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681:"Oberlin." <em>Cleveland Gazette</em>, 24 Nov. 1883, p. 3. <em>Readex: America's Historical Newspapers</em>, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/readex/doc?p=EANX&docref=image/v2%3A12B716FE88B82998%40EANX-12CC2D2342F41A80%402409139-12CBE5C74EAF4AE8%402-12DBAECC8BC9A3A0%40Oberlin. Accessed 27 Apr. 2020.
206:. They counted among the first-generation of African-American women to graduate from a university. Gibbs was also elected president of the Oberlin Literacy Society. In 1892, she received a masters of arts degree. Oberlin College was the first college to accept and treat equally African-American men and all women.
365:, the Book Lover's Club, the Bethel Literary Society, the Washington Welfare Association, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Gibbs Hunt, along with other like-minded African-American and African women, fought for racial and gender equality by advocating for a global women's coalition.
186:
Ida's father, Judge
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, was one of the wealthiest African-Americans in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Before he acquired wealth, he and his wife, Maria Ann Alexander Gibbs, traveled from Pennsylvania to California and finally to Vancouver Island where Ida
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including “The Price of Peace” (1938), “Civilization and the Darker Races” (n.d.), and the “Recollection of
Frederick Douglas” (1953). Her writing allowed her to share her ideas regarding racial progress and reform that she learned from her experience living on three continents.
266:. Through her travels with her husband, Gibbs Hunt developed an international perspective on racial justice. Her time abroad exposed her to parallels between the African-American struggle in the United States and the struggles faced by African peoples in colonized territories.
336:
relied on Gibbs Hunt for her fluency in French, her organizational work, and her political connections. Gibbs Hunt acted as the primary translator at the 1919 Paris Pan-African
Congress. Her ultimate goal was to unite Africans across the diaspora around a common purpose.
187:
Alexander Gibbs Hunt was born on
November 16, 1862, in Victoria, British Columbia. Ten years later, in 1872, the Gibbs family returned to the United States as an affluent family. The third child of five siblings, Ida was the eldest daughter. One of her sisters was
286:
conference in
Detroit, Michigan, Gibbs Hunt described how African women responded to Belgian colonists in the Congo. During World War I, Gibbs Hunt was active in the French Red Cross where she aided Belgian refugees and visited wounded Allied soldiers.
980:
Ramdani, Fatma. “Afro-American Women
Activists as True Negotiators in the Internatio...” European Journal of American Studies, European Association for American Studies, 26 Mar. 2015, journals.openedition.org/ejas/10646.
219:
Gibbs taught Latin and mathematics before her marriage. She had to leave her teaching job upon marriage because until 1920, married women in the public school system in
Washington, D.C., were forced to stop working.
340:
She also advocated for world disarmament and for the appointment of black representatives at the 1923 London Third Pan-African
Congress in a paper entitled “The Colored Races and the League of Nations." Along with
388:
Though Du Bois is recognized as the leader of the Pan-African movement, Gibbs Hunt was the major organizer behind the 1919 conference, and an influential member of the
Executive Committee in subsequent years.
198:, she completed a classical and scientific academic course in the Department of Philosophy and the Arts. She was a part of the first class of black women to graduate from the school in 1884 alongside
328:
to come to France where she was living in order to advocate for global racial equality in the peace negotiations. Gibbs Hunt likely introduced Du Bois to black, French legislator,
282:. She organized the first Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) for black women and became a board member of the Phyllis Wheatley YWCA. In 1906, while attending the
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Gibbs Hunt pursued her civil activism in a variety of ways. Promoting black education, civil rights, and woman's suffrage, Gibbs Hunt made her mark as an educator and
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at #14 N Street, NW in
Washington, D.C. After she married, she left her career as an educator to join her husband in various consular postings abroad.
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Siegel, Mona L.” Peace on Our Terms: The Global Battle for Women's Rights After the First World War”. Columbia University Press, 2020.
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235:, had four African-American women who had doctorates, Ida Gibbs being one of them, which brought a lot of attention to the school.
231:, a prestigious African-American college preparatory school in Washington, D.C. In the 1920s, M Street High School, later renamed
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marked beginning of Gibbs Hunt's political leadership beyond her role as a diplomat's wife. Internationally, she helped support
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As a teacher, Gibbs taught English at Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College in Normal, Alabama. She also taught at
158:(November 16, 1862 – December 19, 1957) was an advocate of racial and gender equality and co-founded one of the first
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Dunstan, Sarah Claire (2016). "Conflicts of Interest: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment".
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278:. Between 1905 and 1907, Gibbs Hunt returned to the United States and endorsed Washington, D.C.'s new
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After her marriage, Gibbs Hunt accompanied her husband on his diplomatic assignments, including to
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Parallel worlds : the remarkable Gibbs-Hunts and the enduring (in)significance of melanin
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857:; Tetrault, Lisa; National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution). Princeton, New Jersey.
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Parallel worlds : the remarkable Gibbs-Hunts and the enduring (in)significance of melanin
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Parallel worlds : the remarkable Gibbs-Hunts and the enduring (in)significance of melanin
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992:"Afro-American Women Activists as True Negotiators in the International Arena (1893-1945)"
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Smith, Jessie Carney. “Notable Black American Women”. United States, Gale Research, 1992.
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Parallel Worlds: The Remarkable Gibbs-Hunts and the Enduring (In)significance of Melanin
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1070:(First paperback ed., 2012 ed.). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
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332:, who pushed the French government for approval of the Pan-African Congress of 1919.
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17:
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Peace on Our Terms: The Global Battle for Women's Rights After the First World War
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Peace on Our Terms: The Global Battle for Women's Rights After the First World War
486:"Hunt, Ida Alexander Gibbs (1862-1957) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"
41:
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Peace on our terms the global battle for women's rights after the First World War
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in Tallahassee, Armstrong Manual Training High School in Washington, D.C., and
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as well as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (
178:. Along with Du Bois, she was a leader of the early Pan-African movement.
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Ardizzone, Heidi (2013). "Marriage, Melanin, and American Racialism".
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Ida Gibbs Hunt died in Washington, D.C., on December 19, 1957.
361:). Other organizations Gibbs Hunt was involved in included the
817:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 131.
782:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 10.
547:"Husband And Wife Duo Paved The Way For Blacks In Diplomacy"
166:, for African-Americans in 1905. She was the daughter of
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American racial and gender equality activist (1862–1957)
345:, she co-chaired the Conference's Executive Committee.
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Educator, Civil Rights Activist, & Pan-Africanist
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607:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 64.
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851:Votes for women! : a portrait of persistence
753:Constructing Black Education at Oberlin College
238:On April 12, 1904, Gibbs married the diplomat
579:. University of Virginia Press. p. 132.
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290:After World War I, Gibbs began to write for
284:National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
889:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
693:"Born Black in Victoria in 1862 - The Tyee"
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849:Lemay, Kate Clarke, 1978- (2019-03-26).
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990:Ramdani, Fatma (26 March 2015).
368:Gibbs published articles in the
296:under the pen name Iola Gibson.
811:Alexander, Adele Logan (2010).
776:Alexander, Adele Logan (2010).
575:Alexander, Adele Logan (2010).
349:Civil Rights and Women's rights
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717:Woodson, C.G. (October 1947).
308:Ida Alexander Gibbs Hunt, 1918
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751:Baumann, Roland M. (2010).
518:. 22 Dec 1957. p. B2.
433:Reviews in American History
174:, and a longtime friend of
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1118:African-American educators
225:Florida A&M University
168:Judge Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
92:Lincoln Memorial Cemetery
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1128:American women educators
1033:Siegel, Mona L. (2020).
639:. New York. p. 72.
633:Siegel, Mona L. (2020).
603:Siegel, Mona L. (2020).
370:Journal of Negro History
182:Early life and education
156:Ida Alexander Gibbs Hunt
34:Ida Alexander Gibbs Hunt
270:YWCA and Red Cross work
1113:Oberlin College alumni
1062:Alexander, Adele Logan
723:Negro History Bulletin
374:Negro History Bulletin
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322:Pan-African Congresses
314:Paris Peace Conference
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189:Harriet Gibbs Marshall
148:Harriet Gibbs Marshall
952:10.1353/cal.2016.0017
445:10.1353/rah.2013.0048
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363:Club Franco-Étranger
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229:M Street High School
144:Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
516:The Washington Post
320:in organizing many
210:Career and activism
200:Mary Church Terrell
53:Ida Alexander Gibbs
18:Ida Alexander Gibbs
1019:20.500.12210/63477
1009:10.4000/ejas.10646
853:. Goodier, Susan;
737:– via JSTOR.
719:"The Gibbs Family"
514:"Ida Gibbs Hunt".
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240:William Henry Hunt
233:Dunbar High School
172:William Henry Hunt
120:William Henry Hunt
1077:978-0-8139-3245-3
1044:978-0-231-55118-2
824:978-0-8139-2887-6
789:978-0-8139-2887-6
762:978-0-8214-1887-1
646:978-0-231-55118-2
614:978-0-231-19510-2
586:978-0-8139-2887-6
490:www.blackpast.org
204:Anna Julia Cooper
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372:and in the
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393:References
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264:Guadeloupe
260:Madagascar
146:; Sister,
59:1862-11-16
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