310:
288:. The journal aimed to encourage the Israeli public to acknowledge and honor the rights of Arab citizens and to take accountability for the eviction of Arab residents from Israel. Ner continued publication until 1964, “thereby carrying the small flame of Brit Shalom’s moral-political tradition into the era of Jewish statehood.”
216:
On
September 3, 1942, the group decided to publish another letter to members of the Hebrew University staff clarifying its platforms The letter stated that Ihud adheres to the Zionist movement and regards the union between Jewish and Arab people essential for starting a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
160:
Ihud advocated for an Arab-Jewish binational state rooted in equal political rights for Jews and Arabs in an undivided
Palestine. Ihud termed this vision “political parity.” Furthermore, it argued that Jewish immigration should be regulated in accordance with the principle of “numerical parity” with
299:
Ihud constituted the first instance in the history of Israel's politics of what happens when intellectuals seek to propose a compromise solution in the course of a violent national conflict. It demonstrated their organisational weakness and the fact that their political influence was marginal. Ihud
401:
When violence escalated in the aftermath of the 1948 War, Ihud issued a warning that posited military victory as dangerous precedents. “As members of Ihud, we do not welcome triumphs on the battlefield, which are in essence the spilling of blood, ruination, and destruction for everyone created in
184:
Ihud dedicated itself to promoting Brit Shalom’s beliefs in the political theatre. Magnes identified closely with the aims of Brit Shalom, a Jewish association focusing on the establishment of a Jewish cultural center as part of a binational state of Jews and Arabs in
Palestine. Another member of
376:
rejected the platforms of Ihud because she considered Magnes' idea of binationalism an erroneous version of federalism as it merely substituted the
Biltmore concept of Jewish supremacy in Palestine with the notion of Arab supremacy. She considered Magnes vision in conflict with her commitment to
354:
approved Ihud’s proposal in its
February 10, 1956 issue, recommending “the earnest consideration of the Ihud proposals by the Israeli government and by the World Zionist movement.” However, the paper later retracted its position and denounced the programs in a November issue.
169:
The establishment and platforms of Ihud should be considered within the larger historical context of the time, both in
Palestine and worldwide. It is imperative to note the Jewish-Arab strife in Palestine and World War II as the backdrop of the creation of Ihud.
387:, which also comprised only a few hundred people, remained as a political ally, with which they were united above all by their rejection of the violence of "militant Zionism". In 1959, Ihud members founded an organisation called "Friends of the Freeman League".
239:, US ambassador to the United Nations. Magnes stated that "partition is probably the principal cause of chaos in Palestine" and emphasized the importance of allowing Jews and Arabs to "be given an opportunity to exercise themselves the functions of government."
185:
Ihud, Natan Hofshi, was also a member of Brit Shalom. He was against the use of force under any circumstance. Magnes established the Ihud to replace the defunct Brit Shalom. He had preliminary discussions to form Ihud in July 1942.
270:'s assertion that partition was the only fair solution left for the British, Einstein said: "He may be right; but I see no permanent solution other than one based on a bi-national administration under United Nations rule."
719:"Gideon Shimoni. The Zionist Ideology (The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series, number 21.) Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, for Brandeis University Press. 1995. Pp. xvi, 506. $ 59.95"
332:, and the League for Jewish Arab Rapprochement and Cooperation, an organization founded in 1939 and allied with Ihud in 1942. However, al-Husseni was assassinated for his support for binationalism in November 1946.
161:
the Arabs and the ability of
Palestine to absorb immigrants economically. It proposed the creation of joint organs of government, and a division of the country into districts based on a communal basis.
398:
During Israel’s War of
Independence, Ihud criticized Jewish attacks on Arab civilians. It was critical of the “spirit of Masada (survival),” which Ihud deemed a glorification of unnecessary martyrdom.
148:
408:
However, by the late 1960s, the already marginal binationalism platform was even more sidelined because of the political reality of Israel, and Ihud became irrelevant in the political theatre.
347:. Zionist press in Britain also condemned Magnes, whom they argue “attack bitterly and destroy the state of Israel” using his position at the Hebrew University for larger audiences.
247:
The founders and representatives of Ihud conveyed their views through the publication of Ba'ayot (formerly known as Ba'ayot Hayom - Problems of the Time). The social democratic activist
1187:
362:, was upset that Ihud claimed that Palestine is "both legally and ethically theirs (the Arabs), and that they (the Arabs) are therefore entitled to remain its masters forever."
1182:
300:
presages the fate which was to befall Israel's intelligentsia whenever it approached the white-hot heart of the Israel-Arab conflict and sought to join in the political fray.
1167:
1157:
1172:
405:
Ihud also denounced the raid on the
Jordanian village of Qibya in October 1953, and in general condemned reprisal attacks carried out by the IDF against Arabs.
322:
193:
The group held its first meeting on August 11, 1942. During this meeting, Magnes emphasized that there were six reasons for the advocacy for binationalism:
309:
232:
328:
It was difficult to win approval of binationalism from Arab leaders. However, an agreement was achieved between Fawzi
Darwish el Husseini, related to the
1127:
227:
Creating an alliance between this federative union and the Anglo-American union as part of an alliance of all free nations, when it comes into being."
224:
Securing the support of the expanding Yishuv and the entire Jewish people for a federative union of the Middle East that includes the Land of Israel;
794:
178:
181:
made it urgent for Ihud to salvage the Jewish community in Palestine while making it a viable community for the survivors of the Holocaust.
1026:"The Political Theology of the Feminine Jew and Anticolonial Criticism in the Writings of Yehoshua Radler-Feldman (R. Binyamin) during WWI"
127:
826:
318:
1162:
134:, which made the establishment of a Jewish Commonwealth in Palestine the policy of the Zionist movement. Other prominent members were
597:
769:
646:
570:
325:
in 1947. The Anglo-American Committee voted largely in favor of the proposals of Ihud, recommending an Economic Union in Palestine.
350:
An independent Jewish Press called Magnes a “quisling,” which means traitor, due to his position on binationalism. A Zionist paper
723:
377:
federalism. Later, she supported Magnes proposal for a trusteeship as a temporary solution for Jews and Arabs in Palestine.
429:
273:
Ba'ayot also published "Towards Union in Palestine", which was a volume consisting of a compilation of essays in English.
78:
1177:
395:
Magnes resigned his position as the leader of Ihud the day after the UN announced its partition plan in Palestine.
262:
on the most suitable approach to resolving the issue of Palestine. In response to prominent proponent of Zionism,
795:"Zionist-Arab Pact Disclosed to U.N. – Moderates of Both Sides Signed Accord for Bi-National Government in 1946"
329:
143:
255:
Colonial Bureau circulation manager to assist in the distribution of Ihud's pamphlets to a wider audience.
154:
997:
451:"Hearings of representatives from the Ihud (Union) Association – 30th UNSCOP meeting – Verbatim Record"
235:
was adopted by the United Nations, Magnes proposed an American trusteeship in Palestine and spoke with
217:
Specifically, the leaders of Ihud stated that their political aspirations of the association include:
340:
263:
359:
131:
668:
369:, the ultra-orthodox non-Zionist organization for religious Jews; although he was not successful.
1108:
1100:
1053:
928:
696:
510:
502:
104:
946:
1092:
1045:
920:
867:
802:
775:
765:
740:
688:
642:
576:
566:
562:
Mediniyut ṿe-dimyon : tokhniyot federaliyot ba-maḥshavah ha-medinit ha-Tsiyonit 1917-1948
538:
494:
336:
111:
51:
506:
474:
1084:
1037:
979:
912:
859:
732:
680:
634:
486:
267:
135:
1010:
450:
384:
381:
259:
139:
123:
100:
63:
898:"Pacifism and Anti-Militarism in the Period Surrounding the Birth of the State of Israel"
206:
The resulting state would not be a Jewish state but a secular state like all the nations;
1128:""A highway to battlegrounds": Jewish territorialism and the State of Israel, 1945–1960"
903:
366:
252:
975:
847:
1151:
1112:
1057:
983:
932:
892:
863:
714:
700:
514:
373:
344:
236:
174:
83:
200:
A Jewish state in Palestine will breed hatred difficult to assuage for generations;
115:
55:
626:
490:
684:
638:
556:
276:
After the foundation of the state of Israel, Ihud replaced its official journal
248:
119:
59:
897:
258:
In the beginning of 1947, Ba'ayot printed an article featuring the thoughts of
212:
Jews and Judaism can and will exist in the diaspora, with or without the state.
1088:
916:
542:
87:
1096:
1049:
924:
871:
806:
744:
692:
498:
779:
736:
580:
1025:
718:
1041:
598:"Palestine and Israel: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1945-1959"
313:
Magnes and Buber testifying before the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
759:
560:
335:
Leading non-Jewish Zionists opposed the platforms of Ihud, including Sir
1104:
1072:
764:. Dorothea Shefer-Vanson. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
107:
91:
231:
Ihud was against the partition plan. In April 1948, months after the
221:
Creating a political system based upon equal rights for both peoples;
17:
1073:"From Federalism to Binationalism: Hannah Arendt's Shifting Zionism"
308:
430:"J. L. Magnes and the Promotion of Bi-Nationalism in Palestine"
475:"Bi-Nationalism versus Nationalism: The Case of Judah Magnes"
203:
Nation state is not the way of Judaism but of all the nation;
848:"The bi-national idea in Israel/Palestine: past and present"
633:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 337–356, 1998-05-21,
535:
The> bi-national idea in Palestine during mandatory times
209:
Another centre of strife will be created for the New World;
669:"Why did Hannah Arendt Reject the Partition of Palestine?"
358:
Rav Tzair, a revisionist who has great admiration for
173:
By then, the catastrophe of European Jewery (see the
77:
69:
47:
32:
896:
391:After the formation of the State of Israel in 1948
537:. Shikmona Publishing Company. pp. 258–271.
761:Zionism and the foundations of Israeli diplomacy
631:Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy
293:Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy
976:"'Ihud' in America: an answer and a challenge"
197:Warfare might destroy the Yishuv in Palestine;
1188:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
365:Magnes also attempted to form alliances with
323:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
8:
1183:1942 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
317:The Ihud party presented its ideas to the
130:, in 1942 as a binational response to the
29:
1168:Political parties in Mandatory Palestine
284:. Rabbi Binyamin established and edited
1158:Political organizations based in Israel
565:. Yerushalayim: Yad Yitsḥaḳ Ben-Tsevi.
417:
1006:
995:
291:According to Sasson Sofer, writing in
1173:Political parties established in 1942
970:
968:
887:
885:
883:
881:
841:
839:
423:
421:
7:
621:
619:
617:
592:
590:
528:
526:
524:
468:
466:
464:
445:
443:
319:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
179:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
25:
984:10.1117/12.2654919.6314353284112
864:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2005.00210.x
627:"Magnes, Buber and Ihud (Unity)"
793:Clifton, Daniel (1947-07-16).
724:The American Historical Review
103:: איחוד, 'Unity') was a small
1:
1077:Contemporary European History
846:Hermann, Tamar (2005-06-23).
673:Journal for Cultural Research
507:10.2979/israelstudies.23.1.05
491:10.2979/israelstudies.23.1.05
685:10.1080/14797585.2013.768472
639:10.1017/cbo9780511583247.020
533:Hattis Rolef, Susan (1970).
99:Ihud (also spelled “Ichud”,
953:. 3 October 1941. p. 4
434:Jewish Journal of Sociology
110:political party founded by
1204:
473:Ben-Israel, Hedva (2018).
251:agreed to arrange for the
1163:Middle East peace efforts
1132:Journal of Israel History
1089:10.1017/S0960777315000223
1024:Tzoreff, Avi-Ram (2021).
947:"Dr Magnes and the Arabs"
917:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.127
827:"JTA Daily News Bulletin"
144:Haim Margaliot-Kalvarisky
38:
951:Detroit Jewish Chronicle
343:) and Major General Sir
330:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
321:in 1946 and then to the
1126:Laura Almalgor (2019).
1030:Jewish Quarterly Review
852:Nations and Nationalism
667:Jacobson, Eric (2013).
559:; גורני, יוסף. (1993).
280:with a new periodical,
153:(1868–1947), and Judge
126:, former supporters of
1005:Cite journal requires
758:Sofer, Sasson (1998).
314:
305:Responses towards Ihud
302:
1042:10.1353/jqr.2021.0005
737:10.1086/ahr/102.1.145
428:Miller, Rory (2006).
352:The Reconstructionist
312:
297:
341:Hope Simpson Enquiry
264:British Labour Party
136:David Werner Senator
1071:Rubin, Gil (2015).
832:. October 11, 1942.
372:Political theorist
360:Vladimir Jabotinsky
177:) and the previous
155:Joseph Moshe Valero
132:Biltmore Conference
1178:One-state solution
799:The New York Times
436:(48 (1/2)): 50–68.
315:
717:(February 1997).
382:Isaac Steinberg's
337:John Hope Simpson
233:UN Partition Plan
112:Judah Leon Magnes
97:
96:
52:Judah Leon Magnes
16:(Redirected from
1195:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1001:
993:
991:
990:
972:
963:
962:
960:
958:
943:
937:
936:
900:
889:
876:
875:
843:
834:
833:
831:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
790:
784:
783:
755:
749:
748:
711:
705:
704:
664:
658:
657:
656:
655:
623:
612:
611:
609:
608:
594:
585:
584:
553:
547:
546:
530:
519:
518:
470:
459:
458:
447:
438:
437:
425:
268:Richard Crossman
152:
40:
30:
21:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1004:
994:
988:
986:
974:
973:
966:
956:
954:
945:
944:
940:
895:(Summer 2010).
891:
890:
879:
845:
844:
837:
829:
825:
824:
820:
811:
809:
792:
791:
787:
772:
757:
756:
752:
713:
712:
708:
666:
665:
661:
653:
651:
649:
625:
624:
615:
606:
604:
596:
595:
588:
573:
555:
554:
550:
532:
531:
522:
472:
471:
462:
457:. 14 July 1947.
449:
448:
441:
427:
426:
419:
414:
393:
385:Freeland League
307:
260:Albert Einstein
245:
191:
167:
146:
140:Moshe Smilansky
124:Henrietta Szold
90:
86:
64:Henrietta Szold
62:
58:
54:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:Political party
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1118:
1083:(3): 393–414.
1063:
1036:(1): 105–129.
1016:
1007:|journal=
964:
938:
904:Israel Studies
893:Hermann, Tamar
877:
858:(3): 381–401.
835:
818:
785:
770:
750:
715:Penslar, Derek
706:
679:(4): 358–381.
659:
647:
613:
586:
571:
548:
520:
479:Israel Studies
460:
455:United Nations
439:
416:
415:
413:
410:
402:God’s image.”
392:
389:
367:Agudat Yisrael
306:
303:
244:
241:
229:
228:
225:
222:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
190:
187:
166:
163:
95:
94:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
49:
45:
44:
37:
34:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
999:
985:
981:
977:
971:
969:
965:
952:
948:
942:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
899:
894:
888:
886:
884:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
836:
828:
822:
819:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
771:0-511-00537-7
767:
763:
762:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:(1): 145–46.
730:
726:
725:
720:
716:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
660:
650:
648:9780521630122
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
620:
618:
614:
603:
599:
593:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
572:965-217-107-7
568:
564:
563:
558:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:(1): 86–105.
484:
480:
476:
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
435:
431:
424:
422:
418:
411:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
390:
388:
386:
383:
378:
375:
374:Hannah Arendt
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
353:
348:
346:
345:Edward Spears
342:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
320:
311:
304:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
237:Warren Austin
234:
226:
223:
220:
219:
218:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
194:
188:
186:
182:
180:
176:
171:
164:
162:
158:
156:
150:
145:
142:, agronomist
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
105:binationalist
102:
93:
89:
85:
84:Binationalism
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
31:
19:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1121:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1033:
1029:
1019:
998:cite journal
987:. Retrieved
955:. Retrieved
950:
941:
908:
902:
855:
851:
821:
810:. Retrieved
798:
788:
760:
753:
728:
722:
709:
676:
672:
662:
652:, retrieved
630:
605:. Retrieved
602:www.gale.com
601:
561:
557:Gorni, Yosef
551:
534:
482:
478:
454:
433:
407:
404:
400:
397:
394:
379:
371:
364:
357:
351:
349:
334:
327:
316:
298:
292:
290:
285:
281:
277:
275:
272:
257:
246:
243:Publications
230:
215:
192:
183:
172:
168:
159:
116:Martin Buber
98:
56:Martin Buber
249:Rita Hinden
147: [
128:Brit Shalom
120:Ernst Simon
60:Ernst Simon
1152:Categories
1137:2024-02-17
989:2023-04-07
911:(2): 127.
812:2023-04-06
654:2023-04-07
607:2023-05-07
543:1374354964
412:References
88:Federalism
1113:159871596
1097:0960-7773
1058:234273933
1050:1553-0604
933:144713882
925:1084-9513
872:1354-5078
807:0362-4331
745:1937-5239
701:144384789
693:1479-7585
515:149166518
499:1084-9513
189:Platforms
175:Holocaust
1105:26294065
780:47009249
581:29789070
295:(1998):
79:Ideology
48:Founders
278:Ba'ayot
266:member
165:History
108:Zionist
92:Zionism
70:Founded
41:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1056:
1048:
957:17 May
931:
923:
870:
805:
778:
768:
743:
699:
691:
645:
579:
569:
541:
513:
505:
497:
253:Fabian
101:Hebrew
1109:S2CID
1101:JSTOR
1054:S2CID
929:S2CID
830:(PDF)
697:S2CID
511:S2CID
503:JSTOR
380:Only
339:(see
151:]
39:איחוד
35:Unity
18:Ichud
1093:ISSN
1046:ISSN
1011:help
959:2023
921:ISSN
868:ISSN
803:ISSN
776:OCLC
766:ISBN
741:ISSN
689:ISSN
643:ISBN
577:OCLC
567:ISBN
539:OCLC
495:ISSN
122:and
73:1942
1085:doi
1038:doi
1034:111
980:doi
913:doi
860:doi
733:doi
729:102
681:doi
635:doi
487:doi
286:Ner
282:Ner
1154::
1130:.
1107:.
1099:.
1091:.
1081:24
1079:.
1075:.
1052:.
1044:.
1032:.
1028:.
1002::
1000:}}
996:{{
978:.
967:^
949:.
927:.
919:.
909:15
907:.
901:.
880:^
866:.
856:11
854:.
850:.
838:^
801:.
797:.
774:.
739:.
727:.
721:.
695:.
687:.
677:17
675:.
671:.
641:,
629:,
616:^
600:.
589:^
575:.
523:^
509:.
501:.
493:.
483:23
481:.
477:.
463:^
453:.
442:^
432:.
420:^
157:.
149:he
138:,
118:,
114:,
1140:.
1115:.
1087::
1060:.
1040::
1013:)
1009:(
992:.
982::
961:.
935:.
915::
874:.
862::
815:.
782:.
747:.
735::
703:.
683::
637::
610:.
583:.
545:.
517:.
489::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.