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179:. Lacking well-defined solid surfaces, they are primarily composed of gases and liquids. Their constituent compounds were solids when they were primarily incorporated into the planets during their formation, either directly in the form of ice or trapped in water ice. Today, very little of the water in Uranus and Neptune remains in the form of ice. Instead, water primarily exists as
4516:
379:, where mass moved by magnetic forces could pile up, eventually becoming marginally gravitationally unstable. A protoplanetary disk may simply accrete matter slowly, causing relatively short periods of marginal gravitational instability and bursts of mass collection, followed by periods where the surface density drops below what is required to sustain the instability.
1352:
Helbert, J.; Helled, R.; Hussmann, H.; Lamine, B.; Lämmerzahl, C.; Lamy, L.; Lehoucq, R.; Lenoir, B.; Levy, A.; Orton, G.; Páramos, J.; Poncy, J.; Postberg, F.; Progrebenko, S. V.; Reh, K. R.; Reynaud, S.; Robert, C.; Samain, E.; Saur, J; Sayanagi, K. M.; Schmitz, N.; Selig, H.; Sohl, F.; Spilker, T. R.; Srama, R.; Stephan, K.; Touboul, P.; Wolf, P. (8 July 2012).
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gravitational instability could yield protoplanets between 10 and 30 AU in over one thousand years (ka). This is much shorter than the 100,000 to 1,000,000 years required to produce protoplanets through core accretion of the cloud and could make it viable in even the shortest-lived disks, which exist for only a few million years.
3288:
529:, these are much smaller. They account for less than 20% of their mass. Their hydrogen also never reaches the depths necessary for the pressure to create metallic hydrogen. These envelopes nevertheless limit observation of the ice giants' interiors, and thereby the information on their composition and evolution.
374:
A problem with this model is determining what kept the disk stable before the instability. There are several possible mechanisms allowing gravitational instability to occur during disk evolution. A close encounter with another protostar could provide a gravitational kick to an otherwise stable disk.
638:
The magnetic fields of Uranus and
Neptune are both unusually displaced and tilted. Their field strengths are intermediate between those of the gas giants and those of the terrestrial planets, being 50 and 25 times that of Earth's, respectively. The equatorial magnetic field strengths of Uranus and
1351:
Christophe, Bruno; Spilker, L. J.; Anderson, J. D.; André, N.; Asmar, S. W.; Aurnou, J.; Banfield, D.; Barucci, A.; Bertolami, O.; Bingham, R.; Brown, P; Cecconi, B.; Courty, J.-M.; Dittus, H.; Fletcher, L. N.; Foulon, B.; Francisco, F.; Gil, P. J. S.; Glassmeier, K. H.; Grundy, W.; Hansen, C.;
370:
Gravitational instability of the protoplanetary disk could also produce several gas giant protoplanets out to distances of up to 30 AU. Regions of slightly higher density in the disk could lead to the formation of clumps that eventually collapse to planetary densities. A disk with even marginal
605:
explaining the atmospheric features observed in the ice giants. Understanding these features will help elucidate how the atmospheres of giant planets in general function. Consequently, such insights could help scientists better predict the atmospheric structure and behaviour of giant
426:. Protoplanetary disks are present in both nebulae. Higher EUV fluxes make this an even more likely possibility for ice-giant formation. The stronger EUV would increase the removal of the gas envelopes from protoplanets before they could collapse sufficiently to resist further loss.
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came into use. In the early 1970s, the terminology became popular in the science fiction community, e.g., Bova (1971), but the earliest scientific usage of the terminology was likely by Dunne & Burgess (1978) in a NASA report.
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Considering the orbital challenges of protoplanets 20 AU or more from the centre of the Solar System would experience, a simple solution is that the ice giants formed between the orbits of
Jupiter and Saturn before being
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In March 2012, it was found that the compressibility of water used in ice-giant models could be off by one-third. This value is important for modeling ice giants, and has a ripple effect on understanding them.
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gas-giant protoplanets could have rapidly formed due to disk instability before having most of their hydrogen envelopes stripped off by intense EUV radiation from a nearby massive star.
586:, which has persisted for centuries. Of all known giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune emits the most internal heat per unit of absorbed sunlight, a ratio of approximately 2.6.
4315:
767:
D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2021). "Growth of
Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch".
345:
Despite the trouble modelling their formation, many ice giant candidates have been observed orbiting other stars since 2004. This indicates that they may be common in the
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and they receive far less sunlight in their distant orbits than any other planets in the Solar System (increasing the relevance of internal heating on weather patterns).
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Neptune are respectively 75 percent and 45 percent of Earth's 0.305 gauss. Their magnetic fields are believed to originate in an ionized convecting fluid-ice mantle.
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Because of their large sizes and low thermal conductivities, the planetary interior pressures range up to several hundred GPa and temperatures of several thousand
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The gaseous outer layers of the ice giants have several similarities to those of the gas giants. These include long-lived, high-speed equatorial winds,
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at the temperatures and pressures within them. Uranus and
Neptune consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium by mass, compared to the Solar System's
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2439:
1432:
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Lissauer, J. J.; Hubickyj, O.; D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2009). "Models of
Jupiter's growth incorporating thermal and hydrodynamic constraints".
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altogether. Because during their formation Uranus and
Neptune incorporated their material as either ice or gas trapped in water ice, the term
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Levison, Harold F.; Kretke, Katherine A.; Duncan, Martin J. (2015). "Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles".
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160:). In the 1990s, it was determined that Uranus and Neptune were a distinct class of giant planet, separate from the other giant planets,
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924:, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1978, 224 pages, page 2.
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D'Angelo, Gennaro; Durisen, Richard H.; Lissauer, Jack J. (December 2010). "Giant Planet
Formation". In Seager, Sara (ed.).
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have recently been proposed. Some extrasolar giant planets may instead have formed via gravitational disk instabilities.
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by the gas giants, would also have been likely to just be accreted into larger planets or thrown into cometary orbits.
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614:) and exoplanets with masses and radii between that of the giant and terrestrial planets found in the Solar System.
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emits the least heat, one-tenth as much as
Neptune. It is suspected that this may be related to its extreme 98˚
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1354:"OSS (Outer Solar System): a fundamental and planetary physics mission to Neptune, Triton and the Kuiper Belt"
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598:. This causes its seasonal patterns to be very different from those of any other planet in the Solar System.
288:, and their extrasolar counterpart planets—are thought to have formed solid cores of around 10 Earth masses (
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939:"From Cold to Hot Irradiated Gaseous Exoplanets: Toward an Observation-based Classification Scheme"
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water-ammonia ocean beneath their clouds, which accounts for about two-thirds of their total mass.
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486:(by mass). Their hydrogen is thought to extend all the way down to their small rocky cores, where
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Although Uranus and
Neptune are referred to as ice giant planets, it is thought that there is a
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the term "ice" refers to volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100
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Sandia experiments may force revision of astrophysical models of the universe - Sandia Labs
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https://www.lpi.usra.edu/icegiants/mission_study/IceGiants_EGUPresentation_2017_04_24.pdf
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A disk evolving magnetically is likely to have magnetic dead zones, due to varying
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Giant planet primarily consisting of compounds with freezing points exceeding 100°K
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suggests another possible mechanism for the formation of ice giants. Multiple-
578:. It forms and dissipates every few years, as opposed to the similarly sized
330:(AU) from the center of the Solar System would have been comparable to their
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Bova, B. 1971, The Many Worlds of
Science Fiction (Boston, MA: E.P. Dutton)
187:, Jupiter and Saturn, which are more than 90% hydrogen and helium by mass.
466:
The ice giants represent one of two fundamentally different categories of
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through a similar process of core accretion is far more problematic. The
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are widely understood to have formed through collisional accumulation of
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Studying the ice giants' atmospheric patterns also gives insights into
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These cut-aways illustrate interior models of the giant planets. The
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NASA. Presented at the European Geophysical Union, 24 April 2017.
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have been understood to be significantly different from those of
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30:
This article is about the type of planet. For other uses, see
3182:
1481:
1175:"Rapid Formation of Outer Giant Planets by Disk Instability"
1215:
NASA Completes Study of Future ‘Ice Giant’ Mission Concepts
922:
The Voyage of Mariner 10: Mission to Venus and Mercury
729:
List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
590:, the next-highest emitter, only has a ratio of about 1.8.
706:(proposed in 2015; under consideration by NASA as of 2018)
307:), although alternative models of core formation based on
4424:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
847:"The Atmospheres of the Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune"
422:
are approximately 100 times higher than in Trapezium's
227:. They are primarily composed of elements heavier than
840:
838:
836:
4492:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
211:. However, since the late 1940s the compositions of
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4149:
4051:
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3576:
3456:
3382:
3308:
3295:
3250:
2985:
2922:
2672:
2508:
2438:
2149:
2091:
1784:
1646:
1416:– via UCLA Simulated Planetary Interiors Lab.
525:are most likely. Although the ice giants also have
303:
over the course of a few to several million years (
175:As such, Neptune and Uranus are now referred to as
338:ejecting them from the system. Such bodies, being
4101:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4096:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1260:"Viewpoint: Seeing Deep Inside Icy Giant Planets"
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1056:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 319–346.
610:discovered to be very close to their host stars (
556:from above and mixing with the lower atmosphere.
501:The ice giants are primarily composed of heavier
3720:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
548:, large-scale circulation patterns, and complex
172:predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium.
1485:
685:(proposed in 2011; considered by NASA in 2017)
3198:
1457:
8:
1307:. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03.
494:under the extreme pressures of hundreds of
3305:
3205:
3191:
3183:
2435:
1643:
1639:
1464:
1450:
1442:
1338:"The Nature and Origin of Magnetic Fields"
474:, the other group being the more-familiar
362:outward to their now more distant orbits.
203:and it was used to refer to the large non-
3263:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
1372:
1285:
1253:
1251:
1198:
1108:
1061:
1047:
1045:
1009:
972:
954:
780:
93:composed mainly of elements heavier than
4131:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2977:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1299:
1297:
454:, whereas the mantles of the ice giants
4499:
3173:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
2201:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
759:
563:. Their compositions promote different
299:gaseous envelopes from the surrounding
1332:
1330:
1328:
1310:
478:, which are composed of more than 90%
4439:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
891:
889:
700:Outer Solar System (proposed in 2012)
507:abundance of elements in the universe
7:
4121:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4111:Habitability of neutron star systems
1305:"The Interiors of Ice Giant Planets"
326:for the small protoplanets about 20
4464:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4091:Habitability of binary star systems
895:Mark Marley, "Not a Heart of Ice",
4449:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4106:Habitability of natural satellites
295:) through the same process, while
260:is relatively straightforward and
117:. There are two ice giants in the
25:
4116:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1258:Nellis, William (February 2012).
920:James A. Dunne and Eric Burgess,
671:(proposed in 2012; considered by
462:are composed of heavier elements.
264:. The terrestrial planets of the
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4213:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4177:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4167:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3655:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3286:
3064:
3052:
3040:
856:Planetary Science Decadal Survey
450:are overlaid by a deep layer of
195:In 1952, science fiction writer
64:
41:
4126:Habitable zone for complex life
3564:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3268:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2940:Gravitationally rounded objects
1173:Boss, Alan P. (December 2003).
570:The largest visible feature on
4307:Discovered exoplanets by year
937:Molaverdikhani, Karan (2019).
1:
4434:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4081:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1241:On to the Ice Giants]. (PDF)
734:Lists of astronomical objects
683:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
235:, forming a separate type of
4454:Planets in globular clusters
4071:Circumstellar habitable zone
1028:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.004
861:US National Research Council
799:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114087
601:There are still no complete
4414:Exoplanet naming convention
3524:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
3035:Outline of the Solar System
2798:Interplanetary medium/space
880:Science Fiction Citations,
403:(EUV) radiation emitted by
252:Modelling the formation of
4592:
3650:Extraterrestrial materials
3284:
2751:Extraterrestrial materials
1243:Pre-Decadal study summary.
882:Citations for gas giant n.
32:Ice giant (disambiguation)
29:
4477:Discoveries of exoplanets
4472:
3680:Interplanetary dust cloud
3218:
3071:Earth sciences portal
3030:
2793:Interplanetary dust cloud
1637:
1479:
1391:10.1007/s10686-012-9309-y
1317:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1179:The Astrophysical Journal
943:The Astrophysical Journal
845:Hofstadter, Mark (2011),
360:gravitationally scattered
4182:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4157:Nearby Habitable Systems
4043:Transit-timing variation
3084:Local Interstellar Cloud
1802:other near-Earth objects
1367:(2). Springer: 203–242.
974:10.3847/1538-4357/aafda8
4459:Small planet radius gap
4162:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4086:Galactic habitable zone
3660:Giant-impact hypothesis
3047:Solar System portal
2773:Giant-impact hypothesis
2380:Trans-Neptunian objects
397:Orion Trapezium Cluster
336:hyperbolic trajectories
4576:Extraterrestrial water
4419:Exoplanet phase curves
4257:Terrestrial candidates
4208:Multiplanetary systems
4172:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3855:Mean-motion resonances
3665:Gravitational collapse
3615:Circumstellar envelope
2935:Possible dwarf planets
2778:Gravitational collapse
2716:Circumstellar envelope
1521:
1361:Experimental Astronomy
540:Atmosphere and weather
488:hydrogen molecular ion
463:
4294:Potentially habitable
4199:Exoplanetary systems
4141:Superhabitable planet
3900:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3785:Sample-return mission
3685:Interplanetary medium
3144:Laniakea Supercluster
2761:Sample-return mission
1520:
897:The Planetary Society
643:Spacecraft visitation
554:ultraviolet radiation
437:
377:degrees of ionization
4429:Extragalactic planet
4409:Carl Sagan Institute
3690:Interplanetary space
3605:Circumplanetary disk
3278:Planet-hosting stars
3059:Astronomy portal
2960:Solar System objects
2706:Circumplanetary disk
1287:10.1103/Physics.5.25
854:White Paper for the
658:(Uranus and Neptune)
393:protoplanetary disks
3770:Protoplanetary disk
3750:Planetary migration
3705:Interstellar medium
3484:Circumtriple planet
3479:Circumbinary planet
3158:Observable universe
2955:Solar System models
2885:Protoplanetary disk
2808:Interstellar medium
2768:Frost/Ice/Snow line
1383:2012ExA....34..203C
1278:2012PhyOJ...5...25N
1191:2003ApJ...599..577B
1127:10.1038/nature14675
1119:2015Natur.524..322L
1072:2010exop.book..319D
1020:2009Icar..199..338L
965:2019ApJ...873...32M
791:2021Icar..35514087D
561:atmospheric physics
401:extreme ultraviolet
332:relative velocities
274:protoplanetary disk
205:terrestrial planets
181:supercritical fluid
3735:Nebular hypothesis
3710:Interstellar space
3695:Interstellar cloud
3675:Internal structure
3610:Circumstellar disc
3138:Virgo Supercluster
3119:Milky Way subgroup
2950:Natural satellites
2833:Nebular hypothesis
2813:Interstellar space
2803:Interstellar cloud
2711:Circumstellar disc
2301:Near-Earth objects
2185:names and meanings
1522:
1435:2013-11-06 at the
1220:2020-08-06 at the
718:(proposed in 2022)
712:(proposed in 2010)
697:(proposed in 2013)
691:(proposed in 2017)
565:chemical processes
550:chemical processes
527:hydrogen envelopes
464:
328:astronomical units
4490:
4489:
4066:Astrooceanography
3700:Interstellar dust
3572:
3571:
3448:Ultra-hot Neptune
3443:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3392:Eccentric Jupiter
3242:Planetary science
3180:
3179:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
2998:Lagrangian points
2970:by discovery date
2568:Human spaceflight
2539:historical models
2432:
2431:
2057:S/2015 (136472) 1
1103:(7565): 322–324.
1081:978-0-8165-2945-2
749:MOA-2011-BLG-262L
710:Uranus Pathfinder
574:is the recurring
492:metallic hydrogen
452:metallic hydrogen
314:The formation of
138:planetary science
16:(Redirected from
4583:
4543:
4542:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4444:Neptunian desert
3830:Tidally detached
3765:Planet formation
3755:Planetary system
3645:Exozodiacal dust
3635:Disrupted planet
3559:Ultra-cool dwarf
3489:Disrupted planet
3474:Chthonian planet
3306:
3290:
3273:Planetary system
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3043:
2746:Exozodiacal dust
2436:
2402:Detached objects
1644:
1640:
1484:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1401:. Archived from
1376:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1255:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1170:
1147:
1146:
1112:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1013:
993:
987:
986:
976:
958:
934:
928:
918:
912:
909:
903:
899:, 2 April 2019.
893:
884:
878:
872:
871:
870:
868:
851:
842:
811:
810:
784:
764:
612:pegasean planets
389:photoevaporation
387:Observations of
383:Photoevaporation
366:Disk instability
309:pebble accretion
199:coined the term
74:photographed by
68:
51:photographed by
45:
21:
18:Ice giant planet
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4501:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4482:Search projects
4468:
4397:
4186:
4145:
4047:
4019:Radial velocity
3959:
3915:K/Orange dwarfs
3905:G/Yellow dwarfs
3866:
3860:Titius–Bode law
3799:
3730:Molecular cloud
3630:Detached object
3581:
3579:
3568:
3554:Toroidal planet
3544:Sub-brown dwarf
3452:
3378:
3350:(Super-Mercury)
3323:Coreless planet
3299:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3246:
3214:
3211:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3065:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3017:
2981:
2918:
2902:vs. Hill sphere
2828:Molecular cloud
2756:Sample curation
2736:Detached object
2675:
2668:
2512:
2504:
2441:
2428:
2373:Neptune trojans
2156:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2087:
1780:
1651:
1633:
1519:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1437:Wayback Machine
1426:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1228:. 20 June 2017.
1222:Wayback Machine
1213:
1209:
1172:
1171:
1150:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1051:
1050:
1043:
995:
994:
990:
936:
935:
931:
919:
915:
910:
906:
894:
887:
879:
875:
866:
864:
849:
844:
843:
814:
766:
765:
761:
757:
725:
716:Neptune Odyssey
665:
650:
645:
636:
634:Magnetic fields
620:
576:Great Dark Spot
542:
505:. Based on the
490:transitions to
470:present in the
440:planetary cores
432:
430:Characteristics
385:
368:
355:
324:escape velocity
294:
291:
262:uncontroversial
250:
193:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
69:
60:
59:
58:
57:in January 1986
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4031:Transit method
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3978:Direct imaging
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3795:Star formation
3792:
3790:Scattered disc
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Excretion disk
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Accretion disk
3592:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Eyeball planet
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2914:Scattered disc
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2699:Excretion disk
2694:Accretion disk
2691:
2686:
2684:Star formation
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:space stations
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2412:Scattered disc
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1657:
1655:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1424:External links
1422:
1420:
1419:
1408:on 26 May 2019
1343:
1324:
1293:
1247:
1230:
1207:
1200:10.1086/379163
1185:(1): 577–581.
1148:
1087:
1080:
1041:
1004:(2): 338–350.
988:
929:
913:
904:
885:
873:
863:, pp. 1–2
812:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
724:
721:
720:
719:
713:
707:
701:
698:
692:
686:
680:
664:
661:
660:
659:
649:
646:
644:
641:
635:
632:
619:
616:
580:Great Red Spot
546:polar vortices
541:
538:
442:of gas giants
431:
428:
384:
381:
367:
364:
354:
351:
292:
289:
249:
246:
192:
189:
78:in August 1989
70:
63:
62:
61:
47:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4588:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
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4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
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4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
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4228:
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4129:
4127:
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4122:
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4097:
4094:
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4089:
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4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3955:Yellow giants
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Merging stars
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Asteroid belt
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Pulsar planet
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Double planet
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Super-Neptune
3431:
3429:
3428:Super-Jupiter
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Helium planet
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Hycean planet
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Desert planet
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Carbon planet
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3175:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3014:
3013:Tidal locking
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Double planet
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Minor planets
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:Merging stars
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Subsatellites
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:Hypothetical
2437:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Asteroid belt
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:Minor planets
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
927:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
902:
898:
892:
890:
886:
883:
877:
874:
862:
858:
857:
848:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
763:
760:
754:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:Triton Hopper
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
652:
651:
647:
642:
640:
633:
631:
627:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
534:supercritical
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:giant planets
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:Carina Nebula
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
372:
365:
363:
361:
352:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:planetesimals
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
77:
73:
67:
56:
55:
50:
44:
33:
19:
4561:Solar System
4299:Proper names
4076:Earth analog
4061:Astrobiology
4053:Habitability
3990:Microlensing
3950:White dwarfs
3920:M/Red dwarfs
3910:Herbig Ae/Be
3895:Brown dwarfs
3837:Rogue planet
3818:Interstellar
3760:Planetesimal
3529:Planetesimal
3509:Giant planet
3499:Ecumenopolis
3422:
3397:Mini-Neptune
3333:Dwarf planet
3169:Each arrow (
3091:Local Bubble
3077:Solar System
3075:
2868:Planetesimal
2823:Kuiper cliff
2551:Space probes
2524:Colonization
2363:Kirkwood gap
2284:Saturn Moons
2197:Planetesimal
1709:
1661:Terrestrials
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1550:
1473:Solar System
1410:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1364:
1360:
1346:
1269:
1263:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1210:
1182:
1178:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1053:
1001:
997:
991:
946:
942:
932:
921:
916:
907:
896:
876:
865:, retrieved
853:
772:
768:
762:
739:Mini-Neptune
675:in 2014 and
653:
637:
628:
621:
600:
569:
558:
543:
531:
500:
472:Solar System
465:
424:Orion Nebula
413:
409:Jupiter-mass
386:
373:
369:
356:
344:
313:
301:solar nebula
266:Solar System
251:
240:
237:giant planet
209:Solar System
200:
194:
176:
174:
168:, which are
134:astrophysics
131:
119:Solar System
91:giant planet
86:
84:
75:
52:
4533:Outer space
4521:Spaceflight
4311:before 2000
4227:Discoveries
4002:Polarimetry
3890:Binary star
3780:Rubble pile
3775:Ring system
3745:Outer space
3715:Kuiper belt
3670:Hills cloud
3625:Debris disk
3620:Cosmic dust
3549:Sub-Neptune
3534:Protoplanet
3469:Brown dwarf
3457:Other types
3413:Hot Neptune
3408:Hot Jupiter
3399:(Gas dwarf)
3374:Super-Earth
3359:Ocean world
3354:Lava planet
3348:Iron planet
3310:Terrestrial
3251:Main topics
3132:Local Sheet
3126:Local Group
2909:Rubble pile
2897:Roche limit
2892:Ring system
2843:Outer space
2818:Kuiper belt
2788:Hill sphere
2783:Hills cloud
2731:Debris disk
2726:Cosmic dust
2510:Exploration
2465:Planet Nine
2450:Fifth giant
2424:Hills cloud
2385:Kuiper belt
2356:exceptional
2272:Trojan camp
744:Planet Nine
496:gigapascals
405:θ Orionis C
272:within the
254:terrestrial
197:James Blish
191:Terminology
4566:Ice giants
4555:Categories
4222:Exoplanets
4203:Host stars
4150:Catalogues
3973:Astrometry
3935:Subdwarf B
3872:Host stars
3845:Retrograde
3740:Oort cloud
3578:Formation
3514:Mesoplanet
3438:Super-puff
3364:Mega-Earth
3343:Ice planet
3228:Definition
3213:Exoplanets
3151:Local Hole
3098:Gould Belt
2838:Oort cloud
2674:Formation,
2664:Deep space
2500:Vulcanoids
2417:Oort cloud
2341:first 1000
2277:Greek camp
2175:Meteoroids
2170:Damocloids
2116:Charikloan
1272:(25): 25.
1110:1510.02094
1054:Exoplanets
956:1809.09629
867:18 January
782:2009.05575
775:: 114087.
755:References
608:exoplanets
596:axial tilt
552:driven by
476:gas giants
278:gas giants
258:gas giants
185:gas giants
177:ice giants
170:gas giants
144:, such as
101:, such as
4316:2000–2009
4282:1501–2000
4277:1001–1500
3965:Detection
3930:Red giant
3590:Accretion
3582:evolution
3423:Ice giant
3418:Gas giant
3369:Sub-Earth
3258:Exoplanet
3112:Milky Way
3105:Orion Arm
2873:Formation
2858:Migration
2853:Disrupted
2721:Coatlicue
2689:Accretion
2676:evolution
2622:Asteroids
2534:astronomy
2529:Discovery
2390:Cubewanos
2311:Asteroids
2141:Quaoarian
2131:Neptunian
2121:Chironean
2106:Saturnian
1888:Enceladus
1374:1106.0132
1063:1006.5486
1011:0810.5186
983:119357572
949:(1): 32.
807:221654962
663:Proposals
655:Voyager 2
353:Migration
347:Milky Way
297:accreting
248:Formation
241:ice giant
201:gas giant
158:Volatiles
87:ice giant
76:Voyager 2
54:Voyager 2
4272:501–1000
4252:Heaviest
4232:Extremes
3940:Subgiant
3813:Exocomet
3165:Universe
3003:Moonlets
2583:programs
2556:timeline
2544:timeline
2475:Planet X
2470:Planet V
2407:Sednoids
2395:Plutinos
2368:Centaurs
2346:families
2081:Dysnomia
2069:Xiangliu
2064:Gonggong
2052:Makemake
2011:Kerberos
1898:Hyperion
1836:Callisto
1831:Ganymede
1764:Gonggong
1759:Makemake
1614:Gonggong
1607:Makemake
1433:Archived
1399:55295857
1313:cite web
1218:Archived
1135:26289203
1036:18964068
723:See also
679:in 2016)
618:Interior
519:nitrogen
503:elements
480:hydrogen
340:swept up
229:hydrogen
111:nitrogen
95:hydrogen
4545:Science
4495:Portals
4247:Largest
4242:Nearest
3945:T Tauri
3841:Orbits
3825:Exomoon
3805:Systems
3519:Planemo
3384:Gaseous
2986:Related
2965:by size
2654:Neptune
2639:Jupiter
2590:Mercury
2515:outline
2460:Phaeton
2455:Nemesis
2442:objects
2294:Neptune
2267:Jupiter
2247:Trojans
2240:Neptune
2225:Jupiter
2205:Mercury
2136:Haumean
2126:Uranian
2108: (
2028:Hiʻiaka
1962:Proteus
1952:Neptune
1940:Miranda
1930:Umbriel
1920:Titania
1908:all 146
1873:Iapetus
1826:Jupiter
1720:Neptune
1698:Jupiter
1666:Mercury
1648:Planets
1573:Neptune
1558:Jupiter
1531:Mercury
1379:Bibcode
1274:Bibcode
1265:Physics
1226:NASA TV
1187:Bibcode
1143:4458098
1115:Bibcode
1068:Bibcode
1016:Bibcode
961:Bibcode
787:Bibcode
689:OCEANUS
624:kelvins
584:Jupiter
572:Neptune
498:(GPa).
460:Neptune
444:Jupiter
414:In the
395:in the
320:Neptune
282:Jupiter
221:Jupiter
217:Neptune
207:of the
162:Jupiter
154:methane
150:ammonia
127:Neptune
72:Neptune
4262:Kepler
4237:Firsts
4136:Tholin
4007:Timing
3925:Pulsar
3850:Trojan
3464:Blanet
3223:Planet
3160:
3153:
3146:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3008:Syzygy
2930:Comets
2863:System
2848:Planet
2741:EXCEDE
2649:Uranus
2644:Saturn
2634:Comets
2627:mining
2605:mining
2495:Vulcan
2336:active
2331:Hygiea
2326:Pallas
2289:Uranus
2235:Uranus
2230:Saturn
2165:Comets
2157:bodies
2155:System
2101:Jovian
2045:Weywot
2040:Quaoar
2033:Namaka
2023:Haumea
1996:Charon
1972:all 16
1967:Nereid
1957:Triton
1945:all 28
1925:Oberon
1915:Uranus
1903:Phoebe
1883:Tethys
1858:Saturn
1851:all 95
1846:Europa
1819:Deimos
1814:Phobos
1793:Earth
1754:Quaoar
1749:Haumea
1729:Dwarfs
1715:Uranus
1703:Saturn
1688:Giants
1653:dwarfs
1600:Quaoar
1593:Haumea
1568:Uranus
1563:Saturn
1412:26 May
1397:
1205:, §1–2
1141:
1133:
1097:Nature
1078:
1034:
998:Icarus
981:
805:
769:Icarus
695:ODINUS
603:models
592:Uranus
588:Saturn
523:sulfur
521:, and
515:carbon
511:oxygen
484:helium
456:Uranus
448:Saturn
420:fluxes
418:, EUV
316:Uranus
286:Saturn
276:. The
233:helium
225:Saturn
213:Uranus
166:Saturn
123:Uranus
115:sulfur
113:, and
107:carbon
103:oxygen
99:helium
49:Uranus
4509:Stars
4402:Other
4267:1–500
4192:Lists
3301:types
3296:Sizes
2923:Lists
2659:Pluto
2617:Ceres
2595:Venus
2490:Tyche
2485:Theia
2321:Vesta
2316:Ceres
2257:Earth
2252:Venus
2215:Earth
2210:Venus
2190:moons
2153:Solar
2151:Small
2110:Rhean
2093:Rings
2006:Hydra
1991:Pluto
1984:Vanth
1979:Orcus
1935:Ariel
1893:Mimas
1878:Dione
1863:Titan
1786:Moons
1774:Sedna
1744:Pluto
1739:Orcus
1734:Ceres
1676:Earth
1671:Venus
1628:Sedna
1586:Pluto
1579:Orcus
1552:Ceres
1541:Earth
1536:Venus
1406:(PDF)
1395:S2CID
1369:arXiv
1357:(PDF)
1139:S2CID
1105:arXiv
1058:arXiv
1032:S2CID
1006:arXiv
979:S2CID
951:arXiv
850:(PDF)
803:S2CID
777:arXiv
626:(K).
152:, or
146:water
89:is a
4391:2024
4386:2023
4381:2022
4376:2021
4371:2020
4366:2019
4361:2018
4356:2017
4351:2016
4346:2015
4341:2014
4336:2013
4331:2012
4326:2011
4321:2010
4036:list
4024:list
4012:list
3995:list
3983:list
3580:and
3298:and
2612:Mars
2600:Moon
2578:list
2561:list
2262:Mars
2220:Mars
2076:Eris
2016:Styx
1868:Rhea
1809:Mars
1797:Moon
1769:Eris
1681:Mars
1621:Eris
1546:Mars
1414:2019
1319:link
1131:PMID
1076:ISBN
926:read
901:read
869:2015
673:NASA
669:MUSE
648:Past
482:and
458:and
446:and
318:and
256:and
231:and
223:and
215:and
164:and
136:and
125:and
97:and
4571:Ice
3233:IAU
2351:PHA
2001:Nix
1710:Ice
1693:Gas
1526:Sun
1387:doi
1282:doi
1195:doi
1183:599
1123:doi
1101:524
1024:doi
1002:199
969:doi
947:873
795:doi
773:355
677:ESA
582:of
399:by
391:of
132:In
85:An
4557::
4289:K2
2112:?)
1841:Io
1393:.
1385:.
1377:.
1365:34
1363:.
1359:.
1327:^
1315:}}
1311:{{
1296:^
1280:.
1268:.
1262:.
1250:^
1224:.
1193:.
1181:.
1177:.
1151:^
1137:.
1129:.
1121:.
1113:.
1099:.
1074:.
1066:.
1044:^
1030:.
1022:.
1014:.
1000:.
977:.
967:.
959:.
945:.
941:.
888:^
859:,
852:,
815:^
801:.
793:.
785:.
771:.
517:,
513:,
509:,
349:.
305:Ma
284:,
148:,
129:.
121::
109:,
105:,
4497::
3885:B
3880:A
3206:e
3199:t
3192:v
3171:→
3162:→
3155:→
3148:→
3141:→
3135:→
3129:→
3123:→
3116:→
3109:→
3102:→
3095:→
3088:→
3081:→
2517:)
2513:(
1650:,
1465:e
1458:t
1451:v
1389::
1381::
1371::
1340:.
1321:)
1290:.
1284::
1276::
1270:5
1237:[
1203:.
1197::
1189::
1145:.
1125::
1117::
1107::
1084:.
1070::
1060::
1038:.
1026::
1018::
1008::
985:.
971::
963::
953::
809:.
797::
789::
779::
293:E
290:M
280:—
142:K
34:.
20:)
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