36:
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519:. Fish lacking this appendage were placed within the order Apodes; fish having abdominal, thoracic, or jugular pelvic fins were termed Abdominales, Thoracici, and Jugulares, respectively. However, these alterations were not grounded within evolutionary theory. Therefore, over a century was needed for
414:
The incremental alterations in navigation and shipbuilding throughout the
Renaissance marked the commencement of a new epoch in ichthyology. The Renaissance culminated with the era of exploration and colonization, and upon the cosmopolitan interest in navigation came the specialization in naturalism.
557:. This manuscript was published between 1828 and 1849 in a 22-volume series. This document describes 4,514 species of fish, 2,311 of these new to science. It remains one of the most ambitious treatises of the modern world. Scientific exploration of the Americas advanced knowledge of the remarkable
402:, signify the conception of modern ichthyology. The investigations of these individuals were based upon actual research in comparison to ancient recitations. This property popularized and emphasized these discoveries. Despite their prominence, Rondelet's
244:
who had learned how to obtain the most useful fish, where to obtain them in abundance, and at what times they might be the most available". Early cultures manifested these insights in abstract and identifiable artistic expressions.
484:, earned the title "father of ichthyology" through his indispensable advancements. Artedi contributed to Linnaeus's refinement of the principles of taxonomy. Furthermore, he recognized five additional
445:, a scientific manuscript containing 420 species of fish, 178 of these newly discovered. The fish contained within this informative literature were arranged in a provisional system of classification.
690:
664:
504:. Seba assembled a cabinet, or collection, of fish. He invited Artedi to use this assortment of fish; in 1735, Artedi fell into an Amsterdam canal and drowned at the age of 30.
818:
names, 2) Author of major reference work in ichthyology, 3) Founder of major journal or museum, 4) Person most notable for other reasons who has also worked in ichthyology.
1368:
Gudger, E. W. (1934). "The Five Great
Naturalists of the Sixteenth Century: Belon, Rondelet, Salviani, Gesner and Aldrovandi: A Chapter in the History of Ichthyology".
3402:
227:(with the advent of "high culture"). The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with various significant advancements.
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1559:
492:. Artedi developed standard methods for making counts and measurements of anatomical features that are modernly exploited. Another associate of Linnaeus,
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between 1859 and 1870, describing over 6,800 species and mentioning another 1,700. Generally considered one of the most influential ichthyologists,
737:
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57:
1931:
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The study of fish receives its origins from humans' desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. According to
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2700:
1961:
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to provide the intellectual foundation needed to perceive that the degree of similarity in taxonomic features was a consequence of
515:, which is in use by contemporary ichthyologists. Furthermore, he revised the orders introduced by Artedi, placing significance on
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made attempts to consolidate the knowledge of ichthyology. Cuvier summarized all of the available information in his monumental
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established his reputation through the study of freshwater fish and the first comprehensive treatment of palaeoichthyology,
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1002:
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1700:
1301:
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179:, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each year.
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approach became the systematic approach to the study of organisms, including fish. Linnaeus was a professor at the
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figure in the faunal documentation of North
America. They often traveled with one another. Rafinesque wrote
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incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific study. Between 333 and 322 BC, he provided the earliest
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1184:
1145:
1017:
967:
962:
899:
885:
570:
536:
379:
378:, respectively. Pliny's documentation was the last significant contribution to ichthyology until the
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2132:
2019:
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on amphibious fish. The Romans, although less devoted to science, wrote extensively about fish.
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Members of this list meet one or more of the following criteria: 1) Author of 50 or more fish
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and his contemporaries harvested the fish that are today sold in modern industry along the
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in 1648. This document contained a description of 100 species of fish indigenous to the
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2014:
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of fish: Malacopterygii, Acanthopterygii, Branchiostegi, Chondropterygii, and
117:
350:. After his death, some of his pupils continued his ichthyological research.
17:
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511:(1738). His refinement of taxonomy culminated in the development of the
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3442:
3010:
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2513:
2508:
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1994:
1946:
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1415:
618:
wrote 650 articles and books on the subject and served as president of
600:. In the 1840s, Agassiz moved to the United States, where he taught at
565:
was a student of Cuvier. He made a cabinet of fish dwelling within the
375:
371:
339:
297:
258:
172:
156:
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1389:
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is regarded as the most influential, identifying 244 species of fish.
3507:
3083:
2936:
2432:
1289:
880:
540:
477:
428:
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286:
253:
Informal, scientific descriptions of fish are represented within the
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1874:
1523:
1076:
943:
837:
815:
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282:
210:
2437:
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2024:
1577:
1568:
343:
215:
Fish represent approximately 8% of all figurative depictions on
160:
3384:
2682:
1541:
370:, including verifiable and ambiguous peculiarities such as the
2476:
2044:
261:
forbade the consumption of fish without scales or appendages.
29:
1335:
1302:
334:
classification of fish, accurately describing 117 species of
126:
Ichthyology covers a diverse range of body forms and sizes.
780:
2678:
507:
Linnaeus posthumously published Artedi's manuscripts as
1537:
1496:
A guide to learning and teaching ichthyology using the
1412:"Panhellenic Society of Technologists Ichthyologists"
734:
American
Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
665:
American
Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
714:
3851:
3334:
3271:
3246:
3154:
3145:
3072:
3022:
3009:
2935:
2729:
2568:
2501:
2408:
2370:
2361:
2300:
2231:
2118:
2070:
1980:
1905:
1665:
1575:
771:
Panhellenic
Society of Technologists Ichthyologists
366:, compiled the ichthyological works of indigenous
774:Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
27:Branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish
3396:
2694:
1553:
390:The writings of three 16th-century scholars,
234:, a prominent ichthyologist and professor at
8:
265:and ichthyologists believe that the apostle
777:Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology
612:Catalogue of the Fish of the British Museum
3403:
3389:
3381:
3151:
3019:
2701:
2687:
2679:
2367:
1560:
1546:
1538:
509:Ichthyologia, sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus
454:Ichthyologia, sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus
3869:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2105:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
187:The word is derived from the Greek words
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:
338:fish. Furthermore, Aristotle documented
43:This article includes a list of general
1278:
786:Southwestern Association of Naturalists
535:Close to the dawn of the 19th century,
468:, the "father of modern taxonomy". His
1512:Brian Coad's Dictionary of Ichthyology
1490:, Palomares ML and Stergiou KI (2014)
768:North American Native Fish Association
765:
761:Neotropical Ichthyological Association
738:Association of Systematics Collections
725:
3864:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1352:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon
1319:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon
257:tradition. The Old Testament laws of
7:
238:, "the earliest ichthyologists were
2661:
1932:Electroreception and electrogenesis
743:Ichthyological Society of Hong Kong
460:The classification used within the
342:and behavioral differences between
480:; however, one of his colleagues,
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
223:The study of fish dates from the
3365:
3364:
3084:Mammalian anatomy and morphology
2660:
2649:
2648:
2631:
2630:
1656:
576:Adventurous individuals such as
116:
105:
96:
34:
1616:Environmental impact of fishing
554:Histoire Naturelle des Poissons
673:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
1:
1111:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
728:American Elasmobranch Society
653:Ichthyology & Herpetology
582:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1701:intramembranous ossification
806:Notable fisheries scientists
790:The World Conservation Union
225:Upper Paleolithic Revolution
1498:FishBase Information System
1238:Non-academic ichthyologists
1042:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
3911:
2080:Fin and flipper locomotion
2050:Sequential hermaphroditism
1937:Jamming avoidance response
1654:
1336:
1303:
803:
731:American Fisheries Society
439:collaboratively published
354:, for example, composed a
3418:
3360:
2716:
2644:
1518:Ichthyology Web Resources
1292:Retrieved 7 October 2016.
949:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
824:Alexander Emanuel Agassiz
810:List of marine biologists
783:Southeastern Fish Council
750:
604:until his death in 1873.
563:Charles Alexandre Lesueur
464:was further developed by
1472:, Third Edition. Julet.
1141:Johann Gottlob Schneider
159:devoted to the study of
2797:Biological anthropology
2596:Glossary of ichthyology
2158:Diel vertical migration
1520:(archived 13 July 2006)
1493:Fish on line, Version 3
1106:Jean René Constant Quoy
1003:Charles Frédéric Girard
905:George Albert Boulenger
867:Spencer Fullerton Baird
758:Native Fish Conservancy
691:Ichthyological Bulletin
167:), cartilaginous fish (
163:, including bony fish (
136:Paedocypris progenetica
64:more precise citations.
3478:Biological engineering
1962:Surface wave detection
1927:Hydrodynamic reception
1601:Diseases and parasites
1524:List of Ichthyologists
1470:Bond's Biology of Fish
1086:John Roxborough Norman
1073:John Treadwell Nichols
998:Theodore Nicholas Gill
973:Barton Warren Evermann
800:Notable ichthyologists
588:in 1820. In addition,
457:
220:
203:, meaning "to study".
195:, meaning "fish"; and
143:European river lamprey
3563:Developmental biology
3538:Computational biology
3518:Cellular microbiology
3326:Alfred Russel Wallace
3236:Water vascular system
2100:Undulatory locomotion
1917:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1427:Additional references
1343:Liddell, Henry George
1310:Liddell, Henry George
1195:Gilbert Percy Whitley
1190:Johann Julius Walbaum
1131:Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet
993:Charles Henry Gilbert
872:Tarleton Hoffman Bean
684:Blackwell Publishing
586:Ichthyologic Ohiensis
513:binomial nomenclature
474:University of Uppsala
451:
277:. These fish include
273:, presently known as
241:hunters and gatherers
214:
171:), and jawless fish (
3895:Subfields of zoology
3783:Reproductive biology
3668:Mathematical biology
3593:Evolutionary biology
3543:Conservation biology
3187:Cellular respiration
2328:Genetically modified
1432:Bond, Carl E (1996)
1290:October 2016 Update.
1185:Achille Valenciennes
1018:Albert William Herre
968:William N. Eschmeyer
963:Rosa Smith Eigenmann
900:Marcus Elieser Bloch
886:Henry Bryant Bigelow
571:Saint Lawrence River
537:Marcus Elieser Bloch
431:coastline. In 1686,
386:European Renaissance
380:European Renaissance
3568:Ecological genetics
3412:Branches of biology
3352:Timeline of zoology
3281:Karl Ernst von Baer
3182:Respiratory pigment
3057:Mineralized tissues
2133:Aquatic respiration
2020:Life history theory
1262:Ichthyology and GIS
1216:Paleoichthyologists
1156:Edwin Chapin Starks
1116:John Ernest Randall
1067:Fishes of the World
983:Joseph Paul Gaimard
930:Edward Drinker Cope
643:Date of publication
630:Modern publications
624:Stanford University
496:, was a prosperous
404:De Piscibus Marinis
3859:History of biology
3793:Structural biology
3778:Relational biology
3603:Generative biology
3598:Freshwater biology
3167:Respiratory system
3155:General physiology
3052:Connective tissues
1972:Weberian apparatus
1530:2012-02-26 at the
1452:Fish of the World.
1176:Ethelwynn Trewavas
1161:Franz Steindachner
1121:Charles Tate Regan
1091:Peter Simon Pallas
1028:David Starr Jordan
1008:George Brown Goode
853:Herbert R. Axelrod
620:Indiana University
616:David Starr Jordan
602:Harvard University
578:John James Audubon
458:
452:Frontispiece from
425:Naturalis Brasilae
400:Guillaume Rondelet
392:Hippolito Salviani
362:, a notable Roman
221:
3877:
3876:
3798:Synthetic biology
3678:Molecular biology
3533:Cognitive biology
3378:
3377:
3321:Jakob von Uexküll
3267:
3266:
3254:Insect physiology
3147:Animal physiology
3141:
3140:
3133:Insect morphology
3064:Molecular anatomy
3037:Epithelial tissue
3015:Animal morphology
2676:
2675:
2586:Fish common names
2497:
2496:
2128:Aquatic predation
1952:Capacity for pain
1681:Age determination
1257:Ichthyology terms
1200:Francis Willughby
978:Henry Weed Fowler
958:Carl H. Eigenmann
915:Pierre Carbonnier
797:
796:
708:
707:
703:Rhodes University
559:diversity of fish
437:Francis Willughby
410:16th–17th century
155:is the branch of
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3902:
3523:Chemical biology
3405:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3296:Jean-Henri Fabre
3152:
3020:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2634:
2633:
2368:
1660:
1591:Ethnoichthyology
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1448:Nelson, Joseph S
1420:
1419:
1414:. Archived from
1408:
1402:
1401:
1365:
1359:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1222:Hans C. Bjerring
1166:Royal D. Suttkus
1062:Joseph S. Nelson
1052:Seth Eugene Meek
1033:Maurice Kottelat
925:Leonard Compagno
858:William O. Ayres
754:
715:
661:27 December 1913
634:
598:Poisson Fossil's
462:Historia Piscium
442:Historia Piscium
175:). According to
120:
109:
100:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3847:
3808:Systems biology
3773:Quantum biology
3414:
3409:
3379:
3374:
3356:
3330:
3263:
3259:Fish physiology
3242:
3194:Vascular system
3137:
3075:
3068:
3042:Muscular tissue
3013:
3005:
2991:Platyhelminthes
2966:Xenacoelomorpha
2931:
2770:Lepidopterology
2725:
2712:
2707:
2677:
2672:
2640:
2564:
2493:
2404:
2357:
2296:
2227:
2120:
2114:
2066:
2010:Ichthyoplankton
1976:
1908:
1901:
1897:Digital Library
1892:Teleost leptins
1831:Shark cartilage
1755:pharyngeal slit
1750:pharyngeal arch
1686:Anguilliformity
1671:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1571:
1566:
1532:Wayback Machine
1507:
1434:Biology of Fish
1429:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:Perseus Project
1333:
1329:
1324:Perseus Project
1300:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1218:
1210:William Yarrell
1126:John Richardson
1057:George S. Myers
843:Gerald R. Allen
834:Emperor Akihito
812:
802:
713:
632:
533:
527:relationships.
476:and an eminent
456:by Peter Artedi
417:Georg Marcgrave
412:
388:
360:Pliny the Elder
325:
255:Judeo-Christian
251:
217:Mimbres pottery
209:
185:
150:
149:
148:
147:
123:
122:
121:
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111:
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1466:Michael Barton
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1418:on 2008-10-20.
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271:Sea of Galilee
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2791:Myriapodology
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1047:Carl Linnaeus
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1023:Carl L. Hubbs
1021:
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463:
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423:composed the
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300:of the genus
299:
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275:Lake Kinneret
272:
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249:1500 BC–40 AD
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70:February 2022
63:
59:
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41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Ichthyologist
3788:Sociobiology
3768:Protistology
3733:Photobiology
3728:Pharmacology
3718:Parasitology
3713:Paleontology
3693:Neuroscience
3673:Microbiology
3642:
3583:Epidemiology
3553:Cytogenetics
3513:Cell biology
3493:Biosemiotics
3483:Biomechanics
3463:Biogeography
3458:Biochemistry
3453:Bacteriology
3448:Astrobiology
3177:Gas exchange
3116:Fish anatomy
3111:Bird anatomy
2971:Ambulacraria
2917:Paleozoology
2912:Parasitology
2846:
2831:Batrachology
2812:Ethnozoology
2807:Cnidariology
2665:
2653:
2553:spiny-finned
2502:Major groups
2223:Intelligence
2203:Scale eaters
2148:Cleaner fish
2030:Mouthbrooder
1982:Reproduction
1957:Schreckstoff
1942:Lateral line
1858:Swim bladder
1848:Spiral valve
1777:hyomandibula
1760:pseudobranch
1647:
1643:Hypoxia in -
1511:
1492:
1469:
1451:
1436:. Saunders.
1433:
1416:the original
1406:
1376:(1): 21–40.
1373:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1330:
1317:
1297:
1281:
1232:Erik Stensiö
1151:J.L.B. Smith
1080:
1065:
910:Jean Cadenat
848:Peter Artedi
813:
699:January 1956
689:
671:
651:
611:
606:
597:
585:
575:
552:
534:
525:phylogenetic
508:
506:
482:Peter Artedi
461:
459:
453:
440:
424:
413:
403:
396:Pierre Belon
389:
352:Theophrastus
326:
323:335 BC–80 AD
307:
303:Sarotherodon
301:
291:
285:
252:
239:
229:
222:
200:
192:
186:
165:Osteichthyes
152:
151:
134:
76:
67:
48:
3890:Ichthyology
3838:Xenobiology
3833:Virophysics
3803:Systematics
3758:Primatology
3703:Ornithology
3643:Ichthyology
3628:Herpetology
3623:Gerontology
3588:Epigenetics
3548:Cryobiology
3438:Agrostology
3428:Aerobiology
3423:Abiogenesis
3347:Post-Darwin
3224:Capillaries
3162:Respiration
2922:Planktology
2907:Ornithology
2891:Primatology
2847:Ichthyology
2827:Herpetology
2802:Bryozoology
2780:Myrmecology
2775:Melittology
2756:Carcinology
2746:Arachnology
2667:WikiProject
2626:Prehistoric
2610:Threatened
2301:Other types
2198:Sardine run
2173:Forage fish
2153:Corallivory
2005:Development
1990:Bubble nest
1863:physoclisti
1853:Suckermouth
1826:Root effect
1648:Ichthyology
1227:Erik Jarvik
1101:Felipe Poey
940:Francis Day
895:East Indies
637:Publication
594:Switzerland
567:Great Lakes
517:pelvic fins
263:Theologians
153:Ichthyology
131:whale shark
62:introducing
3884:Categories
3823:Toxicology
3818:Teratology
3763:Proteomics
3748:Physiology
3688:Neontology
3653:Lipidology
3648:Immunology
3618:Geobiology
3578:Embryology
3558:Dendrology
3488:Biophysics
3468:Biogeology
3342:Pre-Darwin
3316:Thomas Say
3273:Zoologists
3247:By species
2986:Arthropoda
2951:Ctenophora
2897:Nematology
2881:Felinology
2861:Teuthology
2856:Conchology
2852:Malacology
2761:Entomology
2282:Groundfish
2277:Freshwater
2272:Euryhaline
2257:Coral reef
2193:Salmon run
2183:Paedophagy
2085:Amphibious
2072:Locomotion
1880:pharyngeal
1868:physostome
1821:Photophore
1767:Glossohyal
1740:gill raker
1723:dorsal fin
1673:physiology
1273:References
1244:Sakana-kun
1146:H.M. Smith
862:California
804:See also:
678:Bi-monthly
646:Publisher
531:Modern era
498:pharmacist
364:naturalist
340:anatomical
45:references
3738:Phycology
3723:Pathology
3708:Osteology
3698:Nutrition
3658:Mammalogy
3633:Histology
3172:Breathing
3024:Histology
2886:Hippology
2867:Mammalogy
2836:Ophiology
2750:Acarology
2531:chimaeras
2418:Predatory
2395:Salmonids
2353:Whitefish
2343:Poisonous
2318:Diversity
2252:Coldwater
2188:Predatory
2178:Migratory
2138:Bait ball
2121:behaviour
2040:Pregnancy
2035:Polyandry
1809:papillare
1804:Operculum
1799:Meristics
1745:gill slit
1708:Cleithrum
1638:Fish kill
1628:Fear of -
1621:- as food
1611:Fisheries
1596:Evolution
1586:Diversity
1398:143961902
1267:Meristics
1205:Stan Wood
696:Irregular
658:Quarterly
640:Frequency
573:regions.
502:Amsterdam
470:taxonomic
429:Brazilian
332:taxonomic
328:Aristotle
317:Mugilidae
279:cyprinids
183:Etymology
3852:See also
3828:Virology
3813:Taxonomy
3753:Pomology
3683:Mycology
3613:Genomics
3608:Genetics
3433:Agronomy
3370:Category
3214:Arteries
3099:Elephant
3074:Anatomy
3001:Annelida
2996:Mollusca
2976:Chordata
2961:Cnidaria
2956:Placozoa
2946:Porifera
2876:Cynology
2871:Cetology
2817:Ethology
2730:Branches
2655:Category
2606:Smallest
2519:lampreys
2482:flatfish
2472:Demersal
2428:mackerel
2423:billfish
2363:Commerce
2292:Tropical
2267:Demersal
2262:Deep-sea
2218:Venomous
2110:RoboTuna
2060:triggers
2055:Spawning
2015:Juvenile
2000:Egg case
1633:FishBase
1528:Archived
1488:Froese R
1286:FishBase
1251:See also
953:Scottish
877:Lev Berg
490:Plagiuri
478:botanist
433:John Ray
356:treatise
298:cichlids
293:Mirogrex
177:FishBase
141:bottom:
3843:Zoology
3573:Ecology
3443:Anatomy
3335:History
3032:Tissues
2721:Outline
2710:Zoology
2601:Largest
2514:hagfish
2509:Jawless
2487:pollock
2460:sardine
2455:herring
2450:anchovy
2400:Tilapia
2390:Octopus
2385:Catfish
2372:Farming
2287:Pelagic
2247:Coastal
2234:habitat
2090:Walking
1995:Clasper
1947:Otolith
1909:systems
1907:Sensory
1841:ganoine
1816:Papilla
1667:Anatomy
1606:Fishing
1484:Pauly D
1468:(2007)
1454:Wiley.
1450:(2006)
1355:at the
1322:at the
1180:English
747:Chinese
376:mermaid
372:sawfish
312:of the
281:of the
259:kashrut
207:History
193:ikhthus
173:Agnatha
157:zoology
58:improve
3508:Botany
2939:groups
2937:Animal
2619:sharks
2536:sharks
2465:sprats
2445:Forage
2433:salmon
2313:Coarse
2095:Flying
1967:Vision
1922:Barbel
1836:Scales
1696:dermal
1576:About
1476:
1458:
1440:
1396:
1390:225322
1388:
1081:Copeia
881:Russia
752:香港魚類學會
749::
541:Berlin
486:orders
421:Saxony
398:, and
368:Greeks
314:family
306:, and
287:Barbus
283:genera
47:, but
3231:Heart
3219:Veins
3204:Lymph
3199:Blood
3089:Human
2581:Blind
2569:Lists
2348:Rough
2213:Sleep
2119:Other
1885:shark
1875:Teeth
1394:S2CID
1386:JSTOR
1337:λόγος
1304:ἰχθύς
1077:China
1037:Swiss
944:India
838:Japan
816:taxon
549:Paris
500:from
267:Peter
201:logia
197:λογία
189:ἰχθύς
129:top:
2614:rays
2548:Bony
2541:rays
2438:tuna
2380:Carp
2338:Oily
2323:Game
2308:Bait
2242:Cave
2025:Milt
1730:Gill
1718:Fins
1691:Bone
1578:fish
1569:Fish
1474:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1370:Isis
808:and
681:1985
622:and
580:and
569:and
543:and
435:and
374:and
346:and
344:fish
290:and
161:fish
133:and
3104:Cat
3094:Dog
2477:cod
2232:By
2045:Roe
1772:Jaw
1670:and
1378:doi
836:of
592:of
547:of
539:of
419:of
3886::
1526:.
1486:,
1392:.
1384:.
1374:22
1372:.
1349:;
1345:;
1341:.
1316:;
1312:;
1308:.
1288::
1178:,
1075:,
1064:,
1035:,
951:,
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893:,
879:,
860:,
626:.
561:.
394:,
382:.
319:.
296:,
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2863:)
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2688:v
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1500:.
1480:.
1462:.
1444:.
1400:.
1380::
755:)
745:(
219:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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