575:, and other insect larvae and invertebrates depending on availability. The optimum habitat for spawning bigmouth buffalo is freshly-flooded vegetated waters. They are a very resilient fish that can tolerate high turbidity and low oxygen levels. They can be found in waters with turbidity levels over 100 ppm. A minimum total dissolved solids is 200 ppm during the growing season. During spring and summer, 50–75% pools should be present, with backwaters, and marsh areas and 25-75% littoral area and protected embayments during summer for the habitat to be suitable. Bigmouth can be found in waters from 22.5 to 38.0 °C (72.5 to 100.4 °F). The optimal temperatures for incubation and hatching of eggs are from 15–18 °C (59–64 °F), but they can develop in temperatures reaching up to 26.7 °C (80.1 °F). The bigmouth buffalo prefers slow-moving water that does not reach a velocity over 30 cm/s.
644:
404:. Beginning in the northern United States, they are native to Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and down to southern states including eastern Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana. The major systems where they are found include the Hudson Bay and Mississippi River drainages. The introduction of bigmouth buffalo has largely been done for commercial purposes. Regions of reintroductions include some reservoirs along the Missouri River drainage of North Dakota and Montana. Regions of introduction include some reservoirs in Arizona, and within
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416:
91:
344:. Such long-lived species require time to successfully sustain themselves by surviving to periods in which favorable environmental conditions arise for booms in reproduction and subsequent recruitment. Unregulated, unmanaged and wasteful lethal fisheries are not compatible with their biology, yet such fisheries exist in the United States and the species is declining. Canada on the other hand, has long-enforced protections for bigmouth buffalo.
599:
752:. The fish, caught in the Seven Points area of the lake on March 31, 2010, was 45 inches (110 cm) in length. According to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, it took 35 minutes for Wilkins to reel in the fish. The catch beat the previous record of 52 pounds 2 ounces (23.6 kg), caught by Greg Megibben in 2001, also at Percy Priest. After the record was certified, Wilkins released the fish back into the lake.
66:
2765:
627:
onset of sexual maturity by an age of 11 years. Their delayed maturity (in addition to their great longevity and episodic recruitment) is a trait indicative of their slow, marathon-like, life history pace. Bigmouth buffalo have a tendency to accumulate unique pigmentation (orange and black spots) as they age, which may vary by habitat variables such as water quality and available food.
42:
636:
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523:
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to obtain annual permits to net from designated waterbodies, which are rotated among on a year-by-year basis, and they must report harvest from each haul to their respective state agency. Bigmouth buffalo are then trucked in oxygenated water tanks to markets where they are sold alive. They are commonly consumed in
Arkansas as
587:
79 °F), but may skip spawning if water-level fluctuations are not adequate. The bigmouth buffalo is a broadcaster that has adhesive eggs, which it lays in vegetated waters. Females seek submergent and emergent vegetation, the ideal habitat for the hatching of their eggs. Water levels substantially rise before spawning.
615:(a group of more than 12,000 species) by more than 50 years, shattering all previous records for this group. With a previous maximum longevity estimate (prior to 2019) for this species at 26 years, evidence of its extended longevity came as a surprise and was initially met with skepticism. Thorough
327:
lifespan, skip-spawning related to water levels, proximate mechanisms underlying failed recruitment, extreme episodic recruitment, and late maturity—all characteristics that make this species extremely vulnerable to overfishing, habitat degradation, and invasive species. Indeed, bigmouth buffalo are
318:
failure since the 1930s. This newfound life history information published in 2019 defied pre-conceived notions of the species. A 2021 study from North Dakota also revealed a slow pace of life including late maturity, decadal episodic recruitment, declining population, and a relatively large group of
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related to variation in flow rate. The bigmouth buffalo is also negatively affected by dams that restrict their movement and ability to find suitable spawning habitat, they are prone to winterkill, and they are highly vulnerable to overfishing. The bigmouth buffalo is an endangered fish species in
501:
harvested them on their journey in 1804, and the inland commercial fishing industry has valued them as a prized catch since the 1800s. The bigmouth buffalo is a popular foodfish throughout parts of the United States, and has been introduced into a few southwestern states. Commercial harvesters have
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as being of special concern since 2011 due to contiguous declines that have also been evident in the northern extent of their US range since the 1970s. Several longstanding MN populations are composed almost totally (85–90%) of individuals hatched before 1940, while harvest limits do not exist in
711:
are both related to serious parasite infestations. The bigmouth has been seen to hybridize in the wild with smallmouth buffalo, and it is possible that some fish identified as black buffalo are indeed these hybrids. The hybridization does not seem to be negatively affecting their populations but
626:
The onset of sexual maturity of bigmouth buffalo varies with latitude. In central North Dakota and southern
Minnesota, females reach the onset of sexual maturation around 10 years old, while males begin maturation around 6 years of age. In Canada, bigmouth buffalo females had not yet reached the
306:
and can reach a length of more than 4 ft (1.2 m) and 80 lb (36 kg) in weight. Generally it lives in lakes, or in sluggish areas of large rivers. Bigmouth buffalo populations have been in decline in the northern extent of their range since the 1970s, including
Minnesota, North
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The bigmouth buffalo are group spawners which produce 250,000 eggs/kg of adult weight; their eggs are very small at about 1.5 mm in diameter. The bigmouth buffalo is a spring spawner generally spawning between April and June when the water temperature is between 13 and 26 °C (55 and
567:, is a filter-feeder, using its very fine gill rakers to strain plankton from the water. It sometimes feeds near the bottom, using short up-and down movements to filter from the water the plankton that hover near the bottom or rest lightly on it. The juveniles and adults are mostly
249:
and latest-maturing freshwater fishes, capable of living 127 years and reproducing infrequently. Even at a century old they show no age-related declines, but instead improvements relative to younger individuals, making this species a biological marvel. It is commonly called the
424:
510:, its good flavor makes it one of the most valuable of the traditional, non-game freshwater fish. In addition to being a foodfish, the bigmouth buffalo has recently become a sportfish as catch-and-release anglers have learned to pursue them on rod-and-line, and as lethal
716:. It is commercially caught on trotlines, setlines, hoop and trammel nets, and seines. There are currently no specific management plans in place for the bigmouth buffalo in the United States. In some places like the southern US, progeny have been reared in hatcheries.
1047:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Kratz, Brandon J.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Jacobson, Reed I.; Sauer, Derek J.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2021-04-09). "Long-lived population demographics in a declining, vulnerable fishery — bigmouth buffalo
590:
Salinity can be a problem for reproduction. Spawning can occur from 1.4 to 2.0 ppt of salinity which eggs and yearlings not being able to survive a salinity of over 9 ppt. The minimum dissolved oxygen during the spring and summer is 5 mg/L.
594:
Recruitment success is related to water-level and drought conditions, as well as the water-level recession rate after the spring peak. More than one male will assist in spawning by moving the female to the top of the water to help mix eggs and milt.
647:
From
Scarnecchia et al. 2021: A pile of 32 bigmouth buffalo shot by bow and arrow in Minnesota in 2020 and left as waste. This one night of bowfishing resulted in more than 2,500 life-years taken. The median age of these buffalofish was 89 years
526:
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The bigmouth buffalo is typically a brownish olive color with dusky fins, but can vary greatly in color across individuals including melanistic, golden, and even xanthic color morphs. Like other catostomids it has a long
735:
On June 21, 2013, Noah LaBarge (12 years old) caught the
Wisconsin state record bigmouth buffalo fish. It measured 49.5 inches (126 cm) and weighed 76.5 pounds (34.7 kg). It was caught on 8-lb-test line on the
740:
at Devil's Elbow, which is on the north end of the
Petenwell Flowage. It was officially recognized to be the new world record by the National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame as both 8-lb-line class and all tackle.
2571:
Rypel, Andrew L.; Saffarinia, Parsa; Vaughn, Caryn C.; Nesper, Larry; O’Reilly, Katherine; Parisek, Christine A.; Miller, Matthew L.; Moyle, Peter B.; Fangue, Nann A.; Bell-Tilcock, Miranda; Ayers, David (2021).
1130:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Sereda, Jeff; Pollock, Mike; Bryshun, Reid; Chupik, Michelle; McCallum, Katlin; Villeneuve, James; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2022-10-17). "Bet-hedging bigmouth buffalo
2156:
Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D.; Lackmann, Alec R.; Rider, Steven J.; Riecke, Dennis K.; McMullen, Joseph; Ganus, J. Eric; Steffensen, Kirk D.; Kramer, Nicholas W.; Shattuck, Zachary R. (2021).
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that attach themselves between scale margins and fin insertions. The real problem is a secondary infection that may arise due to these parasites, especially in poor water conditions. The protozoan
2505:
2442:
712:
makes it difficult to determine how many hybrids and how many black buffalo are actually in certain reservoirs. The fish is vulnerable in shallow water and is often captured by bow and arrow via
419:
Commercial harvest of bigmouth buffalo for food is a niche market. Fish are netted and then kept living in well-oxygenated tanks and trucked to markets in the US where they are sold alive.
653:
429:
1733:
656:, the conservation status in the Canadian range of the bigmouth buffalo is difficult to assess due to lack of study of this animal, and the species is of special concern under the
527:
723:
did not consider bigmouth buffalo to be at risk of extinction in its 2013 assessment, which came before recent developments in the understanding of the life history of
669:
Pennsylvania. Besides this state, the bigmouth buffalo is not currently listed as threatened or endangered in any other region of its native distribution, although the
719:
Management of bigmouth buffalo is in need of attention, especially in the northern part of their US range where populations are old-growth and declining. Overall, the
623:
microstructure and confirmed the age estimates generated from thin-sectioned otoliths, making bigmouth buffalo the oldest age-validated freshwater fish in the world.
2933:
2355:
Simon, T. P. (1999). Assessment of Balon’s reproductive guilds with application to
Midwestern North American Freshwater Fishes, pp. 97-121. In: Simon, T.L. (ed.).
720:
1592:
Winemiller, Kirk O.; Rose, Kenneth A. (1992-10-01). "Patterns of Life-History
Diversification in North American Fishes: implications for Population Regulation".
2995:
3075:
1988:"Literature Survey, Status in States of Historic Occurrence, and Field Investigations into the Life History of Alligator Gar in the Ouachita River, Arkansas"
1769:
1503:
Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D. (October 2020). "Bowfishing in the United States: History, Status, Ecological Impact, and a Need for
Management".
1888:
Neely, Ben C.; Lynott, Sean T. (September 2016). "Examination of the World Record
Flathead Catfish Captured from Elk City Reservoir, Kansas, in May, 1998".
3085:
2653:
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428:
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Another extremely old bigmouth buffalo with both black and orange spots. Both types of spotting accrue and intensify with age, but may vary by habitat.
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Native to North America, bigmouth buffalo are integral to ecosystems therein. Bigmouth buffalo young are prey for several predatory fish, including
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1400:
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Bigmouth buffalo young feeding on plankton. Juvenile bigmouth buffalo are preyed on by predatory fish, such as walleye, northern pike and catfish.
314:
longevity, and that several populations in northwestern Minnesota are composed mainly (85–90%) of individuals more than 80 years old, indicating
1987:
1211:"Analysis of bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus spawning phenology in Minnesota reveals 50-year recruitment failure and conservation concern"
2312:
494:
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declining in Canada, and have been in steep decline in contiguous areas of the US, temporally associated with the rise of modern wasteful
771:
352:
The bigmouth buffalo's native distribution is confined to the countries of Canada and the United States of America. It is native to the
2475:
2881:
2381:
2013:
1632:
Johnson, R. P. (1963-06-01). "Studies on the Life History and Ecology of the Bigmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes)".
2364:
1441:"Centenarian lifespans of three freshwater fish species in Arizona reveal the exceptional longevity of the buffalofishes (Ictiobus)"
2680:
381:
3047:
2159:"The Sport Fish Restoration Program as a Funding Source to Manage and Monitor Bowfishing and Monitor Inland Commercial Fisheries"
246:
3090:
1318:
2783:
876:
2951:
1209:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Seybold, Sam; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Ford, Walt; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2024-09-03).
332:
in the 21st century. Their life history attributes, including the ability to survive several decades with no successful
686:
that exploits this species. The rise of bowfishing was found to be coincident with steep declines in bigmouth buffalo.
2842:
1798:
947:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23).
3000:
1935:
643:
498:
90:
2660:
1961:
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A discarded waste pile of bigmouth buffalo shot by bow and arrow, indicative of unregulated, wasteful bowfishing
578:
514:
has also increased in the 21st century. Although commercial harvest is regulated, sport-kill bowfishing is not.
2769:
707:
1251:
Sauer, Derek J.; Heidinger, Britt J.; Kittilson, Jeffrey D.; Lackmann, Alec R.; Clark, Mark E. (2021-04-27).
2702:
2625:
1555:"Bowfishing shoot and release: High short‐term mortality of nongame fishes and its management implications"
2797:
1704:
764:
661:
353:
2847:
774:
all-tackle record stands at 31.89 kilograms (70.3 lb), caught on April 21, 1980 by Delbert Sisk in
745:
333:
315:
241:) is a fish native to North America that is in decline. It is the largest North American species in the
185:
691:
611:
Reaching a recorded maximum of 127 years of age, the bigmouth buffalo is the longest living freshwater
3052:
2480:, Great Lakes - Upper St. Lawrence populations and Saskatchewan - Nelson River populations, in Canada"
2407:
298:, but unlike all other extant species it has a terminal (forward-facing) mouth reflecting its unique,
2868:
2829:
2206:
1967. Food Habits of Bigmouth and Smallmouth Buffalo in Lewis and Clark Lake and the Missouri River.
1439:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Black, Stuart A.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Lackmann, Jeffrey A. (2023-10-20).
1264:
202:
834:
539:
The bigmouth buffalo is part of a unique ecology in shallow-water systems. The larval bigmouths are
415:
336:(i.e. episodic recruitment), are more pronounced than other long-lived freshwater fishes, including
2279:
678:
657:
389:
311:
55:
2987:
2603:
2553:
2186:
1913:
1846:
Mauck, Wilbur L.; Coble, Daniel W. (1971-07-01). "Vulnerability of Some Fishes to Northern Pike (
1554:
1553:
Montague, Graham F.; Schooley, Jason D.; Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Snow, Richard A. (August 2023).
1528:
1152:
1069:
882:
775:
564:
211:
85:
1344:
2974:
2938:
2357:
Assessing the Sustainability and Biological Integrity of Water Resources Using Fish Communities
1369:
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1867:
1818:
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992:
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872:
749:
369:
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3039:
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2585:
2545:
2170:
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1986:
Layher, William G.; Layher, April O.; Crabb, B. Scott; Spurlock, Matt (September 24, 2008).
1897:
1859:
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1222:
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982:
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829:
490:
324:
1799:"Diet dynamics of the adult piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA 1995–1997"
598:
3008:
2532:
Johnson, Donald W.; Minckley, W.L. (1969). "Natural Hybridization in Buffalofishes, Genus
756:
737:
283:
1473:
1268:
2067:
1295:
1252:
987:
948:
865:
748:, Jeff Wilkins caught a record 62-pound (28 kg) bigmouth buffalo while fishing on
132:
953:
sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity"
811:
3069:
2959:
2607:
2190:
1814:
1532:
1440:
1210:
1156:
1073:
820:
560:
507:
462:
458:
450:
401:
142:
75:
70:
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17:
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787:
674:
670:
556:
503:
478:
466:
393:
361:
320:
299:
242:
152:
886:
695:, but most are unaffected by the time they reach a length of 30 mm. They are
682:
these same areas - this despite the rapidly growing new sport of modernized night
2982:
2920:
1253:"No evidence of physiological declines with age in an extremely long-lived fish"
552:
486:
482:
409:
2764:
2117:"From Minnesota to Arizona, new research tracks a remarkable, centenarian fish"
1675:
1456:
1277:
1226:
41:
2574:"Goodbye to "Rough Fish": Paradigm Shift in the Conservation of Native Fishes"
2339:
1975. Effects of Salinity on Survival of Buffalo Fish Eggs Through Yearlings.
969:
713:
683:
616:
511:
405:
365:
341:
329:
295:
2886:
2820:
2599:
2182:
1909:
1871:
1822:
1770:"McFeely: NDSU researcher finds some Minnesota fish live more than 100 years"
1653:
1613:
1578:
1524:
1464:
1286:
1234:
978:
2382:"The Oldest Freshwater Fish Ever Found Just Changed What We Know About Fish"
1401:"Minnesota angler's mysterious 'giant goldfish' helps shed light on species"
1148:
1065:
701:
665:
323:, Canada revealed remarkable tendencies of the bigmouth buffalo including a
287:
102:
1304:
996:
282:, nor is any other fish in the sucker family. Although they share the same
3013:
2778:
2659:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1 August 2013. Archived from
635:
571:
plankton feeders that also eat cladocerans, copepods, algae, chironomids,
2894:
2814:
1962:"In Texas, One of the World's Oldest, Weirdest Fish Finally Gets its Due"
1901:
1681:. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OBS-82/10.34
1516:
760:
572:
568:
470:
397:
357:
337:
303:
162:
122:
2912:
2899:
2557:
1570:
867:
Northern Fishes: With Special Reference to the Upper Mississippi Valley
696:
620:
612:
548:
544:
540:
474:
454:
446:
385:
377:
2925:
2590:
2573:
2174:
2043:"112-Year-Old Bigmouth Buffalo Is World's Oldest Freshwater Bony Fish"
677:
populations designatable unit has been listed under Schedule 1 of the
2476:"COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Bigmouth Buffalo
477:) planktonic stage. They form the native counterpart to the invasive
112:
2791:
2549:
1863:
1645:
1605:
1135:) recruit episodically over a 127-year timeframe in Saskatchewan".
759:, Joe Slavic caught a 64-pound (29 kg) bigmouth buffalo using
689:
The fingerlings of bigmouth buffalo are susceptible to a parasite,
660:. Known threats include loss of backwater spawning areas due to
634:
521:
414:
373:
2485:. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2009
2280:"Research proves Midwestern fish species lives beyond 100 years"
506:. Though it has small bones suspended in its muscle tissue like
286:, each belong to different suborders and are native to separate
279:
2873:
2795:
2255:
Johnson, J.E., Minkley, M.L., Rinne, J.N., and Willoughby, S.E.
2093:"Some of world's oldest animals found swimming in Arizona lake"
1378:
U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database
871:(Third ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2014:"New appreciation for a Minnesota fish long considered junk"
408:, they have also been introduced to the aqueduct system of
1319:"These fish live beyond 100—and get healthier as they age"
2318:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. SRAC Pub. No. 723
1345:"Century-old buffalofish are still living in their prime"
654:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
1698:
1696:
2443:"Doctoral student challenges book on Bigmouth Buffalo"
582:
A 90-year-old male bigmouth buffalo with orange spots
2683:. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. 26 April 2010
1676:"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Bigmouth Buffalo"
2804:
2681:"New State Record Established for Bigmouth Buffalo"
559:. Bigmouth buffalo, unlike its close relatives the
436:
Bigmouth buffalo - oldest confirmed freshwater fish
2506:"Endangered fish caught and released in Lake Erie"
2504:
1797:Liao, H.; Pierce, C. L.; Larscheid, J. G. (2002).
1594:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1137:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1054:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
864:
2619:
2617:
1852:Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
1734:"112-year-old fish has broken a longevity record"
1634:Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
1374:(Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844)"
835:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202127A18234087.en
2648:
2646:
2416:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
2263:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
2240:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
2208:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1559:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
1368:Fuller, P.; Sturtevant, R. (8 November 2019).
721:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2278:North Dakota State University (30 May 2019).
1890:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1505:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
805:
803:
441:Ecological, cultural, and economic importance
310:A 2019 study documented their late maturity,
8:
2375:
2373:
2234:1970. Food Selectivity of Bigmouth Buffalo,
1993:. Pine Bluff, AR: Layher BioLogics RTEC, Inc
356:and Mississippi River drainage basins, from
2675:
2673:
2359:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 671 pp.
2792:
2406:Paukert, Craig P.; Long, James M. (1999).
863:Eddy, Samuel; Underhill, James C. (1974).
493:are outcompeting native bigmouth buffalo.
319:old-growth individuals. A 2022 study from
302:feeding ecology. It is the largest of the
64:
40:
31:
2589:
1472:
1294:
1276:
1052:) of Jamestown Reservoir, North Dakota".
986:
968:
833:
1674:Edwards, Elizabeth A. (September 1983).
664:and loss of spawn viability due to high
642:
597:
577:
422:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
1934:Klobucar, Stephen (17 September 2019).
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
799:
2408:"New Maximum Age of Bigmouth Buffalo,
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
1936:"Trash Fish Tuesday: Bigmouth Buffalo"
1883:
1881:
1705:"Where buffalo fish swim, nets follow"
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1434:
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1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
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1202:
1200:
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1188:
1186:
1125:
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1119:
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1115:
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1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
245:or "sucker" family, and is one of the
2470:
2468:
2466:
2036:
2034:
1929:
1927:
1841:
1839:
1792:
1790:
1763:
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1623:
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936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
485:, and they compete with the invasive
7:
2626:"One Big Fish Sets New State Record"
2337:Hollander, E.E. and Avault Jr., J.W.
2257:1970. Foods of Buffalofishes, Genus
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
858:
856:
854:
852:
3076:IUCN Red List least concern species
2740:International Game Fish Association
2313:"Species Profile: Bigmouth Buffalo"
2232:Applegate, R.L. and Starostka, V.J.
821:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
772:International Game Fish Association
3086:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes
2311:Kleinholz, Conrad W. (June 2000).
2238:, in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota.
1960:Elbein, Asher (19 November 2018).
1399:Chaudry, Zekriah (14 April 2019).
25:
2624:City-Times Staff (10 July 2013).
2452:. pp. 18, 35. Archived from
2380:Starr, Michelle (5 August 2019).
2261:, in Central Arizona Reservoirs.
3096:Freshwater fish of North America
2777:
2763:
2041:Baxter, Rachel (5 August 2019).
1815:10.1034/j.1600-0633.2002.00015.x
1732:Landsman, Sean (2 August 2019).
278:. The bigmouth buffalo is not a
89:
2012:Gunderson, Dan (10 June 2019).
1703:Cherveny, Tom (22 April 2016).
2441:Serna, Javier (2 March 2018).
2341:The Progressive Fish-Culturist
380:. In Canada, they inhabit the
1:
1768:McFeely, Mike (29 May 2019).
555:, but also phytoplankton and
2654:"Wisconsin Record Fish List"
1407:. The St. Paul Pioneer Press
2091:Brean, Henry (2023-11-18).
497:utilized bigmouth buffalo,
3112:
1803:Ecology of Freshwater Fish
1457:10.1038/s41598-023-44328-8
1343:Seo, Hannah (2023-11-10).
1278:10.1038/s41598-021-88626-5
1227:10.1038/s41598-024-70237-5
763:bait on June 8, 2000 in a
970:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0
217:
210:
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
708:Flavobacterium columnare
461:, etc. Bigmouth buffalo
364:, United States, to the
221:Sclerognathus cyprinella
2710:Nebraska Game and Parks
2511:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1149:10.1139/cjfas-2022-0122
1066:10.1139/cjfas-2020-0485
619:was conducted on their
617:bomb radiocarbon dating
348:Geographic distribution
3091:Fish described in 1844
2703:"Nebraska Record Fish"
2450:Minnesota Outdoor News
1405:Boreal Community Media
1380:. Gainesville, Florida
957:Communications Biology
828:: e.T202127A18234087.
649:
640:
603:
583:
536:
437:
420:
354:Red River of the North
49:Bigmouth buffalo male
746:Mt. Juliet, Tennessee
646:
638:
601:
581:
534:
435:
418:
2835:Ictiobus_cyprinellus
2806:Ictiobus cyprinellus
2788:at Wikimedia Commons
2785:Ictiobus cyprinellus
2771:Ictiobus cyprinellus
2734:Ictobius cyprinellus
2732:"Buffalo, bigmouth (
2478:Ictiobus cyprinellus
2410:Ictiobus cyprinellus
2236:Ictiobus cyprinellus
1902:10.1660/062.119.0419
1709:West Central Tribune
1517:10.1660/062.123.0301
1372:Ictiobus cyprinellus
1133:Ictiobus cyprinellus
1050:Ictiobus cyprinellus
951:Ictiobus cyprinellus
814:Ictiobus cyprinellus
810:NatureServe (2013).
725:Ictobius cyprinellus
392:which flows through
384:which flows through
307:Dakota, and Canada.
238:Ictiobus cyprinellus
195:Ictiobus cyprinellus
18:Ictiobus cyprinellus
2666:on 6 February 2015.
1738:National Geographic
1269:2021NatSR..11.9065S
679:Species at Risk Act
658:Species at Risk Act
631:Conservation status
565:smallmouth buffalos
547:feeders, mostly of
177:I. cyprinellus
56:Conservation status
2630:Stevens Point News
2097:Arizona Daily Star
1966:The Texas Observer
1571:10.1002/nafm.10904
1445:Scientific Reports
1257:Scientific Reports
1215:Scientific Reports
949:"Bigmouth Buffalo
887:10.5749/j.ctttt6n9
776:Bastrop, Louisiana
650:
641:
604:
584:
537:
438:
421:
223:Valenciennes, 1844
3063:
3062:
3035:Open Tree of Life
2798:Taxon identifiers
2782:Media related to
2712:. 2019. p. 1
2591:10.1002/fsh.10660
2175:10.1002/fsh.10679
1744:on August 2, 2019
1600:(10): 2196–2218.
1060:(10): 1486–1496.
750:Percy Priest Lake
692:Lernea cyprinacae
652:According to the
532:
489:. However, these
433:
370:Mississippi River
368:and south in the
229:
228:
79:
35:Bigmouth buffalo
16:(Redirected from
3103:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3027:bigmouth-buffalo
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2793:
2781:
2768:Data related to
2767:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2246:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2153:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1896:(3–4): 353–359.
1885:
1876:
1875:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1740:. Archived from
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1640:(6): 1397–1429.
1629:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1511:(3–4): 285–338.
1500:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1436:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1280:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1206:
1161:
1160:
1127:
1078:
1077:
1044:
1001:
1000:
990:
972:
944:
891:
890:
870:
860:
847:
846:
844:
842:
837:
807:
697:anchor parasites
533:
495:Native Americans
491:invasive species
434:
390:Qu'Appelle River
325:supercentenarian
260:redmouth buffalo
233:bigmouth buffalo
197:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3009:Observation.org
3007:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2800:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2584:(12): 605–616.
2570:
2569:
2565:
2550:10.2307/1441719
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2459:on 24 May 2019.
2456:
2445:
2440:
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2435:
2425:
2423:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2379:
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2319:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2253:
2249:
2230:
2226:
2222:(Pflieger 1997)
2221:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2169:(12): 595–604.
2155:
2154:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1864:10.1139/f71-141
1845:
1844:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1646:10.1139/f63-095
1631:
1630:
1621:
1606:10.1139/f92-242
1591:
1590:
1586:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1502:
1501:
1482:
1438:
1437:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1349:Popular Science
1342:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1208:
1207:
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1129:
1128:
1081:
1046:
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1004:
946:
945:
894:
879:
862:
861:
850:
840:
838:
809:
808:
801:
796:
784:
757:Omaha, Nebraska
738:Wisconsin River
733:
633:
609:
522:
520:
499:Lewis and Clark
443:
423:
350:
268:bernard buffalo
206:
199:
193:
180:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3107:
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3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2775:
2774:at Wikispecies
2759:
2758:External links
2756:
2753:
2752:
2723:
2694:
2669:
2642:
2613:
2563:
2544:(1): 198–200.
2524:
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2433:
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2329:
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2247:
2224:
2215:
2204:McComish, T.S.
2196:
2133:
2108:
2083:
2068:"Buffalo Ribs"
2059:
2030:
2004:
1978:
1952:
1923:
1877:
1858:(7): 957–969.
1850:) Predation".
1835:
1809:(3): 178–189.
1786:
1755:
1721:
1692:
1659:
1619:
1584:
1565:(4): 962–983.
1538:
1480:
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1360:
1335:
1310:
1240:
1162:
1143:(2): 313–329.
1079:
1002:
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798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
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783:
780:
732:
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662:channelization
632:
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605:
543:and sometimes
519:
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360:, Canada, and
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2513:. 1 June 2018
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2072:Atlas Obscura
2069:
2063:
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2048:
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2037:
2035:
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1982:
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