conducted the
1336:
1157:
1109:
978:
288:
205:
151:
1448:
1185:
831:
738:
430:
57:
1906:
1735:
1654:
1304:
1286:
1270:
914:
909:
598:
252:
110:
1220:
853:
284:
213:
1739:
1694:
1673:
1278:
1274:
802:
345:
341:
229:
56:
For the conflict between
Napoleon's empire and Portugal, Spain and Britain, see
1638:
1365:
1339:, while Sittas and Dorotheus defeated a Persian army under Mihr-Mihroe at the
1308:
349:
233:
184:
1816:
1627:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1389:
1349:
1327:
1209:
1161:
1062:
748:
333:
1361:
1269:
By 526–527, overt fighting between the two empires had broken out in the
1247:
1205:
1201:
361:
321:
225:
209:
1758:
1343:. In 531, Belisarius was defeated by Persian and Lakhmid forces at the
1282:
1197:
369:
325:
256:
1646:
769:
1699:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
1224:
1126:
456:
312:
237:
192:
160:
1227:. Gourgen received pledges by Justin I that he would defend Iberia.
1625:
Smith, Sidney (1954). "Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A. D.".
1323:
1285:
and Thebetha in that year failed and forces attempting to fortify
1259:
1243:
316:
1741:
A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Part 5. Later Sasanian Times
1263:
337:
188:
1762:
1419:
1417:
773:
460:
380:
51:
6th-century conflict between the Byzantine and Sassanid empires
1289:
and Melabasa were prevented from doing so by Persian attacks.
1215:
According to Procopius, Kavadh I tried to force the Christian
376:
1266:
trade routes to India which were under Persian control.
1489:(in Georgian). Vol. II. Tbilisi. pp. 211–212.
34:
85:
The Roman-Persian frontier in the 4th to 7th centuries
1695:"Justinian's First Persian War and the Eternal Peace"
1200:
for a looming conflict. In 524–525, the Persian shah
1701:. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 82–97.
1277:. Following the emperor Justin I's death in 527,
1693:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
65:
1529:The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography
1774:
1720:. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
1299:of the East in two and appointing a separate
1196:as a counter to the Persian fortress city of
785:
472:
392:
8:
1612:
1597:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1513:
1472:
1423:
1485:Borgeraze, A. (2012). "Revolt of Gourgen".
18:
1882:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi
1802:Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus
1781:
1767:
1759:
1678:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1499:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1449:"SASANIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1246:and in 525–526, Persia's Arab allies, the
792:
778:
770:
479:
465:
457:
399:
385:
377:
62:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
1608:
1606:
1408:
1401:
1152:was fought from 526 to 532 between the
289:
20:
1492:
1435:
1867:Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia
7:
1928:Ancient history of Georgia (country)
1675:Justinian and the Later Roman Empire
1877:Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia
1204:(r. 488–531) proposed that Emperor
1973:Wars involving the Sasanian Empire
1718:Belisarius: The Last Roman General
49:
1953:6th century in Georgia (country)
79:
1319:and he had to retreat to Dara.
1192:had already started fortifying
1:
1254:Christian community of Najran
589:Campaign of Severus Alexander
1963:530s in the Byzantine Empire
1958:520s in the Byzantine Empire
1892:Russian intervention of 2008
1887:Red Army invasion of Georgia
1817:Sasanian invasion of 541–562
1812:Sasanian invasion of 526–532
366:Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man
1807:Georgian campaign of Pompey
1532:. Routledge. p. 560b.
1311:'s forces were defeated by
1307:over the northern portion.
1258:as well as to dominate the
1105:Onoguris (3rd Archaeopolis)
683:Julian's Persian expedition
661:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
1989:
550:Trajan's Parthian campaign
518:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
55:
1822:Turkic-Byzantine invasion
1797:
1639:10.1017/S0041977X00086791
1526:Magill, Frank N. (2012).
810:
565:Parthian war of Caracalla
513:Caesar's planned invasion
498:
416:
219:
170:
89:
78:
70:
1872:Ottoman invasion of 1578
1672:Barker, John W. (1966).
1613:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1598:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1577:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1565:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1553:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1514:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1473:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1424:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
265:Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith
31:latest accepted revision
1035:Sasanian war of 540–562
722:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
555:Lucius Verus' campaigns
1842:Great Turkish Invasion
540:Mark Antony's campaign
220:Commanders and leaders
1933:6th-century conflicts
1852:Azat Mousa's invasion
1453:www.iranicaonline.org
1385:Aksumite–Persian wars
1370:Siege of Martyropolis
1332:Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
545:Armenian War of 58–63
277:Al-Harith ibn Jabalah
1716:Hughes, Ian (2009).
1364:of Ethiopia and the
1345:Battle of Callinicum
895:Babosis and Zerboule
1948:6th century in Iran
1923:Roman–Sasanian Wars
1918:Wars of Justinian I
1317:battle of Thannuris
577:Roman–Sasanian wars
502:Roman–Parthian Wars
21:Page version status
1862:Turkoman invasions
1837:Byzantine invasion
1322:Damaging raids on
1127:Conquest of Spania
490:Roman–Persian Wars
73:Roman-Persian Wars
27:
1968:Wars of Khosrow I
1900:
1899:
1857:Timurid invasions
1751:978-90-04-50893-4
1708:978-0-415-14687-6
1685:978-0-29-903944-8
1600:, pp. 92–96.
1495:cite encyclopedia
1475:, pp. 81–82.
1426:, pp. 96–97.
1273:region and upper
1160:over the eastern
1145:
1144:
767:
766:
454:
453:
375:
374:
261:Tzath I of Lazica
166:
165:
115:Upper Mesopotamia
39:14 September 2024
1980:
1847:Mongol invasions
1827:Umayyad invasion
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1731:
1712:
1689:
1659:
1658:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
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1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1411:, p. 76–77.
1406:
1341:Battle of Satala
1301:magister militum
1296:magister militum
1239:army to conquer
1154:Byzantine Empire
1100:2nd Archaeopolis
1095:Telephis–Ollaria
1085:1st Archaeopolis
805:
794:
787:
780:
771:
493:
491:
481:
474:
467:
458:
411:
401:
394:
387:
378:
358:
305:
291:
273:
177:Byzantine Empire
91:
90:
83:
63:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1793:
1787:
1752:
1734:
1728:
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1686:
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1668:
1663:
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1624:
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1611:
1604:
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1592:
1587:
1583:
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1547:
1540:
1525:
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1520:
1512:
1508:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1381:
1358:
1233:
1208:adopt his son,
1182:
1174:Perpetual Peace
1158:Sasanian Empire
1146:
1141:
1132:Anastasian Wall
806:
800:
798:
768:
763:
494:
489:
487:
485:
455:
450:
412:
407:
405:
368:
364:
360:
354:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
311:
307:
301:
294:
283:
279:
275:
269:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
212:
208:
206:Sasanian Empire
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
155:
154:retained Iberia
147:
141:
131:
117:
84:
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:530s conflicts
1940:
1938:520s conflicts
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Sajid invasion
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1736:Neusner, Jacob
1732:
1726:
1713:
1707:
1690:
1684:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1633:(3): 425–468.
1617:
1602:
1590:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1538:
1518:
1506:
1477:
1465:
1440:
1438:, p. 118.
1428:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1357:
1354:
1337:Battle of Dara
1232:
1229:
1186:Anastasian War
1181:
1178:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
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1082:
1077:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1053:
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1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:Mons Lactarius
1021:
1016:
1011:
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1001:
996:
991:
986:
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976:
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966:
961:
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951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
924:
918:
917:
915:Fields of Cato
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
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882:
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872:
867:
861:
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849:
844:
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824:
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817:
811:
808:
807:
799:
797:
796:
789:
782:
774:
765:
764:
762:
761:
759:War of 602–628
756:
754:War of 572–591
751:
746:
741:
739:Anastasian War
736:
731:
729:War of 421–422
718:
717:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
680:
679:
678:
673:
668:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:Caesarea (260)
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
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542:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
523:Cilician Gates
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123:
119:
118:
105:
103:
99:
98:
95:
87:
86:
76:
75:
68:
67:
58:Peninsular War
50:
48:
28:
22:
19:
17:
16:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:Invasions of
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1727:9781844158331
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:, p. 93.
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1579:, p. 83.
1578:
1573:
1570:
1567:, p. 85.
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:, p. 84.
1554:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1539:9781136593130
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1516:, p. 82.
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
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1466:
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1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
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1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Transcaucasus
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
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560:2nd Ctesiphon
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1456:. Retrieved
1452:
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1409:Neusner 1970
1404:
1374:
1359:
1321:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1268:
1251:
1234:
1221:Zoroastrians
1214:
1190:Anastasius I
1183:
1170:
1149:
1147:
1061:
1060:
1014:Sena Gallica
858:Moorish Wars
854:Vandalic War
847:Martyropolis
814:
743:
720:
719:
693:Maiozamalcha
631:Dura-Europos
575:
574:
500:
446:Martyropolis
408:
355:
302:
285:Domnentiolus
270:
171:Belligerents
128:Inconclusive
71:Part of the
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
1913:Iberian War
1458:25 February
1436:Barker 1966
1315:during the
1279:Justinian I
1275:Mesopotamia
1164:kingdom of
1150:Iberian War
815:Iberian War
803:Justinian I
744:Iberian War
676:2nd Singara
666:1st Singara
621:Barbalissos
584:Mesopotamia
533:Mt Gindarus
528:Amanus Pass
409:Iberian War
346:Chanaranges
342:Mihr-Mihroe
230:Justinian I
146:Territorial
66:Iberian War
1907:Categories
1396:References
1366:Himyarites
1309:Belisarius
1219:to become
1184:After the
1046:Sisauranon
994:2nd Naples
959:Urviventus
939:1st Naples
922:Gothic War
870:Tricamarum
865:Ad Decimum
842:Callinicum
734:War of 440
688:Pirisabora
441:Callinicum
350:Baresmanas
244:Hermogenes
234:Belisarius
185:Ghassanids
157:Byzantines
135:Treaty of
97:526–532 AD
1744:. Brill.
1655:163004552
1390:Lazic War
1350:Azarethes
1328:Ghassanid
1287:Thannuris
1241:Himyarite
1210:Khosrow I
1137:Melantias
1080:3rd Petra
1075:2nd Petra
1070:1st Petra
1063:Lazic War
1029:Volturnus
989:Mucellium
822:Thannuris
749:Lazic War
715:Bagrevand
698:Ctesiphon
421:Thannuris
334:Azarethes
281:Dorotheus
197:Aksumites
159:retained
152:Sasanians
1738:(1970).
1379:See also
1362:Axumites
1248:Lakhmids
1237:Aksumite
1217:Iberians
1206:Justin I
1202:Kavadh I
1162:Georgian
1156:and the
1009:3rd Rome
1004:2nd Rome
984:Faventia
949:Ariminum
944:1st Rome
929:Panormus
905:Sufetula
890:Membresa
885:Carthage
880:Bourgaon
827:Mindouos
801:Wars of
426:Mindouos
362:Pityaxes
322:Kavadh I
226:Justin I
210:Lakhmids
102:Location
35:reviewed
1791:Georgia
1666:Sources
1487:Georgia
1330:leader
1305:Armenia
1283:Nisibis
1198:Nisibis
1115:Tzacher
1041:Nisibis
1019:Taginae
999:Otranto
974:Treviso
969:Ravenna
964:Auximus
954:Urbinus
934:Scardon
900:Cillium
708:Samarra
703:Maranga
626:Antioch
609:Misiche
604:Resaena
570:Nisibis
508:Carrhae
370:Aratius
356:†
326:Perozes
303:†
287: (
271:†
257:Sunicas
241:Gregory
148:changes
1748:
1724:
1705:
1682:
1653:
1647:608617
1645:
1536:
1313:Xerxes
1225:Lazica
1180:Origin
1166:Iberia
1110:Phasis
1090:Cotais
1056:Edessa
1051:Anglon
979:Verona
875:Mammes
837:Satala
656:Satala
636:Edessa
436:Satala
352:
330:Xerxes
313:Simmas
299:
267:
249:Pharas
238:Sittas
214:Sabirs
193:Heruli
181:Iberia
161:Lazica
122:Result
107:Iberia
1651:S2CID
1643:JSTOR
1356:Truce
1324:Syria
1260:spice
1252:(see
1244:Yemen
1121:Other
910:Marta
671:Amida
599:Hatra
317:Ascan
309:AĂŻgan
297:Kinda
201:Kinda
1746:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1501:link
1460:2020
1264:silk
1262:and
1194:Dara
1148:The
856:and
832:Dara
431:Dara
338:Bawi
189:Huns
94:Date
1635:doi
1303:of
1231:War
1176:".
290:POW
37:on
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