320:, under her pen name Higuchi Ichiyō. The stories from this first period (1892–1894) suffered from the excessive influence of Heian poetry. Higuchi felt compelled to demonstrate her classical literary training. The plots were thin, there was little development of character, and they were loaded down by excessive sentiment, especially when compared to what she was writing concurrently in her diary. However, her style developed rapidly. Several of her trademark themes appear: for example, the triangular relationship among a lonely, beautiful, young woman who has lost her parents, a handsome man who has abandoned her (and remains in the background), and a lonely and desperate ragamuffin who falls in love with her. Another theme Higuchi repeated was the ambition and cruelty of the Meiji middle class.
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305:, nor did she realize that he wrote popular literature which aimed to please the general public and in no way wished to be associated with serious literature. Her mentor did not return her love, and instead treated her as a younger sister. This failed relationship would become a recurrent theme in Higuchi's fiction.
261:
Her compulsion to write became evident by 1891 when she began to keep a diary in earnest. It would become hundreds of pages long, covering five years left of her life. With her feelings of social inferiority, her timidity, and the increasing poverty of her family, her diary was the place where she
431:
With these last stories, her fame spread throughout the Tokyo literary establishment. She was commended for her traditional style and was called "the last woman of the old Meiji" in reflection of her evocation of the past. In her modest home, she was visited by other writers, students of poetry,
285:) soon broke off their engagement. At the proposal of her teacher, she moved into the Haginoya as an apprentice, but left after a few months due to being unhappy with what she saw as an inordinate amount of household duties. Together with her mother and younger sister Kuniko, she moved to
254:. There, she received weekly poetry lessons and lectures on Japanese literature. There were also monthly poetry competitions in which all students, previous and current, were invited to participate. Poetry taught at this school was that of the conservative court poets of the
386:, a 17th-century writer, whose stories she had recently discovered. His distinctiveness lay in great part in his acceptance of low-life characters as worthwhile literary subjects. What Higuchi added was a special awareness of suffering and sensitivity. To this period belong
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Her initial efforts at writing fiction were in the form of a short story. In 1891, she met her future advisor, Tōsui
Nakarai, who she assumed would help connect her with editors. She fell in love with him without knowing that, at 31, he had a reputation as a
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In 1893, Higuchi, her mother, and her sister abandoned their middle-class house and moved to a poor neighborhood where they opened a stationery store that failed. Their new dwelling was a five-minute walk from Tokyo's red-light district
448:
At the time of her death, Higuchi left behind 21 short stories, nearly 4,000 poems (which are regarded being of lesser quality than her prose), numerous essays and a multivolume diary. The year refers to the date of first publication.
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admirers, critics, and editors requesting her collaboration. Due to constant interruptions and frequent headaches, Higuchi stopped writing. As her father and her oldest brother had before her, she contracted
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The stories of her mature period (1894–1896) were not only marked by her experience living near the red-light district and greater concern over the plight of women, but also by the influence of
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239:, but her father had managed to procure samurai status in 1867. Despite only enjoying the position for a short time before the samurai caste was abolished with the
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333:
in
November and December 1892, only nine months after she had started writing in earnest. Her work was noticed, and she was recognized as a promising new author.
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In 1889, two years after her oldest brother's death, her father died. Following a failed business investment by her father, finances were very tight. Her fiancé
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could assert herself. Her diaries were also a place for her to assert objectivity and included her views on literary art as well as others' views on her work.
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183:. She was Japan's first professional woman writer of modern literature, specializing in short stories and poetry, and was also an extensive
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297:(lit. "Bush warbler in the grove", 1888) and received abundant royalties, Higuchi decided to become a novelist to support her family.
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Higuchi's stories have been translated into a variety of languages. The first
English translation dates back as early as 1903 (
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258:. She felt inferior and unprepossessing among the other students, the great majority of whom came from the upper-class.
327:(lit. "In Obscurity") signaled Higuchi's arrival as a professional writer. It was published in the prestigious journal
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365:. Her experience living in this neighborhood would provide material for several of her later stories, especially
1765:"Happiness Foreclosed: Sentimentalism, the Suffering Heroine, and Social Critique in Higuchi Ichiyō's 'Jūsan'ya"
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district, where the women earned their income by sewing and laundry work. Seeing the success of a classmate,
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436:. She died on 23 November 1896 at the age of 24. She was buried in Tsukiji Hongan-ji Wadabori Cemetery in
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871:, by Tei Fujio). In 1981, a selection of nine of her stories appeared with new translations provided by
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Winston, Leslie (2004). "Female
Subject, Interrupted in Higuchi Ichiyō's 'The Thirteenth Night".
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Women
Writers of Meiji and Taishō Japan: Their Lives, Works and Critical Reception, 1868–1926
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1458:"Fiercely intelligent and unstoppably prolific, Hiromi Ito is a modern literary provocateur"
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and directed by
Kyotaro Namiki. Higuchi was also the protagonist of a theatre play by
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as of fall 2004, becoming the third woman to appear on a
Japanese banknote, after
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states her name as
Natsuko Higuchi, though she would often refer to herself as
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The Uses of Memory: The
Critique of Modernity in the Fiction of Higuchi Ichiyō
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Monument of
Higuchi Ichiyō in her hometown at the Jiunji or Jiun-ji Temple of
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on 2 May 1872 as the fourth child and second daughter of Noriyoshi Higuchi, a
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882:, in which all of Higuchi's works are written, into modern Japanese, like
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1486:にごり江 現代語訳 • 樋口一葉 (Nigorie: Modern language translation • Higuchi Ichiyō)
243:, growing up in a samurai household was a formative experience for her.
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In the Shade of Spring Leaves: The Life and Writings of Higuchi Ichiyō
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Ichiyō to Shigure—denki: Higuchi Ichiyō/Hasegawa Shigure denki sōsho
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1435:. Cambridge (MA) and London: Harvard University Press. p. 6.
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1513:. Translated by Enchi, Fumiko; Teiichi, Hirai. Tokyo: Kodansha.
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have been repeatedly adapted for film and television, notably
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Higuchi on the 5,000 yen bill, established on 1 November 2004.
281:(who later became a prosecutor, a judge, and the governor of
1538:. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 30.
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The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography
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In March 1892, she gave her literary debut with the story
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1052:(Shohan ed.). Shin Nihon Shuppansha. p. 10.
235:. Her parents were from a peasant community in nearby
1853:"List of available e-texts of Ichiyō Higuchi's works"
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The Modern Murasaki: Writing by Women of Meiji Japan
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1102:France-Japon : Bulletin mensuel d'information
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1099:Comité franco-japonais de Tokio (January 1936).
316:), published in the first issue of the magazine
250:poetry at the Haginoya, a private school run by
1893:"Ōtsugomori: The Last Day of the Year" (story)
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1670:Ortabasi, Melek; Copeland, Rebecca L. (2006).
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1586:"頭痛肩こり樋口一葉 (Zutsuu katakori Higuchi Ichiyō)"
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878:Some stories have also been translated from
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379:in the Edward Seidensticker translation).
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1674:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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375:in the Robert Lyons Danly translation,
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2017:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1763:Compernolle, Timothy J. Van. (2004).
1693:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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1049:Ichiyō Den: Higuchi Natsuko no Shōgai
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976:, which was first performed in 1984.
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1875:"Location of Ichiyō Higuchi's grave"
1636:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1509:Higuchi, Ichiyō; Ōgai, Mori (2009).
1431:Van Compernolle, Timothy J. (1996).
1041:
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82:, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Empire of Japan
2042:19th-century Japanese women writers
179:, was a Japanese writer during the
2037:Japanese women short story writers
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1511:たけくらべ・山椒大夫 (Nigorie, Sanshō Dayū)
964:, was released in 1939, starring
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1729:Japanese Language and Literature
960:A film based on Higuchi's life,
161:, 2 May 1872 – 23 November 1896)
2022:19th-century Japanese novelists
2047:19th-century Japanese diarists
1488:. Tokyo: Kawadeshobo Shinsha.
974:Zutsuu katakori Higuchi Ichiyō
187:. Her portrait appears on the
1:
1534:Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008).
1456:Kosaka, Kris (21 July 2018).
371:, (lit. "Comparing heights";
2032:People of Meiji-period Japan
2027:Tuberculosis deaths in Japan
1632:Danly, Robert Lyons (1981).
1615:Danly, Robert Lyons (1980).
1395:Ortabasi & Copeland 2006
1236:Ortabasi & Copeland 2006
1128:Ortabasi & Copeland 2006
246:In 1886, she began studying
1950:On the Last Day of the Year
1770:Journal of Japanese Studies
880:classical Japanese language
665:On the Last Day of the Year
394:On the Last Day of the Year
293:, who had written a novel,
229:
212:, and Ayame "Taki" Furuya.
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16:Japanese writer (1872–1896)
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2007:People from Chiyoda, Tokyo
1942:Encounters on a Dark Night
1653:Modern Japanese Literature
646:Encounters on a Dark Night
266:Efforts to become a writer
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1936:
1655:. New York: Grove Press.
1617:A Study of Higuchi Ichiyō
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1712:. Jefferson: McFarland.
1619:(PhD). Yale University.
1105:(in French). p. 40.
869:The Last Day of the Year
700:Teenagers Vying for Tops
669:The Last Day of the Year
58:
1708:Tanaka, Yukiko (2000).
1691:Modern Japanese Writers
1560:"樋口一葉 (Higuchi Ichiyō)"
940:An Inlet of Muddy Water
835:The Parting of the Ways
1806:Ikuta, Hanayo (1992).
1651:Keene, Donald (1956).
1046:Sawada, Akiko (2005).
1018:"樋口一葉 (Higuchi Ichiy)"
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214:Official documentation
96:Tokyo, Empire of Japan
1783:10.1353/jjs.2004.0078
610:The Sound of the Koto
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1966:The Thirteenth Night
1484:Itō, Hiromi (1996).
1409:, pp. vii–viii.
797:The Thirteenth Night
696:They Compare Heights
627:Clouds in Springtime
414:The Thirteenth Night
237:Yamanashi Prefecture
204:Higuchi was born in
1689:Rubin, Jay (2001).
1421:, pp. 333–334.
504:Jeweled Sleeve Band
2012:Writers from Tokyo
1810:. Tokyo: Ōzorasha.
894:'s translation of
886:'s translation of
873:Robert Lyons Danly
576:Dawn Moonlit Night
358:
350:
1984:
1983:
1719:978-0-78640-852-8
1700:978-0-68480-598-6
1681:978-0-23113-775-1
1662:978-0-80215-095-0
1643:978-0-30002-614-6
1545:978-0-8108-6004-9
1520:978-4-06-282651-8
1495:978-4-309-40732-6
1442:978-0-674-02272-0
1250:, pp. 28–29.
1226:, pp. 27–28.
1214:, pp. 26–27.
1202:, pp. 22–24.
1157:, pp. 16–18.
1145:, pp. 15–16.
521:Early Summer Rain
241:Meiji Restoration
189:5000 yen banknote
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1816:External links
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1777:(2): 353–381.
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295:Yabu no uguisu
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1373:, p. 63.
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1024:(in Japanese)
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995:, p. 11.
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21:Japanese name
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1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1863:. Retrieved
1858:Aozora Bunko
1856:
1844:Japan portal
1807:
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1609:Bibliography
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
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1568:. Retrieved
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1467:. Retrieved
1461:
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1359:Winston 2004
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1118:, p. 9.
1111:
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1086:, p. 3.
1048:
1026:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1007:, p. 7.
1000:
988:
973:
966:Isuzu Yamada
961:
959:
953:(1955, dir.
948:
945:Tadashi Imai
943:(1953, dir.
938:
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926:
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921:Her stories
920:
914:in 1881 and
908:yen banknote
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892:Fumiko Enchi
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859:Translations
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559:In Obscurity
558:
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434:tuberculosis
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256:Heian period
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92:(1896-11-23)
33:
28:
2002:1896 deaths
1997:1872 births
1977:(1895–1896)
1735:(1): 1–23.
1463:Japan Times
1371:Tanaka 2000
1320:Tanaka 2000
1170:Tanaka 2000
821:Wakaremichi
774:Muddy Water
593:A Snowy Day
422:Wakaremichi
418:Takekurabe,
291:Kaho Miyake
275: [
55:Native name
1991:Categories
1974:Takekurabe
1596:21 October
1570:17 October
1419:Danly 1981
1407:Danly 1981
1383:Danly 1981
1347:Keene 1956
1335:Danly 1981
1308:Danly 1981
1296:Danly 1981
1284:Danly 1981
1272:Danly 1981
1260:Danly 1980
1248:Danly 1981
1224:Danly 1981
1212:Danly 1981
1200:Danly 1981
1185:Danly 1981
1155:Danly 1981
1143:Danly 1981
1116:Danly 1981
1084:Danly 1981
1028:17 October
1005:Danly 1981
993:Danly 1981
980:References
950:Takekurabe
935:Takekurabe
923:Ōtsugomori
918:in 2000.
896:Takekurabe
884:Hiromi Itō
865:Ōtsugomori
814:This Child
692:Growing Up
677:Takekurabe
654:Ōtsugomori
617:Hanagomori
600:Koto no ne
583:Yuki no hi
494:Tamadasuki
477:Wakarejimo
460:Yamizakura
389:Ōtsugomori
377:Growing Up
368:Takekurabe
337:Last years
323:The story
310:Yamizakura
200:Early life
191:in Japan.
120:Occupation
77:2 May 1872
73:1872-05-02
1928:Works by
1799:143627738
1625:753731293
842:Ware kara
751:Temporary
724:Yuku kumo
440:, Tokyo.
363:Yoshiwara
318:Musashino
303:womanizer
195:Biography
181:Meiji era
1791:25064492
1590:Kotobank
1564:Kinenote
1068:58778303
1022:Kotobank
931:Jūsan'ya
786:Jūsan'ya
741:Utsusemi
532:Kyōzukue
525:May Rain
511:Samidare
438:Suginami
409:Jūsan'ya
165:pen name
145:Japanese
112:Pen name
19:In this
1958:Nigorie
1884:22 June
1865:22 June
1749:4141270
1469:22 June
927:Nigorie
888:Nigorie
852:From Me
804:Kono ko
759:Nigorie
549:Umoregi
399:Nigorie
325:Umoregi
210:samurai
185:diarist
153:Hepburn
107:, Tokyo
29:Higuchi
25:surname
1969:(1895)
1961:(1895)
1953:(1894)
1945:(1894)
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1789:
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1697:
1678:
1659:
1640:
1623:
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1492:
1439:
1066:
1056:
947:) and
902:Legacy
840:1896:
819:1896:
802:1896:
783:1895:
756:1895:
739:1895:
722:1895:
705:1895:
674:1895:
651:1894:
635:Yamiyo
632:1894:
615:1894:
598:1893:
581:1893:
564:1893:
547:1892:
530:1892:
509:1892:
492:1892:
475:1892:
458:1892:
128:Period
123:Writer
23:, the
1795:S2CID
1787:JSTOR
1745:JSTOR
867:, as
683:たけくらべ
660:大つごもり
347:Koshu
287:Hongō
279:]
224:樋口 奈津
206:Tokyo
174:樋口 一葉
149:樋口 夏子
132:Meiji
1886:2021
1867:2021
1714:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1621:OCLC
1598:2021
1572:2021
1540:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1471:2021
1437:ISBN
1064:OCLC
1054:ISBN
1030:2021
933:and
847:われから
826:わかれ道
765:にごりえ
746:うつせみ
712:軒もる月
622:花ごもり
554:うもれ木
537:経づくえ
420:and
248:waka
87:Died
65:Born
59:樋口一葉
1779:doi
1737:doi
957:).
890:or
833:or
809:この子
792:十三夜
776:or
729:ゆく雲
698:or
667:or
641:やみ夜
605:琴の音
588:雪の日
571:暁月夜
523:or
516:五月雨
482:別れ霜
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416:),
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1562:.
1460:.
1327:^
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499:玉襷
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