247:
424:
harvest, about half of the sample was 20 years or older, with the oldest being 39 years of age. A 2020 study on a single female specimen from
Oklahoma found it was 62 years old. In 2023, smallmouth buffalo otoliths were age validated, with longevity more than 60 years in Oklahoma. In Arizona, smallmouth buffalo as old as 90–100 years of age were discovered. The onset of sexual maturity for smallmouth buffalo can vary by population but is typically 6–10 years for males and around 8–11 years for females.
208:
86:
61:
1319:
42:
1331:
449:, and there are virtually no limits on harvest. The species is highly valued by some as a human food source and the fish meal is common in animal feed. They are relatively quick and easy to raise in commercial farm ponds. Anglers seeking to hook a smallmouth buffalo have found success with doughballs and corn on hooks.
418:
is negligible. Spawning often occurs in shallower sections of streams where the egg can adhere to vegetation and gravel to keep from flowing away. Each female can lay tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time depending on her size, and no parental care is applied and the eggs hatch
329:
The coloration of smallmouth buffalo ranges from shades of gray to brown and coppery green dorsally and pale yellow to white ventrally. Fins color match the portion of the body where they attach and are generally darker towards the tips. They are characteristically stocky, having a hump that rises up
628:
Maxson, Kristopher A.; Solomon, Levi E.; Bookout, Taylor A.; DeLain, Steven A.; Bartels, Andrew D.; Bowler, Melvin C.; Gittinger, Eric J.; Ratcliff, Eric N.; West, John L.; Love, Seth A.; DeBoer, Jason A.; Whitten-Harris, Andrya L.; Spear, Michael J.; Ickes, Brian S.; Casper, Andrew F. (2024-07-18).
423:
and a reliance instead on other structures (e.g. scales, fin rays, gill plates) that are inadequate for age analysis. However, a 2019 study took an initial look at their otoliths (earstones) from a commercially-harvested population in the middle
Mississippi River drainage and found that even with
346:
has even lobes, and the dorsal fin protrudes from the top of the hump to a blunt point, then shortens and runs the remaining length of the body to the base of the tail. Typical adults reach a length around 40–60 cm (16–24 in), with some specimens reaching as much as 30.1 kg (66.4
264:, from the Greek for "bull-fish" and "buffalo") is recently realized as one of the longest-lived fishes, capable of living more than a century. The smallmouth buffalo is in decline across large portions of its range, and is subject to unregulated exploitation. They are a
355:
The smallmouth buffalo is a hardy fish that frequents clear, moderate to fast-moving streams, but has been occasionally known in some lakes and ponds. If prefers waters with dense aquatic vegetation and a silty bottom. It has a high tolerance for
838:
Rypel, Andrew L.; Saffarinia, Parsa; Vaughn, Caryn C.; Nesper, Larry; O’Reilly, Katherine; Parisek, Christine A.; Miller, Matthew L.; Moyle, Peter B.; Fangue, Nann A.; Bell-Tilcock, Miranda; Ayers, David; David, Solomon R. (December 2021).
797:
892:
444:
has become increasingly popular since 2010 - a sport that targets this species among others. Management of this species is in urgent need of reassessment as essentially no agency is tracking the ecological impact of modernized
436:, smallmouth buffalo are native to North American ecosystems, are the most common commercially sold freshwater fish in the United States, are sought after by traditional anglers on rod-and-line, and they have rapidly become
296:
species, whereas the bigmouth buffalo's mouth is terminal and opens forward. It is thought that smallmouth buffalo eyes are significantly larger than those of the black buffalo. Despite being members of different scientific
743:
Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D.; Lackmann, Alec R.; Rider, Steven J.; Riecke, Dennis K.; McMullen, Joseph; Ganus, J. Eric; Steffensen, Kirk D.; Kramer, Nicholas W.; Shattuck, Zachary R. (December 2021).
472:
on
November 14, 1993 by Tony Crawford, who had previously set the state record with a 61.02 lb (27.68 kg) fish caught at the same lake on December 1, 1991, both through use of
419:
in one to two weeks. The young hide in aquatic vegetation to avoid predators. The lifespan of a smallmouth buffalo was historically not well known because of limited study on their
1606:
1457:
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558:"Centenarian lifespans of three freshwater fish species in Arizona reveal the exceptional longevity of the buffalofishes (Ictiobus)"
973:"Validation and Comparison of Age Estimates for Smallmouth Buffalo in Oklahoma Based on Otoliths, Pectoral Fin Rays, and Opercula"
1558:
1086:"Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods"
746:"The Sport Fish Restoration Program as a Funding Source to Manage and Monitor Bowfishing and Monitor Inland Commercial Fisheries"
1596:
376:, using its ventral sucker mouth to pick up vegetation and other organic matter from the bottom of its habitat, often scraping
1027:"Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity"
1475:
631:"Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus Rafinesque) population trends and demographics in the Upper Mississippi River System"
276:, as well as some other water systems where it has been introduced. It is a long-lived, stocky fish like its relatives the
197:
674:
1335:
460:(IGFA) all-tackle world record for the species, while a 63 cm (2.07 ft) specimen caught on May 16, 2022 in
1025:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23).
1524:
85:
414:
usually takes place in spring and summer, with more specific times depending on the location of the population.
246:
1085:
476:. Smallmouth buffalo are not native to North Carolina, but it is not known when they were introduced there.
695:"Bowfishing shoot-and-release: high short-term mortality of nongame fishes and its management implications"
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Lackmann, Alec R.; Black, Stuart A.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Lackmann, Jeffrey A. (2023-10-20).
519:
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50:
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920:
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798:"Bowfishing in the United States: History, Status, Ecological Impact, and a Need for Management"
745:
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Montague, Graham F.; Schooley, Jason D.; Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Snow, Richard A. (2023-05-05).
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are. Like the other buffalofish species, the smallmouth buffalo is targeted by modern
309:), but an easy and notable difference is that all catostomids lack the characteristic
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Long, James M.; Snow, Richard A.; Shoup, Daniel E.; Bartnicki, Jory B. (2023-06-09).
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1217:"Angler Targets Little Known Species: New Smallmouth Buffalo State Record Caught"
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state record for smallmouth buffalo is an 88 lb (40 kg) fish caught in
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841:"Goodbye to "Rough Fish": Paradigm Shift in the Conservation of Native Fishes"
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fish species native to the major tributaries and surrounding waters of the
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945:"Examination of the Current Oklahoma State Record Smallmouth Buffalo"
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Although historically and derogatorily considered by many to be a
377:
292:). The smallmouth buffalo's mouth is located ventrally like other
245:
1397:
1345:
893:"Age and Growth of Middle Mississippi River Smallmouth Buffalo"
891:
Love, Seth A.; Tripp, Sara J.; Phelps, Quinton E. (July 2019).
456:, Texas on May 6, 1993 by angler Randy Collins stands as the
361:
313:
of carp, and carp are not native to North
America whereas
796:
Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D. (2020-10-26).
452:
An 82 lb 3 oz (37.3 kg) fish taken from
372:
The smallmouth buffalo's diet is primarily that of a
1354:
1291:"Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) - FactSheet"
301:, these three species are sometimes conflated with
1223:. N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission. p. 31
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520:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191239A130113487.en
977:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
949:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
699:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
802:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
8:
1192:North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
1607:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
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347:pounds) and 101.5 cm (40.0 in).
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250:FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque)
1267:"Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus)"
1188:"N.C. Freshwater Fishing State Records"
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495:NatureServe.; Soto Galera, E. (2019).
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1243:"Ohio Boating Accident Data Archive"
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1587:IUCN Red List least concern species
1164:International Game Fish Association
506:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
458:International Game Fish Association
380:off of rocks. It is also quite the
1110:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x
25:
1329:
1317:
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897:The American Midland Naturalist
635:Environmental Biology of Fishes
360:and can survive in waters with
1:
1136:University of Minnesota Press
338:protrude ventrally like the
1215:Venters, Vic (March 1992).
909:10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.118
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1221:Wildlife in North Carolina
652:10.1007/s10641-024-01554-x
583:10.1038/s41598-023-44328-8
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428:Relationship with humans
325:Physical characteristics
1090:Journal of Fish Biology
1084:Campana, S. E. (2001).
673:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
513:: e.T191239A130113487.
1597:Fish described in 1818
1156:"Buffalo, smallmouth (
1031:Communications Biology
943:Snow, Richard (2020).
251:
1132:"Fishing for Buffalo"
249:
219:in the United States
1338:at Wikimedia Commons
814:10.1660/062.123.0301
440:as modernized night
215:The distribution of
1102:2001JFBio..59..197C
989:2023NAJFM..43..618L
857:2021Fish...46..605R
762:2021Fish...46..595S
711:2023NAJFM..43..962M
643:2024EnvBF.tmp...76M
574:2023NatSR..1317401L
364:ranges of 6.5–8.5.
51:Conservation status
35:Smallmouth buffalo
1538:smallmouth-buffalo
997:10.1002/nafm.10865
719:10.1002/nafm.10904
562:Scientific Reports
399:larvae, and small
256:smallmouth buffalo
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234:Catostomus bubalus
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1546:Open Tree of Life
1348:Taxon identifiers
1334:Media related to
866:10.1002/fsh.10660
770:10.1002/fsh.10679
270:Mississippi River
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407:Life history
384:, consuming
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294:Catostomidae
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148:Catostomidae
29:
1507:NatureServe
1445:iNaturalist
526:20 November
454:Athens Lake
401:crustaceans
386:zooplankton
382:invertivore
374:detritivore
315:buffalofish
303:common carp
1581:Categories
1300:2017-02-26
1276:2017-02-26
1252:2017-02-26
1227:5 November
1197:5 November
1169:5 November
1141:2020-06-14
1037:(1): 197.
480:References
470:Lake Wylie
447:bowfishing
442:bowfishing
434:rough fish
358:hard water
344:caudal fin
319:bowfishing
284:) and the
266:catostomid
217:I. bubalus
198:Rafinesque
1118:1095-8649
1053:2399-3642
1005:0275-5947
925:199636657
917:0003-0031
875:0363-2415
845:Fisheries
822:0022-8443
778:0363-2415
750:Fisheries
727:0275-5947
661:1573-5133
592:2045-2322
438:sportfish
416:Migration
340:anal fins
332:operculum
330:from the
299:suborders
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1592:Ictiobus
1512:2.105191
1463:11230436
1419:FishBase
1365:Wikidata
1071:31149641
955:: 16–21.
610:37864074
601:10589290
474:packbait
421:otoliths
412:Spawning
290:I. niger
225:Synonyms
159:Ictiobus
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1564:1022862
1437:2359075
1371:Q143432
1098:Bibcode
1062:6533251
985:Bibcode
853:Bibcode
808:(3–4).
758:Bibcode
707:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
570:Bibcode
397:mollusk
351:Habitat
311:barbels
272:in the
200:, 1818)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
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390:insect
342:, the
1559:WoRMS
1496:NAS:
1458:IRMNG
1406:EUNIS
1385:3PBC5
921:S2CID
378:algae
1533:ODNR
1525:7973
1520:NCBI
1484:IUCN
1471:ITIS
1432:GBIF
1424:2992
1229:2022
1199:2022
1171:2022
1114:ISSN
1067:PMID
1049:ISSN
1001:ISSN
913:ISSN
871:ISSN
818:ISSN
774:ISSN
723:ISSN
675:link
657:ISSN
606:PMID
588:ISSN
528:2021
511:2019
368:Diet
254:The
1499:361
1393:EoL
1380:CoL
1106:doi
1057:PMC
1039:doi
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