529:, ice dance teams and pair skaters have the added challenge of strengthening partnerships and ensuring that teams stay together for several years; unresolved conflict between partners can often cause the early break-up of a team. Silby further asserts that the early demise or break-up of a team is often caused by consistent and unresolved conflict between partners. Both ice dancers and pairs skaters face challenges that make conflict resolution and communication difficult: fewer available boys for girls to partner with; different priorities regarding commitment and scheduling; differences in partners' ages and developmental stages; differences in family situations; the common necessity of one or both partners moving to train at a new facility; and different skill levels when the partnership is formed. Silby estimates that the lack of effective communication within dance and pairs teams is associated with a six-fold increase in the risk of ending their partnerships. Teams with strong skills in communication and conflict resolution, however, tend to produce more successful medalists at national championship events.
897:
they must stop skating when they become aware of the problem "or at the acoustic signal of the
Referee", whichever occurs first. If any problems with the music happens within 20 seconds after they have begun their program, the team can choose to either restart their program or to continue from the point where they have stopped performing. If they decide to continue from the point where they stopped, they are continued to be judged at that point onward, as well as their performance up to that point. If any of the mentioned problems occurs over 20 seconds after the start of their program, the team can resume their program from the point of the interruption or at the point immediately before an element, if the interruption occurred at the entrance to or during the element. The element must be deleted from the team's score and the team can repeat the deleted element when they resume their program. No deductions are made for interruptions caused by music deficiencies.
867:, unlike in other disciplines wherein skaters can make up for their falls in other elements, falls in ice dance usually mean that the team will not win. White argues that falls are rare in ice dance, and since falls constitute interruptions, they tend to have large deductions because the mood of their program's theme is broken. The ISU defines a fall as the "loss of control by a Skater with the result that the majority of his/her own body weight is on the ice supported by any other part of the body other than the blades; e.g. hand(s), knee(s), back, buttock(s) or any part of the arm". The ISU defines an interruption as "the period of time starting immediately when the Competitor stops performing the program or is ordered to do so by the Referee, whichever is earlier, and ending when the Competitor resumes his performance". A study conducted during a U.S. national competition including 58 ice dancers recorded an average of 0.97 injuries per athlete.
251:, marches, and other social dances together. According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, ice dance began with late 19th-century attempts by the Viennese and British to create ballroom-style performances on ice skates. However, figure skating historian James Hines argues that ice dance had its beginnings in hand-in-hand skating, a short-lived but popular discipline of figure skating in England in the 1890s; many of the positions used in modern ice dance can be traced back to hand-in-hand skating. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing, so unlike modern ice dance, skaters tended to keep both feet on the ice most of the time, without the "long and flowing edges associated with graceful figure skating".
176:; it became an Olympic sport in 1976. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an attempt by ice dancers, their coaches, and choreographers to move ice dance away from its ballroom origins to more theatrical performances. The ISU pushed back by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, ice dance lost much of its integrity as a sport after a series of judging scandals, which also affected the other figure skating disciplines. There were calls to suspend the sport for a year to deal with the dispute, which seemed to affect ice dance teams from North America the most. Teams from North America began to dominate the sport starting in the early 2000s.
459:
331:(ISU) competitions by 2006. In 1933, the Westminster Skating Club conducted a competition encouraging the creation of new dances. Beginning in the mid-1930s, national organizations began to introduce skating proficiency tests in set-pattern dances, improve the judging of dance tests, and oversee competitions. The first national competitions occurred in England in 1934, Canada in 1935, the U.S. in 1936, and Austria in 1937. These competitions included one or more compulsory dances, the original dance, and the free dance. By the late 1930s, ice dancers swelled memberships in skating clubs throughout the world, and in Hines' words "became the backbone of skating clubs".
585:
413:
880:
dances. If they start their programs between one and thirty seconds late, they can lose one point. They can complete these programs within plus or minus ten seconds of the required times; if they cannot, judges can deduct points for finishing their program up to five seconds too early or too late. If they begin skating any element after their required time (plus the required ten seconds they have to begin), they earn no points for those elements. If the program's duration is "thirty (30) seconds or more under the required time range, no marks will be awarded".
783:
258:, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating to Europe. He taught people in Vienna how to dance on the ice, both singly and with partners. Capitalizing on the popularity of the waltz in Vienna, Haines introduced the American waltz, a simple four-step sequence, each step lasting one beat of music, repeated as the partners moved in a circular pattern. By the 1880s, it and the Jackson Haines waltz, a variation of the American waltz, were among the most popular ice dances. Other popular ice dance steps included the
674:, and movements), and choreography that express both the characters of the competitors and the music chosen by them. It must also display the skaters' "excellent skating technique" and creativity in expression, concept, and arrangement. The FD's choreography must reflect the music's accents, nuances, and dance character, and the ice dancers must "skate primarily in time to the rhythmic beat of the music and not to the melody alone". For senior ice dancers, the FD must have a duration of four minutes; for juniors, 3.5 minutes.
871:
interruption lasts twenty seconds but not over thirty seconds, and three points if it lasts thirty seconds but not more than forty seconds. They can lose five points if the interruption lasts three or more minutes. Teams can also lose points if a fall or interruption occurs during the beginning of an elevating moment in a dance lift, or as the man begins to lift the woman. They can lose an additional five points if the interruption is caused by an "adverse condition" up to three minutes before the start of their program.
439:
dramatic aspects of ice dance. Kestnbaum argues that there was a conflict in the ice dance community between social dance, represented by the
British, the Canadians, and the Americans, and theatrical dance represented by the Russians. Initially the historic and traditional cultural school of ice dance prevailed, but in 1998 the ISU reduced penalties for violations and relaxed rules on technical content, in what Hines describes as a "major step forward" in recognizing the move towards more theatrical skating in ice dance.
288:
963:
the ice. If there is a costume or prop violation, the judges can deduct one point per program. Judges penalize ice dance teams with a deduction to their scores if these guidelines are not followed, although exceptions to these clothing and costume restrictions may be announced by the ISU. Costume deductions, however, are rare. According to
Newcomer, by the time skaters get to a national or world championship, they have received enough feedback about their costumes and are no longer willing to risk losing points.
165:, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions on the ice became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local skating clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.
446:, while ice dance was struggling to retain its integrity and legitimacy as a sport, writer Jere Longman reported that ice dance was "mired in controversies", including bloc voting by the judges that favored European dance teams. There were even calls to suspend the sport for a year to deal with the dispute, which seemed to impact ice dance teams from North America the most. A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a
708:
271:
Hines insists that the popularity of skating waltzes, which depended upon the speed and flow across the ice of couples in dance positions and not just on holding hands with a partner, ended the popularity of hand-in-hand skating. Hines writes that Vienna was "the dancing capital of Europe, both on and off skates" during the 19th century; by the end of the century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. The killian, first skated in 1909 by
Austrian
765:. Ice dancers were able to create their own routines, but they had to use a set rhythm and type of music which, like the compulsory dances, changed every season and was selected by the ISU in advance. The timing and interpretation of the rhythm were considered to be the most important aspects of the routine, and were worth the highest proportion of the OD score. The routine had a two-minute time limit and the OD accounted for 30% of the overall competition score.
40:
809:: "a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained there and set down on the ice". The ISU permits any rotation, position, and changes of position during a dance lift. Dance lifts are delineated from pair lifts to ensure that ice dance and pair skating remain separate disciplines. After the judging system changed from the
3658:
222:, and choreographic elements. These must be performed in specific ways, as described in published communications by the ISU, unless otherwise specified. Each year the ISU publishes a list specifying the points that can be deducted from performance scores for various reasons, including falls, interruptions, and violations of the rules concerning time, music, and clothing.
303:
until the 1930s. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in
England, and new and more difficult set-pattern dances, which later were used in compulsory dances during competitions, were developed. According to Hines, the development of new ice dances was necessary to expand upon the three dances already developed; three British teams in the 1930s—
3668:
236:
262:, a version of the Jackson Haines waltz developed in Sweden, and the three-step waltz, which Hines considers "the direct predecessor of ice dancing in the modern sense". The three-step waltz, which was done around the perimeter of the ice rink, was first skated in 1894 in Paris and within a few years became a craze throughout Europe.
959:
kind of costumes ice dancers chose were pushed farther during the 1990s and early 2000s than in the other disciplines, resulting in stricter rules. Clothing can, however, reflect the character of ice dancers' chosen music. Their costumes must not "give the effect of excessive nudity inappropriate for the discipline".
962:
All men must wear trousers. Female ice dancers must wear skirts or trousers. Accessories and props on the costumes of both dancers are not allowed. The decorations on costumes must be "non-detachable"; judges can deduct one point per program if part of the competitors' costumes or decorations fall on
896:
Violations against the music requirements have a two-point deduction, and violations against the dance tempo requirements have a one-point deduction. If the quality or tempo of the music the team uses in their program is deficient, or if there is a stop or interruption in their music, for any reason,
302:
By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in
Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests in the ten-step, the fourteen-step, and the killian, which were the only three dances used in competition
879:
Judges penalize ice dancers one point up to every five seconds for ending their pattern dances too early or too late. Dancers can also be penalized one point for up to every five seconds "in excess of permitted time after the last prescribed step" (their final movement and/or pose) in their pattern
760:
The OD or OSP (Original Set
Pattern) was first added to ice dance competitions in 1967 (1983 in WC and 1984 in Olympics). It was called the "original set pattern dance" until 1990, when it became known simply as the "original dance". The OD remained the second competition segment (sandwiched between
726:
Before 2010, the compulsory dance (CD) was the first segment performed in ice dance competitions. The teams performed the same pattern around two circuits of the rink, one team after another, using the same step sequences and the same standardized tempo chosen by the ISU before the beginning of each
615:
The rhythms and themes of the RD are determined by the ISU prior to the start of each new season. The RD should be "developed through skating skill and quality", instead of through "non-skating actions such as sliding on one knee" or through the use of toe steps (which should only be used to reflect
599:
The RD is the first segment performed in all junior and senior ice dance competitions. As of 2022, senior skaters no longer had to include a pattern dance; instead they were judged for performing a choreographic rhythm section, which was evaluated as a choreographic element. The RD must also include
958:
The clothing worn by ice dancers at all international competitions must be "modest, dignified and appropriate for athletic competition—not garish or theatrical in design". Rules about clothing tend to be more strict in ice dance; Juliet
Newcomer from U.S. Figure Skating has speculated limits in the
661:
in all junior and senior ice dance competitions. The ISU defines the FD as "the skating by the couple of a creative dance program blending dance steps and movements expressing the character/rhythm(s) of the dance music chosen by the couple". The FD must have combinations of new or known dance steps
423:
During the 1970s, there was a movement in ice dance away from its ballroom roots to a more theatrical style. The top Soviet teams were the first to emphasize the dramatic aspects of ice dance, as well as the first to choreograph their programs around a central theme. They also incorporated elements
265:
By the end of the 19th century, the three-step waltz, called the
English waltz in Europe, became the standard for waltzing competitions. It was first skated in Paris in 1894; Hines states that it was responsible for the popularity of ice dance in Europe. The three-step waltz was easy and could
270:
and the ten-step, survived into the 20th century. The ten-step, which became the fourteen-step, was first skated by Franz Schöller in 1889. Also in the 1890s, combined and hand-in-hand skating moved skating away from basic figures to the continuous movement of ice dancers around an ice rink.
438:
The ISU pushed back during the 1980s and 1990s by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing, especially in the free dance. The restrictions introduced during this period were designed to emphasize skating skills rather than the theatrical and
870:
In ice dance, teams can lose one point for every fall by one partner, and two points if both partners fall. If there is an interruption while performing their program, ice dancers can lose one point if it lasts more than ten seconds but not over twenty seconds. They can lose two points if the
386:
from the Soviet Union were the first gold medalists. The
Soviets dominated ice dance during most of the 1970s, as they did in pair skating. They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982. In 1984, British dancers
854:
Skaters must execute the prescribed elements at least once; any extra or unprescribed elements will not be counted in their score. In 1974, the ISU published the first judges' handbook for ice dance. Violations in ice dance include falls and interruptions, time, music, and clothing.
562:(IOC) to restructure competitive ice dance to follow the other figure skating disciplines, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new short dance segment to the competition schedule. According to the then-president of the ISU,
566:, the changes were also made because "the compulsory dances were not very attractive for spectators and television". This new ice dance competition format was first included in the 2010–2011 season, incorporating just two segments: the short dance (renamed the
892:
All programs in each discipline of figure skating must be skated to music. The ISU has allowed vocals in the music used in ice dance since the 1997–1998 season, most likely because of the difficulty in finding suitable music without words for certain genres.
797:
The ISU announces the list of required elements in the rhythm dance and free dance , and each element's specific requirements, each year. The following elements may be included: the dance lift, the dance spin, the step sequence, turn sequences (which include
883:
If a team performs a dance lift that exceeds the permitted duration, judges can deduct one point. White argues that deductions in ice dance, in the absence of a fall or interruption, are most often due to "extended lifts", or lifts that last too long.
1698:
434:
of the high-art instance of a man and woman dancing together". They performed as predictable characters, included body positions that were no longer rooted in traditional ballroom holds, and used music with less predictable rhythms.
521:
of France won the Olympic gold medal; they went on to win the gold medal at the World championships a few months later, ending the North American domination on ice dance. Papadakis and Cizeron broke the world record at both events.
1863:
408:
has been called "probably the most well known single program in the history of ice dance". Hines asserts that Torvill and Dean, with their innovative choreography, dramatically altered "established concepts of ice dancing".
1728:
1690:
1549:
1491:
3590:
2613:
2161:
346:
of the U.S. won the event, much to the embarrassment of the British, who considered themselves the best ice dancers in the world. A second event was planned the following year, at the
168:
The first national competitions occurred in England, Canada, the U.S., and Austria during the 1930s. The first international ice dance competition took place as a special event at the
2130:
362:. Westwood and Demmy won that year, and went on to dominate ice dance, winning the next four World Championships as well. British teams won every world ice dance title through 1960.
2644:
334:
The ISU began to develop rules, standards, and international tests for ice dance in the 1950s. The first international ice dance competition occurred as a special event during the
2347:
1950:
823:: "a spin skated by the Couple together in any hold". It is "performed on the spot around a common axis on one foot with or without change(s) of foot by one or both partners".
247:, has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate
157:, has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate
3580:
3182:
2740:
2911:
1044:
458:
662:
and movements, as well as required elements. The program must "utilize the full ice surface," and be well-balanced. It must contain required combinations of elements (
2065:
1897:
1416:
3585:
3483:
1720:
1354:
992:, due to the change in grade of execution scores from −3 to +3 to −5 to +5, all statistics started from zero and all previous scores were listed as "historical".
172:
in London. British ice dance teams dominated the sport throughout the 1950s and 1960s, then Soviet teams up until the 1990s. Ice dance was formally added to the
1541:
3177:
3121:
685:
640:
395:, who Hines calls "the greatest ice dancers in the history of the sport", briefly interrupted Soviet domination of ice dance by winning a gold medal at the
3550:
447:
2427:
1572:
115:
3545:
3151:
3146:
1637:
3575:
3565:
3038:
2881:
2248:
2712:
3141:
2605:
735:
359:
347:
335:
173:
169:
2810:
Silby, Caroline (2018). "Mental Skills Training: Psychological Considerations of Performance". In Vescovi, Jason D.; VanHeest, Jaci L. (eds.).
2153:
616:
the dance's character and the music's nuances and underlining rhythm). The RD must have a duration of two minutes and fifty seconds.
979:
The Oxford Skating Society published a description and explanation of figures for hand-in-hand skating in 1836, well before it became popular.
731:; competitors were "judged for their mastery of fundamental elements". Early in ice dance history, the CD contributed 60% of the total score.
3555:
3116:
2916:
2827:
2781:
2762:
2279:
161:, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American
2122:
1824:
1801:
768:
Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the highest OD score of 70.27 points, achieved at the 2010 World Championships.
2636:
1483:
989:
584:
1668:
513:
in Pyeongchang, Virtue and Moir became the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history after winning the gold medal there. In 2022,
206:
Ice dance has required elements that competitors must perform and that make up a well-balanced ice dance program. They include the dance
3699:
3570:
3106:
494:. The Canadian ice dance team won the first Olympic ice dance gold medal for North America, and the Americans won the silver. Russians
3560:
3130:
3111:
383:
139:
2746:
2545:
762:
628:
543:
180:
3524:
3509:
3253:
2355:
1958:
777:
412:
266:
be done by less skilled skaters, although more experienced skaters added variations to make it more difficult. Two other steps, the
3126:
2941:
267:
3192:
2736:
2206:
839:
and a one foot turns sequence, or "Specified Turns performed on one foot by each partner simultaneously, in Hold or separately".
782:
559:
1036:
3187:
3050:
2800:
937:(Bar) – "A unit of music which is defined by the periodic recurrence of the accent. Such units are of equal number of Beats."
2303:
2747:"Communication No. 2403: Summary of Results of Mail Voting on Proposals in Replacement of the 58th Ordinary Congress 2021".
3451:
3228:
2072:
1889:
1408:
491:
351:
2906:
2874:
790:
702:
502:
won bronze, but it was the first time Europeans had not won a gold medal in the history of ice dance at the Olympics.
3514:
3431:
3160:
2901:
1362:
328:
147:
64:
3529:
3385:
2966:
707:
195:(FD). In 2010, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new
3704:
3671:
2946:
3504:
2435:
1580:
3661:
2867:
2006:
287:
2476:
1629:
3446:
3223:
3075:
652:
555:
192:
2240:
3156:
3136:
2971:
2749:
Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2024 (ISU No. 2403).
2704:
929:– "The regularly repeated pattern of accented and unaccented Beats which gives the music its character."
358:
of Great Britain came in first place. Ice dance, with the CD and FD segments, was formally added to the
304:
59:
2836:
1602:
943:– "The first Beat of the Measure or group of two Measures supporting the skating count of the Rhythm."
316:
3499:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3012:
663:
601:
510:
506:
475:
443:
396:
211:
207:
143:
272:
3441:
2961:
2956:
864:
620:
526:
514:
320:
199:(SD) segment to the competition schedule. In 2018, the ISU voted to rename the short dance to the
150:(ISU), the governing body of figure skating, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man.
3694:
3033:
2976:
2506:
1832:
814:
728:
379:
1793:
3390:
308:
2823:
2796:
2777:
2758:
2498:
2275:
1660:
900:
The ISU provides the following definitions of musical terms used in the scoring of ice dance:
719:
563:
518:
324:
3614:
3060:
2815:
2488:
1542:"The XVIII Winter Games: Figure Skating; Ice Dancers Battle It out in Quest for Credibility"
739:
711:
547:
416:
392:
184:
135:
84:
39:
1691:"Canada's Tessa Virtue, Scott Moir Become Most Decorated Figure Skaters in Olympic History"
949:– "For Rhythms with a skating count on two Measures, the first Beat of the second Measure."
3607:
3045:
1721:"Gabriella Papadakis, Guillaume Cizeron Win Figure Skating Worlds Ice Dance, Break Record"
933:
667:
312:
49:
291:
2837:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022"
370:
of Czechoslovakia were the first non-British ice dancers to win a world title, in 1962.
3330:
3304:
3065:
2997:
2890:
755:
551:
499:
495:
355:
343:
255:
188:
162:
131:
45:
746:
from Italy were the last ice dance team to perform a CD in international competition.
3688:
3299:
3248:
2198:
743:
715:
677:
671:
632:
624:
609:
588:
400:
388:
215:
154:
109:
2510:
619:
The first RD in international competitions was performed by U.S. junior ice dancers
3628:
3621:
3519:
3436:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3325:
3320:
3294:
3070:
3055:
3017:
3002:
2951:
910:
905:
845:: "a listed or unlisted movement or series of movement(s) as specified" by the ISU.
658:
579:
567:
479:
463:
363:
244:
200:
97:
2295:
2097:
1980:
3635:
3478:
3426:
3405:
3395:
2493:
487:
430:
367:
339:
295:
276:
196:
3642:
3360:
3342:
3274:
2981:
2850:
2839:. (S&P/ID 2022) International Skating Union. 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
2270:
Wehrli-McLaughlin, Susi (2009). "Figure Skating". In Hanlon, Thomas W. (ed.).
810:
786:
681:
636:
592:
483:
467:
235:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3269:
2819:
1355:"Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov: The Heroes of Olympic Ice Dance"
2548:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 6 May 2021. p. 7
2502:
505:
The U.S. began to dominate international competitions in ice dance; at the
404:
3473:
3337:
17:
2123:"Skate America: Tanith Belbin, Ben Agosto Second after Compulsory Dance"
3410:
836:
829:: "a series of prescribed or un-prescribed steps, turns and movements".
799:
684:
hold the highest FD score of 138.41 points, which they achieved at the
605:
259:
248:
219:
158:
509:
in Sochi, Davis and White won the Olympic gold medal. In 2018, at the
2743:
from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
1866:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 14 October 2022
925:
425:
2739:(PDF). (ISU No. 2371) International Skating Union. 2 February 2021.
2003:"Statistics including Personal Best & Season's Best information"
2274:(3rd ed.). Champlaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. p. 108.
1001:
The use of vocals was expanded to all disciplines starting in 2014.
917:
781:
706:
583:
457:
411:
286:
234:
2859:
2071:. Havířov, Czech Republic: Kraso Club of Havířov. Archived from
2002:
1037:"The Man Who Invented Figure Skating Was Laughed Out of America"
44:
Ice dance in 1976, its first year as an official Olympic sport (
2863:
2296:"Progression of Highest Score, Ice Dance, Original Dance Score"
639:
hold the highest RD score of 93.91, which they achieved at the
1981:"Progression of Highest Score: Ice Dance – Rhythm Dance Score"
913:
defining the regular recurring divisions of a piece of music."
27:
Discipline of figure skating that draws from ballroom dancing
2098:"Progression of Highest Score: Ice Dance – Free Dance Score"
1484:"Ice Dancing: A Dance Form Frozen in Place by Hostile Rules"
817:, dance lifts became more "athletic, dramatic and exciting".
2606:"Figure Skating Taking Cole Porter Approach: Anything Goes"
1438:
1436:
1434:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1226:
1224:
546:, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the
474:
The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the
183:, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the
1076:
1074:
802:
and one-foot turn sequences), and choreographic elements.
470:
are the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.
2154:"Virtue and Moir Happy to Say Ciao to Compulsory Dance"
1523:
1521:
1297:
1295:
1253:
1251:
1211:
1209:
1175:
1173:
1145:
1143:
921:– "The speed of music in Beats or Measures per minute."
738:
was the last event to include a CD (the Golden Waltz);
2795:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.
2181:
2179:
1628:
Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Dvorak, Phred (23 January 2022).
1160:
1158:
1118:
1116:
1103:
1101:
558:(FD). In 2010, after many years of pressure from the
2637:"'Rhapsody in Blue' or Rap? Skating Will Add Vocals"
1573:"Too Often, Ice Dance Judges Deserve Seats on Bench"
3599:
3538:
3492:
3464:
3419:
3351:
3313:
3262:
3216:
3205:
3170:
3097:
3088:
3026:
2990:
2934:
2925:
2793:
Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning
2705:"What Not to Wear: The Rules of Fashion on the Ice"
2428:"How to be a Better and Smarter Figure Skating Fan"
108:
103:
93:
83:
75:
70:
57:
2757:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
1864:"New Rules for New Development in Figure Skating"
1661:"The US Has Become the World Power in Ice Dance"
761:the CD and the free dance) until the end of the
3484:World Professional Figure Skating Championships
2377:
2375:
2373:
2348:"Dangerous Drama: Dance Lifts Becoming 'Scary'"
2332:
2330:
2302:. International Skating Union. 13 August 2010.
2117:
2115:
2060:
2058:
1477:
1475:
525:According to Caroline Silby, a consultant with
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1935:
1933:
279:still being done as of the 21st century.
239:Jackson Haines, the "father of figure skating"
2875:
2599:
2597:
1409:"1984: British Ice Couple Score Olympic Gold"
8:
2100:. International Skating Union. 23 March 2024
1983:. International Skating Union. 23 March 2024
32:
1951:"Team USA Scores Four Medals at JGP Opener"
1800:. San Diego Figure Skating Communications.
1030:
1028:
1026:
428:techniques, especially "the classic ballet
378:Ice dance became an Olympic sport in 1976;
3213:
3094:
2931:
2882:
2868:
2860:
2698:
2696:
2475:Fortin, Joseph D.; Roberts, Diana (2003).
1630:"Canada's Virtue, Moir Win Ice Dance Gold"
1348:
1346:
657:The free dance (FD) takes place after the
327:—created one-fourth of the dances used in
38:
31:
2492:
1512:
1466:
1442:
1274:
1230:
1080:
1065:
275:, was the last ice dance invented before
2635:Clarey, Christopher (18 February 2014).
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
863:According to ice dancer and commentator
2814:. New York: Routledge. pp. 85–97.
2774:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating
1798:Ice Skating Information & Resources
1013:
972:
336:1950 World Figure Skating Championships
174:1952 World Figure Skating Championships
2306:from the original on 28 September 2012
1888:Zuckerman, Esther (14 February 2014).
1883:
1881:
1831:. No. August 2011. Archived from
1697:. Associated Press. 20 February 2018.
727:season. The CD has been compared with
718:perform their compulsory dance at the
146:medal sport in 1976. According to the
2849:Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean's
2776:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
2715:from the original on 10 February 2022
2477:"Competitive Figure Skating Injuries"
2408:
2227:
2185:
2009:from the original on 14 December 2018
1829:International Figure Skating Magazine
1773:
1761:
1749:
1640:from the original on 11 December 2019
1552:from the original on 8 September 2020
1527:
1454:
1395:
1383:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1286:
1257:
1242:
1215:
1200:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1122:
1107:
1092:
570:, or RD in 2018) and the free dance.
7:
3667:
2251:from the original on 1 December 2020
1900:from the original on 11 January 2020
1823:Kany, Klaus-Reinhold (9 July 2011).
1671:from the original on 23 January 2022
1419:from the original on 31 January 2008
1353:Russell, Susan D. (5 January 2013).
1047:from the original on 29 January 2022
1035:Blakemore, Erin (12 December 2017).
2737:"Communication No. 2371: Ice Dance"
2546:"Communication No. 2393: Ice Dance"
1727:. Associated Press. 26 March 2022.
2616:from the original on 16 March 2019
2346:Brannen, Sarah S. (13 July 2012).
1804:from the original on 1 August 2020
1731:from the original on 30 March 2022
1701:from the original on 4 August 2021
1571:Hersh, Philip (18 February 1998).
1540:Longman, Jere (13 February 1998).
1494:from the original on 2 August 2020
140:World Figure Skating Championships
25:
3525:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
3254:Competition elements in ice dance
2902:International Skating Union (ISU)
2604:Hersh, Philip (23 October 2014).
2209:from the original on 13 July 2017
1659:Wilner, Barry (6 December 2016).
778:Competition elements in ice dance
629:2010 Junior Grand Prix Courchevel
114:Part of the Winter Olympics from
3666:
3657:
3656:
3591:Highest historical junior scores
2647:from the original on 7 July 2017
2426:Lutz, Rachel (2 February 2018).
2164:from the original on 17 May 2021
2152:Dimanno, Rosie (24 March 2010).
2133:from the original on 15 May 2021
1949:Brown, Mickey (28 August 2010).
1890:"A Quick GIF Guide to Ice Dance"
448:controversy at the 2002 Olympics
2703:Yang, Nancy (21 January 2016).
2434:. NBC Universal. Archived from
2005:. International Skating Union.
1043:. A&E Television Networks.
560:International Olympic Committee
544:2010–2011 figure skating season
1794:"Partnered Ice Dancing Events"
1482:Reiter, Susan (1 March 1995).
1:
3122:Four Continents Championships
2812:The Science of Figure Skating
2324:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 142, 145
181:2010–11 figure skating season
134:that historically draws from
1609:. 2 August 2002. p. A20
1359:International Figure Skating
703:Compulsory dance (ice dance)
254:In the late 1800s, American
793:perform a Curve dance lift.
360:World Championships in 1952
329:International Skating Union
170:World Championships in 1950
148:International Skating Union
65:International Skating Union
3721:
3700:Figure skating disciplines
3561:Figure skaters (ice dance)
3530:World Figure Sport Society
3188:Junior World Challenge Cup
3183:World Junior Championships
3152:World Junior Championships
2665:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 90–91
2456:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 80–81
775:
753:
700:
650:
577:
478:in Vancouver by Canadians
126:(sometimes referred to as
3652:
3581:Highest historical scores
2897:
2791:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003).
2755:Figure Skating: A History
2027:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 9–10
397:Olympic Games in Sarajevo
37:
3505:Doping in figure skating
2772:Hines, James R. (2011).
2753:Hines, James R. (2006).
1825:"The Short Dance Debate"
736:2010 World Championships
348:1951 World Championships
2820:10.4324/9781315387741-7
2674:S&P/ID 2022, p. 134
2494:10.36076/ppj.2003/6/313
2399:S&P/ID 2022, p. 122
2390:S&P/ID 2022, p. 123
2381:S&P/ID 2022, p. 129
2336:S&P/ID 2022, p. 130
2052:S&P/ID 2022, p. 144
2043:S&P/ID 2022, p. 143
1927:S&P/ID 2022, p. 142
1918:S&P/ID 2022, p. 142
1634:The Wall Street Journal
859:Falls and interruptions
631:. American ice dancers
3556:Figure skaters (pairs)
3551:Figure skaters (women)
3224:Choreographic sequence
3117:European Championships
2917:Records and statistics
2690:S&P/ID 2022, p. 79
2591:S&P/ID 2022, p. 11
2582:S&P/ID 2022, p. 19
2535:S&P/ID 2022, p. 18
2465:S&P/ID 2022, p. 90
2241:"Skating: Ice dancing"
1853:S&P/ID 2022, p. 10
843:Choreographic elements
794:
723:
686:2023 World Team Trophy
653:Free dance (ice dance)
641:2023 World Team Trophy
596:
471:
420:
399:. Their free dance to
299:
240:
142:in 1952, and became a
3586:Highest junior scores
2272:The Sports Rules Book
1939:S&P/ID 2022, p.80
1665:Associated Press News
1603:"Judging on Thin Ice"
1020:S&P/ID 2022, p. 9
850:Rules and regulations
785:
710:
692:Discontinued segments
587:
462:Canadian ice dancers
461:
415:
290:
238:
130:) is a discipline of
3546:Figure skaters (men)
3500:Adult figure skating
3171:Synchronized skating
3013:Synchronized skating
2907:National federations
2247:. 11 November 2009.
1894:The Atlantic Monthly
1415:. 14 February 1984.
1191:Hines (2006), p. 122
1068:, pp. xiv, 102.
772:Competition elements
533:Competition segments
476:2010 Winter Olympics
144:Winter Olympic Games
3178:World Championships
3147:Youth Olympic Games
3112:World Championships
2566:ISU No. 2403, p. 68
2438:on 18 February 2018
2199:"ISU Congress News"
2129:. 24 October 2008.
2066:"Dance Format 2011"
1289:, pp. 173–174.
1245:, pp. 123–124.
621:Anastasia Cannuscio
600:a short six-second
527:U.S. Figure Skating
515:Gabriella Papadakis
60:governing body
34:
3420:Moves in the field
3039:Demise and revival
3034:Compulsory figures
2977:ISU Judging System
2641:The New York Times
2358:on 6 November 2017
2078:on 22 October 2020
1607:The New York Times
1583:on 27 October 2020
1546:The New York Times
1469:, p. 239–240.
1386:, p. 217–218.
815:ISU Judging System
795:
729:compulsory figures
724:
597:
472:
421:
419:performing in 2011
380:Lyudmila Pakhomova
305:Erik van der Wyden
300:
241:
3680:
3679:
3460:
3459:
3354:and basic strokes
3217:Required elements
3201:
3200:
3193:Challenger Series
3157:Junior Grand Prix
3142:World Team Trophy
3137:Challenger Series
3084:
3083:
2942:Glossary of terms
2829:978-1-138-22986-0
2783:978-0-8108-6859-5
2764:978-0-252-07286-4
2281:978-0-7360-7632-6
2127:The Seattle Times
1764:, pp. 92–93.
720:2009 Cup of China
564:Ottavio Cinquanta
519:Guillaume Cizeron
384:Alexandr Gorshkov
325:Rosemarie Stewart
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
3712:
3705:Mixed-sex sports
3670:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3615:The Cutting Edge
3401:
3376:
3214:
3095:
3061:Compulsory dance
2932:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2833:
2806:
2787:
2768:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2700:
2691:
2688:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2496:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2432:NBC Olympics.com
2423:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2354:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. 20 June 2010.
2195:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2158:The Toronto Star
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1957:. Archived from
1946:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:. Archived from
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1350:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1137:, p. xxxii.
1132:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1002:
999:
993:
990:2018–2019 season
986:
980:
977:
763:2009–2010 season
740:Federica Faiella
712:Federica Faiella
697:Compulsory dance
548:compulsory dance
417:Torvill and Dean
393:Christopher Dean
317:Daphne B. Wallis
243:Ice dance, like
185:compulsory dance
153:Ice dance, like
138:. It joined the
136:ballroom dancing
42:
35:
21:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3648:
3608:Blades of Glory
3595:
3534:
3510:Country changes
3488:
3466:
3456:
3415:
3399:
3374:
3353:
3347:
3309:
3258:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3166:
3099:
3098:Singles, pairs
3090:
3080:
3046:Special figures
3022:
2986:
2927:
2921:
2912:World Standings
2893:
2888:
2856:, 1984 Olympics
2846:
2830:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2752:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2610:Chicago Tribune
2603:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1835:on 22 July 2011
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1577:Chicago Tribune
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1365:on 3 March 2016
1352:
1351:
1344:
1340:, p. xxvi.
1336:
1332:
1328:, p. xxxi.
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
987:
983:
978:
974:
969:
956:
890:
877:
861:
852:
780:
774:
758:
752:
705:
699:
694:
655:
649:
582:
576:
540:
535:
456:
376:
313:Reginald Wilkie
285:
233:
228:
71:Characteristics
53:
50:Andrei Minenkov
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Highest scores
3573:
3568:
3566:Olympic venues
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3331:Biellmann spin
3328:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3305:Quadruple jump
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Original dance
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Single skating
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:Figure skating
2889:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2851:free skate to
2845:
2844:External links
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2807:
2801:
2788:
2782:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2744:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2692:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2627:
2593:
2584:
2568:
2559:
2537:
2523:
2487:(3): 313–318.
2481:Pain Physician
2467:
2458:
2449:
2413:
2411:, p. xxv.
2401:
2392:
2383:
2369:
2352:icenetwork.com
2338:
2326:
2317:
2300:isuresults.com
2287:
2280:
2262:
2232:
2220:
2190:
2175:
2144:
2111:
2089:
2054:
2045:
2029:
2020:
1994:
1972:
1961:on 2 July 2017
1955:icenetwork.com
1941:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1877:
1855:
1846:
1815:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1712:
1682:
1651:
1620:
1594:
1563:
1532:
1530:, p. 242.
1517:
1515:, p. 244.
1513:Kestnbaum 2003
1505:
1488:Dance Magazine
1471:
1467:Kestnbaum 2003
1459:
1457:, p. 239.
1447:
1445:, p. 228.
1443:Kestnbaum 2003
1430:
1400:
1398:, p. 240.
1388:
1376:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1316:, p. 120.
1306:
1304:, p. 174.
1291:
1279:
1277:, p. 223.
1275:Kestnbaum 2003
1262:
1260:, p. 102.
1247:
1235:
1233:, p. 222.
1231:Kestnbaum 2003
1220:
1218:, p. 124.
1205:
1203:, p. 123.
1193:
1184:
1182:, p. 122.
1169:
1154:
1152:, p. 121.
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 120.
1112:
1110:, p. 119.
1097:
1085:
1083:, p. 221.
1081:Kestnbaum 2003
1070:
1066:Kestnbaum 2003
1058:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
994:
981:
971:
970:
968:
965:
955:
952:
951:
950:
944:
938:
930:
922:
914:
889:
886:
876:
873:
860:
857:
851:
848:
847:
846:
840:
833:Turn sequences
830:
824:
818:
776:Main article:
773:
770:
756:Original dance
754:Main article:
751:
750:Original dance
748:
701:Main article:
698:
695:
693:
690:
651:Main article:
648:
645:
578:Main article:
575:
572:
554:(OD), and the
552:original dance
539:
536:
534:
531:
500:Maxim Shabalin
496:Oksana Domnina
486:and Americans
455:
452:
375:
374:1970s to 1990s
372:
356:Lawrence Demmy
344:Michael McGean
284:
281:
273:Karl Schreiter
256:Jackson Haines
232:
229:
227:
224:
191:(OD), and the
189:original dance
163:Jackson Haines
132:figure skating
119:
118:
112:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
55:
54:
46:Irina Moiseeva
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3717:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3673:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:Film & TV
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Toe loop jump
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Step sequence
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3204:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Olympic Games
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:and ice dance
3096:
3093:
3089:International
3087:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Short program
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2230:, p. 91.
2229:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2204:
2203:Ice Dance.com
2200:
2194:
2191:
2188:, p. 12.
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:, p. 93.
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:, p. 92.
1751:
1746:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:, p. 61.
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:, p. 36.
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
998:
995:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
966:
964:
960:
953:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
898:
894:
887:
885:
881:
874:
872:
868:
866:
858:
856:
849:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
827:Step sequence
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
808:
805:
804:
803:
801:
792:
788:
784:
779:
771:
769:
766:
764:
757:
749:
747:
745:
744:Massimo Scali
741:
737:
732:
730:
721:
717:
716:Massimo Scali
713:
709:
704:
696:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
678:Madison Chock
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Madison Chock
630:
626:
625:Colin McManus
622:
617:
613:
611:
610:step sequence
607:
603:
594:
590:
589:Madison Chock
586:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
532:
530:
528:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:2014 Olympics
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:Charlie White
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
465:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
444:1998 Olympics
440:
436:
433:
432:
427:
418:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Jayne Torvill
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Jean Westwood
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
297:
293:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
269:
263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
237:
230:
225:
223:
221:
217:
216:step sequence
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
113:
111:
107:
102:
99:
98:Figure skates
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
63:
61:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3682:
3641:
3634:
3629:Spinning Out
3627:
3622:Ice Princess
3620:
3613:
3606:
3571:Competitions
3520:Kiss and cry
3465:Professional
3452:Spread eagle
3437:Hydroblading
3411:Twizzle turn
3381:Counter turn
3371:Choctaw turn
3366:Bracket turn
3352:Steps, turns
3326:Layback spin
3321:Upright spin
3295:Salchow jump
3229:Death spiral
3091:competitions
3071:Rhythm dance
3056:Free skating
3018:Four skating
3007:
3003:Pair skating
2952:Figure skate
2852:
2811:
2792:
2773:
2754:
2717:. Retrieved
2708:
2670:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2640:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2609:
2587:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2540:
2514:. Retrieved
2484:
2480:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2431:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2351:
2341:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2271:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2166:. Retrieved
2157:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2126:
2102:. Retrieved
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2048:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1954:
1944:
1923:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1893:
1868:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1828:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1797:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1545:
1535:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1487:
1462:
1450:
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1358:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1282:
1238:
1196:
1187:
1130:
1088:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1040:
1016:
997:
984:
975:
961:
957:
946:
940:
932:
924:
916:
904:
899:
895:
891:
882:
878:
869:
865:Tanith White
862:
853:
842:
832:
826:
820:
806:
796:
791:Lewis Gibson
767:
759:
733:
725:
676:
659:rhythm dance
656:
618:
614:
598:
580:Rhythm dance
574:Rhythm dance
568:rhythm dance
541:
524:
504:
480:Tessa Virtue
473:
464:Tessa Virtue
454:21st century
441:
437:
429:
422:
403:
377:
364:Eva Romanova
333:
321:Robert Dench
301:
292:Eva Romanová
264:
253:
245:pair skating
242:
210:, the dance
205:
201:rhythm dance
178:
167:
155:pair skating
152:
127:
123:
122:
76:Team members
29:
3636:Yuri on Ice
3479:Ice theatre
3427:Besti squat
3406:Rocker turn
3396:Mohawk turn
2991:Disciplines
2967:Competition
2926:Competitive
2731:Works cited
1041:History.com
941:Strong Beat
835:: a set of
604:, a set of
542:Before the
488:Meryl Davis
431:pas de deux
368:Pavel Roman
340:Lois Waring
338:in London;
296:Pavel Roman
283:Early years
277:World War I
197:short dance
179:Before the
128:ice dancing
3689:Categories
3643:Zero Chill
3515:Grand Slam
3432:Cantilever
3361:Three turn
3343:Camel spin
3275:Euler jump
3127:Grand Prix
3076:Free dance
2982:6.0 system
2802:0819566411
2409:Hines 2011
2228:Hines 2011
2186:Hines 2011
1774:Silby 2018
1762:Silby 2018
1750:Silby 2018
1725:NBC Sports
1528:Hines 2006
1455:Hines 2006
1396:Hines 2006
1384:Hines 2006
1338:Hines 2011
1326:Hines 2011
1314:Hines 2011
1302:Hines 2006
1287:Hines 2006
1258:Hines 2011
1243:Hines 2006
1216:Hines 2006
1201:Hines 2006
1180:Hines 2006
1165:Hines 2006
1150:Hines 2006
1135:Hines 2011
1123:Hines 2006
1108:Hines 2006
1093:Hines 2006
1009:References
988:After the
821:Dance spin
811:6.0 system
807:Dance lift
787:Lilah Fear
682:Evan Bates
647:Free dance
637:Evan Bates
593:Evan Bates
556:free dance
550:(CD), the
484:Scott Moir
468:Scott Moir
350:in Milan;
231:Beginnings
193:free dance
187:(CD), the
3695:Ice dance
3474:Ice shows
3442:Ina Bauer
3391:Loop turn
3386:Crossover
3290:Lutz jump
3285:Loop jump
3280:Flip jump
3270:Axel jump
3208:and other
3008:Ice dance
2213:15 August
1556:12 August
967:Footnotes
947:Weak Beat
627:, at the
309:Eva Keats
124:Ice dance
94:Equipment
85:Mixed-sex
33:Ice dance
18:Ice Dance
3662:Category
3338:Sit spin
3206:Elements
3027:Segments
2741:Archived
2713:Archived
2709:MPR News
2645:Archived
2614:Archived
2511:42526887
2503:16880878
2304:Archived
2249:Archived
2207:Archived
2162:Archived
2131:Archived
2007:Archived
1898:Archived
1802:Archived
1729:Archived
1699:Archived
1695:ESPN.com
1669:Archived
1638:Archived
1550:Archived
1492:Archived
1417:Archived
1045:Archived
954:Clothing
837:twizzles
800:twizzles
608:, and a
606:twizzles
511:Olympics
220:twizzles
104:Presence
58:Highest
3672:Commons
3467:skating
2947:History
2935:General
2928:skating
2719:18 July
2651:18 July
2620:18 July
2552:18 July
2516:18 July
2442:18 July
2362:18 July
2310:18 July
2255:18 July
2245:BBC.com
2168:18 July
2137:18 July
2104:18 July
2082:18 July
2013:11 June
1987:18 July
1965:18 July
1904:18 July
1870:18 July
1839:18 July
1808:18 July
1735:18 July
1705:18 July
1675:18 July
1644:18 July
1613:18 July
1587:18 July
1498:18 July
1423:18 July
1369:18 July
1051:18 July
934:Measure
813:to the
538:History
442:At the
401:Ravel's
298:in 1965
268:killian
260:mazurka
249:waltzes
226:History
159:waltzes
110:Olympic
3447:Spiral
3400:
3375:
2972:Season
2853:Boléro
2826:
2799:
2780:
2761:
2509:
2501:
2278:
926:Rhythm
595:, 2022
426:ballet
405:Boléro
319:, and
214:, the
203:(RD).
3539:Lists
3493:Other
3402:step)
3377:step)
3314:Spins
3263:Jumps
3244:Spins
3239:Lifts
3234:Jumps
3210:moves
3161:Final
3131:Final
2507:S2CID
2076:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
918:Tempo
909:– "A
888:Music
672:steps
668:lifts
664:spins
2962:Club
2957:Rink
2824:ISBN
2797:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2721:2024
2653:2024
2622:2024
2554:2024
2518:2024
2499:PMID
2444:2024
2364:2024
2312:2024
2276:ISBN
2257:2024
2215:2022
2170:2024
2139:2024
2106:2023
2084:2024
2015:2023
1989:2024
1967:2024
1906:2024
1872:2024
1841:2024
1810:2024
1737:2024
1707:2024
1677:2024
1646:2024
1615:2024
1589:2024
1558:2022
1500:2024
1425:2024
1371:2024
1053:2024
911:note
906:Beat
875:Time
789:and
742:and
734:The
714:and
680:and
635:and
623:and
602:lift
591:and
517:and
498:and
490:and
482:and
466:and
391:and
382:and
366:and
354:and
342:and
323:and
315:and
307:and
294:and
212:spin
208:lift
116:1976
79:Duos
48:and
2816:doi
2489:doi
1413:BBC
424:of
89:Yes
3691::
3398:(C
3373:(S
2822:.
2711:.
2707:.
2695:^
2679:^
2643:.
2639:.
2612:.
2608:.
2596:^
2571:^
2526:^
2505:.
2497:.
2483:.
2479:.
2430:.
2416:^
2372:^
2350:.
2329:^
2298:.
2243:.
2201:.
2178:^
2160:.
2156:.
2125:.
2114:^
2057:^
2032:^
1953:.
1932:^
1896:.
1892:.
1880:^
1827:.
1796:.
1781:^
1723:.
1693:.
1667:.
1663:.
1636:.
1632:.
1605:.
1575:.
1548:.
1544:.
1520:^
1490:.
1486:.
1474:^
1433:^
1411:.
1357:.
1345:^
1294:^
1265:^
1250:^
1223:^
1208:^
1172:^
1157:^
1142:^
1115:^
1100:^
1073:^
1039:.
1025:^
688:.
670:,
666:,
643:.
612:.
450:.
311:,
218:,
3163:)
3159:(
3133:)
3129:(
2883:e
2876:t
2869:v
2832:.
2818::
2805:.
2786:.
2767:.
2723:.
2655:.
2624:.
2556:.
2520:.
2491::
2485:6
2446:.
2366:.
2314:.
2284:.
2259:.
2217:.
2172:.
2141:.
2108:.
2086:.
2017:.
1991:.
1969:.
1908:.
1874:.
1843:.
1812:.
1739:.
1709:.
1679:.
1648:.
1617:.
1591:.
1560:.
1502:.
1427:.
1373:.
1055:.
722:.
52:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
