1405:
were empowered in their own local districts to appoint judges and to keep the peace; this latter job was handled on an essentially fee-for-service basis. The enforcement of judicial decisions was largely a matter of self-help (hence
Iceland's reputation as a land of constant private feuding), but those who lacked the might to enforce their rights could sell their court-decreed claims for compensation to someone more powerful, usually a chieftain; hence even the poor and friendless could not be victimized with impunity. The basis of a chieftain's power within the political order was the power he already possessed outside it, in civil society. The office of chieftaincy was private property, and could be bought or sold; hence chieftaincies tended to track private wealth. But wealth alone was not enough. As economic historian Birgir Solvason notes in his masterful study of the period, "just buying the chieftainship was no guarantee of power"; the mere office by itself was "almost worthless" unless the chieftain could "convince some free-farmers to follow him". Chieftains did not hold authority over territorially-defined districts, but competed for clients with other chieftains from the same geographical area.
1400:, he argues that the legal system came close to being a real-world anarcho-capitalist legal system. Although noting that there was a single legal system, Friedman argues that enforcement of the law was entirely private and highly capitalist, providing some evidence of how such a society would function. "Even where the Icelandic legal system recognized an essentially 'public' offense, it dealt with it by giving some individual (in some cases chosen by lot from those affected) the right to pursue the case and collect the resulting fine, thus fitting it into an essentially private system." Commenting on its political structure, libertarian scholar Roderick Long remarks:
1158:. These courts tried individual cases and served as a higher judicial authority to the regional courts. The rulings of the quarter judges had to be agreed upon by a strong majority: if only six of the judges disagreed, then the case was deadlocked and dismissed. In 1005, this problem was solved by the creation of a Fifth Court, an appeals court based on a simple majority. Once a court decided a party was guilty, however, it had no executive authority to carry out a sentence. Instead, enforcement of a verdict became the responsibility of the injured party or his family.
64:
3291:
1373:("Old Covenant") in 1262. According to historian Sverrir Jakobsson, three Icelanders played a central role in bringing Iceland under the King of Norway: Gissur Þorvaldsson (for getting farmers to agree to pay taxes to the King), Hrafn Oddsson (for pressuring Gissur into supporting the King, and getting farmers in the Westfjords to submit to the King) and bishop Brandur Jónsson (for getting his relatives in the East Fjords to submit to the King).
557:
1461:
1165:. However, these were considered by some to be insufficient penalties and the Alþingi was only moderately successful at stopping feuds. According to Magnus Magnusson, the courts were "an uneasy substitute for vengeance." The most severe punishments were outlawry and three years' exile. Outlaws lost all property rights and could be killed without any punishment for the killers. Exiles who failed to leave Iceland became outlaws.
2678:
1447:
1218:, or "Snorri the Priest." The emphasis on justice and the conviction in their system of governance is reflected within the saga: "They say we shall suffer setbacks in court; we must plead for support from powerful chieftains: but Arnkel will argue an eloquent case, he will sway judge and jury – I have faith in justice."
1323:(chieftains) functioned more as a contractual relationship than a fixed geographic chieftaincy. However, by 1220 this form of communal leadership was replaced by dominant regional individuals who battled with one another for more control. One historian argues the chaos and violence of this period stem from an
1404:
The legal system's administration, insofar as it had one, lay in the hands of a parliament of about 40 officers whom historians call, however inadequately, "chieftains". This parliament had no budget and no employees; it met only two weeks per year. In addition to their parliamentary role, chieftains
1221:
Chieftains were highly reliant on the support of farmers in their domain in the 11th and 12th centuries, and did thus not have princely powers or subjects in the districts that they represented. Around 1190, the number of chieftaincies declined and power started to centralize in individual chieftains
1352:
may have increased the wealth of chieftains that controlled the churches. The introduction of pitched battles and harassment of farmers on a regional basis raised the stakes and dangers, which may have incentivized consolidation. An increase in population along with a resource shortage may have made
1426:
The data available for comparing living standards in
Iceland and other territories in medieval Europe—data on human height, wages, and population growth—are sparse, crude, and therefore challenging to interpret. But a basic picture is apparent nonetheless and suggests a negative conclusion if not a
1225:
According to historian Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, "a chieftain based his power on his personal qualities, his wealth, friends, assembly men, kinsmen and in-laws. The cleverest, the most helpful, the wealthiest and the most generous became the most powerful ones." Historian Árni Daniel Júliusson further
1232:
Slavery was practiced in
Iceland from settlement to the early 12th century. Icelandic law allowed individuals guilty of theft or failure to pay debts to be enslaved. Slaves were allowed to marry and have children, which meant that a class of slaves could self-perpetuate. Slavery likely declined in
1168:
Historian Birgir
Solvason states that Icelandic society was "more peaceful and cooperative than its contemporaries". In England and Norway, by contrast, "the period from about 800 to 1200 is a period of continuous struggle; high in both violence and killings". Historian Jón Viðar Sigurðsson argues
1090:
also served as the leaders of the Alþingi, the national assembly of
Iceland. Today, the Alþingi is the oldest parliamentary institution in existence. It began with the regional assembly at Kjalarness established by Þorsteinn Ingólfsson, son of the first settler. The leaders of the Kjalarnessþing
1360:
to bring the country under his rule. He commissioned
Icelandic chieftains to become part of his body of retainers and to pursue his interests in Iceland. The King's role in Icelandic affairs started in 1220, and had become strong by 1240 (Icelanders were starting to accept the King's choice of
1413:
It is difficult to draw any conclusion from the
Icelandic experience concerning the viability of systems of private enforcement in the twentieth century. Even if Icelandic institutions worked well then, they might not work in a larger and more interdependent society. And whether the Icelandic
1271:, the average battle involved fewer than 1000 men, with an average casualty rate of only 15%. This relatively low casualty rate might be attributed to the blood-feud mentality which permeated Icelandic society, which meant that the defeated army could not honourably be slaughtered to a man.
1396:, "Medieval Icelandic institutions have several peculiar and interesting characteristics; they might almost have been invented by a mad economist to test the lengths to which market systems could supplant government in its most fundamental functions." While not directly labeling it
1255:. Icelandic military tradition of the time closely followed developments in Norway. No organized cavalry formations or formations of troops equipped with projectile weapons are recorded: instead the bulk of the forces were formed in units of light, medium and heavy
993:) established a common legal code and settled judicial disputes at the Althing, a national assembly. However, there was no executive body in Iceland that enforced the legal code. The Icelandic Commonwealth has consequently been characterized as a
1015:
The medieval
Icelandic state had a unique judicial structure. The first settlers of Iceland were greatly influenced by their Norwegian roots when creating their own form of government. They wanted to avoid the strong centralized authority of
1414:
institutions did work well is a matter of controversy; the sagas are perceived by many as portraying an essentially violent and unjust society, tormented by constant feuding. It is difficult to tell whether such judgments are correct."
1361:
chieftains). Over the period 1240–1260, the King consolidated power in
Iceland. A combination of discontent with domestic hostilities and pressure from the King of Norway led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Norway's
1095:
to study the laws in Norway. He spent three years in Norway and returned with the foundation of Úlfljótr's Law, which would form the basis for
Iceland's national assembly. Sections of his law code are preserved in the
1301:, the first tax introduced in Iceland. The church became the second unifying institution in the country after the Althing. Continuing similar patterns from the pre-Christian era, church estates could be owned by
1348:. The separation of secular and ecclesiastical power led some families and regional networks to become stronger at the expense of others, leading to an imbalance of power. The introduction of
3185:
2535:
3506:
3501:
1376:
By 1264, all Icelandic chieftains had sworn allegiance to the King of Norway. The end of the Icelandic Commonwealth is typically dated to the Old Covenant (1262–1264) or to the
1188:
Knowledge of the system of government in medieval Iceland stems mainly from two main primary sources: the written law code, and Íslendingabók, or the Book of the Icelanders by
2069:
1427:
positive one. Living standards in state-governed medieval Europe do not seem to have been higher than they were in Iceland. Anarcho-capitalists, it seems, are not insane.
1104:, ("Assembly Plains"). The Alþingi served as a public gathering at which people from all over the country met for two weeks every June. The Alþingi revolved around the
3232:
2370:
1251:
owed them military service. They were organized into platoons or companies based on their social status and equipment, and these formed expeditionary armies or
3290:
1435:
argued that the Icelandic Commonwealth saw significant economic and social progress in the absence of systems of criminal law, an executive, or bureaucracy.
929:
63:
1324:
1173:
in 1000, the Alþingi outlawed public celebration of pagan rituals and decreed that in order to prevent an invasion, all Icelanders must be baptized.
2663:
823:
2522:
785:
1596:
2207:
2116:
1696:
1108:, the legislative council of the assembly, which was responsible for reviewing and amending the nation's laws. The Lögrétta comprised the 39
2435:
1833:
3496:
3452:
2906:
2628:
681:
2315:
3491:
2851:
3225:
2346:
3320:
744:
207:
2755:
2715:
1020:
from which some of them had fled, but they also wanted to replicate the Norwegian tradition of laws and district legal assemblies (
998:
643:
498:
261:
2062:
2570:
2471:
1479:
922:
867:
2633:
714:
1263:
distributed among the infantry units, operating as light support skirmishers. Before the end of the Commonwealth, at least 21
1169:
that the introduction of Christianity to Iceland illustrates how effective and significant arbitration was in Iceland. At the
505:
2710:
872:
814:
2213:
2122:
1702:
1333:
had been at least 39 early in the Icelandic Commonwealth, a few powerful families had consolidated control over most of the
3275:
3218:
2957:
2775:
2590:
566:
1926:
1767:
Short, William Rhuel. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &, 2010. Print.
3280:
2871:
2515:
833:
769:
3367:
405:
3014:
2735:
2648:
2608:
2565:
2560:
1280:
1242:
1170:
915:
897:
877:
862:
760:
614:
536:
2362:
1229:
Peasant rebellions, traditionally defined, never occurred in Iceland, even though peasant unrest was fairly common.
1222:
controlling larger regions of the country. By ca 1220, the country was a loose federation of 10–12 regional powers.
3335:
3260:
3149:
3144:
2765:
2745:
2725:
2466:
2108:
1663:
195:
1192:. The impact of the legislative and judicial systems on Icelandic settlers is a common theme in many of the other
3099:
2916:
2816:
2796:
2760:
2720:
2580:
882:
321:
3345:
3325:
417:
231:
2921:
2750:
3270:
2156:
1997:
1726:"the Civilisation of the First Icelandic Colonists, with a short account of some of their manners and customs"
1317:, the Commonwealth began to suffer from chaos and division resulting from internal disputes. Originally, the
3361:
3109:
3089:
3031:
2876:
2861:
2653:
2643:
2508:
1290:
795:
750:
273:
3417:
3265:
3255:
2947:
2891:
2575:
1286:
975:
724:
653:
369:
3407:
3340:
1051:
was not delimited by strict geographical boundaries. Thus, a free man could choose to support any of the
690:
3159:
3129:
3041:
2811:
2623:
2598:
2337:
Friedman, David D. (28 February 2015). "Private Law Enforcement, Medieval Iceland, and Libertarianism".
2013:
1852:
1741:
1489:
1214:
details the transition from paganism to Christianity within Icelandic settlement under the direction of
672:
583:
345:
309:
285:
3330:
381:
357:
333:
297:
219:
3241:
3124:
3056:
3036:
3000:
2911:
2866:
2806:
2770:
2740:
2686:
2618:
2397:"Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective"
1368:
1314:
1294:
1268:
623:
605:
1297:
was installed as bishop, the power and wealth of the church quickly grew due to the introduction of
3402:
3061:
3026:
2990:
2985:
2896:
2839:
2801:
2780:
2613:
1494:
1484:
1125:
857:
662:
3379:
3373:
3315:
3310:
3178:
3076:
3051:
2995:
2952:
2935:
2856:
2821:
2730:
2705:
2638:
2552:
2543:
2427:
2396:
2307:
1826:
1729:
1655:
1647:
1588:
1518:
1474:
1466:
1397:
1226:
notes that the food production of the peasantry was the "basis of political and military power".
1086:
of the thirteen district assemblies convened meetings every spring to settle local disputes. The
971:
959:
734:
545:
183:
135:
118:
44:
3385:
2962:
1176:
In 1117, the law code of the Icelandic Commonwealth was put into writing, becoming known as the
1785:
Karlsson, Gunnar. The History of Iceland. Minneapolis Minn.: Univ. of Minneapolis, 2000. Print.
3114:
3104:
2970:
2419:
2342:
2299:
2279:
2203:
2112:
1776:
Guðmundur, Hálfdanarson. Historical Dictionary of Iceland. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2008. Print.
1692:
1639:
1580:
1393:
1130:
1097:
994:
77:
3305:
3194:
3154:
3139:
3134:
3066:
2886:
2411:
2291:
2259:
2251:
2104:
Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation
1631:
1572:
441:
393:
633:
3119:
2026:
1865:
1754:
1460:
1432:
1419:
1193:
1189:
1177:
1017:
556:
126:
1204:
1827:"ÍSLENDINGABÓK — KRISTNI SAGA: THE BOOK OF THE ICELANDERS — THE STORY OF THE CONVERSION"
3199:
2975:
2881:
2039:
Birgir Loftsson (2006), Hernaðarsaga Íslands : 1170–1581, Pjaxi. Reykjavík; pg. 76
1878:
Palsson, Herman, and Paul Edwards. Eyrbyggja Saga. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989. Print.
1452:
1389:
1377:
1260:
1215:
1210:
1092:
902:
778:
2461:
1154:). This judicial body of Iceland consisted of 36 judges, each appointed by one of the
1100:, ("Book of Settlements"). The first Alþingi assembly convened around the year 930 at
3485:
3094:
2431:
1659:
1592:
1198:
1101:
104:
90:
2311:
17:
2980:
2252:
1620:"Heaven is a Place on Earth: Church and Sacred Space in Thirteenth-Century Iceland"
80:
3437:
3084:
2495:
1576:
2197:
2102:
1686:
1560:
1252:
1233:
the second half of the 12th century and was extremely rare by the 15th century.
2341:(3rd ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 203–204.
3046:
1918:
1442:
1121:
1113:
242:
156:
3467:
3454:
2423:
2303:
1643:
1584:
989:
The Icelandic Commonwealth had a unique political system whereby chieftains (
1725:
1688:
Economic Behavior and Institutions: Principles of Neoinstitutional Economics
1526:
1362:
100:
1561:"All the King's men. The incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian Realm"
2415:
1994:"Frá þrælahaldi til landeigendavalds: Íslenskt miðaldasamfélag, 1100–1400"
2658:
1342:
There are several factors that may have resulted in the consolidation of
1264:
1256:
1162:
805:
152:
1651:
1619:
3432:
3427:
3210:
2901:
2677:
2531:
1733:
1120:) once every three years. The Lawspeaker recited and clarified laws at
1028:
1010:
955:
951:
523:
431:
147:
1327:
and changes in the nature of Icelandic warfare. Whereas the number of
1124:("Law Rock"), located at the center of Þingvellir. The descendants of
3412:
2199:
Viking Friendship: The Social Bond in Iceland and Norway, c. 900–1300
1635:
1357:
979:
967:
1967:
2500:
2295:
2148:
1993:
1349:
1298:
983:
163:
997:. During the 13th century, Iceland came under the control of the
1128:, the first settler of Iceland, held the ceremonial position of
3214:
2504:
1079:
were also required to attend regional and national assemblies.
2496:
Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power by Jesse L. Byock
2280:"Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case"
1356:
The King of Norway began to exert pressure on his Icelandic
1142:
Iceland was divided into four administrative regions called
1208:
give many details, but their accuracy has been disputed.
1293:, who was elected by the Althing in 1056. After his son
1027:
The most powerful and elite leaders in Iceland were the
1134:
and had the role of sanctifying the Alþingi each year.
1409:
Summarizing his research, Friedman concludes in part:
1150:. The Alþingi was made up of the four Quarter Courts (
986:, Iceland was an uninhabited island until around 874.
2149:"The Process of State-Formation in Medieval Iceland"
2063:"The Rise and Decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth"
3395:
3354:
3298:
3248:
3075:
3013:
2934:
2838:
2789:
2698:
2685:
2589:
2551:
2542:
1161:Penalties often included financial compensation or
519:
464:
451:
437:
427:
411:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
279:
267:
255:
241:
225:
213:
201:
189:
177:
162:
146:
111:
96:
86:
73:
34:
2183:Chieftains and Power in the Icelandic Commonwealth
1950:Chieftains and Power in the Icelandic Commonwealth
1812:Chieftains and Power in the Icelandic Commonwealth
1797:Chieftains and Power in the Icelandic Commonwealth
1267:and castles had been built in Iceland. During the
1424:
1411:
1402:
1366:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1318:
3507:States and territories established in the 930s
1418:A 2021 study by economists Vincent Geloso and
3502:States and territories disestablished in 1262
3226:
2516:
1146:(farthings). Each of these was ruled by nine
923:
8:
1691:. Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
1305:who would then get a portion of the tithe.
68:Location of Iceland (modern day boundaries)
3233:
3219:
3211:
3019:
2940:
2844:
2695:
2691:
2548:
2523:
2509:
2501:
2395:Geloso, Vincent; Leeson, Peter T. (2021).
1112:and their advisors. They also appointed a
930:
916:
530:
62:
31:
1063:("assembly people"). In exchange for the
2202:. Cornell University Press. p. 71.
1353:commoners more dependent on chieftains.
978:in 1262. With the probable exception of
777:
1544:
1511:
1055:of his district. The supporters of the
544:
533:
2022:
2011:
1861:
1850:
1750:
1739:
2390:
2388:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2176:
2174:
2142:
2140:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
1961:
1959:
1384:Contemporary libertarian perspectives
950:, was the political unit existing in
463:
450:
446:
410:
398:
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
250:
240:
224:
212:
200:
188:
176:
172:
161:
7:
2474:from the original on 25 October 2022
2373:from the original on 8 December 2015
2075:from the original on 14 October 2020
1929:from the original on 29 January 2017
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1024:). This created a unique structure.
2159:from the original on 20 August 2023
2061:Fridrikson, Fridrik (August 1982).
2000:from the original on 20 August 2023
1724:Jon A. Hjaltalin (1 January 1868).
1705:from the original on 20 August 2023
1666:from the original on 9 January 2022
1599:from the original on 20 August 2023
1071:would provide armed support to his
2441:from the original on 19 April 2021
2318:from the original on 18 April 2021
2125:from the original on 23 April 2023
1839:from the original on 12 April 2013
25:
2460:Costa, Daniel (21 October 2022).
954:between the establishment of the
3289:
2676:
1480:History of Icelandic nationality
1459:
1445:
555:
503:
2363:"The Vikings Were Libertarians"
2216:from the original on 2 May 2023
1565:Scandinavian Journal of History
1313:In the early 13th century, the
1075:during feuds or conflicts. The
2196:Sigurdsson, Jon Vidar (2017).
2181:Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (1999).
1948:Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (1999).
1919:"Hvers vegna féll þjóðveldið?"
1810:Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (1999).
1795:Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar (1999).
1365:as king by the signing of the
1067:protecting his interests, the
27:c. 930 – 1262 state in Iceland
1:
1577:10.1080/03468755.2021.1961856
567:Timeline of Icelandic history
457:
54:
2284:The Journal of Legal Studies
1685:Eggertsson, Thrainn (1990).
770:Allied occupation of Iceland
139:(lack of faith in any deity)
3497:Medieval history of Iceland
2235:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2016).
2147:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2001).
1968:"Peasant Unrest in Iceland"
1903:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2016).
1888:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2016).
1618:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2010).
1559:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2021).
1339:in the late 12th century.
1281:Christianization of Iceland
1243:Military history of Iceland
1171:Christianisation of Iceland
966:) in 930 and the pledge of
761:British invasion of Iceland
453:• Alþingi established
389:• 1215–1218/1222–1231
322:Gunnar Þorgrímsson the Wise
305:• 1054–1062/1072–1074
3523:
3492:Former countries in Europe
3346:Eyjólfur ofsi Þorsteinsson
2664:2008–2011 financial crisis
2404:Revue d'économie politique
2109:Princeton University Press
1278:
1240:
1008:
466:• Norwegian kingship
3321:Þórður kakali Sighvatsson
3287:
3172:
3022:
2943:
2847:
2694:
2674:
2250:Karlsson, Gunnar (2000).
2239:. Sögufélag. p. 255.
1907:. Sögufélag. p. 145.
1082:On a regional level, the
478:
474:
447:
423:
251:
237:
208:Þórður kakali Sighvatsson
173:
61:
53:
2852:Administrative divisions
2339:The Machinery of Freedom
2278:Friedman, David (1979).
1966:Júliusson, Árni Daniel.
1892:. Sögufélag. p. 13.
262:Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði
3336:Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson
2467:Encyclopædia Britannica
796:Iceland in the Cold War
196:Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson
3423:Icelandic Commonwealth
3368:Battle of Örlygsstaðir
2254:The History of Iceland
2101:Bagge, Sverre (2014).
2021:Cite journal requires
1860:Cite journal requires
1825:GRØNLIE, SIÂN (2006).
1749:Cite journal requires
1429:
1416:
1407:
1367:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1184:Life within the system
1091:appointed a man named
963:
944:Icelandic Commonwealth
595:Icelandic Commonwealth
401:• 1248–1250/1252
317:• 1063–1065/1075
122:(official before 1000)
36:Icelandic Commonwealth
3355:Battles and conflicts
2634:Independence Movement
2629:Danish trade monopoly
2416:10.3917/redp.306.0115
1490:Settlement of Iceland
1247:The followers of the
1039:). The office of the
982:Irish monks known as
868:Icelandic nationality
779:Invader relationships
715:Independence movement
682:Danish trade monopoly
584:Settlement of Iceland
130:(official after 1000)
97:Common languages
3242:Age of the Sturlungs
2462:"Anarcho-capitalism"
1992:Jakobsson, Sverrir.
1624:Scandinavian Studies
1315:Age of the Sturlungs
1291:Ísleifur Gissurarson
1269:Age of the Sturlungs
948:Icelandic Free State
946:, also known as the
813:
804:
786:Founding of republic
768:
759:
743:
680:
671:
652:
632:
613:
604:
370:Úlfhéðinn Gunnarsson
164:Important chieftains
18:Icelandic Free State
3464: /
3408:Hallvarður gullskór
3403:Haakon IV of Norway
3341:Brandur Kolbeinsson
2185:. pp. 208–216.
1495:Sagas of Icelanders
1378:adoption of Jónsbók
432:Lögrétta of Alþingi
3380:Battle of Haugsnes
3374:Battle of the Gulf
3331:Gissur Þorvaldsson
3316:Sturla Sighvatsson
3311:Sighvatr Sturluson
3052:Icelandic Language
1485:Icelandic nobility
1475:History of Iceland
1467:Middle Ages portal
1398:anarcho-capitalist
1325:imbalance of power
1287:Bishop of Skalholt
735:Kingdom of Iceland
346:Sighvatur Surtsson
310:Gellir Bolverksson
286:Steinn Þorgestsson
220:Gissur Þorvaldsson
184:Sturla Sighvatsson
119:Old Norse religion
3446:
3445:
3362:Battle of Víðines
3208:
3207:
3168:
3167:
3009:
3008:
2930:
2929:
2907:Political parties
2872:Foreign relations
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2672:
2671:
2209:978-1-5017-0848-0
2118:978-1-4008-5010-5
1698:978-0-521-34891-1
1531:Íslands þjóðveldi
1523:Þjóðveldið Ísland
1394:David D. Friedman
1388:According to the
1259:, with bowmen or
999:Kingdom of Norway
995:stateless society
940:
939:
834:COVID-19 pandemic
529:
528:
515:
514:
511:
510:
499:Kingdom of Norway
382:Bergþór Hrafnsson
377:• 1117–1122
365:• 1108–1116
358:Markús Skeggjason
353:• 1084–1107
341:• 1076–1083
334:Kolbeinn Flosason
329:• 1066–1071
298:Þorkell Tjörvason
293:• 1034–1053
281:• 1031–1033
274:Skapti Þóroddsson
269:• 1004–1030
227:• 1214–1284
215:• 1208–1268
203:• 1210–1256
191:• 1208–1245
179:• 1199–1238
127:Roman Catholicism
48:
40:Þjóðveldið Ísland
16:(Redirected from
3514:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3326:Sturla Þórðarson
3306:Snorri Sturluson
3293:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3188:
3181:
3145:National costume
3020:
2966:
2941:
2845:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2609:Christianization
2549:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2153:www.academia.edu
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2048:Birgir Loftsson
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:www.academia.edu
1963:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1636:10.2307/40920892
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1556:
1533:
1516:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1422:concluded that:
1372:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1309:Decline and fall
1196:. Works such as
1126:Ingólfr Arnarson
932:
925:
918:
878:Military history
863:Economic history
824:Financial crisis
691:Eruption of Laki
615:Christianization
601:
559:
549:
531:
507:
506:
495:
494:
480:
479:
459:
442:High Middle Ages
418:Sturla Þórðarson
406:Ólafur Þórðarson
394:Snorri Sturluson
257:• 985–1001
232:Sturla Þórðarson
131:
123:
66:
56:
42:
32:
21:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3391:
3386:Flugumýri Arson
3350:
3299:Goði chieftains
3294:
3285:
3244:
3239:
3209:
3204:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3164:
3150:Public holidays
3071:
3005:
2964:
2926:
2887:Law enforcement
2826:
2785:
2681:
2668:
2585:
2538:
2529:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2020:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1923:Vísindavefurinn
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1748:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1433:Bruce L. Benson
1420:Peter T. Leeson
1386:
1311:
1283:
1277:
1245:
1239:
1194:Icelandic sagas
1190:Ari the Learned
1186:
1178:Gray Goose Laws
1140:
1043:was called the
1018:Harald Fairhair
1013:
1007:
936:
907:
889:
888:
887:
852:
844:
843:
840:
839:
829:
819:
810:
801:
791:
781:
774:
765:
756:
740:
730:
720:
709:
701:
700:
697:
696:
686:
677:
668:
658:
649:
639:
638:
629:
619:
610:
600:
592:
589:
578:
547:
540:
504:
467:
454:
414:
402:
390:
378:
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
306:
294:
282:
270:
258:
228:
216:
204:
192:
180:
142:
129:
121:
69:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:Vatnsfirðingar
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Nasdaq Iceland
2973:
2968:
2960:
2958:Communications
2955:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:Prime Minister
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:Municipalities
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Constituencies
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:National parks
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Extreme points
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:External links
2488:
2486:
2485:
2452:
2410:(6): 957–974.
2384:
2354:
2348:978-1507785607
2347:
2329:
2296:10.1086/467615
2290:(2): 399–415.
2265:
2242:
2227:
2208:
2188:
2170:
2136:
2117:
2111:. p. 45.
2086:
2053:
2041:
2032:
2023:|journal=
1984:
1955:
1952:. p. 211.
1940:
1910:
1895:
1880:
1871:
1862:|journal=
1817:
1814:. p. 170.
1802:
1799:. p. 168.
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:|journal=
1716:
1697:
1677:
1610:
1571:(5): 571–592.
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1453:Iceland portal
1440:
1437:
1385:
1382:
1369:Gamli sáttmáli
1310:
1307:
1279:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1238:
1235:
1211:Eyrbyggja saga
1185:
1182:
1152:fjórðungsdómur
1139:
1136:
1131:allsherjargoði
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
972:Norwegian king
938:
937:
935:
934:
927:
920:
912:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
880:
875:
873:Jewish history
870:
865:
860:
854:
853:
851:Related topics
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
830:
827:
820:
817:
815:Anti-NATO riot
811:
808:
802:
799:
792:
789:
782:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
754:
747:
741:
738:
731:
728:
721:
718:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
694:
687:
684:
678:
675:
669:
666:
659:
656:
650:
647:
644:Norwegian rule
640:
636:
630:
627:
620:
617:
611:
608:
602:
598:
590:
587:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
570:
569:
561:
560:
552:
551:
542:
541:
534:
527:
526:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
501:
492:
489:
488:
483:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
455:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
438:Historical era
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
412:
409:
408:
403:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
385:
384:
379:
376:
373:
372:
367:
364:
361:
360:
355:
352:
349:
348:
343:
340:
337:
336:
331:
328:
325:
324:
319:
316:
313:
312:
307:
304:
301:
300:
295:
292:
289:
288:
283:
280:
277:
276:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
234:
229:
226:
223:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
205:
202:
199:
198:
193:
190:
187:
186:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
160:
159:
150:
144:
143:
141:
140:
132:
124:
115:
113:
109:
108:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
51:
50:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3519:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3281:Svínfellingar
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2922:Supreme Court
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1854:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1431:Friedman and
1428:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1005:Goðorð system
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
913:
911:
910:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
892:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
848:
847:
836:
835:
831:
826:
825:
821:
816:
812:
807:
803:
798:
797:
793:
788:
787:
783:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
752:
748:
746:
742:
737:
736:
732:
727:
726:
722:
717:
716:
712:
711:
705:
704:
693:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
645:
641:
635:
631:
626:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:
603:
597:
596:
591:
586:
585:
581:
580:
574:
573:
568:
565:
564:
563:
562:
558:
554:
553:
550:
543:
538:
532:
525:
522:
520:Today part of
518:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
491:
490:
487:
484:
482:
481:
477:
473:
469:
456:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
407:
404:
395:
392:
383:
380:
371:
368:
359:
356:
347:
344:
335:
332:
323:
320:
311:
308:
299:
296:
287:
284:
275:
272:
263:
260:
246:
244:
236:
233:
230:
221:
218:
209:
206:
197:
194:
185:
182:
168:
165:
158:
154:
151:
149:
145:
138:
137:
133:
128:
125:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:Old Icelandic
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
76:
72:
65:
60:
52:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3448:
3422:
3418:Old Covenant
3249:Family clans
3110:Coat of arms
3090:Architecture
3032:Demographics
2981:Nordic model
2877:Human rights
2862:Constitution
2644:World War II
2619:Sturlung Era
2604:Commonwealth
2603:
2476:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2407:
2403:
2377:14 September
2375:. Retrieved
2367:Lew Rockwell
2366:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2287:
2283:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2198:
2191:
2182:
2161:. Retrieved
2152:
2127:. Retrieved
2103:
2077:. Retrieved
2056:
2049:
2044:
2035:
2014:cite journal
2002:. Retrieved
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1949:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1853:cite journal
1841:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1742:cite journal
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1627:
1623:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1568:
1564:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1387:
1375:
1355:
1341:
1312:
1302:
1284:
1248:
1246:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1209:
1205:Laxdæla saga
1203:
1197:
1187:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:Court system
1129:
1118:lögsögumaður
1117:
1109:
1105:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:were called
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1014:
990:
988:
976:Old Covenant
947:
943:
941:
832:
822:
794:
784:
751:World War II
749:
745:Act of Union
733:
723:
713:
689:
661:
654:Old Covenant
642:
624:Sturlung era
622:
594:
593:
582:
486:Succeeded by
485:
413:• 1251
134:
81:commonwealth
39:
29:
3471: /
3261:Ásbirningar
2948:Agriculture
2892:LGBT rights
2711:Earthquakes
2624:Reformation
2614:Aristocracy
2576:Prohibition
2571:Nationality
2322:30 December
2258:. pp.
1977:12 February
1843:13 February
1630:(1): 1–20.
1390:libertarian
1216:Snorri Goði
1098:Landnámabók
858:Aristocracy
725:Prohibition
673:Reformation
663:Danish rule
577:Middle ages
546:History of
428:Legislature
3486:Categories
3266:Oddaverjar
3256:Sturlungar
3160:Television
3130:Mass media
3125:Literature
3047:Icelanders
3042:Healthcare
2965:(currency)
2902:Parliament
2812:Localities
2776:Waterfalls
2599:Settlement
2478:25 October
2237:Auðnaróðal
2163:18 January
1905:Auðnaróðal
1890:Auðnaróðal
1540:References
1285:The first
1265:fortresses
1241:See also:
1199:Njáls saga
1144:fjörðungar
1114:Lawspeaker
1102:Þingvellir
1029:chieftains
838:2020–2022
828:2008–2011
809:1948–1976
800:1947–1991
773:1940–1945
755:1939–1944
739:1918–1944
729:1915–1989
719:1809–1847
708:Modern era
695:1783–1785
685:1602–1874
676:1536–1627
667:1380–1918
648:1262–1380
637:1178–1297
634:Staðamálin
628:1180–1264
243:Lawspeaker
148:Demonym(s)
91:Þingvellir
3468:65°N 18°W
3413:Vassalage
3271:Haukdælir
3057:Languages
3037:Education
3001:Transport
2986:Outvasion
2912:President
2867:Elections
2807:Farthings
2790:Political
2771:Volcanoes
2741:Highlands
2687:Geography
2432:235008718
2424:0373-2630
2304:0047-2530
2220:3 January
2129:2 January
2079:5 October
2004:3 January
1933:2 January
1709:9 January
1670:9 January
1660:159404976
1644:0036-5637
1593:238770622
1585:0346-8755
1527:Old Norse
1519:Icelandic
1501:Citations
1392:theorist
1380:in 1281.
1363:Haakon IV
1253:leiðangrs
974:with the
960:Icelandic
618:999–1118
606:Farthings
599:930–1262
157:Icelandic
112:Religion
101:Old Norse
78:Stateless
45:Icelandic
3396:Politics
3195:Category
3062:Religion
3027:Abortion
2991:Taxation
2897:Military
2840:Politics
2802:Counties
2781:Wildlife
2736:Glaciers
2659:Cod Wars
2654:Cold War
2649:Invasion
2591:Timeline
2566:Military
2561:Economic
2553:By topic
2536:articles
2472:Archived
2445:12 April
2436:Archived
2371:Archived
2316:Archived
2312:59062557
2214:Archived
2157:Archived
2123:Archived
2070:Archived
1998:Archived
1927:Archived
1834:Archived
1703:Archived
1664:Archived
1652:40920892
1603:8 August
1597:Archived
1439:See also
1275:Religion
1261:slingers
1257:infantry
1202:and the
1163:outlawry
1106:Lögrétta
1093:Úlfljótr
1077:Þingmenn
1069:Þingmaðr
1061:Þingmenn
980:hermitic
898:Category
806:Cod Wars
588:870–930
537:a series
535:Part of
136:goðlauss
57:930–1262
3473:65; -18
3433:Alþingi
3428:Jarldom
3179:Outline
3115:Cuisine
3077:Culture
3015:Society
2996:Tourism
2953:Banking
2936:Economy
2857:Cabinet
2822:Regions
2766:Valleys
2746:Islands
2731:Geology
2726:Forests
2706:Climate
2699:Natural
2639:Kingdom
2544:History
2532:Iceland
2050:op.cit.
1734:3014256
1358:vassals
1299:tithing
1237:Warfare
1122:Lögberg
1031:(sing.
970:to the
964:Alþingi
956:Althing
952:Iceland
548:Iceland
524:Iceland
166:(goðar)
103:(later
87:Capital
3438:Goðorð
3388:(1253)
3382:(1246)
3376:(1244)
3370:(1238)
3364:(1208)
3200:Portal
3105:Cinema
3085:Anthem
2971:Energy
2963:Króna
2761:Rivers
2721:Fjords
2581:Rulers
2534:
2430:
2422:
2345:
2310:
2302:
2206:
2115:
1732:
1695:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1591:
1583:
1345:goðorð
1336:goðorð
1295:Gissur
1049:goðorð
1047:. The
1045:goðorð
1035:, pl.
968:fealty
903:Portal
883:Rulers
539:on the
247:
169:
74:Status
3186:Index
3155:Sport
3140:Names
3135:Music
3100:Chess
3067:Women
2751:Lakes
2439:(PDF)
2428:S2CID
2400:(PDF)
2308:S2CID
2073:(PDF)
2066:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1730:JSTOR
1656:S2CID
1648:JSTOR
1589:S2CID
1506:Notes
1350:tithe
1330:goðar
1320:goðar
1303:goðar
1249:goðar
1156:goðar
1148:goðar
1110:goðar
1088:goðar
1084:goðar
1057:goðar
1053:goðar
1037:goðar
991:goðar
984:Papar
818:1949
790:1944
764:1940
657:1262
153:Norse
3459:18°W
3456:65°N
3120:Flag
2480:2022
2447:2023
2420:ISSN
2379:2015
2343:ISBN
2324:2016
2300:ISSN
2262:–83.
2222:2022
2204:ISBN
2165:2016
2131:2022
2113:ISBN
2081:2020
2027:help
2006:2017
1979:2016
1935:2017
1866:help
1845:2015
1755:help
1711:2022
1693:ISBN
1672:2022
1640:ISSN
1605:2021
1581:ISSN
1289:was
1073:goði
1065:goði
1041:goði
1033:goði
1022:Þing
1011:Goði
942:The
609:965
470:1262
3095:Art
2882:Law
2412:doi
2408:130
2292:doi
1632:doi
1573:doi
460:930
3488::
2470:.
2464:.
2434:.
2426:.
2418:.
2406:.
2402:.
2387:^
2369:.
2365:.
2314:.
2306:.
2298:.
2286:.
2282:.
2268:^
2260:82
2212:.
2173:^
2155:.
2151:.
2139:^
2121:.
2107:.
2089:^
2068:.
2018::
2016:}}
2012:{{
1996:.
1970:.
1958:^
1925:.
1921:.
1857::
1855:}}
1851:{{
1832:.
1746::
1744:}}
1740:{{
1728:.
1701:.
1662:.
1654:.
1646:.
1638:.
1628:82
1626:.
1622:.
1595:.
1587:.
1579:.
1569:46
1567:.
1563:.
1547:^
1529::
1525:,
1521::
1180:.
1001:.
962::
458:c.
155::
55:c.
3234:e
3227:t
3220:v
2524:e
2517:t
2510:v
2482:.
2449:.
2414::
2381:.
2351:.
2326:.
2294::
2288:8
2224:.
2167:.
2133:.
2083:.
2029:)
2025:(
2008:.
1981:.
1937:.
1868:)
1864:(
1847:.
1757:)
1753:(
1736:.
1713:.
1674:.
1634::
1607:.
1575::
1116:(
958:(
931:e
924:t
917:v
107:)
47:)
43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
