457:
of the CUP centre based in Paris. Temo and Kırımîzâde, the two leading CUP members of
Romania sought to build up ties with CUP organisations in Paris to oppose and hinder an alleged plan by the sultan to change the line of royal succession. Both men sent a letter to prince Sabahaddin and asked of him for a plan about possible actions by his league in the event of the sultan's death. An offer of assistance by both men was made to the prince if he wished to return to the empire and continue his activities after the death of the sultan. Temo and Kırımîzâde also sent a similar document to other CUP members like Ahmed Rıza and he passed it on to
472:, a subscriber of CUP journals based in Dobruja to unite and create a branch with Temo and Kırımîzâde. After letters were exchanged between the 3 Young Turks and the CUP centre, Temo got all three members to form a cell and engage in secret activities. The aims of cell was to distribute Young Turk propaganda to sympathizers and gather donations from them without informing those people of the group's secret activities. The local branch received support from the CUP centre abroad. Temo assisted Mustafa Ragib, a Turkish language secondary teacher in Dobruja to distribute Young Turk propaganda on behalf of the local CUP branch.
481:
that for further troubles in
Albania to cease the only way was for the Ottoman government to officially recognise the Albanian language "like that of the Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Jewish languages". After the union of the Ottoman Freedom Society with the CUP, the Romanian branch became important as the CUP centre viewed an agreement with Albanian committees and backing from Albanian notables as necessary with Temo asked to give support toward both endeavors.
28:
488:, the only delegate from any CUP branch which highlighted the importance that the central committee attached toward the Romanian branch and its director. As the headquarters of the Albanian Bashkimi Society were in Bucharest, the CUP requested Temo's assistance in inviting the organisation to the congress and through a telegram wanted to know from him in a quick response if they would participate. Later Temo sent an agent to
402:
425:, Temo also advocated for the ethnic rights of minorities to have native language education in non-Turkish populated areas of the empire exceeding forty percent. He attempted in vain to convince Rıza and his companions who rejected his proposals such as for minorities to become loyal to the Ottoman nation certain concessions were needed to be made.
421:. Other CUP members like Ahmet Rıza received Temo's recommendations coldly and nicknamed him "Latinist". Temo compiled an educational program that called for universal schooling of children and for foreign schools in Ottoman lands to have half their instruction in Turkish. In his memorandum, with thoughts on the
504:
to write in CUP journals with the aim of achieving reconciliation between the Young Turks and
Albanian opponents of the sultan. As an Albanian nationalist Temo wrote articles for the Albanian cause. The local CUP branch attempted to get support from Muslims in Constanța and Temo organised lectures in
456:
After a reorganisation of the CUP, Temo along with friends still involved in the group continued with Young Turk activities yet they were of little significance from an organisational perspective. Due to the contacts of Temo and his charisma, the reinvigorated
Romanian branch became an important part
428:
To secure support from the leading Young Turk organisations and to talk about the potential for activities within the
Balkans, Temo toward late 1902 travelled to Europe to meet the leadership of the two dominant CUP factions. The Ottoman Empire asked the Romanian government to take necessary measures
533:
that much had changed in the CUP, as it had become the product of internal
Ottoman branches and not the one advocated for by Temo and others while abroad. After the revolution, some rebels were sidelined in favour of more famous ones and Temo felt that at times some peoples rights were violated with
480:
and his associates in
Albania and for him to communicate with Albanian notables in an attempt to get help for an agent coming from Paris to Albania and Macedonia. He replied that an agent had been found by the local CUP branch who might be able work together with the CUP Istanbul branch. Temo stated
443:
calling for reforms, minority rights, revolution and
European intervention in the empire. Later from Romania he sided with Ahmet Rıza who was against foreign intervention in the Ottoman state. Temo feared that European involvement in Ottoman affairs could radicalise some ethnic groups to call for
368:
committee that asked for
Albanian autonomy were initiated and prepared by Temo. While abroad Temo's thinking on the Albanian question was in national terms and expressed concerns about the Albanian community. He advocated for close cooperation between Orthodox Albanians and Orthodox
499:
Using his charisma among CUP members within the
Balkans, Temo strived toward invigorating the CUP movement in Albania and Bulgaria. He made frequent visits to Bulgaria and encouraged fellow CUP members. Temo instructed one of his followers
285:'s motto "Order and Progress". The founders of the group including Temo were strongly insistent on using the term "Ittihad" (unity). During 1894–1895, a compromise was reached between both factions and they united under a new name
475:
In May 1907, Shakir met with Temo, and other CUP members at Constanța where new instructions were given from the CUP centre. The directives from the central committee sought the assistance of Temo to hinder the activities of
389:
Temo maintained close ties with the leadership of an Aromanian (Kutzo-Vlach) organisation and Romanian authorities supported those connections. Temo stated that he also worked for an understanding to be reached between
676:
Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe [The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe]
468:. The central committee asked both men to assist in smuggling CUP propaganda into the Ottoman Empire and for them to reinvigorate their local branch according to new organisational rules. Shakir got
484:
The CUP central committee in December 1907, sent an invitation to Temo asking him to partake in the Congress of Ottoman Opposition Parties as a delegate. He was unable to go and in his place went
1213:
1208:
254:. In its early years the group was organised in small cells and individuals received a number with Temo being 1/1 indicating that he was the first cell and member of the movement.
1178:
1188:
1218:
128:
223:
353:
444:
intervention in the empire. The solution for him was a strong Ottoman state being able to preserve Albanian territorial integrity and he viewed skeptically any
297:
Ottoman authorities uncovered the CUP group in 1895 resulting in the arrest and exile of its members and to avoid imprisonment Temo fled during November to
1203:
1198:
526:
374:
1193:
465:
464:
The CUP centre informed Temo and Kırımîzâde that the proposal would be considered and an appeal on the topic had been prepared by the
546:
which advocated for democratic government, minority rights and upholding constitutional liberties that was in opposition to the CUP.
1136:
1092:
1065:
1035:
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811:
684:
654:
1109:
493:
352:
Temo was also active in the Albanian national movement present in Romania. He became vice president of the local branch of the
171:
124:
1173:
1126:
1054:Özen, Saadet (2017). "The Heroes of Hürriyet: The images in Struggle". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.).
644:
543:
1168:
674:
436:
246:
where students enrolled at the Military Medical School and in 1889 they founded a progressive secret society called
485:
170:
politician, revolutionary, intellectual, and a medical doctor by profession. Temo was the original founder of the
801:
302:
1082:
518:
440:
385:
of Istanbul which represented Greek wealth and power in the Ottoman state as "the den of intrigue". In
305:, a former Ottoman naval officer. Temo published a Young Turk newspaper spreading CUP ideas among the
273:, the leader of the Paris cell and both established a working relationship. Rıza, drawing on ideas of
1183:
1163:
1158:
469:
410:
409:
During this period of exile Temo remained busy with CUP circles while his personal views became more
1025:
535:
378:
381:
in establishing schools and conducting church liturgy in their native languages. Temo viewed the
83:
239:
1132:
1128:
Decentralisation and the Management of Ethnic Conflict: Lessons from the Republic of Macedonia
1088:
1061:
1031:
1001:
807:
680:
650:
525:) forced Abdul Hamid II to restore constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire starting the
422:
250:. The goals of the group were devoted toward overthrowing the absolute rule of Ottoman sultan
227:
219:
199:
1055:
995:
458:
418:
414:
365:
306:
262:
207:
203:
198:
and later migrated to his birthplace. He was married to a sister of the Frashëri brothers (
571:
542:
to produce 10,000 postcards with the image of Atıf Bey. In 1909 Temo became leader of the
243:
60:
326:
251:
195:
163:
94:
56:
27:
1152:
477:
282:
270:
235:
646:
Depicting the Late Ottoman Empire in Turkish Autobiographies: Images of a Past World
401:
530:
501:
445:
382:
258:
357:
522:
395:
138:
509:
to inform the public with some talks given by him being about medical topics.
370:
342:
274:
187:
1027:
The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
431:
391:
361:
167:
98:
346:
496:
in the city the Young Turk operative was arrested by Ottoman authorities.
405:
Bust of Ibrahim Temo at the Albanian high school named after him in Struga
555:
538:, an important participant in the revolt. Temo paid a publisher based in
338:
314:
79:
398:. Due to his activities his reputation was enhanced within the Balkans.
1057:
The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918
559:
506:
386:
334:
310:
298:
266:
191:
539:
373:
viewing both as having a common interest, due to opposition from the
322:
183:
52:
301:. He founded a branch of the CUP in Romania with the assistance of
489:
400:
330:
318:
448:
committing themselves to developing the interests of Albanians.
1111:
2nd International Congress on Ottoman Studies (Abstract Book)
341:
whose members included fellow Albanians and two branches in
257:
Early on Temo recruited Albanians into the group such as
997:
Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908
803:
The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, from Western Sources
1087:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 401.
492:
as requested by the CUP centre yet after meeting with
429:
against him and the Ottomans tried and sentenced Temo
521:
occurred in 1908, the CUP (and its informal arm, the
134:
120:
112:
104:
90:
68:
34:
18:
360:and prominently partook in its congresses held in
289:(Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress) or CUP.
158:; 22 March 1865 – 5 August 1945), better known as
194:, with ancestors that served as soldiers for the
313:. He also founded CUP branches in the cities of
269:(Southern Albania). Temo became acquainted with
129:Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
1214:20th-century physicians from the Ottoman Empire
1209:19th-century physicians from the Ottoman Empire
965:
963:
870:
868:
866:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
224:Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters
1000:. Oxford University Press. pp. 153, 419.
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951:
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945:
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529:. He returned from exile and was informed by
8:
1179:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
783:
781:
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745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
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731:
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394:and the Turkish minority of Romania against
1189:Committee of Union and Progress politicians
702:
700:
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614:
612:
277:encouraged Temo's group to adopt the name
26:
15:
1049:
1047:
981:
969:
917:
905:
857:
806:. East European Monograph. p. 311.
768:
718:
630:
534:individuals being underappreciated like
232:Shoqëri e të shtypurit shkronjavet shqip
1219:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
934:
893:
751:
603:
583:
874:
787:
706:
618:
570:A Macedonian high school in Struga in
435:. In Paris, Temo participated in the
7:
486:Veliyullah Çelebizâde Mahmud Çelebi
287:Osmanli Ittihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti
1030:. London: IB Tauris. p. 155.
364:. Appeals issued by the Albanian
222:period, Temo was a founder of the
14:
1204:20th-century Albanian politicians
1199:19th-century Albanian politicians
1114:. Osmanlı Araştırmaları Kongresi.
265:along with fellow nationals from
679:. Paris: Karthala. p. 272.
1084:The Albanian national awakening
172:Committee of Union and Progress
125:Committee of Union and Progress
437:Congress of Ottoman Opposition
186:to a family with origins from
1:
1108:Çağlar, Burhan (2018-10-17).
800:Lange-Akhund, Nadine (1998).
1194:People from Manastir vilayet
994:Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü (2001).
439:(1902) organised by Prince
413:, such as advocating for a
281:which was a translation of
1235:
1060:. I.B.Tauris. p. 28.
1125:Zürcher, Erik J. (2015).
673:Clayer, Nathalie (2007).
527:Second Constitutional Era
248:Ittihad-ı Osmani Cemiyeti
25:
1024:Gawrych, George (2006).
544:Ottoman Democratic Party
354:Bashkimi (Union) Society
1081:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
643:Wirtz, Philipp (2017).
415:modified Latin alphabet
383:Rum (Orthodox) district
406:
231:
574:is named after Temo.
519:Young Turk Revolution
404:
275:positivist philosophy
1174:Albanian politicians
234:). Temo, along with
156:Ibrahim Ethem Sojliu
39:Ibrahim Ethem Sojliu
877:, pp. 337–338.
633:, pp. 73, 152.
379:Bulgarian Exarchate
303:Kırımîzâde Ali Rıza
218:In 1879 during the
1169:People from Struga
452:Post 1902 Congress
407:
375:Greek Patriarchate
513:Return from exile
466:central committee
423:Albanian language
307:Muslim population
220:League of Prizren
182:Temo was born in
152:Ibrahim Bërzeshta
145:
144:
116:Physician, writer
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459:Behaeddin Shakir
419:Turkish language
337:in neighbouring
279:Nizam ve Terakki
214:Founding the CUP
105:Other names
75:
48:
46:
30:
16:
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1223:
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1131:. p. 112.
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602:
585:
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572:North Macedonia
568:
552:
515:
470:Ali Sedad Halil
454:
295:
244:Abdullah Cevdet
216:
190:(now Buçimas),
180:
148:Ibrahim Starova
127:
108:Ibrahim Starova
86:
77:
73:
64:
61:North Macedonia
50:
44:
42:
41:
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21:
12:
11:
5:
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986:
984:, p. 200.
974:
972:, p. 153.
939:
937:, p. 145.
922:
920:, p. 363.
910:
898:
896:, p. 144.
879:
862:
860:, p. 152.
819:
812:
792:
790:, p. 336.
773:
771:, p. 417.
756:
754:, p. 142.
723:
721:, p. 230.
711:
709:, p. 335.
692:
685:
662:
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623:
621:, p. 316.
608:
606:, p. 141.
582:
581:
579:
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551:
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514:
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453:
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432:in contumaciam
294:
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252:Abdul Hamid II
215:
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196:Ottoman Empire
179:
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121:Known for
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92:
88:
87:
78:
76:(aged 80)
70:
66:
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57:Ottoman Empire
51:
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36:
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23:
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10:
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1138:9781317372042
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1007:9780199771110
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982:Hanioğlu 2001
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918:Hanioğlu 2001
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858:Hanioğlu 2001
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813:9780880333832
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769:Hanioğlu 2001
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719:Hanioğlu 2001
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688:
686:9782845868168
682:
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656:9781317152705
652:
649:. Routledge.
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631:Hanioğlu 2001
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478:Ismail Qemali
473:
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72:5 August 1945
71:
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59:(present-day
58:
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49:22 March 1865
37:
33:
29:
24:
17:
1127:
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1103:
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1076:
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996:
989:
977:
935:Gawrych 2006
913:
901:
894:Gawrych 2006
802:
795:
752:Gawrych 2006
714:
675:
645:
638:
626:
604:Gawrych 2006
569:
553:
531:Djemal Pasha
516:
502:Dervish Hima
498:
483:
474:
463:
455:
446:Great Powers
430:
427:
408:
351:
349:in Albania.
296:
286:
278:
259:Nexhip Draga
256:
247:
240:İshak Sükuti
217:
181:
160:Ibrahim Temo
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
74:(1945-08-05)
20:Ibrahim Temo
1184:Young Turks
1164:1939 deaths
1159:1865 births
875:Skendi 1967
788:Skendi 1967
707:Skendi 1967
619:Clayer 2007
554:He died in
523:Young Turks
505:towns like
139:Nuri Sojliu
91:Nationality
1153:Categories
578:References
550:Later life
441:Sabahaddin
371:Aromanians
271:Ahmet Rıza
261:and other
178:Early life
45:1865-03-22
562:in 1945.
494:Armenians
392:Romanians
362:Bucharest
358:Constanța
162:, was an
141:(brother)
135:Relatives
556:Medgidia
536:Atıf Bey
339:Bulgaria
315:Kazanlak
267:Toskëria
263:Kosovars
228:Albanian
168:Albanian
99:Albanian
80:Medgidia
560:Romania
507:Babadag
411:liberal
396:Slavism
387:Romania
343:Shkodër
335:Plovdiv
311:Dobruja
299:Romania
192:Albania
188:Starovë
174:(CUP).
164:Ottoman
150:, also
95:Ottoman
84:Romania
1135:
1091:
1064:
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810:
683:
653:
566:Legacy
540:Vienna
347:Tiranë
323:Shumen
184:Struga
154:(born
53:Struga
490:Izmir
366:Drita
331:Sofia
319:Vidin
293:Exile
200:Abdyl
1133:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1002:ISBN
808:ISBN
681:ISBN
651:ISBN
517:The
377:and
345:and
333:and
327:Ruse
242:and
208:Sami
206:and
204:Naim
69:Died
35:Born
558:in
356:in
309:of
210:).
1155::
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942:^
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822:^
776:^
759:^
726:^
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461:.
329:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
238:,
230::
202:,
97:,
82:,
55:,
1141:.
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1070:.
1040:.
1010:.
816:.
689:.
659:.
226:(
166:-
63:)
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