711:
mirjan (coral). It is a stone which has in it branches like those of a tree. After mineral life evolves vegetation. The evolution of vegetation culminates with a tree which bears the qualities of an animal. This is the date-palm. It has male and female genders. It does not wither if all its branches are chopped but it dies when the head is cut off. The date-palm is therefore considered the highest among the trees and resembles the lowest among animals. Then is born the lowest of animals. It evolves into an ape. This is not the statement of Darwin. This is what Ibn
Miskawayh states and this is precisely what is written in the Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa. The Muslim thinkers state that ape then evolved into a lower kind of a barbarian man. He then became a superior human being. Man becomes a saint, a prophet. He evolves into a higher stage and becomes an angel. The one higher to angels is indeed none but God. Everything begins from Him and everything returns to Him.
297:), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.
710:
state that God first created matter and invested it with energy for development. Matter, therefore, adopted the form of vapour which assumed the shape of water in due time. The next stage of development was mineral life. Different kinds of stones developed in course of time. Their highest form being
543:
434:. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla.
350:
marched towards the
Library of Rey, but Miskawayh managed to save it. After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath. In 975, he, along with him, left for
414:, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God. The Indian Islamic scholar
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to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic. After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of
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being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a
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430:) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a
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Britannica, The
Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ibn Miskawayh". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2023,
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269:. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the
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446:) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of
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He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including
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611:. Vol. 7 (New ed.). Leiden—New York: E.J. Brill. pp. 143a–144b.
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treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students.
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233:: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name
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of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the
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698:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. pp. 290–291.
542:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.; et al., eds. (1993).
665:"The Cosmology of Ikhwan al-Safa', Miskawayh and al-Isfahâni"
418:
compared
Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought.
235:
Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb
Miskawayh al-Rāzī
548:(2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 143–144.
362:. Some contemporary sources associated him with the
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527:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Miskawayh
810:The Tajârib al-umam; or, History of Ibn Miskawayh
638:An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines
521:
519:
813:(in Arabic). Vol. 5&6. London: Luzac.
1697:
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607:(1993). "Miskawayh". In H. A. R. Gibb (ed.).
480:Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians
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27:Persian philosopher and historian ( 932–1030)
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803:Ibn Miskawaih, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1917) .
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791:Kitāb Tahdhīb al-akhlāq wa-taṭhīr al-aʻrāq
788:Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1329).
757:Emami, Abu'l-Qassem; Umar, Suheyl (2008).
748:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
146:Kitab al hayawan (The book of animal life)
29:
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2163:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
2018:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
545:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 7: Mif-Naz
515:
201:
179:
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398:) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a
369:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1713:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
7:
2148:11th-century Arabic-language writers
2133:10th-century Arabic-language writers
736:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
1997:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib
1886:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)
484:
475:
462:) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an
458:
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438:Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq
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313:control. Miskawayh may have been a
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2168:Historians under the Buyid dynasty
2100:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba
466:translation from the Persian work
25:
2158:11th-century Iranian philosophers
2143:10th-century Iranian philosophers
1990:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
2203:Iranian Arabic-language writers
2153:11th-century Iranian historians
2138:10th-century Iranian historians
1736:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
696:Historical Dictionary of Islam
1:
1613:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
1603:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
1194:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
773:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
443:تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق
2051:One Hundred and Twelve Books
1280:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
798:: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Ḥusaynīyah.
478:). One manuscript is titled
372:. Miskawayh died in 1030 at
265:is primarily in the area of
2183:Iranian historians of Islam
2037:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
732:"Meskawayh, Abu' Ali Aḥmad"
2219:
1891:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)
1881:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)
1741:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana
1558:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
1458:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1372:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
694:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2017).
609:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
332:. He was fluent enough in
2198:11th-century Shia Muslims
2193:10th-century Shia Muslims
1834:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)
1778:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1773:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1306:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
1177:
1159:
855:
499:List of Muslim historians
454:Kitab al-Hikma al-Khalida
241:chancery official of the
194:
172:
1757:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
663:Mohamed, Yasein (2000).
342:Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid
163:(Experiences of Nations)
1290:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1239:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1199:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
529:. Accessed 12 May 2023.
271:Refinement of Character
1917:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām
1829:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn
1819:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī
1798:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1793:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq
1623:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
1573:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
1534:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1402:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1229:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1051:Transcendent theosophy
485:كتاب آداب العرب والفرس
305:Miskawayh was born in
229:Muskūyah, 932–1030), (
2188:People from Ray, Iran
2044:Nabataean Agriculture
1983:Books of the Balances
1407:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
344:. In 966, a group of
182:Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
154:(Ethical Instruction)
2178:Islamic philosophers
1638:Reza Davari Ardakani
1514:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
1448:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1397:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1311:Afdal al-Din Kashani
760:"Abū ʿAlī Miskawayh"
592:Encyclopædia Iranica
504:List of Shia Muslims
2093:Turba Philosophorum
1942:Philosopher's stone
1824:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs
1598:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1519:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
1509:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
1468:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
978:Medieval psychology
950:Natural philosophy
459:كتاب الحكمة الخالدة
416:Muhammad Hamidullah
402:description of the
261:, his influence on
2085:Secret of Creation
2067:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2011:Five Hundred Books
1788:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1608:Abdolkarim Soroush
1453:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1367:Hajji Bektash Wali
903:medieval astronomy
849:Islamic philosophy
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263:Islamic philosophy
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1214:Abu Hatim al-Razi
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744:cite encyclopedia
648:978-1-4384-1419-5
618:978-90-04-15610-4
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157:Al-Fawz al-Asghar
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2102:(al-Nabarawi)
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2073:Sirr al-asrār
2070:
2068:
2066:
2065:Sirr al-asrār
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:Seventy Books
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:Book of Mercy
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Ibn al-Rassām
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
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1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
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1734:
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1727:
1724:
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1707:
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1540:
1537:
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1527:
1525:
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1520:
1517:
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1512:
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1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
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1479:
1476:
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1469:
1466:
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1400:
1398:
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1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:Shams Tabrizi
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Nasir Khusraw
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Ibn Miskawayh
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
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1200:
1197:
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1190:
1187:
1186:
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1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
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1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
987:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
965:
961:
959:
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954:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
820:
812:
811:
806:
801:
797:
794:(in Arabic).
793:
792:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
755:
751:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
720:
712:
707:
701:
697:
690:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
656:
650:
644:
640:
639:
634:
633:Nasr, Hossein
628:
625:
620:
614:
610:
606:
600:
597:
594:
593:
588:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
569:
557:
551:
547:
546:
541:
535:
532:
528:
522:
520:
516:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
481:
473:
469:
465:
455:
452:
449:
439:
436:
433:
423:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
379:
376:, then under
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
356:
354:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:Rukn al-Dawla
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:, then under
308:
300:
298:
296:
294:
288:
285:
283:
276:تهذيب الأخلاق
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
219:Ibn Miskawayh
209:
205:
202:
193:
187:
183:
180:
171:
168:Muslim leader
166:
162:
158:
151:تهذيب الأخلاق
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
75:
69:
65:
60:
53:
49:
44:
34:Ibn Miskawayh
31:
19:
18:Ibn Miskawayh
2099:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1900:14th century
1869:13th century
1843:12th century
1807:11th century
1766:10th century
1663:Partawi Shah
1658:Javadi Amoli
1643:Ahmad Fardid
1588:Martin Lings
1438:Hajji Bayram
1412:Ibn Taymiyya
1341:Omar Khayyám
1326:Ayn-al-Quzat
1321:Ahmad Yasavi
1259:
1234:Ibn Masarrah
1168:by century (
1166:Philosophers
1061:Contemporary
963:
930:
920:
883:
872:
809:
790:
772:
735:
709:
695:
689:
675:(4): 10–15.
672:
668:
658:
637:
627:
608:
599:
590:
559:. Retrieved
544:
539:
534:
479:
467:
453:
437:
421:
395:الفوز الأكبر
389:
367:
357:
345:
304:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
270:
259:Neoplatonist
234:
227:مُسْکُـوْيَه
218:
217:
160:
156:
145:
78:Kakuyid Iran
59:Ziyarid Iran
2128:1030 deaths
1850:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1750:9th century
1729:8th century
1578:René Guénon
1568:Gohar Shahi
1504:Mulla Sadra
1428:Ibn Khaldun
1039:metaphysics
985:(mysticism)
967:(education)
945:Metaphysics
924:(dialectic)
910:Eschatology
887:(intellect)
738:. New York.
653:, page = 26
587:"Miskawayh"
476:جاویدان خرد
400:Neoplatonic
317:convert to
315:Zoroastrian
247:philosopher
208:Mulla Sadra
57:Parandak, (
2123:932 births
2117:Categories
1907:al-Jildakī
1721:Alchemists
1433:Yunus Emre
1377:Ibn Sab’in
1346:Suhrawardi
1336:Ibn Tufail
1255:Al-Ghazali
1209:Apharabius
1044:psychology
1014:Avicennism
876:(theology)
605:Arkoun, M.
555:9004094199
510:References
448:philosophy
198:Influenced
136:philosophy
2075:(al-Rāzī)
1876:al-Simāwī
1860:Artephius
1494:Mir Damad
1487:17th–19th
1421:14th–16th
1387:al-Abharī
1382:Ibn Arabi
1316:Ahi Evren
1275:Bahmanyār
1034:cosmology
1019:Averroism
952:(physics)
898:astrology
893:Cosmology
781:1875-9831
561:19 August
408:intellect
404:evolution
380:control.
251:historian
243:Buyid era
1947:al-iksīr
1930:Concepts
1331:Averroes
1270:Ibn Hazm
1265:Avicenna
1219:Al Amiri
1189:Al-Kindi
1182:9th–10th
1092:ʼIjtihād
1077:ʻAṣabīya
1070:Concepts
1009:Farabism
964:Madrasah
771:(eds.).
730:(2002).
681:23076118
635:(1993).
493:See also
186:al-Kindi
128:medicine
124:Theology
86:Religion
46:Personal
1957:Athanor
1952:Alembic
1550:present
1112:Maslaha
996:Schools
983:Sufism
867:Alchemy
805:Caetani
721:Sources
472:Persian
378:Kakuyid
353:Baghdad
323:Baghdad
311:Ziyarid
257:. As a
239:Persian
223:Persian
120:History
38:مُسکویه
1937:Takwin
1142:Tawḥīd
1102:ʻIrfān
915:Ethics
873:Aqidah
860:Fields
779:
702:
679:
645:
615:
552:
464:Arabic
267:ethics
245:, and
237:was a
231:Arabic
132:ethics
106:Region
1967:Works
1548:20th–
1147:Ummah
1137:Shūrā
1132:Qiyās
1122:Qadar
1107:Ijmāʿ
1087:Iʻjaz
1004:Early
958:Peace
940:Logic
921:Kalam
796:Cairo
763:. In
677:JSTOR
384:Works
347:ghazi
319:Islam
253:from
90:Islam
1478:Jami
1360:13th
1299:12th
1248:11th
1127:Qalb
1117:Nafs
1097:ʻIlm
1029:Sufi
931:Fiqh
777:ISSN
750:link
700:ISBN
643:ISBN
613:ISBN
563:2015
550:ISBN
327:emir
301:Life
249:and
134:and
110:Iran
70:1030
67:Died
51:Born
1082:Ḥāl
884:Aql
589:at
374:Ray
307:Rey
295:lāq
280:Tah
96:Era
76:, (
74:Ray
54:932
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1170:CE
767:;
746:}}
742:{{
734:.
708:.
673:39
671:.
667:.
571:^
518:^
488:).
474::
355:.
293:kh
287:al
284:īb
282:dh
225::
206:,
184:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
2087:)
2083:(
2031:)
2027:(
1705:e
1698:t
1691:v
1172:)
882:'
841:e
834:t
827:v
783:.
752:)
683:.
651:.
621:.
565:.
482:(
470:(
456:(
440:(
424:(
392:(
291:A
289:-
273:(
221:(
80:)
61:)
20:)
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