1274:
1296:
38:
1285:
158:
Assuming the climate continues to be in the same state as it was in 2006, it is estimated that ice caps will contribute a 95 ± 29 mm rise in global sea levels until they reach equilibrium. However, environmental conditions have worsened and are predicted to continue to worsen in the future.
154:
Data from 86 mountain glaciers and ice caps shows that over the long term, the AAR of glaciers has been about 0.57. In contrast, data from the most recent years of 1997–2006 yields an AAR of only 0.44. In other words, glaciers and ice caps are accumulating less snow and are out of equilibrium,
150:
Ice caps accumulate snow on their upper surfaces, and ablate snow on their lower surfaces. An ice cap in equilibrium accumulates and ablates snow at the same rate. The AAR is the ratio between the accumulation area and the total area of the ice cap, which is used to indicate the health of the
137:
The shape of an ice cap is determined by the landscape it lies on, as melting patterns can vary with terrain. For example, the lower portions of an ice cap are forced to flow outwards under the weight of the entire ice cap and will follow the downward slopes of the land.
146:
Ice caps have been used as indicators of global warming, as increasing temperatures cause ice caps to melt and lose mass faster than they accumulate mass. Ice cap size can be monitored through different remote-sensing methods such as aircraft and satellite data.
159:
Given that the rate of melting will accelerate, and by using mathematical models to predict future climate patterns, the actual contribution of ice caps to rising sea levels is expected to be more than double from initial estimates.
151:
glacier. Depending on their shape and mass, healthy glaciers in equilibrium typically have an AAR of approximately 0.4 to 0.8. The AAR is impacted by environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation.
129:
Ice caps are formed when snow is deposited during the cold season and fails to completely melt during the hot season. Over time, the snow builds up and becomes dense, well-bonded snow known as perennial
406:
557:
1970:
192:
Plateau glaciers are glaciers that overlie a generally flat highland area. Usually, the ice overflows as hanging glaciers in the lower parts of the edges. An example is
121:
The
Antarctic and Greenland contain 99% of the ice volume on earth, about 33 million cubic kilometres (7.9 million cubic miles) of total ice mass.
1963:
177:
High-latitude regions covered in ice, though strictly not an ice cap (since they exceed the maximum area specified in the definition above), are called
1956:
588:
486:
350:
485:
Bell, Christina; Mair, Douglas; Burgess, David; Sharp, Martin; Demuth, Michael; Cawkwell, Fiona; Bingham, Robert; Wadham, Jemma (2008).
1332:
310:
277:
334:
1937:
64:
area (usually covering a highland area). Larger ice masses covering more than 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) are termed
1587:
1979:
681:
1567:
487:"Spatial and temporal variability in the snowpack of a High Arctic ice cap: implications for mass-change measurements"
118:
in North
America, as well as numerous valleys have been formed by glacial action over hundreds of thousands of years.
1506:
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269:
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503:
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31:
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1852:
1501:
1325:
887:
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1582:
638:
558:"Sensitivity of Vatnajŏkull ice cap hydrology and dynamics to climate warming over the next 2 centuries"
407:"Glaciers and ice caps. Part I: Global overview and outlook. Part II: Glacier changes around the world"
80:
features (i.e., they will lie over the top of mountains). By contrast, ice masses of similar size that
1295:
1618:
1169:
572:
181:; the usage of this designation is widespread in the mass media and arguably recognized by experts.
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1802:
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1597:
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703:
220:
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446:"Sea-level rise from glaciers and ice caps: A lower bound: SEA-LEVEL RISE FROM GLACIERS"
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2022:
2010:
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134:. Finally, the air passages between snow particles close off and transforms into ice.
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features become present upon the glacier's retreat. Many lakes, such as the
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556:; Marshall, Shawn J.; Bjŏrnsson, Helgi; Clarke, Garry K. C. (2005).
1870:
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1118:
1033:
948:
873:
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627:– via Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College.
36:
444:
Bahr, David B.; Dyurgerov, Mark; Meier, Mark F. (February 2009).
60:
that covers less than 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) of
1880:
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858:
131:
61:
1952:
1314:
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30:
This article is about the glacial feature. For other uses, see
690:
57:
107:
of the area they occupy. Plastic moulding, gouging and other
1310:
92:
of an ice cap is usually centred on the highest point of a
659:
27:
Ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area
155:
causing melting and contributing to sea level rises.
1851:
1790:
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1606:
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1419:
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1152:
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740:
714:
84:constrained by topographical features are known as
324:
322:
2027:Earth's surface entirely or nearly frozen over
1964:
1326:
675:
373:. CIRES at the University of Colorado Boulder
8:
504:"Time Magazine Online: Arctic Ice Explorers"
96:. Ice flows away from this high point (the
1971:
1957:
1949:
1664:
1333:
1319:
1311:
973:
682:
668:
660:
259:
257:
614:"Plateau Glaciers and their significance"
461:
295:Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms
618:Vignettes: Key Concepts in Geomorphology
293:Bennett, Matthew; Glasser, Neil (1996).
253:
2006:Tropical temperatures may reach poles
1997:Hypothetical runaway greenhouse state
533:The National Snow and Ice Data Center
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7:
1284:
437:
435:
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405:Zemp, Michael; Haeberli, W. (2007).
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398:
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264:Benn, Douglas; Evans, David (1998).
331:Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers
100:) towards the ice cap's periphery.
103:Ice caps significantly affect the
25:
371:National Snow and Ice Data Center
1938:Template:Periglacial environment
1294:
1283:
1273:
1272:
76:Ice caps are not constrained by
565:Journal of Geophysical Research
329:Greve, R.; Blatter, H. (2009).
185:is an example of an ice cap in
1:
1980:Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth
450:Geophysical Research Letters
2099:
639:"Biscayarfonna (Svalbard)"
236:List of glaciers in Russia
166:
29:
2021:
2015:Global climate during an
2009:
2000:
1991:
1986:
1918:
1267:
1079:Short-track speed skating
976:
697:
643:Norwegian Polar Institute
343:10.1007/978-3-642-03415-2
367:"Ice Sheet Quick Facts"
266:Glaciers and Glaciation
32:Icecap (disambiguation)
45:
1876:Giant current ripples
529:"Cryosphere Glossary"
303:John Wiley & Sons
40:
585:10.1029/2004JF000200
463:10.1029/2008GL036309
1813:Moraine-dammed lake
1640:Subglacial eruption
1175:Iceman (occupation)
577:2005JGRF..110.2011F
1645:Subglacial volcano
1628:Volcanic relations
727:Crystalline phases
46:
2070:
2069:
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1945:
1914:
1913:
1432:Accumulation zone
1308:
1307:
1289:Wikimedia Commons
1092:
1091:
554:Flowers, Gwenn E.
352:978-3-642-03414-5
16:(Redirected from
2090:
2002:Greenhouse Earth
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1988:
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1833:Terminal moraine
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1401:Piedmont glacier
1335:
1328:
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612:Whalley, Brian.
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587:. Archived from
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2071:
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2025:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1982:
1977:
1947:
1942:
1910:
1847:
1828:Sevetti moraine
1786:
1740:Roche moutonnée
1685:Cirque stairway
1654:
1623:
1602:
1526:
1487:Lateral moraine
1415:
1344:
1339:
1309:
1304:
1263:
1230:
1194:
1148:
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1020:
969:
963:
834:Albedo feedback
822:
736:
722:Amorphous solid
710:
693:
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221:Ice cap climate
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2023:Snowball Earth
2020:
2011:Icehouse Earth
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1993:Hothouse Earth
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1720:Hanging valley
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1715:Glacial striae
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1585:
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1578:Periglaciation
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1570:
1568:Outburst flood
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1560:
1555:
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1540:
1534:
1532:
1528:
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1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:Medial moraine
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Glacier tongue
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
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1414:
1413:
1411:Valley glacier
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Outlet glacier
1393:
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1268:
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1261:
1259:Snowball Earth
1256:
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1249:Little Ice Age
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1059:Figure skating
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844:Circle or disc
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571:(F2): F02011.
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2048:Interstadials
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2043:Interglacials
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2038:
2035:
2034:Uninhabitably
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1853:Glaciofluvial
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1844:
1843:Veiki moraine
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
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1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Rogen moraine
1821:
1819:
1818:Pulju moraine
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1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:Erratic block
1801:
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1765:Tunnel valley
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1760:Trough valley
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1573:Overdeepening
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1561:
1559:
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1551:
1549:
1548:Basal sliding
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1427:Ablation zone
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1097:Constructions
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1077:
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1074:Speed skating
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1062:
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56:is a mass of
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2061:Cold period
2039:Warm period
2026:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1791:Depositional
1781:Zungenbecken
1779:
1710:Glacial lake
1705:Glacial horn
1619:Mass balance
1607:Measurements
1543:Accumulation
1467:Glacier head
1462:Glacier cave
1406:Rock glacier
1365:
1084:Tour skating
884:Frost flower
752:
715:Major phases
646:. Retrieved
633:
621:. Retrieved
617:
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596:. Retrieved
589:the original
568:
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536:. Retrieved
532:
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512:. Retrieved
510:. 2009-03-11
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377:25 September
375:. Retrieved
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47:
1896:Outwash fan
1891:Kettle hole
1775:Valley step
1755:Trough lake
1735:Ribbon lake
1695:Finger lake
1437:Bergschrund
1254:Pleistocene
968:Ice-related
879:Frost heave
813:Stalactites
301:, England:
183:Vatnajökull
116:Great Lakes
72:Description
42:Vatnajökull
1923:Glaciology
1906:Urstromtal
1886:Kame delta
1838:Till plain
1635:Jökulhlaup
1593:Starvation
1472:Ice divide
1386:Ice stream
1300:Wiktionary
1244:Glaciology
1199:Other uses
1069:Ice racing
1064:Ice hockey
1039:Iceboating
970:activities
741:Formations
732:Superionic
648:11 October
598:2007-05-31
514:2010-05-04
456:(3): n/a.
299:Chichester
268:. London:
248:References
167:See also:
98:ice divide
86:ice fields
66:ice sheets
50:glaciology
1668:Erosional
1660:Landforms
1531:Processes
1512:Randkluft
1507:Penitente
1452:Dirt cone
1381:Ice shelf
1376:Ice sheet
1371:Ice field
1011:Sculpture
827:Phenomena
472:130266957
231:Ice shelf
173:Ice field
125:Formation
112:erosional
44:, Iceland
2083:Ice caps
2077:Category
2057:Glacials
2052:Stadials
1928:Category
1866:Diluvium
1861:Alpentor
1770:U-valley
1614:Ice core
1583:Plucking
1538:Ablation
1522:Terminus
1447:Crevasse
1442:Blue ice
1342:Glaciers
1278:Category
1236:Ice ages
1190:Yakhchāl
1170:Icehouse
996:Climbing
991:Blocking
986:Blasting
904:Hair ice
854:Crystals
623:27 March
538:27 March
335:Springer
226:Ice core
204:See also
198:Svalbard
163:Variants
2017:ice age
1808:Moraine
1798:Drumlin
1725:Nunatak
1588:Retreat
1553:Calving
1497:Moraine
1482:Icefall
1420:Anatomy
1391:Ledoyom
1366:Ice cap
1160:Cutting
1134:Pykrete
1054:Cycling
1049:Curling
1044:Cricket
1016:Skating
1006:Rafting
1001:Fishing
981:Bathing
924:Nucleus
909:Jacking
888:sea ice
886: (
818:Volcano
782:calving
780: (
778:Iceberg
773:Glacier
573:Bibcode
241:Sea ice
216:Iceberg
211:Glacier
187:Iceland
109:glacial
54:ice cap
18:Icecaps
1901:Sandur
1745:Suncup
1730:P-form
1680:Cirque
1563:Motion
1502:Moulin
1361:Cirque
1356:Aufeis
1293:
1282:
1271:
1165:Icebox
1124:Palace
1109:Bridge
1026:Sports
944:Slurry
919:Needle
869:Frazil
788:Icicle
748:Anchor
470:
349:
309:
276:
270:Arnold
94:massif
88:. The
1871:Esker
1700:Fjord
1675:Arête
1598:Surge
1558:Creep
1517:Sérac
1349:Types
1216:Cream
1206:Chips
1185:Trade
1119:Igloo
1114:Hotel
1034:Bandy
959:Storm
949:Slush
939:Shuga
934:Shove
894:Glaze
874:Frost
849:Clear
839:Black
808:Spike
803:Sheet
768:Field
708:water
704:state
701:solid
592:(PDF)
561:(PDF)
490:(PDF)
468:S2CID
410:(PDF)
52:, an
2050:and
2036:hot
1933:List
1881:Kame
1750:Tarn
1650:Tuya
1457:Firn
1226:Pack
1221:Cube
1211:Core
1180:Pick
1153:Work
1144:Road
1139:Rink
1129:Pier
954:Snow
929:Rime
914:Névé
899:Hail
859:Firn
763:Dune
758:Cave
699:The
650:2019
625:2020
540:2020
379:2023
347:ISBN
307:ISBN
274:ISBN
171:and
132:firn
90:dome
62:land
1104:Bar
864:Fog
798:Sea
793:Jam
753:Cap
706:of
691:Ice
581:doi
569:110
508:CNN
458:doi
339:doi
196:in
82:are
58:ice
48:In
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