Ahmad ibn Hanbal - Knowledge (XXG)

681:. However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually played "no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism," as there is evidence, according to the same authors, "the older Hanbali authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis," due to medieval Hanbali literature being rich in references to saints, grave visitation, miracles, and relics. In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's own support for the use of relics as one of several important points on which the theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism. Other scholars maintain he was "the distant progenitor of Wahhabism", who also immensely inspired the similar conservative reform movement of 1026:"On the first day of the month of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year two hundred and forty-one, my father had a fever on Wednesday night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. I had known his illness, and I used to nurse him when he was sick. I said to him, "O father, how did you break your fast last night?" He said, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to get up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his legs weakened until he leaned on me. Other than doctors, all were Muslims. A doctor called Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was roasted and its water given to drink. This was on Tuesday, and he died on Friday." 2416:

Mu'tazilite ta'wil or figurative interpretation of the Qur'anic anthropomorphisms while concomitantly affirming the doctrine of the "incorporeal, transcendent deity"... although he argued for the acceptance of the literal meaning of the Qur'anic and prophetic statements about God, he was no fideist.' The imam was quite willing to engage in hermeneutical exercise.. The rise of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal during the Mihna resulted in the empowering and centering of corporealist ideas within the Sunni movement. When his ideas became the criterion of traditionalist orthodoxy..

1570:." According to the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in the negative, with Zakariyyā asking if two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same response from the jurist. Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number until, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that that should be sufficient." As a result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved of independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute masters in law and jurisprudence. 779:: mother of Salih). Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In the 30 (or 20) years we were together, we never had a disagreement." After her demise, Ahmad married his second wife, "Ummu ‘Abdillah Rayhana bintu ‘Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", and she bore him one son, "Abdullah". She known for having only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because he was impressed by her religious commitment. Reports suggest that they were together for seven years. He also had a 1884:, who at one time had sought to study under Ibn Hanbal, later stated that he did not consider Ibn Hanbal a jurist and gave his views in the field no weight, describing him as an expert in prophetic tradition only. However this must be seen in context of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still at its infancy and not followed by so many people yet compared to the other schools and the students had conflict with Al-Tabari's school. Consider how the 1682: 801: 820:. After completing his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Arabia to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom he narrated from. With this knowledge, he became a leading authority in the field, leaving behind an immense encyclopedia of narrations, 1082:, whence he held that proper belief in God constituted believing in the description which God had given of Himself in the Islamic scripture. To begin with, Ibn Hanbal asserted that God was both Unique and Absolute and absolutely incomparable to anything in the world of His creatures. As for the various 3215:

Speculative theologians (mutakalliman) from among the Sunni fold, finding this theomorphism objectionable yet unwilling to impugn the authenticity of the report, preferred to interpret the "form" as belonging to something other than God, such as the pseudodivinities (macbadat)-that is, the sun, moon,

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Ibn Hanbal appears to have been a formidable opponent of "private interpretation," and actually held that it was only the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret the holy texts. One of the creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be to God, who in every age and interval

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have asserted that this opinion is more partial than objective, for there is no proof that the Hanbali school " Sufism in itself any more than any other school," and it is evident that "during the first centuries some major Sufis ... followed the Hanbalite school of law." By the twelfth-century, the

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each month, which he spent on his family, and he was content with that, seeking the mercy of Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated that a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he made a house on. He replied: "This is something I inherited from my father. If

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or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic of Imām Ahmad now? It is also authentically established that Abd Allāh asked his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the wall of his room, and he said: 'I do not see any harm in it.' May

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Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry until he reached the age of forty. It is said that this was because he was busy with knowledge, or because he traveled a lot and was away from his country for a long time. When he reached the age of forty and became closer to settling down than before, and he thought

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relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled his father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father take one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his mouth, and kiss it. I may have seen him place it over his eyes, and dip it in water and then

604:—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam. The most highly influential and active scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history, who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the 868:

Ibn Hanbal is known to have been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert his religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili doctrine of the Quran being created, rather than uncreated. According to Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the

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and his sister as two exceptional devotees of God, and of his sending people with mystical questions to Bishr for guidance. It is also recorded that Ibn Hanbal said, with regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know of any people better than them." Moreover, there are accounts of Ibn Hanbal's son,

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Ibn Hanbal lost his father when he was a young child. His father died young at the age of thirty only. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father’s family. His father had left him a property in Baghdad in which he lived, and another which yielded him a small

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being the eternal, uncreated word of God. Living in poverty throughout his lifetime working as a baker, and suffering physical persecution under the caliphs for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding

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Scholars are almost unanimous in attributing to Ibn Hanbal the use of the ancient balkafa formula. Goldziher, Wensinck, Halkin, Laoust, Makdisi, Abrahamov, and Watt all find in the Imam an advocate of this mediating principle (balkafa), which reportedly allowed the traditionalists to deny the

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or "intercession" through Muhammad in every supplication, with the wording: "O God! I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Prophet of Mercy. O Muhammad! I am turning with you to my Lord for the fulfillment of my need." This report is repeated in many later Hanbali works, in the context of

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Be that as it may, the vast majority of other scholars do recognize Ibn Hanbal's prowess as a master jurist worthy of one whose methodology became foundation for its own school of jurisprudence. Imam Shafi'i said, among many other praises, "Ahmad is an Imam in eight fields: he is an imam in

1387:, saying: "He is one of the Substitute-Saints, and his supplication is answered." Of the same Sufi, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything else than what Maruf has achieved?" Additionally, there are accounts of Ibn Hanbal extolling the early ascetic saint 1030:

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at the age of 74–75 in Baghdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men and 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Islam on that day. His grave is located in the premises of the

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correct and abhorred that a jurist insist people follow his even if he considered them wrong and even if the truth is one in any given matter." As such, when Ibn Hanbal's student Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī had "compiled a book on juridicial differences ... which he had named

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and its collection". More than a century after Ahmad's death, Hanbali legalism would emerge as a distinct school; due to the efforts of jurists like Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d. 280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E),

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who lived around the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written compilation of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived around that same time. The more systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities only occurred after that point.

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about the main representatives of Sunni jurisprudence. However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He is very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of the ahl al-hadith and he is the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."

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said about this: "He, may God be pleased with him, was very keen on knowledge. He traveled far in search of it, and spend a long time on obtaining it. He did not occupy himself with earning or marriage until he achieved what he wanted from it."

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today, where his father and grandfather had also previously worked. While according to others he was born in Baghdad after his mother came pregnant with him from the city of Merv, where his father was. The latter opinion is the most accepted one.

1186:)" as a true attribute of God. He disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Form as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, moon, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God truly has a Form is 783:

named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", then twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Then she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih and Abdullah excelled in

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that Ibn Hanbal "used to seek blessings from the relics of the Prophet." Citing the aforementioned report of Ibn Hanbal's devotion towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī then goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the practices of

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Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi, Chapter Sixty-Two: Mentions the Number of His Wives, pp. 402-405, Chapter Sixty-Three Mantions His Concubines, pp. 406-408, and Chapter Sixty-Four Mentions the Number of His Children, pp.

1371:, forty major saints "whose number would remain constant, one always being replaced by some other on his death" and whose key role in the traditional Sufi conception of the celestial hierarchy would be detailed by later mystics such as 1359:: " used to greatly respect the Sūfīs and show them kindness and generosity. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly to which he replied, 'Knowledge made them sit.'" Furthermore, it is in Ibn Hanbal's 1424:, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence sound ... He had a firm belief in the principles of religion, and his creed was approved by all the ." Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Sufi hagiographers such as Hujwiri and 608:

perspective within Sunni Islam. One of the foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as the basis for Sunni Islamic law and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of the most significant Sunni hadith collections,

1458:, has continued to remain one of the most widespread Sufi orders up until the present day. Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing some of the "deviances" of certain heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as 1287:"I am amazed at those people who know that a chain of narration is authentic, and yet, in spite of this, they follow the opinion of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who oppose the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some 2634:

Founder of one of the four major Sunnī schools, the Ḥanbalī, he was, through his disciple Ibn Taymiyya , the distant progenitor of Wahhābism, and has inspired also in a certain degree the conservative reform movement of the

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in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE. This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard my father say: I was born in the month of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year 164 AH". Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from

1614:) elevated learned men possessing excellent qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way." It has been pointed out that this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal judgement ( 1436:, with Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When the Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried next to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed. His corpse had not putrified and the shroud was still whole and undecayed." 869:

foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's interference and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to the Hanbali school establishing itself firmly as not only a school of jurisprudence, but theology as well.

926:“I do not know that I have ever seen anyone who wore cleaner clothes, was more attentive to trimming his moustache and grooming the hair on his head and body, or wore purer and whiter garments than Ahmad bin Hanbal". 1399:

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, it is evident that he was "held in high regard" by all the major Sufis of the classical and medieval periods, and later Sufi chroniclers often designated the jurist as a

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became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this pursuit, banished Ibn Hanbal from Baghdad. It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent of his brother

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drink the water for a cure." In the same way, Ibn Hanbal also drunk from Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to seek blessings from it, and considered touching and kissing the sacred

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girl from the suburbs of Baghdad, and she lived with Ahmad ibn Hanbal for thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and bore him their son "Salih", and hence her she was known by her title Ummu

1137:) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, amongst whom he included, in the scope of his polemics, the Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists." Ibn Hanbal was also a critic of overt and unnecessary speculation in matters of 4203:

Livnat Holtzman, "Human choice, divine guidance and the fiṭra tradition. The use of ḥadīth in theological treatises by Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya," in Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed (eds.),

1157:(figurative interpretations) of the apparently anthropomorphic texts while concomitantly affirming the doctrine of the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Although he argued for literalist meanings of the 1635:

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his own life and afterwards for his "serene acceptance of juridicial divergences among the various schools of Islamic law". According to later notable scholars of the

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and stars. Ibn Hanbal disagreed... It is likely that Ibn Hanbal recognized this sura as a true attribute of God.. He states in his Aqida V: "God created Adam with His hand and in His image/form

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through them in religious veneration. Indeed, several accounts of Ibn Hanbal's life relate that he often carried "a purse ... in his sleeve containing ... hairs from the Prophet." Furthermore,

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As there exist historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety" and documented evidence of his amiable interactions with numerous early Sufi saints, including

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Because of Ibn Hanbal's refusal to accept the Mu'tazili doctrine, he was imprisoned in Baghdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun. In an incident during the rule of al-Ma'mun's successor,

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Entire bibliography is taken from Holtzman, Livnat, “Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson

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of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act. Ibn Hanbal later ordered that he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one on each eye and a third on his tongue."

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Roy Jackson, "Fifty key figures in Islam", Taylor & Francis, 2006. p 44: "Abu Abdallah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal ibn Hilal al-Shaybani was born in Baghdad in Iraq in 780"

1233:). By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just an abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in all its living reality, whose nature 2621: 1392:

Sālih, being exhorted by his father to go and study under the Sufis. According to one tradition, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever a self-denier or ascetic (

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Holtzman, Livnat, “Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson; cf. Ibn al-Jawzī,

1090:, such as hearing, sight, speech, omnipotence, will, wisdom, the vision by the believers on the day of resurrection etc., were to be literally affirmed as "realities" ( 2647: 1408:, for example, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and piety ... Sufis of all orders regard him as blessed. He associated with great Shaykhs, such as 8409: 6348: 622:

Having studied jurisprudence and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the

876:, Ibn Hanbal was flogged to unconsciousness; however, this caused great upheaval in Baghdad and forced al-Mu'tasim to release him. After al-Mu'tasim's death, 8419: 8394: 2428:

Krawietz, Birgit; Tamer, Georges; Holtzman, Livnatz (2013). "Debating the Doctrine of jabr (Compulsion): Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Reads Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī".

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as the foundations of orthodox belief. He did, however, believe that it was only a select few who were properly authorized to interpret the sacred texts.

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Holtzman, Livnat, “Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.

1114:, etc. they were to be understood in the same manner. Ibn Hanbal treated those verses in the scriptures with apparently anthropomorphic descriptions as 808:

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, and later traveled to further his education. He started learning jurisprudence under the celebrated judge of

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Ibn Hanbal later came to be venerated as an exemplary figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric scholars and ascetic

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Ibn Hanbal became a judge in his old age. Through his students, the Hanbali school of jurisprudence was established, which is now most dominant in

8449: 4921: 1355:, it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many of the Sufis was one of mutual respect and admiration. Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in his 1190:(disbelief). He also believed that God created Adam "according to His form". Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of 673:

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become controversial in certain quarters of the Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as

6292: 2153:أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه أَحْمَد بْن مُحَمَّد بْن حَنْبَل بْن هِلَال بْن أَسَد بْن إِدْرِيس بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن حَيَّان ٱلشَّيْبَانيّ ٱلذُّهْلِيّ 5441: 4931: 4913: 3701: 3096: 2841: 2437: 670:, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh of Islam and imam of the Muslims in his time; the traditionist and proof of the religion'." 6032: 2911: 7403: 3011: 6042: 4213:

Predestination (al-qaḍāʾ wa-l-qadar) and free will (al-ikhtiyār) as reflected in the works of the Neo-Ḥanbalites of the fourteenth century

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and of the blessedness of his grave. For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally held to have been blessed with the miracle of

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Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine is what later came to be known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of only the

2940: 824:. After several years of travel, he returned to Baghdad to study Islamic law under al-Shafi'i, with whom he formed a close bond with. 2350:

He chose to treat the anthropomorphic descriptions of God found in the scriptures as muhkamat, admitting to only a literal meaning,..

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Bearman, Bianquis, Bosworth, van Donzel, Heinrichs, P. , Th. , C.E. , E. , W.P. (1960). "Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal". In Laoust, Henri (ed.).

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Michael Cook, “On the Origins of Wahhābism,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jul., 1992), p. 198

509: 2605: 902:"I requested to see Ahmad bin Hanbal. So, I greeted him, and he was an old man who dyed his hair. He was tall and extremely dark." 8399: 8389: 7743: 1953:

and there he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and his school of jurisprudence.

3403:, Beirut 1393/1973 and Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), pp. 355-56 1145:), and felt it was wise to leave to God the understanding of His own mystery. Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of the 912:

that was not too dark. He had black hairs in his beard, and I saw his clothes extremely white. When I saw him, he was wearing a

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As has been noted by scholars, it is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power of relics," and supported the seeking of

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Wesley Williams, "Aspects of the creed of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. A study of anthropomorphism in early Islamic discourse,"

3949:(Dr.) (in Indonesian). Translated by Usman Sya'roni. Koja, North Jakarta, Indonesia: Jakarta Islamic Centre. p. 697. 3416:, Vol. I, pp. 272-7; Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), p. 356 2932:

Tajalli Wa-Ru'ya: A Study of Anthropomorphic Theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an and early Sunni Islam

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Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal ibn Hilāl ibn Asad ibn Idrīs ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥayyān al-Shaybānī al-Dhuhlī

8404: 8332: 7372: 6853: 6525: 6371: 6321: 5762: 5206: 4761: 2187: 1881: 1305:. Maybe the rejection of some of his words would cause one to doubt and deviate in his heart, and thereby be destroyed." 1032: 1013: 451: 894: 8000: 7692: 7631: 6890: 6860: 6754: 5416: 4926: 4903: 4898: 4808: 4525: 6102: 4225:

Nimrod Hurvitz, "From scholarly circles to mass movements. The formation of legal communities in Islamic societies,"

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Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf","

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Daryl Champion (2002), The Paradoxical Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Momentum of Reform, Columbia University Press,

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The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi, Chapter Seventy-Nine: In Mention of His Illness, pp. 540-548

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Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal Shrine: Dargah Of: Imam Abu Abdullah Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Hanbal (Rahimahu Allahu Ta'ala)

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Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001); cf. Ibn al-Jawzī,

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Wilferd Madelung, "The origins of the controversy concerning the creation of the Koran," in J. M. Barral (ed.),

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This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority, pg. 20. Taken from

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Al-Sadah Al-Hanabilah wa Ikhtilafatuhum Ma'a Al-Salafiyah Al-Mu'ashirah fi al-'Aqidah wa al-Fiqh wa al-Tasawwuf

2770: 885:, who was much more tolerating of the traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back to Baghdad. 539: 446: 7087: 1535:(d. 716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not formulate a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with 1439:

Although there is a perception that Ibn Hanbal or his school were somehow adverse to Sufism, scholars such as

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Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the latter said: "If someone were to follow every

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cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability of Muhammad's intercession in every personal supplication in his

503: 8225: 8189: 6214: 6172: 6027: 5642: 5431: 5336: 5166: 5121: 4987: 4572: 3742:, ed. Wasi Allah ibn Muhammad Abbas (Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Risāla, 1983), I:219; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, 1837: 611: 530: 269: 6624: 7907: 7861: 6936: 6431: 6092: 6022: 5982: 5967: 5647: 5401: 5306: 5291: 5282: 5161: 5126: 5051: 4701: 4654: 4548: 4308:

John A. Nawas, "A reexamination of three current explanations for al-Maʾmūn's introduction of the miḥna,"

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rental income sufficient for his living. The reports are conflicting about whether it was large or small.

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A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh by Edward Granville Browne – Page 295

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in their hagiographies, praising him both for his legal work and for his appreciation of Sufi doctrine.

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Ibn Hasan Aal-Sheikh, 'Abdur-Rahman (2002). "38: Taking Scholars or Rulers as Partners Besides Allah".

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The prominent traditionalists, such as Abū ʿAmr al-Awzāʿī (d.157/774) and Ahmad b. Ḥanbal (d.241/855)..

2367:"Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad IBN Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse" 2302:"Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad IBN Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse" 1888:

of Imam Ahmad, i.e. the first written compilation of Ibn Hanbal's question and answers, was written by

1591:)." It is believed that he quoted this on account of the vast number of forged traditions of Muhammad. 1523:, Ibn Hanbal is said to have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law. 1444:

relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so close that one of the most prominent Hanbali jurists,

850:

In addition to his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in the war frontiers and performed

524: 6828: 3140:

Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal Shrine: Imam Abu Abdullah Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Hanbal (Rahimahu Allahu Ta'ala)

8444: 7576: 6983: 6841: 6766: 6611: 6426: 6274: 6179: 6158: 6017: 5972: 5957: 5506: 5356: 5346: 5331: 5151: 5116: 5106: 5101: 5076: 4613: 4513: 4507: 2518:

Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), p. 356

2059: 1986: 1978: 1930: 518: 506: 8384: 8379: 8243: 8010: 7810: 7581: 7312: 7189: 6128: 6054: 5396: 5046: 4860: 4736: 4578: 4466: 3289:

Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia

1974: 1901: 1889: 1543: 1532: 1226: 776: 639: 497: 4155:

Michael Cooperson, "Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal and Bishr al-Ḥāfī. A case study in biographical traditions,"

3323:]. Translated by Al-Halawani, 'Ali As-Sayed. El Mansoura, Egypt: Dar al Manarah. p. 366. 8174: 7057: 7013: 6571: 6458: 6232: 6193: 6107: 5942: 5789: 5436: 5221: 5071: 4893: 4880: 4554: 4478: 3660: 3257: 3249: 3194: 3186: 2930: 2915: 2641: 2394: 2386: 2329: 2321: 2021: 1997: 1946: 1854: 1471: 1445: 1413: 1388: 731: 542: 512: 441: 397: 138: 8150: 6758: 5905: 5867: 5664: 5096: 3533:, XXIV.2, trans. Michael Cooperson (New York: New York University Press, 2016), p. 89; Hujwiri, 2017: 1866: 1167:

and was willing to engage in hermeneutical exercises. The rise of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the

1865:

except that they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed; despite praise from his contemporaries as well,

1849:

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively praised for both his work in the field of prophetic tradition (

8439: 8434: 8200: 8166: 8110: 7358: 7353: 7292: 7199: 6907: 6771: 6620: 6566: 6462: 6097: 6064: 5992: 5987: 5947: 5935: 5920: 5900: 5801: 5777: 5603: 5426: 5266: 5201: 4689: 4566: 3950: 3697: 3324: 3292: 3092: 2936: 2873: 2837: 2699: 2611: 2433: 2123: 1409: 712: 699: 466: 2896:

The Hanbalite madhhab, in contrast, largely maintained the traditionalist of Athari position.

8424: 7255: 7168: 7142: 6845: 6518: 6262: 6144: 5997: 5977: 5962: 5527: 5186: 4954: 4672: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3241: 3178: 3080: 2378: 2313: 1440: 1433: 1130: 716: 8238: 6812: 2869:

Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism

753:

a man comes to me and confirms that this is his, I will get rid of it and give it to him".

666:

and adhering to it." He was further praised by the 14th-century historian and traditionist

8125: 7712: 7062: 7047: 7009: 6976: 6951: 6865: 6713: 6708: 6684: 6598: 6501: 6496: 6448: 6443: 5930: 5833: 5828: 5811: 5772: 5712: 5669: 5476: 5406: 5211: 4959: 4648: 4519: 3810: 3088: 2148: 2034: 1111: 1036: 557: 64: 7852: 7132: 5181: 4695: 1877:

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted. Qur'anic

366:ٱبْن مُحَمَّد بْن حَنْبَل بْن هِلَال بْن أَسَد بْن إِدْرِيس بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن حَيَّان 8220: 4372: 4141:

Binyamin Abrahamov, "The bi-lā kayfa doctrine and its foundations in Islamic theology,"

3111: 2751:

Ibn Hanbal – his life and his era – his jurisprudential opinions by Abu Zahra, pp. 75-77

2733:

Ibn Hanbal – his life and his era – his jurisprudential opinions by Abu Zahra, pp. 17-18

1141:; he believed that it was fair to worship God "without the 'mode' of the theologoumena ( 8260: 8179: 8045: 8027: 8022: 8005: 7856: 7781: 7705: 7226: 6741: 6696: 6691: 6542: 6511: 6416: 6310: 6299: 6137: 5890: 5823: 5816: 5806: 5654: 5391: 5252: 5156: 5016: 4949: 4865: 4403: 2098: 2073: 2025: 2013: 1934: 1600: 1429: 873: 616: 597: 373: 175: 2430:

Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya

1293:

should befall them, or a painful torment be inflicted on them.' Do you know what that

8373: 8184: 8146: 8114: 8094: 7665: 7236: 7161: 6971: 6932: 6919: 6894: 6800: 6589: 6561: 6438: 6392: 6009: 5910: 5895: 5885: 5720: 5659: 5621: 5532: 5262: 5256: 5246: 5234: 3856: 3607:, XXIV.2, trans. Michael Cooperson (New York: New York University Press, 2016), p. 89 3571:, XCV.7, trans. Michael Cooperson (New York: New York University Press, 2016), p. 298 3537:, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Leiden: Brill, 1911), pp. 117-118; Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 3261: 3198: 2398: 2333: 2118: 1938: 1779:: "The Book of Abstinence" ed. Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994 1644: 1619: 1516: 1499: 1332: 1279: 1169: 1099: 908:"I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, well-formed, and he dyed his hair with 882: 785: 726:

Historians differ about his place of birth. Some say he was said that he was born in

500: 494: 491: 461: 8212: 3138: 677:

has cited him as a principal influence along with the 13th-century Hanbali reformer

8141: 7869: 7847: 7838: 7738: 7215: 7031: 6966: 6659: 6547: 6453: 6207: 5875: 5794: 5725: 5086: 5026: 5001: 4642: 4560: 2528: 1862: 1487: 1463: 1425: 1421: 1380: 1352: 1339:

where he attributes it to "Imām Ahmad and a group of the pious ancestors" from the

1289: 828: 763: 678: 659: 634:

toward the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the

7879: 6556: 5589: 4982: 635: 631: 4196:

Wael B. Hallaq, "Was al-Shafiʿi the master architect of Islamic jurisprudence?,"

3944: 3664: 1973:

that Ibn Hanbal has memorized at least 750,000 hadith during his life, more than

1512:

God protect us and you from the opinion of the dissenters and from innovations!"

8194: 7916: 7884: 7834: 7700: 7398: 7363: 7345: 7137: 6874: 6804: 6484: 6383: 5952: 5925: 5915: 5852: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5574: 5557: 5381: 5296: 5136: 5011: 4595: 2005: 1681: 1459: 1417: 1324: 488: 317: 3846:. Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Nur al-Mubin Li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi. pp. 108–109. 8056: 7843: 7640: 7421: 7367: 7265: 7203: 7154: 7120: 7073: 6994: 6927: 6914: 6832: 6808: 6737: 6642: 6584: 6506: 6409: 5782: 5546: 5542: 5376: 5301: 5277: 5242: 5196: 5131: 5091: 5066: 5021: 5006: 4996: 4660: 4630: 4484: 4449: 4420: 4415: 3245: 3182: 2382: 2317: 2108: 2078: 1922: 1897: 1503: 840: 817: 745: 708: 667: 593: 585: 527: 362:

Ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal ibn Hilāl ibn Asad ibn Idrīs ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥayyān

325: 301: 214: 7680: 7429:

Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī

5682: 4164:

Classical Arabic biography. The heirs of the prophets in the age of al-Maʾmūn

3429:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 387; see ; see Ibn Abī Ya'lā, 2183: 8098: 8086: 8064: 7995: 7899: 7805: 7750: 7675: 7329: 7324: 7250: 7194: 6940: 6795: 6788: 6664: 6575: 6489: 6469: 6314: 6255: 5767: 5735: 5578: 5371: 5366: 5176: 5141: 5036: 5031: 4666: 4636: 3943:

Nahrawi Abdus Salam Al-Indunisi, Ahmad (2008). Ahmad Nahrawi, Amirah (ed.).

2029: 2001: 1942: 1515:

When asked by his son Abdullah about the legitimacy of touching and kissing

1455: 1396:) visited him so I could look at him. He loved for me to become like this." 1376: 1219: 1198:"He who says that Allah created Adam according to the form of Adam, he is a 877: 813: 780: 674: 589: 521: 515: 456: 306: 8089: 7929:

Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī

5456: 4002:, ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ and Ḥusayn al-Asad, 25 vols., Beirut 1401–9/1981–8 3291:. New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 15. 2853: 2698:. A-B. Vol. 1 (New ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 272. 2482:

1st ed., Cairo 1311; new edition by Aḥmad S̲h̲ākir in publ. since 1368/1948

1022:

He died due to being severely ill. His son Salih describes his illness as:

2012:, a rank that only reached by very few Hadith scholars in history such as 748:

mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen

17: 8283: 8250: 8105: 7990: 7982: 7776: 7219: 7181: 7112: 7035: 7018: 6849: 6836: 6669: 6615: 6397: 5845: 5636: 5469: 5061: 4531: 4345:

Chapters on marriage and divorce. Responses of Ibn Ḥanbal and Ibn Rāhwayh

2710:

Aḥmad B. Ḥanbal was an Arab, belonging to the Banū Shaybān, of Rabī'a,...

2088: 2048: 1878: 1640: 1607: 1546:(d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts. 1222: 1138: 1129:) of the Quran and of tradition, and no less emphatically criticized the 682: 615:, which has continued to exercise considerable influence on the field of 581: 296: 171: 4331:

Muslim theology. A study of origins with reference to the Church Fathers

8288: 8268: 8229: 8074: 7865: 7822: 7669: 7659: 7384: 7333: 7287: 7125: 7022: 6997: 6923: 6902: 6781: 6776: 6651: 6602: 6530: 6479: 6200: 6079: 5752: 5566: 5498: 4888: 3925:

al-Dhahabī, Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān.

3253: 3190: 2390: 2325: 2093: 2052: 1744: 1648: 1636: 1555: 1483: 1405: 1372: 1255: 1215: 1164: 720: 627: 142: 83: 5627:

Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)

5486:

Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

4066:, ed. Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Munʿim Aḥmad, 2 vols. in one, Alexandria 1401/1981 3545:(London: Islamic Texts Society, 2000), p. 153 (note by Timothy Winter) 3541:, trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as 3507:(London: Islamic Texts Society, 2000), p. 153 (note by Timothy Winter) 3503:, trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as 3229: 3166: 2366: 2301: 1925:, one of the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece 1906:

The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of the Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms

800: 30:"Imam Ahmed" redirects here. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see 8293: 8273: 8154: 8118: 7908:

Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī

7307: 7210: 7147: 7026: 6869: 6823: 6303: 5690:

Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī

5570: 5517: 4941: 4852: 3874: 2113: 2103: 2083: 1583: 1559: 1537: 1520: 1492: 1450: 1364: 1261: 1248: 1052: 1007: 913: 844: 836: 809: 749: 663: 605: 209: 204: 186: 4169:

Daniel Gimaret, "Theories de l'acte humain dans l'école ḥanbalite,"

3460:

Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood

4777: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 1448:, was also simultaneously the most famous Sufi of his era, and the 8278: 7377: 7319: 6944: 6745: 6733: 5535: 5510: 5481: 4870: 4282:

The formation of the Sunni schools of law, 9th–10th centuries C.E.

4016:, ed. ʿAbdallāh b. Salmān b. Sālim al-Aḥmadī, 2 vols., Riyadh 1991 3788:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 313; see Ibn Abī Ya'lā, 3772:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 306; see Ibn Taymiyyah, 1567: 1563: 1384: 1368: 1212: 1199: 1175: 1159: 1079: 1069: 1048: 917: 909: 863: 832: 799: 771: 704: 651: 643: 623: 577: 349: 291: 161: 111: 7921:

Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī

3014:(in Arabic). Al-Mada Supplements. 2 December 2012. Archived from 804:

A manuscript of Ibn Hanbal's legal writings, produced October 879

5521: 5446: 4245:

Henri Laoust, "Les premières professions de foi ḥanbalites," in

3938: 3936: 2666:

Ibn Hanbal – his life and his era – his jurisprudential opinions

1858: 1401: 1273:

by Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868). Comparing

1191: 1187: 851: 789: 727: 655: 199: 87: 43: 6369: 5612:

Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)

4819: 4781: 4376: 4014:

al-Masāʾil wa-l-rasāʾil al-marwiyya ʿan al-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal

3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3696:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–160. 3441: 3439: 2586: 2584: 2582: 1919:

Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr

1327:, for example, recommends it for the obtainment of need in his 1202:(disbeliever). Which form did Adam have before He created him?" 658:

in their hagiographies. The 12th-century jurist and theologian

5880: 5477:

Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī

4259:

George Makdisi, "Ḥanbalite Islam," in Merlin L. Swartz (ed.),

4055:, in ʿAlī Sāmī al-Nashshār and ʿAmmār Jumʿī al-Ṭālibī (eds.), 1853:), jurisprudence, and his defense of orthodox Sunni theology. 1827:: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973) 1675: 1125:) of the Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis ( 1103: 1087: 1083: 1075: 4266:

Christopher Melchert, "The adversaries of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal,"

3863:

Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies

3692:

B. Hallaq, Wael (2005). "7: The formation of legal schools".

2473:, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98 1379:. It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 2694:

H. A. R. Gibb; et al., eds. (1986). "Aḥmad B. Ḥanbal".

1869:

noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about his achievements.

1428:, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own gifts as a 7972:

Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

5516:

Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-

4106:

al-Shahāda al-zakiyya fī thanāʾ al-aʾimma ʿalā Ibn Taymiyya

3520:, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Leiden: Brill, 1911), pp. 117-118 2760:

The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi, p. 72

2559: 2557: 7932:

Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī

4287:

Christopher Melchert, "The Ḥanābila and the early Ṣūfīs,"

1474:'s order themselves, and never condemned Sufism outright. 4748:

Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence

3801:

Foundations of the Sunnah, by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, pg 51-173

2856:

Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)

1969:

classification, as the title bestowment were approved by

1163:

and prophetic statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a

1121:

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected the negative theology (

5622:

Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī

4294:

Christopher Melchert, "The Musnad of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal,"

3495: 3493: 3462:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 158 3321:

Divine Triumph: Explanatory Notes on the Book of Tawheed

2032:. Ibn Hanbal's Musnad is not, however, ranked among the 1961:

It is reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of

1237:," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension. 642:, a view that contradicted the orthodox position of the 4030:(with a supplement comprising Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's 3303:

Ibn Hanbal articulated ijtihad in rejection of taqlid..

3048: 3046: 2791:

The Four Imams by Mustafa Al-Shakaa , Vol. 4, pp. 89-90

1587:

that is in the ḥadīth, he would become a transgressor (

4326:, ed. and revised by Abdal Hakim Murad, Cambridge 1993 4301:

Christopher Melchert, "The piety of the Hadith folk,"

4048:, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir, 20 vols., Cairo 1416/1995 4023:, ed. Waṣiyyallāh b. Muḥammad ʿAbbās, Bombay 1408/1988 3669:. Translated by Khalkhali, Zahra Musavi. Rafed Books. 3475:, trans. R. A. Nicholson (Leiden: Brill, 1911), p. 117 2742:

The Four Imams by Mustafa al-Shaka'a, Vol. 4, pp. 7-8.

2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 1755:: "Foundations of the Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)" 1218:

was the considerable role he played in bolstering the

99:

2 August 855 CE (12 Rabi' al-Awwal 241 AH; aged 74–75)

5674:

Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

5637:

Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī

4094:, ed. Muḥammad Rashād Sālim, 11 vols., Riyadh 1979–81 3027: 3025: 3012:"من مراقد بغداد واضرحتها - ملاحق جريدة المدى اليومية" 2722:

The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal by Ibn al-Jawzi,

2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 1949:, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book titled 1118:(clear) verses; admitting to only a literal meaning. 7904:

Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī

5507:

Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī

4118:

Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥajjāj al-Marwazī,

3910:

Ibn Abī Yaʻlá, Abū al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad.

3599: 3597: 1904:

did not include Ibn Hanbal or his views in his book

1323:

personal supplication as an issue of jurisprudence.

975:

One Who Gathered the Knowledge of the First and Last

571: 8259: 8211: 8165: 8055: 8042: 7981: 7878: 7821: 7804: 7691: 7639: 7630: 7569: 7486: 7420: 7397: 7344: 7264: 7249: 7179: 7046: 6889: 6753: 6728: 6650: 6641: 6541: 6391: 6382: 6284: 6231: 6127: 6120: 6078: 6008: 5866: 5711: 5681: 5588: 5556: 5497: 5455: 5276: 5230: 4981: 4972: 4940: 4912: 4879: 4851: 4844: 4711: 4682: 4623: 4588: 4541: 4494: 4459: 4430: 4215:, Ph.D. diss., Bar-Ilan University 2003 (in Hebrew) 4115:, ed. ʿAṭiyya al-Zahrānī, 7 vols., Riyadh 1410/1989 2771:"The wives of Imam Ahmad ibn Hambal (rahimahullah)" 1929:that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is alike 1004: 996: 988: 944: 937: 424: 396: 372: 348: 324: 284: 231: 223: 192: 182: 167: 157: 149: 134: 117: 107: 95: 76: 71: 60: 41: 7948:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī 7896:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī 5615:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) 4108:, ed. Najm ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khalaf, Beirut 1404/1984 4087:, ed. ʿAwwād ʿAbdallāh al-Muʿtaq, Riyadh 1419/1999 3914:. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma'rifah. pp. 1/14. 2432:. Berlin, Germany: Walter De Gruyter. p. 63. 1951:Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, 1098:), such as those which spoke of God's hand, face, 576:; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Sunni Muslim 7441:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) 4122:, ed. Samīr b. Amīn al-Zuhayrī, Riyadh 1418/1997. 3060:, Department of General Sunni Shrines, p. 13 1993:700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence. 1989:mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 1211:One of Ibn Hanbal's most famous contributions to 5604:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām 4176:Ignáz Goldziher, "Aḥmed b. Muḥammad b. Ḥanbal," 4136:Islamic theology. Traditionalism and rationalism 2456: 2454: 2452: 2223:The History of Persia by John Malcolm – Page 245 2219: 2217: 1809: : "The Book of Obedience to the Messenger" 1742:The following books are found in Ibn al-Nadim's 1074:Ibn Hanbal understood the perfect definition of 27:Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian (780–855) 7768:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī 5618:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī 4009:ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī, 2 vols., Cairo 1952 3589:Introduction to Sufism: The Inner Path of Islam 3347:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389 . 1094:). As for those attributes called "ambiguous" ( 1024: 662:relates he "was the foremost in collecting the 3390:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389. 3360:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389. 3287:Ismail, Raihan (2021). "Chapter 1: Salafism". 1558:or independent reasoning in matters of law by 1149:formula. This mediating principle allowed the 8415:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 6349:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam 5699:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) 4793: 4388: 4336:Susan Spectorsky, "Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal's fiqh," 3759:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 313 3746:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 306 3729:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 306 3637:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 390 3449:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 387 3377:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 389 2986:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 307 2594:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 390 2551:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 301 1314:It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his 770:His first wife was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", an 654:, with the latter often designating him as a 8: 4220:The formation of Ḥanbalism. Piety into power 3234:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3171:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2646:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2371:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2306:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2062:" starring Mahyar Khaddour in the lead role. 1825:Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya 1660:)," Ibn Hanbal advised him to name the work 647:reputation" in the annals of Sunni history. 412: 388: 364: 340: 102:Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iraq) 7447:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) 1996:While according to the classification from 1710:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1554:Ibn Hanbal also had a strict criterion for 1253:Ibn Hanbal favoured independent reasoning ( 1086:, Ibn Hanbal believed that all the regular 8052: 7818: 7636: 7468:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) 7417: 7261: 6750: 6647: 6388: 6379: 6366: 6124: 4978: 4848: 4841: 4816: 4800: 4786: 4778: 4395: 4381: 4373: 4150:Ibn Ḥanbal. Ḥayātuhu wa-ʿaṣruhu wa-fiqhuhu 3177:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 2377:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 2312:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. 1857:stated that a Muslim could not truly be a 934: 698:Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born in the month of 38: 3591:(Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2010), p. 121 3556:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ 3539:Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib 3501:Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib 3401:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ 3371:Wasiyya al-Muwaffaq Ibn Quduma al-Maqdisi 3054:الدليل السياحي للأضرحة والمراقد في العراق 3006: 3004: 2574:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ 2207: 2205: 2047:Ahmad ibn Hanbal was largely depicted in 1730:Learn how and when to remove this message 1182:Ibn Hanbal also recognized "Divine Form ( 835:. Unlike the other three schools—Hanafi, 7070:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 5609:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm 4608:Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah 4041:, ed. Muḥammad Jalāl Sharaf, Beirut 1981 3694:The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law 2906: 2904: 1173:, whose cause he championed, during the 788:, while Saeed later became the judge of 711:tribe. His father was an officer in the 8357: 7293:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī 4352:The formative period of Islamic thought 4099:Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ wa-ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyāʾ 4073:, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ, Beirut 1393/19732 4034:), ed. Zakariyyā ʿAlī Yusūf, Cairo 1971 3033:دليل الجوامع والمساجد التراثية والأثرية 2935:. University of Michigan. p. 229. 2172: 2136: 1981:who each memorized 300,000 hadith, and 854:five times in his life, twice on foot. 816:, who was the student and companion of 485: 436: 80:November 780 CE (Rabi' al-Awwal 164 AH) 6293:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 3240:(3). Cambridge University Press: 443. 2639: 2607:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2360: 2358: 2295: 2293: 2178: 2176: 1318:that Ibn Hanbal preferred one to make 5442:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar 4404:Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School 4053:al-Radd ʿalā l-zanādiqa wa-l-Jahmiyya 3905: 3903: 3633:, IX.457; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, 3317:Fath al-Majeed: Sharh Kitab al-Tawhid 2659: 2657: 2038:, the six big collections of hadith. 2008:, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank of 1761:: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)" 843:—the Hanbali school remained largely 719:and later settled with his family in 254:al-Radd ala al-Jahmiyya wa-l-Zanadiqa 7: 8410:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam 3268:from the original on 7 November 2021 3205:from the original on 7 November 2021 2813:"Biography of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal" 2681:The Virtues of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal 2624:from the original on 5 November 2021 2405:from the original on 7 November 2021 2340:from the original on 7 November 2021 1708:adding citations to reliable sources 978:Guardian of the Prophet's Narrations 8420:Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate 8395:9th-century Arabic-language writers 7081:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi 3666:Logical Analysis Of Wahhabi Beliefs 2190:from the original on 7 January 2019 2152: 1765:Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma‘rifat al-Rijal 906:Muhammad bin ‘Abbas an-Nahwi said: 561: 413: 389: 365: 341: 4046:al-Musnad lil-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal 3842:Al-Ulayyan, Mustafa Hamdu (2017). 2998:, tr. Nicholson, chap. 21, p. 117. 2872:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 34. 276:Risala fi al-Salah li-Ahl al-Qibla 25: 7453:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) 4232:Henri Laoust, "Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal," 3412:H. Laoust, "Ahmad b. Hanbal," in 3147:from the original on 13 July 2020 3120:from the original on 16 July 2020 2261:H. Laoust, "Ahmad b. Hanbal," in 1821:: "The Book of Obligatory Duties" 1773:: "The Book of the Rites of Hajj" 8455:Biographical evaluation scholars 7471:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) 5693:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard 5565:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad- 5243:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit 4440:(founder of the school; 780–855) 4240:La profession de foi d'Ibn Baṭṭa 4191:The four imams and their schools 3963:from the original on 8 July 2022 3786:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3770:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3757:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3744:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3727:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3673:from the original on 8 July 2022 3635:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3447:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3427:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3388:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3375:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3358:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3345:The Four Imams and Their Schools 3228:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 3165:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 2984:The Four Imams and Their Schools 2886:from the original on 2 June 2021 2592:The Four Imams and Their Schools 2549:The Four Imams and Their Schools 2365:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 2300:Williams, Wesley (August 2002). 1896:Likewise, some consider how the 1680: 1259:) and rejected blind following ( 86:, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day 8018:United Submitters International 7302:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir 6680:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 6033:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 4719:Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Saffarini 4317:Aḥmed ibn Ḥanbal and the miḥna, 3373:, p. 93; see Gibril F. Haddad, 1647:, Ibn Hanbal "considered every 1550:Independent reasoning by muftis 1265:). His staunch condemnation of 924:‘Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: 8450:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam 8312:Sunni schools of jurisprudence 7330:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād 6043:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 6038:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 5696:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) 5317:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 4444:Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani 4092:Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql 4085:Ijtimāʿ al-Jayesh al-Islamiyah 3085:Historical Dictionary of Islam 1985:who memorized 500,000 hadith. 1337:Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla 510:Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari 1: 7744:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi 6070:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid 4473:Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Barbahari 4064:Sīrat al-imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal 4021:al-ʿIlal wa-maʿrifat al-rijāl 3929:(in Arabic). pp. 21/379. 3740:Al-'Ilal wa-Ma'rifat al-Rijāl 3648:Al-'Ilal wa Ma'rifat Ar-Rijal 3618:Al-'Ilal wa Ma'rifat Ar-Rijal 2866:Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). 2854:Jurisprudence and Law – Islam 1803:: "Virtues of the Companions" 1531:According to Hanbali scholar 1343:of al-Marwazī as his source. 1231:kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ 969:Seal of the Independent Imams 957:founder of the Hanbali school 7432:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) 7373:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi 7354:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi 6372:Islamic schools and branches 5207:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad 5112:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 4101:, 10 vols., Beirut 1409/1988 2929:Williams, W. Wesley (2008). 2155:); he is known by the title 1882:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 1269:is reported in the treatise 900:Ibn Dharih al-’Ukbari said: 893:His appearance according to 7364:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin 6060:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 5417:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi 5352:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi 4526:Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi 4080:, 16 vols., Cairo 1418/1998 2529:Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd ar-Rahman 2184:"مناهج أئمة الجرح والتعديل" 707:, and belonged to the Arab 572: 8471: 8115:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir 7560:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī 7313:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī 6991:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani 6475:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5731:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5362:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 5322:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 5147:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 4731:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4725:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4227:American Historical Review 4206:Ibn Taymiyya and his times 4184:Vorlesungen über den Islam 4032:al-Ṣalāh wa-aḥkām tārikīhā 2010:Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith 1815:: "The Book of Abrogation" 1598: 1246: 1067: 992:Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate 972:Reinforcer of the Religion 861: 534:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 32:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 29: 8306: 6704:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects 6378: 6365: 6339: 6048:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine 5763:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 5217:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 5192:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 5042:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 4840: 4815: 4746: 4602:Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah 4410: 4249:(Damascus 1956–7), 3:7–35 4104:Marʿī b. Yūsuf al-Karmī, 4059:(Alexandria 1971), 51–103 3946:Ensiklopedia Imam Syafi'i 3246:10.1017/S0020743802003021 3183:10.1017/S0020743802003021 2383:10.1017/S0020743802003021 2318:10.1017/S0020743802003021 1363:that we find most of the 478: 452:Abd al-Razzaq al-Sana'ani 429: 420: 414:ٱلشَّيْبَانيّ ٱلذُّهْلِيّ 315: 53: 7733:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī 6608:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 6222:The Moderation in Belief 6103:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya 5841:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi 5412:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 5342:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 4504:(952–1020 CE/341–410 AH) 4247:Mélanges Louis Massignon 4097:Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, 4083:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 3774:Majmū' al-Fatāwā, 20:365 3499:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 2996:Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub 2912:"Imaam Ahmad ibn Hanbal" 2471:The Arab Studies Journal 1225:of the Quran being the " 1110:by the believers on the 1078:to be that given in the 619:up to the present time. 540:Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin 447:Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak 54: 8400:9th-century Arab people 8390:8th-century Arab people 8190:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 7586:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān 7504:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī 7276:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād 6215:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi 6173:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah 6028:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 5432:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 5337:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 5327:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 5167:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani 5122:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 5057:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini 4573:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi 4256:(Leiden 1974), 1:504–25 2972:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' 1965:of Hadith according to 1838:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1801:Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba 1367:reports concerning the 1194:, Ibn Hanbal asserted: 1033:Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque 1014:Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque 981:Confirmer of the Relics 757:His Wives and Childrens 537:Diya' al-Din al-Maqdisi 531:Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi 504:Badr ad-Deen al Hanbali 7862:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu 7444:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) 6937:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 6432:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6093:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd 6088:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani 6023:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 5983:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi 5968:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 5648:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri 5643:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar 5402:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 5312:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 5307:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 5292:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 5162:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 5127:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 5052:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 4702:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali 4655:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 4549:Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra 4520:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 4280:Christopher Melchert, 4273:Christopher Melchert, 4229:108/4 (2003), 985–1008 4000:Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ 3829:Al-Madkhal Al-Mufassal 3605:The Life of Ibn Hanbal 3569:The Life of Ibn Hanbal 3531:The Life of Ibn Hanbal 3386:See Gibril F. Haddad, 3058:Sunni Endowment Office 3037:Sunni Endowment Office 2982:See Gibril F. Haddad, 2696:Encyclopaedia of Islam 1983:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 1797:: "The Book of Drinks" 1654:The Core of Divergence 1631:Differences of opinion 1595:Private interpretation 1468:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 1307: 1283:), Ibn Hanbal states: 1204: 1028: 895:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' 805: 8131:Wallace Fard Muhammad 7088:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya 6595:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 6344:Early Muslim scholars 6152:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 5422:Rahmatullah Kairanawi 5172:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi 5082:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 4502:Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi 4322:Muḥammad Z. Siddiqi, 4263:(Oxford 1981), 216–64 4145:42/1–3 (1995), 365–79 4111:Abū Bakr al-Khallāl, 4078:al-Bidāya wa-l-nihāya 4071:Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad 3927:Siyar a'lam al-nubala 3817:, vol. 18, pg. 57-58. 3543:The Invocation of God 3505:The Invocation of God 3414:Encyclopedia of Islam 2962:Siyar A'lam al-Nubala 2534:Manaqib al-Imam Ahmad 2263:Encyclopedia of Islam 1971:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 1967:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi 1807:Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul 1785:: "The Book of Faith" 1599:Further information: 1454:that he founded, the 1394:zāhid aw mutaqashshif 1285: 1196: 1068:Further information: 966:Proof of the Religion 960:Defender of Orthodoxy 931:His illness and Death 803: 602:Islamic jurisprudence 410:Al-Shaybānī al-Dhuhlī 7782:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya 7577:Al-Harith ibn Surayj 6767:Theology of Twelvers 6612:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 6159:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 5958:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5357:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 5347:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 5332:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 5152:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 5117:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 5107:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 5102:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5077:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 4614:Zayn al-Din al-Amidi 4514:Abu Ali ibn al-Banna 4254:Orientalia hispanica 4148:Muḥammad Abū Zahra, 4134:Binyamin Abrahamov, 4007:Ṭabaqāt al-ḥanābila, 3912:Tabaqat al-Hanabilah 3661:Tabassi, Najm Al-Din 3091:, pp. 136–137, 3018:on 3 September 2018. 2664:Muhammad Abu Zahra. 1979:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 1704:improve this section 963:True Shaykh of Islam 519:Ibn Battah al-Ukbari 8405:9th-century jurists 8011:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 7758:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī 7730:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya 7528:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī 7190:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah 6497:Other Salafi trends 6326:Musta'li Isma'ilism 6242:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya 5633:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr 5397:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 5047:Zakariyya al-Ansari 4737:Fatima al-Fudayliya 4579:Abdul-Razzaq Gilani 4467:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 4357:W. Montgomey Watt, 4350:W. Montgomey Watt, 4340:102/3 (1982), 461–5 4291:48/3 (2001), 352–67 4162:Michael Cooperson, 4159:86 (1997/2), 71–101 3790:Tabaqāt al-Hanābila 3431:Tabaqāt al-Hanābila 3213:– via JSTOR. 2773:. HadithAnswers.com 2413:– via JSTOR. 2348:– via JSTOR. 2265:, Vol. I, pp. 272-7 1975:Muhammad al-Bukhari 1890:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 1544:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 1331:. In the same way, 1112:day of resurrection 640:Quran being created 562:أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل 498:Abu Bakr al-Khallal 390:أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه 67:('Shaykh of Islam') 55:أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل 8310:Other scholars of 8201:Islamic modernists 8175:Modernist Salafism 7831:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 7790:Abdullah ibn Saba' 7725:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar 7610:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf 7598:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr 7589:Muhārīb ibn Dithār 7520:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī 6842:Astarabadi (Naimi) 6572:Abdullah al-Harari 6526:Muhammad bin Dawud 6459:Syed Nazeer Husain 6194:Tabsirat al-Adilla 6108:Al-Mansur al-Qasim 5943:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 5790:Syed Nazeer Husain 5713:Salafi Theologians 5465:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham 5437:Muhammad Abu Zahra 5222:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 5072:Abdul Qadir Gilani 4555:Abdul Qadir Gilani 4479:Abu Bakr al-Ajurri 4368:34 (2002), 441–63. 4343:Susan Spectorsky, 4315:Walter M. Patton, 4189:Gibril F. Haddad, 3892:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr. 3784:Gibril F. Haddad, 3768:Gibril F. Haddad, 3755:Gibril F. Haddad, 3738:Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 3725:Gibril F. Haddad, 3558:, Beirut 1393/1973 3445:Gibril F. Haddad, 3425:Gibril F. Haddad, 3356:Gibril F. Haddad, 3343:Gibril F. Haddad, 3276:– via JSTOR. 3143:, Dargahinfo.com, 3116:, Dargahinfo.com, 2844:, p. 23 footnote 7 2590:Gibril F. Haddad, 2576:, Beirut 1393/1973 2547:Gibril F. Haddad, 2042:In popular culture 2022:Hammad ibn Salamah 2004:which recorded by 1947:Muhammad Abu Zahra 1927:Siyar A'lam Nubala 1855:Abdul-Qadir Gilani 1791:: "Issues in Fiqh" 1662:The Book of Leeway 1472:Abdul Qadir Jilani 1470:, all belonged to 1446:Abdul Qadir Jilani 1389:Bishr the Barefoot 1037:al-Rusafa District 806: 796:Education and work 732:Mary, Turkmenistan 626:instituted by the 596:and eponym of the 513:Abdul Qadir Gilani 433:Influenced by 244:al-Asami wa-l-Kuna 139:Islamic Golden Age 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8302: 8301: 8111:Muhammad Jaunpuri 8038: 8037: 7964:Sumāma ibn Ashras 7800: 7799: 7651:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî 7626: 7625: 7496:Gaylān ibn Marwān 7393: 7392: 7245: 7244: 6908:Abdallah al-Aftah 6724: 6723: 6637: 6636: 6621:Necmettin Erbakan 6463:Siddiq Hasan Khan 6427:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6335: 6334: 6275:Tajrid al-I'tiqad 6269:Tashih al-I'tiqad 6180:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 6116: 6115: 6098:Al-Qasim al-Rassi 6065:Idris Imad al-Din 6018:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 5993:Ruhollah Khomeini 5973:Zurarah ibn A'yan 5948:Sharif al-Murtaza 5936:Muhammad al-Mahdi 5921:Muhammad al-Jawad 5901:Muhammad al-Baqir 5802:Siddiq Hasan Khan 5778:Rabee al-Madkhali 5427:Murtada al-Zabidi 5202:Ibrahim al-Bajuri 4968: 4967: 4775: 4774: 4567:Hammad al-Harrani 4508:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 4329:Morris S. Seale, 4324:Ḥadīth literature 4312:26 (1994), 615–29 4270:44 (1997), 234–53 4211:Livnat Holtzman, 4186:, Heidelberg 1910 4182:Ignáz Goldziher, 4173:29 (1977), 157–78 4062:Ṣāliḥ b. Ḥanbal, 4051:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4044:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4037:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4026:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4019:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 4012:Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, 3831:. pp. 1/366. 3703:978-0-521-80332-8 3485:al-Ghiza al-Albab 3098:978-0-8108-6161-9 3081:Adamec, Ludwig W. 2842:978-0-231-12814-8 2683:. pp. 12–13. 2439:978-3-11-028534-5 1931:Al-Layth ibn Sa'd 1917:, jurisprudence, 1795:Kitab al-Ashribah 1740: 1739: 1732: 1658:Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf 1410:Dhul-Nun of Egypt 1088:attributes of God 1084:divine attributes 1043:Views and thought 1020: 1019: 997:Venerated in 847:in its theology. 570: 551: 550: 525:al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā 467:Ishaq ibn Rahuyah 442:Sufyan ibn Uyayna 406: 382: 358: 334: 264:Fada'il al-Sahaba 153:Abbasid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 8462: 8430:Hadith compilers 8365: 8362: 8053: 7819: 7637: 7613:Nusayr ibn Yahyā 7595:Awn ibn Abdullāh 7582:Sa'id ibn Jubayr 7552:Ubayd al-Mūktaib 7418: 7262: 7231:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus 7200:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī 7169:Khashabiyya Shia 7105:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān 7063:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān 6846:Imadaddin Nasimi 6751: 6648: 6519:Salafi Modernism 6422:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 6389: 6380: 6367: 6263:Awail Al Maqalat 6145:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 6125: 6055:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 6010:Isma'ili Shi'ism 5998:Wilayat al-faqih 5978:Hisham ibn Hakam 5963:Allamah Al-Hilli 5187:Muhammad Mayyara 4979: 4849: 4842: 4817: 4809:Islamic theology 4802: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4673:Haji Bayram Wali 4438:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 4397: 4390: 4383: 4374: 4361:, Edinburgh 1994 4354:, Edinburgh 1973 4298:82 (2005), 32–51 4275:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 4261:Studies on Islam 4218:Nimrod Hurvitz, 4200:, 25 (1993), 590 4166:, Cambridge 2000 4138:, Edinburgh 1998 4057:ʿAqāʾid al-salaf 3993:Kitāb al-Sharīʿa 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3879:Brill Publishers 3871:Sabine Schmidtke 3854: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3827:Abu Zayd, Bakr. 3824: 3818: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3782: 3776: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3708: 3707: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3601: 3592: 3585: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2914:. Archived from 2908: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2447: 2446: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2266: 2259: 2224: 2221: 2212: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2180: 2160: 2154: 2141: 1902:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr 1845:Historical views 1819:Kitab al-Fara'id 1789:Kitab al-Masa'il 1771:Kitab al-Manasik 1735: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1684: 1676: 1533:Najm al-Din Tufi 1517:Muhammad's grave 1434:incorruptibility 1131:anthropomorphism 1010: 939:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 935: 762:about marriage. 638:doctrine of the 575: 573:Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal 565: 563: 554:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 416: 415: 400: 392: 391: 376: 368: 367: 352: 344: 343: 328: 193:Main interest(s) 48:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 39: 21: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8342: 8298: 8255: 8226:Ahmed Raza Khan 8207: 8161: 8151:Fethullah Gülen 8126:Nation of Islam 8047: 8044: 8034: 7977: 7954:Ahmad ibn Hābīt 7882: 7874: 7812: 7808: 7796: 7717:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā 7687: 7622: 7607:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb 7565: 7482: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7389: 7340: 7253: 7241: 7175: 7049: 7042: 7010:Hassan-i Sabbah 6893: 6885: 6757: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6720: 6685:Hasan al-Utrush 6633: 6599:Ahmed Raza Khan 6545: 6537: 6444:Dawud al-Zahiri 6395: 6374: 6353: 6331: 6280: 6227: 6187:Kitab al-Tawhid 6112: 6074: 6004: 5931:Hasan al-Askari 5906:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5868:Twelver Shi'ism 5862: 5834:Salafi Jihadism 5829:Osama bin Laden 5812:Safar Al-Hawali 5773:Saleh Al-Fawzan 5707: 5677: 5670:Sahib ibn Abbad 5665:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 5630:Ja'far ibn Harb 5595:Wasil ibn 'Ata' 5592: 5584: 5552: 5513:ī (Muqātilīyya) 5493: 5451: 5407:Shah Abdul Aziz 5280: 5272: 5226: 5212:Ahmad al-Dardir 5097:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 4985: 4964: 4936: 4908: 4875: 4836: 4835: 4811: 4806: 4776: 4771: 4742: 4707: 4678: 4649:Ibn Abd al-Hadi 4619: 4584: 4537: 4490: 4455: 4426: 4406: 4401: 4371: 4242:, Damascus 1958 4130: 4125: 4005:Ibn Abī Yaʿlā, 3987: 3982: 3980:Further reading 3977: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3957: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811:Yaqut al-Hamawi 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3711: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3587:Eric Geoffrey, 3586: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3549: 3535:Kashf al-Majhub 3528: 3524: 3518:Kashf al-Majhub 3515: 3511: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3473:Kashf al-Majhub 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3208: 3206: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3089:Scarecrow Press 3079: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2966: 2950: 2943: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2918:on 16 May 2007. 2910: 2909: 2902: 2889: 2887: 2880: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2811:IslamicFinder. 2810: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2638: 2627: 2625: 2618: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2502: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2450: 2440: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2408: 2406: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2343: 2341: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2269: 2260: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2186:. Ibnamin.com. 2182: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2157:Shaykh al-Islam 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2069: 2044: 2035:Kutub al-Sittah 2018:Yahya ibn Ma'in 1959: 1875: 1867:Yahya ibn Ma'in 1847: 1753:Usool as-Sunnah 1736: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1701: 1685: 1674: 1633: 1628: 1603: 1597: 1579: 1552: 1529: 1480: 1349: 1312: 1277:to polytheism ( 1251: 1245: 1209: 1170:Ashab al-Hadith 1151:traditionalists 1072: 1066: 1061: 1045: 1016:, Baghdad, Iraq 1005: 984: 940: 933: 891: 866: 860: 812:jurisprudence, 798: 759: 741: 696: 691: 547: 507:Asad al Hanbali 484: 483: 474: 471: 435: 434: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 327: 311: 280: 232:Notable work(s) 224:Notable idea(s) 219: 174:(eponym of the 130: 103: 100: 91: 81: 65:Shaykh al-Islam 56: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8468: 8466: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8232: 8217: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8180:Muhammad Abduh 8171: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8061: 8059: 8050: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8023:Rashad Khalifa 8015: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8006:Muhammad Iqbal 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7897: 7890: 7888: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7859: 7857:Bektashi Order 7850: 7841: 7827: 7825: 7816: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7706:Abu al-Khattab 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7664:Abū Hulmān al- 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7645: 7643: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7619:Amr ibn Murrah 7617: 7616:Ahmad ibn Hārb 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7604:Salm ibn Sālem 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7536:Sāleh ibn Umar 7531: 7530: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7512:Gassān al-Kūfī 7507: 7506: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7426: 7424: 7415: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7370: 7361: 7359:Jābir ibn Zayd 7356: 7350: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7327: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7270: 7268: 7259: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7227:Tawussite Shia 7224: 7223: 7222: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7082: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7016: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6930: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6899: 6897: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6872: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6839: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6763: 6761: 6748: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6697:Imams of Yemen 6694: 6692:Yahya ibn Umar 6689: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6618: 6605: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6564: 6553: 6551: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6446: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6318: 6307: 6300:Kitab al-Majmu 6296: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6138:Asas al-Taqdis 6133: 6131: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5988:Ja'far Sobhani 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5891:Husayn ibn Ali 5888: 5883: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5824:Salman al-Ouda 5821: 5820: 5819: 5817:Sahwa movement 5809: 5807:Zubair Ali Zai 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5655:Al-Zamakhshari 5652: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5600: 5598: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5514: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Ahmad Sirhindi 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5253:Malik ibn Anas 5250: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:Al-Shahrastani 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4733:(1699–1793/94) 4728: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4690:Mar'i al-Karmi 4686: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4359:Islamic creeds 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4305:(2002), 425–39 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4238:Henri Laoust, 4236: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4208:, Karachi 2009 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4120:Kitāb al-waraʿ 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4090:Ibn Taymiyya, 4088: 4081: 4074: 4069:Ibn al-Jawzī, 4067: 4060: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028:Kitāb al-ṣalāh 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3955: 3932: 3917: 3899: 3896:. p. 107. 3884: 3849: 3834: 3819: 3803: 3794: 3777: 3761: 3748: 3731: 3709: 3702: 3684: 3652: 3639: 3622: 3609: 3603:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3593: 3573: 3567:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3560: 3554:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3547: 3529:Ibn al-Jawzī, 3522: 3509: 3489: 3477: 3464: 3451: 3435: 3418: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3362: 3349: 3336: 3329: 3307: 3297: 3279: 3220: 3157: 3130: 3103: 3097: 3072: 3063: 3042: 3021: 3000: 2988: 2975: 2964: 2948: 2942:978-0549816881 2941: 2921: 2900: 2878: 2858: 2846: 2829: 2803: 2793: 2784: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2714: 2704: 2686: 2679:Ibn al-Jawzi. 2671: 2653: 2616: 2596: 2578: 2565: 2553: 2540: 2537:. p. 192. 2520: 2500: 2484: 2475: 2462: 2448: 2438: 2420: 2354: 2289: 2267: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2124:Shafiʽi school 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099:Malik ibn Anas 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2043: 2040: 2026:Ibn al-Mubarak 2014:Malik ibn Anas 1958: 1955: 1935:Malik ibn Anas 1874: 1871: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1738: 1737: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1596: 1593: 1578: 1572: 1551: 1548: 1528: 1525: 1479: 1476: 1430:miracle worker 1418:Sari al-Saqati 1383:as one of the 1348: 1345: 1311: 1308: 1244: 1239: 1229:Word of God" ( 1208: 1205: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1044: 1041: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1002: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 986: 985: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 945: 942: 941: 938: 932: 929: 890: 889:His appearance 887: 862:Main article: 859: 856: 797: 794: 758: 755: 740: 739:His upbringing 737: 700:Rabi’ al-Awwal 695: 692: 690: 687: 617:hadith studies 606:traditionalist 598:Hanbali school 549: 548: 546: 545: 487:All Hanbalis. 481: 480: 479: 476: 475: 473: 472: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 432: 431: 430: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 417: 408: 394: 393: 386:Abū ʿAbd Allāh 384: 370: 369: 360: 346: 345: 336: 322: 321: 313: 312: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 233: 229: 228: 227:Hanbali school 225: 221: 220: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 176:Hanbali school 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 125: 121: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 93: 92: 82: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 62: 58: 57: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8467: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8361: 8358: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8261:Other beliefs 8258: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8235:Hilmi Tunahan 8233: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185:Muhammad Asad 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8095:Sabbatai Zevi 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945:Ali al-Aswarī 7944: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7807: 7803: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722:Muʿāmmarīyya 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7237:Waqifite Shia 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7162:Ishaq al-Turk 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920:Hamdan Qarmat 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6817:Safavid Islam 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6801:Sheikh Haydar 6799: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6394: 6393:Ahl al-Hadith 6390: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6080:Zaydi Shi'ism 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911:Musa al-Kazim 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Ali al-Sajjad 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Hasan ibn Ali 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5857:Post-Salafism 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721:Ibn Taymiyyah 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5702:Mustadrakīyya 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660:Amr ibn Ubayd 5658: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4347:, Austin 1993 4346: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4333:, London 1964 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4284:, Leiden 1997 4283: 4279: 4277:, Oxford 2006 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4222:, London 2002 4221: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4193:, London 2007 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4039:Kitāb al-zuhd 4036: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3995:, Beirut 2000 3994: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3962: 3958: 3956:9789791142199 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:Gudrun Krämer 3862: 3858: 3857:Camilla Adang 3853: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3792:, I.111, etc. 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3458:John Renard, 3455: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3330:977-6005-18-7 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3298:9780190948955 3294: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3056:(in Arabic), 3055: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035:(in Arabic), 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2885: 2881: 2879:9780230106581 2875: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2818: 2817:IslamicFinder 2814: 2807: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2705:90-04-08114-3 2701: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2668:. p. 14. 2667: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2623: 2619: 2617:9789004161214 2613: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:Marfu' Hadith 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1873:Jurisprudence 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813:Kitab Mansukh 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783:Kitab al-Iman 1781: 1778: 1777:Kitab al-Zuhd 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1734: 1731: 1723: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1689:This section 1687: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1666:Kitāb al-Sa'a 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1645:Ibn Taymiyyah 1642: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1620:jurisprudence 1617: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1527:Jurisprudence 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1502:reports from 1501: 1500:Gibril Haddad 1498:Sufi scholar 1496: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1441:Eric Geoffrey 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Bishr al-Hafi 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Ibn Taymiyyah 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1271:Fath al-Majid 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 946: 943: 936: 930: 928: 927: 922: 921: 919: 915: 911: 904: 903: 898: 896: 888: 886: 884: 883:al-Mutawakkil 879: 875: 870: 865: 857: 855: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 802: 795: 793: 791: 787: 786:jurisprudence 782: 778: 773: 768: 765: 756: 754: 751: 747: 738: 736: 733: 730:, located in 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 693: 688: 686: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 664:prophetic way 661: 657: 653: 648: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 613: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 568: 559: 555: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 501:Ibn Khuzaymah 499: 496: 495:Ibn al Qayyim 493: 492:Ibn Taymiyyah 490: 486: 477: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 437: 428: 425:Muslim leader 423: 419: 409: 407: 404: 395: 385: 383: 380: 371: 361: 359: 356: 347: 337: 335: 332: 323: 320: 319: 314: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 287: 283: 277: 274: 272: 271: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239:Usul al-Sunna 237: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Jurisprudence 198: 197: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 168:Jurisprudence 166: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 126: 123: 122: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 98: 94: 89: 85: 79: 75: 70: 66: 63: 59: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8360: 8244:Other orders 8149: / 8142:Nur movement 8113: / 8070:Mirza Ghulam 8001:Tolu-e-Islam 7870:Galibi Order 7868: / 7853:Balım Sultan 7848:Babai revolt 7839:Qalandariyya 7837: / 7739:Mufaḍḍaliyya 7648:Jawārībīyya 7601:Umar ibn Zar 7570:Other Murjīs 7299:Bayhasīyyah 7216:Nuqta-yi Ula 7032:Pir Sadardin 7025: / 6939: / 6935: / 6852: / 6844: / 6831: / 6811: / 6807: / 6803: / 6660:Zayd ibn Ali 6610: / 6597: / 6548:Ilm al-Kalam 6461: / 6454:Ahl-i Hadith 6421: 6322:Umm al-kitab 6320: 6309: 6298: 6291: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6220: 6213: 6208:Fihi Ma Fihi 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 5876:Twelve Imams 5795:Ahl-i Hadith 5726:Ibnul Qayyim 5606:(Nazzāmīyya) 5087:Ibn al-Jawzi 5027:Al-Taftazani 5002:Al-Baqillani 4643:Ibn Taymiyya 4561:Ibn al-Jawzi 4437: 4414:by century ( 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4152:, Cairo 1947 4149: 4142: 4135: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4076:Ibn Kathīr, 4070: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3998:Al-Dhahabī, 3992: 3965:. Retrieved 3945: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3893: 3887: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3814: 3806: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3726: 3693: 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3665: 3655: 3650:, II, p. 492 3647: 3646:Ibn Hanbal, 3642: 3634: 3630: 3629:Al-Dhahabī, 3625: 3620:, II, p. 492 3617: 3616:Imam Ahmad, 3612: 3604: 3588: 3568: 3563: 3555: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3459: 3454: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3369:Ibn Quduma, 3365: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3288: 3282: 3270:. Retrieved 3237: 3233: 3223: 3214: 3207:. Retrieved 3174: 3170: 3160: 3149:, retrieved 3139: 3133: 3122:, retrieved 3112: 3106: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3053: 3039:, p. 69 3032: 3016:the original 2995: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2931: 2924: 2916:the original 2895: 2888:. Retrieved 2868: 2861: 2849: 2832: 2820:. 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Retrieved 2156: 2144: 2139: 2056:drama serial 2033: 2009: 1995: 1990: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1895: 1885: 1876: 1850: 1848: 1836: 1833:: "Exegesis" 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1726: 1717: 1702:Please help 1690: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1639:school like 1634: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1553: 1536: 1530: 1514: 1508: 1497: 1488:Ibn al-Jawzi 1481: 1464:Ibn al-Jawzi 1449: 1438: 1426:Ibn al-Jawzi 1422:Maruf Karkhi 1398: 1393: 1381:Maruf Karkhi 1360: 1356: 1353:Maruf Karkhi 1350: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1310:Intercession 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1210: 1197: 1183: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1104:omnipresence 1096:mutas̲h̲ābih 1095: 1091: 1073: 1046: 1029: 1025: 1021: 951:traditionist 925: 923: 907: 905: 901: 899: 892: 871: 867: 849: 829:Saudi Arabia 826: 821: 807: 769: 764:Ibn al-Jawzi 760: 742: 725: 697: 679:Ibn Taymiyya 672: 660:Ibn al-Jawzi 649: 621: 610: 590:traditionist 553: 552: 402: 378: 354: 330: 316: 307:traditionist 275: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 158:Denomination 36: 8445:Sunni imams 8195:Rashid Rida 8043:Independent 8028:Edip Yüksel 7991:Ahle Qur'an 7942:Nazzāmīyya 7939:Ikhshīdiyya 7926:Huzaylīyya 7917:Bahshamiyya 7893:Mā’marīyya 7885:Rationalism 7835:Malamatiyya 7755:Mānsūrīyya 7701:Khaṭṭābiyya 7632:Mu'shabbiha 7592:Sābit Kutna 7525:Sawbānīyya 7509:Gassānīyya 7493:Gaylānīyya 7487:Other sects 7282:Sa'labīyyah 7279:Maymunīyyah 7256:Arbitration 7138:Khurramites 7102:Sam‘ānīyya 6875:Bābā Rexheb 6805:Shah Ismail 6625:Millî Görüş 6543:Ahl ar-Ra'y 6485:Al-Uthaymin 6406:Kullabiyya 6384:Sunni Islam 6285:Independent 6129:Sunni books 5953:Shaykh Tusi 5926:Ali al-Hadi 5916:Ali al-Rida 5853:Yasir Qadhi 5758:Al-Uthaymin 5748:Rashid Rida 5743:Al-Shawkani 5639:(Jāhizīyya) 5624:(Jubbāīyya) 5528:Jawālikīyya 5382:Ali al-Qari 5297:Al-Sarakhsi 5283:Al-Maturidi 5157:Al-Sha'rani 5137:Ibn Khaldun 5012:Al-Qushayri 4974:Theologians 4955:Metaphysics 4861:Eschatology 4828:Theologians 4727:(1703–1792) 4721:(1701–1774) 4704:(1623–1679) 4698:(1592–1641) 4692:(1580–1624) 4675:(1352-1430) 4669:(1335–1393) 4663:(1310–1362) 4657:(1292–1350) 4651:(1305–1343) 4645:(1263–1328) 4639:(1242-1326) 4633:(1206–1295) 4610:(1230–1284) 4604:(1194–1255) 4598:(1147–1223) 4596:Ibn Qudamah 4581:(1134–1207) 4575:(1146–1203) 4563:(1116–1201) 4557:(1078–1166) 4551:(1105–1165) 4534:(1040–1119) 4528:(1013–1119) 4522:(1006–1088) 4319:Leiden 1897 3991:Al-Ājurrī, 3967:17 December 3487:, I, p. 120 2498:, pp. 13-24 2074:Ibn 'Ulayya 2006:Al-Tabarani 1720:August 2021 1668:) instead. 1601:Ahl ar-Ra'y 1460:Ibn Qudamah 1325:Ibn Qudamah 1147:bi-lā kayfa 1000:Sunni Islam 874:al-Mu'tasim 858:Inquisition 543:Amir Bahjat 489:Ibn Qudamah 318:Arabic name 172:Independent 8385:855 deaths 8380:780 births 8374:Categories 8239:Süleymancı 8147:Said Nursî 8106:Mahdavīyya 8057:Messianism 7961:Sumamīyya 7951:Hābītīyya 7844:Baba Ishak 7786:Saba'īyya 7773:Mukhāmmīsa 7764:Mughīrīyya 7751:Ghurābīyya 7713:Bāzīghiyya 7681:Bārāq Bābā 7660:Hulmānīyya 7557:Ziyādīyya 7549:Ubaydīyya 7541:Shamrīyya 7533:Sālehīyya 7517:Tūmanīyya 7501:Yūnusīyya 7462:Sauwāqīyya 7438:Hakāiqīyya 7422:Karrāmīyya 7412:Hanafiyyah 7266:Kharijites 7204:Nuktawiyya 7155:al-Muqanna 7133:Muḥammirah 7121:Abu Muslim 7117:Rezāmīyya 7092:Hārithīyya 7084:Janāhiyya 7074:Hashimiyya 7048:Kaysanites 6995:Badakhshan 6928:Qarmatians 6915:Batiniyyah 6895:Isma'ilism 6866:Demir Bābā 6861:Baktāshism 6854:Bektashism 6833:ibn Nusayr 6829:al-Khaṣībī 6813:Kul Nesîmî 6809:Pir Sultan 6714:Khalafiyya 6709:Dukayniyya 6643:Shia Islam 6585:Maturidism 6507:Madkhalism 6410:Ibn Kullab 6233:Shia books 5783:Madkhalism 5683:Najjārīyya 5573:al-Qībtī ( 5547:Karramiyya 5543:Ibn Karram 5499:Mu'jassimā 5387:Al-Maydani 5377:Ali Qushji 5302:Al-Bazdawi 5278:Maturidism 5263:Al-Shafi'i 5132:Al-Baydawi 5092:Qadi Ayyad 5067:Ibn Tumart 5022:Al-Ghazali 5007:Al-Juwayni 4997:Al-Bayhaqi 4988:al-Ash'ari 4960:Philosophy 4881:Philosophy 4661:Ibn Muflih 4631:Ibn Hamdan 4510:(990–1066) 4485:Ibn Battah 4450:Abu Dawood 3272:5 November 3209:5 November 2890:15 October 2777:15 January 2635:Salafiyya. 2628:5 November 2496:Tard̲j̲ama 2409:5 November 2344:5 November 2167:References 2143:Full name 2119:Al-Shafiʽi 2109:Abu Hanifa 1987:Abu Zur'ah 1939:Al-Shafi'i 1923:Al-Dhahabi 1898:Andalusian 1618:) ... of 1504:al-Dhahabi 1247:See also: 954:theologian 852:pilgrimage 818:Abu Hanifa 746:Ibn Kathir 709:Banu Dhuhl 668:al-Dhahabi 586:theologian 528:Ibn Muflih 482:Influenced 462:al-Shafi'i 374:Teknonymic 350:Patronymic 302:theologian 285:Occupation 249:al-Ashriba 215:asceticism 18:Ibn Hanbal 8167:Modernism 8099:Sabbatean 8087:Kabbalist 8065:Ahmadiyya 7996:Kala Kato 7969:Kā‘bīyya 7900:Bishriyya 7880:Muʿtazila 7813:al-Juhani 7806:Qadariyah 7676:Kalandars 7656:Hāshwīyya 7544:Abū Shamr 7477:Zarībīyya 7474:Wāhidīyya 7465:Sūramīyya 7459:Razīnīyya 7435:Dhīmmīyya 7404:Hasan ibn 7378:Wahbiyyah 7325:Abu Qurra 7251:Muhakkima 7195:Hurufiyya 7182:Mahdiists 7097:Riyāhīyya 7078:Hārbīyya 7019:Aga Khans 7014:Assassins 6977:Sulaymani 6941:ad-Darazi 6879:Hārābātīs 6796:Qizilbash 6789:Shaykhism 6665:Jarudiyya 6576:Al-Ahbash 6557:Ash'arism 6490:Al-Albani 6470:Wahhabism 6315:Ahmadiyya 6256:Al-Khisal 6166:Al-Irshad 6121:Key books 5768:Al-Albani 5736:Wahhabism 5590:Mu'tazila 5579:Qadariyah 5457:Mu'attila 5372:Ibn Kemal 5367:Khidr Bey 5247:Hanafiyah 5182:Al-Bahūtī 5177:Ibn Ashir 5142:Ibn Arafa 5037:Ibn Furak 5032:Al-Maziri 4983:Ash'arism 4950:Cosmology 4927:Cosmology 4922:Astronomy 4894:Education 4739:(d. 1831) 4712:12th/18th 4696:Al-Buhūtī 4683:11th/17th 4667:Ibn Rajab 4637:Al-Yunini 4616:(d. 1312) 4569:(d. 1202) 4516:(d. 1079) 4475:(867–941) 4296:Der Islam 4128:Secondary 3894:Al-Intiqa 3516:Hujwiri, 3471:Hujwiri, 3262:162455371 3199:162455371 2642:cite book 2610:. Brill. 2399:162455371 2334:162455371 2131:Footnotes 2030:Al-Suyuti 2002:Ibn Abbas 1963:al Hafidh 1943:Abu Yusuf 1759:as-Sunnah 1691:does not 1574:Misusing 1456:Qadiriyya 1377:Ibn Arabi 1347:Mysticism 1297:is? That 1235:in itself 1227:uncreated 1207:The Quran 1143:bilā kayf 1135:tas̲h̲bīh 878:al-Wathiq 822:al-Musnad 814:Abu Yusuf 781:concubine 694:His Birth 689:Biography 675:Wahhabism 636:Mu'tazili 632:al-Ma'mun 612:al-Musnad 567:romanized 522:Ibn Manda 516:Ibn Rajab 457:Abu Thawr 398:Toponymic 270:al-Musnad 124:Abd Allah 8440:Mujaddid 8435:Hanbalis 8284:Tawakkul 8251:Tawassul 8213:Taṣawwuf 8135:doctrine 7983:Quranism 7777:Namiriya 7406:Muḥāmmad 7399:Murji'ah 7113:Rawendis 7036:Satpanth 6957:Musta'li 6952:Fatimids 6850:Hurufism 6837:Alawites 6742:Sects in 6734:Mahdiist 6670:Batriyya 6616:Deobandi 6567:Shafi'is 6502:Jihadism 6449:Salafism 6417:Hanbalis 6398:Atharism 6311:Malfūzāt 6249:Al-Amali 5846:Hazimism 5558:Murji'ah 5482:Jahmīyya 5470:Mu'jbira 5062:Ibn Aqil 4624:8th/14th 4589:7th/13th 4542:6th/12th 4532:Ibn Aqil 4495:5th/11th 4487:(d. 997) 4481:(d. 970) 4469:(d. 923) 4460:4th/10th 4452:(d. 889) 4446:(d. 872) 4303:IJMES 34 4113:al-Sunna 3961:Archived 3677:13 April 3671:Archived 3663:(2009). 3433:, II.279 3266:Archived 3203:Archived 3145:archived 3118:archived 3083:(2009), 2884:Archived 2801:409-410. 2622:Archived 2403:Archived 2338:Archived 2194:21 March 2188:Archived 2089:Maturidi 2067:See also 2060:The Imam 2051:'s 2017 2049:Qatar TV 1900:scholar 1641:Ibn Aqil 1608:prophets 1606:between 1562:and the 1509:tabarruk 1484:blessing 1320:tawassul 1223:doctrine 1220:orthodox 1184:Al-Şūrah 1160:Qur'anic 1153:to deny 1139:theology 1116:muhkamat 1059:Theology 717:Khorasan 715:army in 683:Salafism 326:Personal 205:theology 118:Children 108:Religion 72:Personal 8425:Atharis 8333:Shafi'i 8323:Hanbali 8289:Tewafuq 8269:Sadaqah 8230:Barelvi 8221:Ṭarīqah 8075:Qadiani 8048:beliefs 7823:Alevism 7670:Dimashq 7456:Nūnīyya 7450:Maʿīyya 7410:ibn al- 7385:Azzabas 7346:Ibadism 7334:Nukkari 7288:Azariqa 7273:Ajardi 7220:Bábīyya 7126:Sunpadh 7058:Mukhtār 7023:Nizaris 6998:Alevism 6972:Dawoodi 6962:Tayyibi 6924:Sevener 6903:Fathite 6777:Akhbari 6772:Ja'fari 6759:Twelver 6738:Shi'ite 6675:Imamate 6652:Zaydism 6603:Barelvi 6590:Hanafis 6562:Malikis 6531:Maqrizi 6480:Ibn Baz 6439:Zahiris 6201:Masnavi 5753:Ibn Baz 5567:Dimashq 5267:Shafi‘i 5197:'Illish 4932:Physics 4914:Science 4762:Shafi'i 4431:3rd/9th 4289:Arabica 4268:Arabica 4143:Arabica 3985:Primary 3881:, 2006. 3254:3879671 3191:3879671 3151:13 July 3124:13 July 2492:Manāḳib 2391:3879671 2326:3879671 2094:Hanbali 2079:Ash'ari 2053:Ramadan 1991:hadith, 1886:Masa'il 1879:exegete 1745:Fihrist 1712:removed 1697:sources 1649:madhhab 1637:Hanbali 1576:ahadith 1556:ijtihad 1406:Hujwiri 1373:Hujwiri 1357:Tabaqat 1329:Wasiyya 1256:ijtihad 1216:thought 1165:fideist 916:and an 841:Shafi'i 750:dirhams 721:Baghdad 713:Abbasid 630:caliph 628:Abbasid 594:ascetic 578:scholar 569:: 342:أَحْمَد 292:Scholar 259:al-Zuhd 143:Abbasid 141:(early 84:Baghdad 8338:Zahiri 8328:Maliki 8318:Hanafi 8294:Thawab 8274:Sunnah 8199:Other 8155:Hizmet 8119:Zikris 8090:Dönmes 8080:Lahori 8046:Muslim 7866:Rifa`i 7811:Ma'bad 7693:Tajsīm 7641:Tamsīl 7368:Ifrani 7308:Najdat 7211:Shayki 7180:Other 7148:Mazyar 7027:Khojas 7005:Nizari 6984:Hafizi 6945:Druzes 6926: 6870:Alians 6824:Ghulat 6304:Alawis 5571:Nabati 5536:Abdals 5518:Juzjan 5257:Maliki 4942:Sufism 4866:Ethics 4853:Aqidah 4845:Fields 4824:Fields 4767:Zahiri 4757:Maliki 4752:Hanafi 3953: 3875:Leiden 3865:. 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