Identity theft - Knowledge (XXG)

486: 232: 1272:("Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information"). The statute now makes the possession of any "means of identification" to "knowingly transfer, possess, or use without lawful authority" a federal crime, alongside unlawful possession of identification documents. However, for federal jurisdiction to prosecute, the crime must include an "identification document" that either: (a) is purportedly issued by the United States, (b) is used or intended to defraud the United States, (c) is sent through the mail, or (d) is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce. 850:, each state has enacted laws that deal with different aspects of identity or fraud issues. Some states have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft, such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA), Crimes Amendment (Fraud, Identity and Forgery Offences) Act 2009, and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 (QLD). Other states and territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of the Criminal Code Amendment (Identity Crime) Bill 2009. 1238:(2005) EWCA Crim 1941, the defendant was acting as the "frontman" in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods. He obtained goods to the value of £10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified. The Court of Appeal considered a sentencing policy for deception offenses involving "identity theft" and concluded that a prison sentence was required. Henriques J. said at para 14: "Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for, in our judgment, deterrent sentences." 1126:), has been known as a source of various identity theft problems. Identities of people who carelessly put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing. Some people meet online, get to know each other through Facebook chat, and exchange messages that share private information. Others get romantically involved with online friends and end up sharing too much information (such as their social security number, bank account, home address, and company address). 1390: 1001:. Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data. For the private sector, the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (2000, c. 5) (known as PIPEDA) is to establish rules to govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information; except for the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar. 665:, driver's license number, credit card number, etc.) increases the risks of identity theft unless this valuable personal information is adequately secured at all times. Committing personal identifiers to memory is a sound practice that can reduce the risks of a would-be identity thief from obtaining these records. To help in remembering numbers such as social security numbers and credit card numbers, it is helpful to consider using mnemonic techniques or memory aids such as the 414:, a label given to people who use someone else's photos and information on social networking sites. Posers mostly create believable stories involving friends of the real person they are imitating. Unlike identity theft used to obtain credit which usually comes to light when the debts mount, concealment may continue indefinitely without being detected, particularly if the identity thief can obtain false credentials to pass various authentication tests in everyday life. 519:

associated with them. Thieves can establish lines of credit, obtain driver's licenses, or even buy a house using a child's identity. This fraud can go undetected for years, as most children do not discover the problem until years later. Child identity theft is fairly common, and studies have shown that the problem is growing. The largest study on child identity theft, as reported by Richard Power of the Carnegie Mellon Cylab with data supplied by

3899: 156: 713:(FTC) discussed the sale of Social Security numbers and other personal identifiers by credit-raters and data miners. The FTC agreed to the industry's self-regulating principles restricting access to information on credit reports. According to the industry, the restrictions vary according to the category of customer. Credit reporting agencies gather and disclose personal and credit information to a wide business client base. 3908: 697:

this study revealed that identity theft was a positive correlation with reputable damages. The relationship between perceived risk and online purchase intention were negative. The significance of this study reveals that online companies are more aware of the potential harm that can be done to their consumers, therefore they are searching for ways to reduce the perceived risk of consumers and not lose out on business.

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crime is that medical identity theft occurs when someone seeks medical care under the identity of another person. Insurance theft is also very common, if a thief has your insurance information and or your insurance card, they can seek medical attention posing as yourself. In addition to risks of financial harm common to all forms of identity theft, the thief's medical history may be added to the victim's

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percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft. In 2005, that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population. The commission's 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $ 52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans; the figure comprises $ 47.6 billion lost by businesses and $ 5 billion lost by consumers.

317:, and the program is so hacker-friendly that even an inexperienced hacker can operate it. Although the hacking program is easy to use, that fact does not diminish the devastating effects that Zeus (or other software like Zeus) can do on a computer and the user. For example, programs like Zeus can steal credit card information, important documents, and even documents necessary for 54: 505:. Inaccurate information in the victim's records is difficult to correct and may affect future insurability or cause doctors to rely on misinformation to deliver inappropriate care. After the publication of the report, which contained a recommendation that consumers receive notifications of medical data breach incidents, California passed a law requiring this, and then finally 1364:. The addition of using cloud information within the United States medicare system would institute easily accessible health information for individuals, but that also makes it easier for identity theft. Currently, new technology is being produced to help encrypt and protect files, which will create a smooth transition to cloud technology in the healthcare system. 1454:. Confusion over exactly what constitutes identity theft has led to claims that statistics may be exaggerated. An extensively reported study from Microsoft Research in 2011 finds that estimates of identity theft losses contain enormous exaggerations, writing that surveys "are so compromised and biased that no faith whatever can be placed in their findings." 95: 1439:

services. Not only did she damage my credit, but she escalated her crimes to a level that I never truly expected: she engaged in drug trafficking. The crime resulted in my erroneous arrest record, a warrant out for my arrest, and eventually, a prison record when she was booked under my name as an inmate in the Chicago Federal Prison."

986:(a) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person; (b) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property; (c) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person; or (d) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice. 1159:

later. Usage of a stolen credit card is difficult in Sweden since an identity document or a PIN code is normally demanded. If a shop does not demand either, it must take the loss from accepting a stolen credit card. The practice of observing someone using their credit card's PIN code, stealing the credit card, or

427:. Provided the subterfuge works, charges may be placed under the victim's name, letting the criminal off the hook. Victims might only learn of such incidents by chance, for example by receiving a court summons, discovering their driver's licenses are suspended when stopped for minor traffic violations, or through 1309:

for detecting identity theft. The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft. These plans must be adopted by each organization's board of directors and monitored by senior executives.

1320:, in 2010, 7% of US households experienced identity theft - up from 5.5% in 2005 when the figures were first assembled, but broadly flat since 2007. In 2012, approximately 16.6 million persons, or 7% of all U.S. residents age 16 or older, reported being victims of one or more incidents of identity theft. 1350:

has created the IRS Identity Protection Specialized Unit to help taxpayers' who are victims of federal tax-related identity theft. Generally, the identity thief will use a stolen SSN to file a forged tax return and attempt to get a fraudulent refund early in the filing season. A taxpayer will need to

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Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft. Their joint recommendation on "red flag" guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans

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Whoever, fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature, password, or any other unique identification feature of any other person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend

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in the previous month, "The bad news is that, despite being incredibly cost-effective and deployable to virtually anywhere in the world, only a handful of countries are systematically using SLTD to screen travelers. The result is a major gap in our global security apparatus that is left vulnerable to

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Several types of identity theft are used to gather information, one of the most common types occurs when consumers make online purchases. A study was conducted with 190 people to determine the relationship between the constructs of fear of financial losses and reputational damages. The conclusions of

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Surveys in the US from 2003 to 2006 showed a decrease in the total number of identity fraud victims and a decrease in the total value of identity fraud from US$ 47.6 billion in 2003 to $ 15.6 billion in 2006. The average fraud per person decreased from $ 4,789 in 2003 to $ 1,882 in 2006. A Microsoft

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Other types of identity theft have become more common in Sweden. One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home during the daytime. The thief steals the letter with the credit card and the letter with the code, which typically arrives a few days

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In a widely publicized account, Michelle Brown, a victim of identity fraud, testified before a U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on Identity Theft. Ms. Brown testified that: "over a year and a half from January 1998 through July 1999, one individual impersonated me to procure over $ 50,000 in goods and

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Poor stewardship of personal data by organizations, resulting in unauthorized access to sensitive data, can expose individuals to the risk of identity theft. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has documented over 900 individual data breaches by US companies and government agencies since January 2005,

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is a form that will help one fight against a theft like tax theft. This form will put the IRS on alert and someone who believed they have been a victim of tax-related theft will be given an Identity Protection Personal Identification Number (IP PIN), which is a 6 digit code used in replacing an SSN

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to file a tax return with false information, and have the resulting refund direct-deposited into a bank account controlled by the thief. The thief in this case can also try to get a job and then their employer will report the income of the real taxpayer, this then results in the taxpayer getting in

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When a criminal fraudulently identifies themselves to police as another individual at the point of arrest, it is sometimes referred to as "Criminal Identity Theft." In some cases, criminals have previously obtained state-issued identity documents using credentials stolen from others, or have simply

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In the United Kingdom, the Home Office reported that identity fraud costs the UK economy £1.2 billion annually (experts believe that the real figure could be much higher) although privacy groups object to the validity of these numbers, arguing that they are being used by the government to push for

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Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004 to 2006. The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints. The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005. In 2003, 4.6

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In recent years, commercial identity theft protection/insurance services have become available in many countries. These services purport to help protect the individual from identity theft or help detect that identity theft has occurred in exchange for a monthly or annual membership fee or premium.

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were accepted for identity verification. Stolen documents are traceable by banks and certain other institutions. Banks are required to check the identity of anyone withdrawing money or getting loans. If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document that has been reported as stolen, the

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Victims of identity theft may face years of effort proving to the legal system that they are the true person, leading to emotional strain and financial losses. Most identity theft is perpetrated by a family member of the victim, and some may not be able to obtain new credit cards or open new bank

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identifying oneself unnecessarily (a form of information security control known as risk avoidance). This implies that organizations, IT systems, and procedures should not demand excessive amounts of personal information or credentials for identification and authentication. Requiring, storing, and

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might still have incorrect criminal records in their databases even after court and police records are corrected. Thus a future background check may return the incorrect criminal records. This is just one example of the kinds of impact that may continue to affect the victims of identity theft for

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as a method to gain financial advantages or obtain credit and other benefits. The person whose identity has been stolen may suffer adverse consequences, especially if they are falsely held responsible for the perpetrator's actions. Personally identifiable information generally includes a person's

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Not only are children in general big targets of identity theft but children who are in foster care are even bigger targets. This is because they are most likely moved around quite frequently and their SSN is being shared with multiple people and agencies. Foster children are even more victims of

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Privacy researcher Pam Dixon, the founder of the World Privacy Forum, coined the term medical identity theft and released the first major report about this issue in 2006. In the report, she defined the crime for the first time and made the plight of victims public. The report's definition of the

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or as a subfile on one of the victim's credit reports. Synthetic identity theft primarily harms the creditors who unwittingly grant the fraudsters credit. Individual victims can be affected if their names become confused with the synthetic identities, or if negative information in their subfiles

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depend on which jurisdiction the crime occurred and whether the true identity of the criminal can be determined. The victim might need to locate the original arresting officers and prove their own identity by some reliable means such as fingerprinting or DNA testing and may need to go to a court

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noted that "Most often, the causes of identity theft is not known", but reported that someone else concluded that "the probability of becoming a victim to identity theft as a result of a data breach is ... around only 2%". For example, in one of the largest data breaches which affected over four

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committed to balancing consumer protection with the needs of small business owners. His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts' identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allow flexibility in compliance. These updated

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Everyone commits an offense who knowingly obtains or possesses another person's identity information in circumstances giving rise to a reasonable inference that the information is intended to be used to commit an indictable offense that includes fraud, deceit, or falsehood as an element of the

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Identity thieves sometimes impersonate dead people, using personal information obtained from death notices, gravestones, and other sources to exploit delays between the death and the closure of the person's accounts, the inattentiveness of grieving families, and weaknesses in the processes for

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Child identity theft occurs when a minor's identity is used by another person for the impostor's personal gain. The impostor can be a family member, a friend, or even a stranger who targets children. The Social Security numbers of children are valued because they do not have any information

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bank must take this loss. Since 2008, any EU passport is valid in Sweden for identity verification, and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU. This makes it harder to detect stolen documents, but banks in Sweden still must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted.

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The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. In 1998, The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate. The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud,

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was expanded to also require medical breach notification when breaches affect 500 or more people. Data collected and stored by hospitals and other organizations such as medical aid schemes is up to 10 times more valuable to cybercriminals than credit card information.

1295:(b). In addition, punishments for the unlawful use of a "means of identification" were strengthened in § 1028A ("Aggravated Identity Theft"), allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028A(c)(1) through (11). 747:

Failure of governments, when registering sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, to determine if the officers listed in the Articles of Incorporation are who they say they are. This potentially allows criminals access to personal information through

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maintains a database of 40 million lost and stolen travel documents from 157 countries, which Interpol makes available to governments and the public, including airlines and hotels. The Stolen and Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) database, however, is rarely used.

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of court records may also be required. Authorities might permanently maintain the victim's name as an alias for the criminal's true identity in their criminal records databases. One problem that victims of criminal identity theft may encounter is that various

530:(FTC) estimates that about nine million people will be victims of identity theft in the United States per year. It was also estimated that in 2008; 630,000 people under the age of 19 were victims of theft. This then gave the victims a debt of about $ 12,799. 1334:

In 2009, Indiana created an Identity Theft Unit within their Office of Attorney General to educate and assist consumers in avoiding and recovering from identity theft as well as assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting identity theft crimes.

1245:(UK's Fraud Prevention Service) show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK in 2010 and 85,000 victims in 2009. Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common victims. Identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded. 235:

Example of an identity theft crime: 1. The fraudster files tax return paperwork in the victim's name, claiming a refund. 2. The IRS issues a refund to the fraudster. 3. The victim submits their legitimate tax return. 4. The IRS rejects the return as a

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with a name and birthdate other than the ones that are simply associated with the number. Synthetic identity theft is more difficult to track as it doesn't show on either person's credit report directly but may appear as an entirely new file in the

1067:(PDPO) regulates the collection, use and retention of personal information in Hong Kong. It also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and the government to the extent provided by this law. The PDPO establishes the 287:

and identity theft is challenging, primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained. According to a report done for the FTC, identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims.

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is often but not necessarily the consequence of identity theft. Someone can steal or misappropriate personal information without then committing identity theft using the information about every person, such as when a major data breach occurs. A

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states that all information (e.g. addresses, incomes, taxes) kept by public authorities must be available for anyone, except in certain cases (for example, the addresses of people who need to hide are restricted). This makes fraud easier.

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for the development, exploitation, and dissemination of information, but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment or a fine upwards of ₱200,000, but not exceeding ₱1,000,000, or (depending on the damage caused) both.

313:, said, "Interested in credit card theft? There's an app for that." This statement summed up the ease with which these hackers are accessing all kinds of information online. The new program for infecting users' computers was called 1343:

regulations went into effect on 1 March 2010. The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk-based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers.

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which together have involved over 200 million total records containing sensitive personal information, many containing social security numbers. Poor corporate diligence standards which can result in data breaches include:

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applies only to Commonwealth and territory agencies and to certain private-sector bodies (where, for example, they deal with sensitive records, such as medical records, or they have more than $ 3 million in turnover PA).

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identity theft within their own families and other relatives. Young people in foster care who are victims of this crime are usually left alone to struggle and figure out how to fix their newly formed bad credit.

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Until 2016, there were no laws that specifically prohibited using someone's identity. Instead, there were only laws regarding any indirect damages caused. Impersonating anyone else for financial gain is a

2188: 799:. People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen. 3521:, July 2000, U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism and Government Information – "Identity Theft: How to Protect and Restore Your Good Name" 485: 2683: 1302:

with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses. Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification-based crimes.

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Identity theft is a serious problem in the United States. In a 2018 study, it was reported that 60 million Americans' identities had been wrongfully acquired. In response, under advisement from the

783:, for identification and authentication has been cited as a way to thwart identity thieves, however, there are technological limitations and privacy concerns associated with these methods as well. 5302: 1421:

report shows that this drop is due to statistical problems with the methodology, that such survey-based estimates are "hopelessly flawed" and exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude.

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Between 2014 and 2015 in Australia, there were 133,921 fraud and deception offences, an increase of 6% from previous year. The total cost reported by the Attorney General Department was:

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study determined that "most breaches have not resulted in detected incidents of identity theft". The report also warned that "the full extent is unknown". A later unpublished study by

637:) but identity-related documents such as credit cards, bank statements, utility bills, checkbooks, etc. may also be physically stolen from vehicles, homes, offices, and not the least 549:

The most common type of identity theft is related to finance. Financial identity theft includes obtaining credit, loans, goods, and services while claiming to be someone else.

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offense. is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or is guilty of an offense punishable on summary conviction.

641:, or directly from victims by pickpockets and bag snatchers. Guardianship of personal identifiers by consumers is the most common intervention strategy recommended by the 5287: 1010: 649:

and most sites that address identity theft. Such organizations offer recommendations on how individuals can prevent their information from falling into the wrong hands.

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in the online community, giving the users the freedom to post any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person.

1195:. However, it is difficult to convict someone of committing this crime. In late 2016, a new law was introduced which partially banned undetermined identity usage. 2192: 942:

There are also high indirect costs associated as a direct result of an incident. For example, the total indirect costs for police recorded fraud is $ 5,774,081.

5238: 2616: 3749:"Transcript of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales and FTC Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras Announcing the Release of the President's Identity Theft Task Force" 3082: 5317: 3010: 2674: 989:

is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or guilty of an offense punishable on summary conviction.

3058: 3038: 2898: 2710: 633:. For consumers, this is usually a result of them naively providing their personal information or login credentials to the identity thieves (e.g., in a 2790: 3122: 2868: 1659: 1207:. The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold, including names, birthday and anniversary dates, addresses, and telephone numbers. 2397: 5327: 5243: 5233: 3821: 1626: 1052:

other than the second-mentioned person; or (b) in prejudice or a substantial risk of prejudice to any person other than the first-mentioned person,

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with the credit bureau. While identity theft protection/insurance services have been heavily marketed, their value has been called into question.

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Berg, Valeska; Arabiat, Diana; Morelius, Evalotte; Kervin, Lisa; Zgambo, Maggie; Robinson, Suzanne; Jenkins, Mark; Whitehead, Lisa (2024-02-21).

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The services typically work either by setting fraud alerts on the individual's credit files with the three major credit bureaus or by setting up

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Hyde, J. (2017). Preventing Identity Theft and Strengthening the American Health Care System. Policy & Practice (19426828), 75(5), 26–34.

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The emergence of children's identities on social media has also contributed to a rise in incidents of digital kidnapping and identity theft.

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the theft of laptop computers or portable media being carried off-site containing vast amounts of personal information. The use of strong

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Protecting Children from Identity Theft Act: report (to accompany H.R. 5192) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office)

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credit-checking. Such crimes may continue for some time until the deceased's families or the authorities notice and react to anomalies.

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It can be difficult for the victim of criminal identity theft to clear their record. The steps required to clear the victim's incorrect

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million records, it resulted in only about 1,800 instances of identity theft, according to the company whose systems were breached.

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the brokerage of personal information to other businesses without ensuring that the purchaser maintains adequate security controls

5145: 4500: 4422: 3145:, releases Survey of Identity Theft in U.S. 27.3 Million Victims in past 5 Years, Billions in Losses for Businesses and Consumers 490: 294: 1979: 259:

was coined in 1964. Since that time, the definition of identity theft has been legally defined throughout both the U.K. and the

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Likewise, each state has enacted its own privacy laws to prevent the misuse of personal information and data. The Commonwealth

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some months or even years after the crime, aside from the psychological trauma that being 'cloned' typically engenders.

2044: 110: 5719: 5342: 3773: 1879:"Data Breaches Are Frequent, but Evidence of Resulting Identity Theft Is Limited; However, the Full Extent Is Unknown" 1331:

have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft.

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about individuals, or various credentials they use to authenticate themselves, to impersonate them. Examples include:

334: 2969: 1845:"Wisconsin Statutes, Sec. 943.201. Unauthorized use of an individual's personal identifying information or documents" 1305:

If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies, different penalties apply to depend on the state.

1191:). Impersonating anyone else to discredit them by hacking into their social media accounts and provoke is considered 182: 2301: 1511: – act of preventing various types of internet frauds by consumers, business owners, and financial institutions 5729: 4185: 3924: 3741: 3722: 2759: 298: 3065: 2928: 461:, in which identities are completely or partially fabricated. The most common technique involves combining a real 5574: 5518: 5498: 5223: 5183: 1670: 1598: 1589: 1508: 398:

In this situation, the identity thief impersonates someone else to conceal their own true identity. Examples are

3512: 5709: 3675: 3089: 3035: 1347: 1299: 1227: 1204: 710: 678: 576: 527: 494: 2993: 3136: 2432:, Identity Theft Resource Center Fact Sheet 117 Identity Theft and the Deceased - Prevention and Victim Tips. 251:

occurs when someone uses another's personal identifying information, like their name, identifying number, or

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In France, a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to

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name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, bank account or credit card numbers,

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An October 2010 article entitled "Cyber Crime Made Easy" explained the level to which hackers are using

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the first-mentioned person commits the offense of fraud and is liable on conviction upon indictment to

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There is an active market for buying and selling stolen personal information, which occurs mostly in

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as the theft of personally identifiable information. Identity theft deliberately uses someone else's

3598: 3344:, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation, 3 November 2009 1041:(1) If any person by any deceit (whether or not the deceit is the sole or main inducement) and with 105: 5625: 5493: 5478: 5428: 5165: 5022: 4790: 4643: 4580: 3954: 3842: 1446:, identity theft was estimated to be worth between A$ 1billion and A$ 4 billion per annum in 2001. 367: 178: 73: 3233: 2252:"Young Children and the Creation of a Digital Identity on Social Networking Sites: Scoping Review" 1728: 5665: 5066: 4785: 4505: 4485: 4450: 4440: 4058: 4039: 3969: 3878: 3413: 1844: 1119: 998: 538: 306: 252: 4346: 3756: 2029: 613:

Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as

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involves individuals stealing online images of children and misrepresenting them as their own.

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has been criticized for facilitating the acquisition of personal identifiers by criminals.

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on these devices can reduce the chance of data being misused should a criminal obtain them.

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Data thieves in action: examining the international market for stolen personal information

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Identity cloning (using another's information to assume his or her identity in daily life)

42: 3334: 2545:"ID Theft Aftermath Shows a Wake of Financial and Emotional Victims | Credit Union Times" 1793:

Hoofnagle, Chris Jay (13 March 2007). "Identity Theft: Making the Known Unknowns Known".

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Only 15% of victims find out about the theft through proactive action taken by a business

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Financial identity theft (using another's identity to obtain credit, goods, and services)

3709: 2592: 2278: 2251: 2048: 1403:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5714: 5650: 5503: 5089: 4975: 4949: 4903: 4770: 4743: 4728: 4636: 4550: 4545: 4337: 4029: 3883: 3594: 2913: 2570:"Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism and Government Information" 2422: 2071: 1696: 1494: 1261: 1231: 812:

In March 2014, after it was learned two passengers with stolen passports were on board

792: 597: 502: 383: 314: 289: 35: 2237:"Protecting and defending a young person in foster care from financial identity theft" 1956: 280:, or any other information that can be used to access a person's financial resources. 5698: 5620: 5615: 5513: 5473: 5468: 5007: 4980: 4959: 4893: 4821: 4674: 4282: 4180: 3984: 3934: 3694: 1656: – Massachusetts General Law (Massachusetts personal information protection law) 1653: 1583: 1523: 1339: 1180: 1176: 1134: 749: 629:

The acquisition of personal identifiers is made possible through serious breaches of

467: 260: 2932: 2030:"Medical Identity Theft: What to Do if You are a Victim (or are concerned about it)" 1269: 1268:, commodities and services frauds. The Identity Theft Deterrence Act (2003) amended 5660: 5441: 5039: 4869: 4847: 4795: 4775: 4713: 4590: 4525: 4515: 4130: 4019: 4004: 1577: 1045:

induces another person to commit an act or make an omission, which results either-

830: 796: 646: 493:

diagram showing the identity theft risk associated with social security numbers on

3671: 2512:"Impact of Fear of Identity Theft and Perceived Risk on Online Purchase Intention" 1774: 1535: – cyberattack intended to redirect a website's traffic to another, fake site 1360:

As for the future of medical care and Medicaid, people are mostly concerned about

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about individual citizens, published in official registers such as electoral rolls

3619: 3516: 1434:

73% of respondents indicated the crime involved the thief acquiring a credit card

359:

Medical identity theft (using another's identity to obtain medical care or drugs)

5655: 5175: 5061: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4923: 4748: 4698: 4495: 4294: 4290: 4200: 3949: 3907: 3863: 3550: 3180: 2895:"The most likely victims of identity fraud: men in their late 30s and early 40s" 2656:"The ripple effect of identity theft: What happens to my data once it's stolen?" 2002: 1919: 1211: 1150:

Sweden has had relatively few problems with identity theft because only Swedish

780: 753: 731: 638: 558: 520: 440: 284: 3155: 3140: 2808: 2605: 855:

Criminal Code Amendment (Theft, Fraud, Bribery & Related Offences) Act 2000

350:

Criminal identity theft (posing as another person when apprehended for a crime)

5640: 5044: 4954: 4898: 4854: 4800: 4708: 4689: 4585: 4371: 4252: 4247: 4125: 4009: 3989: 3979: 3959: 3913: 3903: 3888: 3858: 3530: 2951: 2573: 1565: 1476: 1324: 1138: 738: 340: 17: 3380: 3294: 2735:"Usurpation d'identité : la loi ou la technique pour se protéger ?" 2527: 2053:- "Fact Sheet 17g: Criminal Identity Theft: What to Do If It Happens to You " 1964: 1352: 5605: 4733: 4555: 4535: 4520: 4455: 4361: 4356: 4325: 4315: 4277: 4215: 4195: 4135: 4110: 1443: 1328: 847: 834: 776: 608: 407: 379: 371: 310: 30:

This article is about the concept of identity theft. For the 2004 film, see

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failure to shred confidential information before throwing it into dumpsters

567:. The most common method is to use a person's authentic name, address, and 4613: 2966: 2791:"List of Facebook Users by Country Wise Top ranking 2016 - Tech Unblocked" 1878: 1616: – Organization of American States that are devoted to civil identity 1431:

The average time spent by victims resolving the problem is about 330 hours

4763: 4475: 4445: 4366: 4310: 4262: 4237: 4219: 4155: 4120: 4091: 4073: 4068: 4051: 4014: 3994: 3633: 2853: 1729:

Identity Theft, Trust Breaches, and the Production of Economic Insecurity

1550: 1532: 1499: 1223: 1111: 817: 403: 375: 277: 3792:

Scam on the Run - Fugitive Identity Thief Led Global Criminal Enterprise

3577:"Free help, tips and advice on avoiding and dealing with Identity Theft" 2948:"Prepared Statement of the Federal Trade Commission on "Identity Theft"" 2766: 2327:"In Focus Resource Center from Citrin Cooperman | Ideas That Count" 366:

Identity theft may be used to facilitate or fund other crimes including

325:

said that about 15 million Americans had their identity stolen in 2012.

5131: 5056: 5002: 4575: 4417: 4383: 4351: 4320: 4267: 4242: 4190: 4170: 4165: 4145: 4115: 4078: 4063: 3974: 3939: 3212: 1685: 1479:, also known as Hacking – Type of crime based in computer networks 1115: 630: 618: 614: 523:, found that of 40,000 children, 10.2% were victims of identity theft. 424: 457:

A variation of identity theft that has recently become more common is

255:, without their permission, to commit fraud or other crimes. The term 4480: 4305: 4175: 4034: 3868: 3728:

Identity Theft: A Research Review, National Institute of Justice 2007

3713: 2578:, Committee of the Judiciary, United States Senate 20 May 1998 pp 5,6 2487: 2352: 2112: 1284: 1123: 604: 3540:, Australasian Center for Policing Research. Retrieved 30 June 2006. 2989: 2486:

United States; Congress; House; Committee on Ways and Means (2018).

1424:

The 2003 survey from the Identity Theft Resource Center found that:

3554: 997:(federal legislation) covers only federal government, agencies and 5645: 4918: 4660: 4205: 4150: 4100: 3831: 2268: 1868:

Federal Trade Commission – 2006 Identity Theft Survey Report, p. 4

1553: – Unsolicited electronic messages, especially advertisements 1242: 1215: 1192: 484: 230: 4628: 3799: 3680: 3487: 2869:"UK Fraud Prevention Agency Say ID Theft Increase of 32% in 2009" 2675:"Airlines and governments not checking stolen passports register" 709:

In their May 1998 testimony before the United States Senate, the

5584: 5034: 5012: 4530: 4257: 2967:

Mandatory Minimum Sentencing: Federal Aggravated Identity Theft.

2015: 1103:

Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreaders of

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which enforces the law and advises on the use of personal data.

1022: 760:

The failure of corporate or government organizations to protect

5104: 4632: 3803: 2398:"Social Security Numbers Can Be Guessed From Data, Study Finds" 1283:(c). Punishment can be up to 5, 15, 20, or 30 years in federal 1110:

The Philippines, which ranks eighth in the numbers of users of

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Highlights of GAO-07-737, a report to congressional requesters

1383: 1079:

Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C:

826: 607:

to acquire banking information, including account numbers and

149: 88: 47: 3774:"Woman Gets Prison Time in 'Total Identity Theft' - ABC News" 2914:"Fraudscape: report reveals the UK's fraud landscape in 2010" 1372:

Many states followed California's lead and enacted mandatory

309:. As Gunter Ollmann, Chief Technology Officer of security at 165:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

2510:

Gašper, Jordan; Robert, Leskovar; Miha, Marič (1 May 2018).

816:, which went missing on 8 March 2014. It came to light that 584:

Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information

3026:

PhysiciansPractice.com, 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.

2833:"Seward, R. v [2005] EWCA Crim 1941 (11 July 2005)" 1574: – Crime involving the trafficking of credit card data 1467: – Process of verifying ownership of a website account 1163:

it, and then using the credit card has become more common.

5100: 3686: 406:

or other individuals and those who simply want to become "

3083:"Federal Trade Commission – Identity Theft Survey Report" 2469:"Identity-Theft Protection: What Services Can You Trust?" 1699: – American security consultant and former fraudster 1203:

In the United Kingdom, personal data is protected by the

1234:

increasingly contend with identity theft situations. In

2629:

Holt, Thomas J.; Smirnova, Olga; Chua, Yi-Ting (2016).

1909:"Do Data Breach Disclosure Laws Reduce Identity Theft?" 1580: – Criminal acts involving unlawful use of cheques 1528:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1504:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

174: 3059:"Law Enforcement Contact1 January 1 December 31, 2001" 2937:, Public Law 105-318, 112 Stat. 3007 (30 October 1998) 2207:"Government Turns Spotlight on Child ID Theft Problem" 1711: – Soviet engineer and mathematician (1897–1942) 2353:"If Microsoft co-founder's ID isn't safe, is yours?" 1594:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1546:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1537:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1513:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1287:, plus fines, depending on the underlying crime per 1069:

Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data

874:; and b) the other person is a Commonwealth entity. 5598: 5527: 5427: 5391: 5278: 5174: 5138: 4968: 4932: 4835: 4809: 4667: 4565: 4465: 4432: 4381: 4335: 4229: 4089: 3923: 3851: 3620:"Hi-tech crime and sexual partner surveys 'biased'" 3335:"Frequently Asked Question Regarding 201 CMR 17.00" 439:hearing to be cleared of the charges. Obtaining an 5580:International Association of Privacy Professionals 3156:"Identity Theft Reported by Households, 2005-2010" 2673: 1526: – Type of intellectual property infringement 1502: – List of people acting under false identity 3053: 3051: 1688: – American consumer credit reporting agency 1011:Bill C-27 (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session) 5545:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 2191:. Identity Theft Resource Center. Archived from 734:agents and people with access to call recordings 402:hiding their illegal status, people hiding from 382:. There are cases of identity cloning to attack 346:sub-divide identity theft into five categories: 3410:"ALERT: Beware of Phishing Scam Mentioning TAS" 2606:Internet Identity Theft - A Tragedy for Victims 1081: 1039: 981: 966: 863: 2189:"Correcting Misinformation on Medical Records" 1980:"'Credit card theft? There's an app for that'" 588:Identity thieves typically obtain and exploit 563:One of the major identity theft categories is 386:, including online credit card processing and 5116: 4644: 3815: 2617:Software and Information Industry Association 2386:, Douglas County Sheriff's Office, Washington 2163:"The Medical Identity Theft Information Page" 2064:"In Re Colokathis | 417 B.R. 150 (2009)" 1705: – American computer hacker and criminal 1129:This phenomenon leads to the creation of the 652:Identity theft can be partially mitigated by 163:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 3687:The President's Task Force on Identity Theft 2809:"SFS 2016:485 Lag om ändring i brottsbalken" 2138:"Get to Know These Common Types of ID Theft" 1943:Giles, Jim (2010). "Cyber crime made easy". 857:which amended certain provisions within the 2473:PC World.com, retrieved on 16 December 2008 1641: – U.S. federal law enforcement agency 1623: – U.S. federal law enforcement agency 1114:and other social networking sites (such as 838:exploitation by criminals and terrorists." 829:) reported that Interpol Secretary-General 410:" for personal reasons. Another example is 82:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5123: 5109: 5101: 4651: 4637: 4629: 3822: 3808: 3800: 3209:"California Office of Identity Protection" 1491: – Access control by authenticated ID 3293:. In.gov. 6 December 2013. Archived from 3179:Harrell, Erika and Lynn Langton. (2013). 2884:, Identity Theft UK Blog, 3 February 2010 2277: 2267: 1755:. Oxford University Press. September 2007 1660:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act 1629: – US federal law enforcement agency 657:processing personal identifiers (such as 219:Learn how and when to remove this message 201:Learn how and when to remove this message 138:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Deliberate use of someone else's identity 3703:) is being considered for deletion. See 3531:Identity Crime Research and Coordination 2711:"Identity crime and misuse in Australia" 2016:"Identity Theft Resource Center website" 1627:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 1338:In Massachusetts in 2009–2010, Governor 887: 3651:Florencio, D.; Herley, C. (June 2011). 3318:. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2010 3291:"Attorney General: ID Theft Prevention" 1814:"My Three Years in Identity Theft Hell" 1744: 1692:2007 UK child benefit data misplacement 1633:United States Postal Inspection Service 3234:"DATCP Home Identity Theft Protection" 2539: 2537: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2481: 2479: 2321: 2319: 1635: – Federal law enforcement agency 1614:Civil Identity Program of the Americas 5560:Electronic Privacy Information Center 3683:FTC steps for identity theft victims. 3445:"States Offer Data Breach Protection" 2903:, Protect MY ID Blog, 21 January 2011 2760:"The Information Technology Act 2000" 2705: 2703: 2701: 2230: 2228: 2165:. World Privacy Forum. Archived from 1601: – Fake IDs and their production 853:At the Commonwealth level, under the 295:U.S. Government Accountability Office 7: 3513:"Verbal Testimony by Michelle Brown" 3161:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2011 2443:"Identity Theft Protection Services" 2087:"Detecting synthetic identity fraud" 1812:Drew Armstrong (13 September 2017). 1166:Legally, Sweden is an open society. 705:Identity protection by organizations 5540:Center for Democracy and Technology 3737:United States Department of Justice 3412:. Taxpayer Advocate. Archived from 3271:from the original on 4 October 2013 1520: – Branch of computer security 1255:Identity theft in the United States 590:personally identifiable information 431:performed for employment purposes. 3653:"Sex, Lies and Cybercrime Surveys" 3463:"Sex, Lies and Cybercrime Surveys" 3355:"Taxpayer Guide to Identity Theft" 2302:"What is Financial Identity Theft" 1753:"Oxford English Dictionary online" 1679:Notable identity thieves and cases 25: 3772:Roxana, Hegeman (25 March 2013). 3707:to help reach a consensus. › 3121:. 1 November 2007. Archived from 3045:(PDF). Retrieved 29 January 2008. 1544: – American security analyst 1318:U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics 1131:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 1065:Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance 63:This article has multiple issues. 5679: 5678: 5146:Right of access to personal data 5085: 5084: 4423:Perverting the course of justice 3906: 3897: 3845:. Not all types are listed here. 3181:Victims of Identity Theft, 2012. 2085:McFadden, Leslie (16 May 2007). 1673: – U.S. federal legislation 1388: 930:$ 4,412 per unrecorded incident 872:causing a loss to another person 491:Government Accountability Office 394:Identity cloning and concealment 154: 93: 52: 4161:Intellectual property violation 3755:. 23 April 2007. Archived from 2686:from the original on 2022-01-12 2589:"A Chronology of Data Breaches" 2003:Victims of Identity Theft, 2012 1918:. heinz.cmu.edu. Archived from 1621:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1568: – Form of financial crime 932:$ 27,981 per recorded incident 71:or discuss these issues on the 5555:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5535:American Civil Liberties Union 5489:Privacy-enhancing technologies 3599:"Identity Theft Over-Reported" 2978:Congressional Research Service 2351:Loviglio, Joann (March 2012). 2045:"Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" 1168:The Principle of Public Access 1086:PUNISHMENT FOR IDENTITY THEFT 730:credit card numbers stolen by 691:Identity Theft Resource Center 663:national identification number 625:Individual identity protection 471:impacts their credit ratings. 344:Identity Theft Resource Center 115:Odd wording/grammar in places. 1: 3390:. US Internal Revenue Service 3361:. US Internal Revenue Service 2458:retrieved on 16 December 2008 2256:JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 1957:10.1016/s0262-4079(10)60647-1 1374:data breach notification laws 283:Determining the link between 3681:Identity Theft Recovery Plan 3196:Bureau of Justice Statistics 2396:Olmos, David (6 July 2009). 1951:(2752). Elsevier BV: 20–21. 1733:American Sociological Review 1727:Brensinger, Jordan (2023). " 1686:2017 Equifax security breach 1639:United States Secret Service 1473: – Psychiatric disorder 814:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 5280:Data protection authorities 2992:. Retrieved 30 June 2006. 2400:. Bloomberg. Archived from 2235:Clemente, Jean (Feb 2010). 1849:Wisconsin State Legislature 1820:. Bloomberg. Archived from 958:Under section 402.2 of the 724:failure to ensure adequate 643:US Federal Trade Commission 335:Levels of identity security 177:, discuss the issue on the 113:. The specific problem is: 5746: 5484:Social networking services 4186:Possessing stolen property 3742:Dateline NBC investigation 3723:Carnegie Mellon University 3259:"Indiana General Assembly" 3192:U.S. Department of Justice 2654:Rossi, Ben (8 July 2015). 1916:Heinz First Research Paper 1298:The Act also provides the 1270:U.S. Code Title 18, § 1028 1252: 565:tax-related identity theft 556: 478: 332: 299:Carnegie Mellon University 109:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 40: 29: 5674: 5575:Global Network Initiative 5519:Virtual assistant privacy 5499:Privacy-invasive software 5075: 4600: 3895: 3838: 3634:"Measuring the black web" 3555:"What is Identity theft?" 3468:. Microsoft. 15 June 2011 3316:"Consumer Identity Theft" 2619:. Retrieved 30 June 2006. 2117:www.worldprivacyforum.org 1671:Fair Credit Reporting Act 1599:Identity document forgery 1590:Ghosting (identity theft) 1509:Internet fraud prevention 1397:This section needs to be 1264:, lines-of-credit fraud, 1057:imprisonment for 14 years 973:Under section 403 of the 34:. For the 2013 film, see 5725:Organized crime activity 4285:(such as prohibition of 3753:US Department of Justice 3733:Identity Theft and Fraud 3705:templates for discussion 3676:Federal Trade Commission 3536:30 December 2005 at the 3186:7 September 2016 at the 3119:Federal Trade Commission 3090:Federal Trade Commission 3041:17 February 2013 at the 3011:"Getting Red Flag Ready" 2990:Federal Trade Commission 2965:Doyle, Charles. (2013). 1662: – U.S. federal law 1559:Types of fraud and theft 1354:Identity Theft Affidavit 1300:Federal Trade Commission 1205:Data Protection Act 1998 1033:Under HK Laws. Chap 210 879:Imprisonment for 5 years 866:135.1 General dishonesty 711:Federal Trade Commission 679:credit report monitoring 580:for filing tax returns. 545:Financial identity theft 528:Federal Trade Commission 459:synthetic identity theft 453:Synthetic identity theft 5570:Future of Privacy Forum 5565:European Digital Rights 3322:5 November 2011 at the 2996:31 January 2006 at the 2972:11 October 2016 at the 2331:www.citrincooperman.com 1666:Fair Credit Billing Act 1586: – Fraud technique 1489:Identity-based security 1241:Statistics released by 825:(which is based in the 775:Using various types of 418:Criminal identity theft 41:For the 1953 film, see 5611:Cellphone surveillance 5528:Advocacy organizations 5151:Expectation of privacy 4403:Miscarriage of justice 3744:'To Catch an ID Thief' 3340:11 August 2011 at the 2854:"CIFAS: your identity" 2633:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1780:9 October 2015 at the 1483:Criminal impersonation 1188: 1096: 1061: 991: 971: 927:Police recorded fraud 883: 859:Criminal Code Act 1995 766:client confidentiality 659:Social Security number 647:Canadian Phone Busters 575:The 14039 Form to the 572:trouble with the IRS. 569:Social Security Number 497: 475:Medical identity theft 463:social security number 237: 5590:Privacy International 5161:Right to be forgotten 4724:Intellectual property 4398:Malfeasance in office 3841:Note: Crimes vary by 3557:. identitytheft.co.uk 3519:on 21 September 2012. 3451:on 13 September 2012. 3125:on 11 September 2008. 3071:on 11 September 2008. 2611:22 April 2011 at the 2428:17 April 2016 at the 2113:"World Privacy Forum" 2051:on 21 September 2012. 2034:, World Privacy Forum 1351:fill out Form 14039, 1323:At least two states, 1050:benefit to any person 779:information, such as 667:mnemonic Major System 488: 362:Child identity theft. 333:Further information: 274:electronic signatures 249:identity infringement 234: 32:Identity Theft (film) 4491:Cybersex trafficking 4253:Censorship violation 3759:on 11 September 2007 3622:. BBC. 10 June 2011. 3581:bestidprotection.com 2739:www.journaldunet.com 2018:. idtheftcenter.org. 1824:on 19 September 2017 1485: – Criminal act 1465:Account verification 1005:Proposed legislation 514:Child identity theft 339:Sources such as the 183:create a new article 175:improve this article 120:improve this article 5626:Global surveillance 5494:Privacy engineering 5479:Personal identifier 5429:Information privacy 5166:Post-mortem privacy 4283:Illegal consumption 3955:Criminal negligence 3416:on 18 December 2014 3036:72 Fed. Reg. 70944 2680:The Daily Telegraph 2195:on 23 January 2013. 1773:Synthetic ID Theft 1230:offences under the 905:Commonwealth fraud 890: 701:accounts or loans. 368:illegal immigration 5720:Identity documents 5666:Personality rights 5067:White-collar crime 4933:Government-related 4486:Child sexual abuse 4451:Wildlife smuggling 4441:Cruelty to animals 4230:Against the public 4059:Negligent homicide 3970:False imprisonment 3925:Against the person 3640:. 15 October 2011. 3583:. 9 February 2022. 3297:on 11 January 2014 2976:Washington, D.C.: 2549:Credit Union Times 1214:(which extends to 1152:identity documents 1037:, sec. 16A Fraud: 999:crown corporations 900:Total direct cost 897:Cost per incident 888: 795:but also in other 685:Potential outcomes 553:Tax identity theft 539:Digital kidnapping 498: 400:illegal immigrants 307:malicious software 253:credit card number 238: 5730:Security breaches 5692: 5691: 5636:Mass surveillance 5098: 5097: 4836:Financial-related 4626: 4625: 4609:Wikimedia Commons 4567:Inchoate offenses 4511:Indecent exposure 4000:Human trafficking 3965:Domestic violence 3190:Washington, D.C. 2954:on 1 August 2012. 2935:on 1 August 2012. 2797:on 10 March 2016. 2640:978-1-137-58904-0 2576:on 1 August 2012. 2423:IDtheftcenter.org 2304:. ID Theft Center 2213:. 12 January 2016 1907:Sasha Romanosky. 1775:Cyber Space Times 1518:Internet security 1452:national ID cards 1418: 1417: 1380:Spread and impact 1316:According to the 1266:credit card fraud 1043:intent to defraud 940: 939: 770:political privacy 429:background checks 388:medical insurance 319:homeland security 229: 228: 221: 211: 210: 203: 185:, as appropriate. 148: 147: 140: 111:quality standards 102:This article may 86: 16:(Redirected from 5737: 5682: 5681: 5550:Data Privacy Lab 5509:Privacy software 5156:Right to privacy 5125: 5118: 5111: 5102: 5088: 5087: 4668:Business-related 4653: 4646: 4639: 4630: 4273:Ethnic cleansing 4211:Trespass to land 4106:Arms trafficking 3916: 3911: 3910: 3901: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3801: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3674:– United States 3660: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3515:. Archived from 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3447:. Archived from 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3332: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3211:. Archived from 3205: 3199: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3143:on 31 July 2012. 3139:. Archived from 3133: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3092:. September 2002 3087: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3064:. Archived from 3063: 3055: 3046: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3013:. Archived from 3006: 3000: 2987: 2981: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2950:. Archived from 2944: 2938: 2936: 2931:. Archived from 2925: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2897:. Archived from 2891: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2871:. Archived from 2865: 2859: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2793:. Archived from 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2765:. Archived from 2764: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2626: 2620: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2595:on 13 June 2010. 2591:. Archived from 2585: 2579: 2577: 2572:. Archived from 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2445:. Archived from 2439: 2433: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2373:. Archived from 2371:"Identity Theft" 2367: 2361: 2360: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2271: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2169:on 16 April 2013 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2074:on 19 July 2015. 2070:. Archived from 2060: 2054: 2052: 2047:. Archived from 2041: 2035: 2033: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1913: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1790: 1784: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1749: 1715:Charles Stopford 1595: 1547: 1542:Robert Siciliano 1538: 1529: 1514: 1505: 1471:Capgras delusion 1450:introduction of 1413: 1410: 1404: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1220:Northern Ireland 936:$ 3,260,141,049 891: 833:told a forum in 823:Big News Network 762:consumer privacy 726:network security 605:cheques (checks) 446:data aggregators 276:, fingerprints, 224: 217: 206: 199: 195: 192: 186: 158: 157: 150: 143: 136: 132: 129: 123: 97: 96: 89: 78: 56: 55: 48: 21: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5710:1964 neologisms 5695: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5670: 5594: 5523: 5423: 5387: 5274: 5268:amended in 2020 5170: 5134: 5129: 5099: 5094: 5071: 5028:honest services 4964: 4928: 4831: 4805: 4663: 4657: 4627: 4622: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4541:Sex trafficking 4467:Sexual offenses 4461: 4460: 4459: 4433:Against animals 4428: 4427: 4426: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4141:False pretenses 4085: 4084: 4083: 4047:Preterintention 3919: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3893: 3847: 3834: 3828: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3747: 3708: 3668: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3553:(26 May 2004). 3549: 3548: 3544: 3538:Wayback Machine 3529: 3525: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3342:Wayback Machine 3333: 3329: 3324:Wayback Machine 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3188:Wayback Machine 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3043:Wayback Machine 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2998:Wayback Machine 2988: 2984: 2974:Wayback Machine 2964: 2960: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2901:on 8 July 2012. 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2660:Information Age 2653: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613:Wayback Machine 2604: 2600: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2509: 2508: 2497: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2430:Wayback Machine 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2404:on 17 June 2013 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2211:CreditCards.com 2205: 2204: 2200: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1782:Wayback Machine 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1724: 1722:Further reading 1719: 1709:Yuri Kondratyuk 1703:Albert Gonzalez 1681: 1676: 1649: 1644: 1609: 1604: 1593: 1572:Carding (fraud) 1561: 1556: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1512: 1503: 1460: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1370: 1362:cloud computing 1257: 1251: 1201: 1148: 1101: 1077: 1035:Theft Ordinance 1031: 1019: 1007: 956: 916:Personal fraud 894:Fraud category 844: 831:Ronald K. Noble 810: 805: 803:Legal responses 793:darknet markets 789: 707: 687: 635:phishing attack 627: 586: 561: 555: 547: 516: 503:medical records 483: 481:Medical privacy 477: 455: 436:criminal record 420: 396: 384:payment systems 337: 331: 245:identity piracy 225: 214: 213: 212: 207: 196: 190: 187: 172: 159: 155: 144: 133: 127: 124: 117: 98: 94: 57: 53: 46: 43:Stolen Identity 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5705:Identity theft 5697: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Search warrant 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5631:Identity theft 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5504:Privacy policy 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5383:United Kingdom 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5298:European Union 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5256: 5254:United Kingdom 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5214:European Union 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4986:Counterfeiting 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4810:Family-related 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694:Pharmaceutical 4687: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4551:Sexual slavery 4548: 4546:Sexual assault 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268:Hostage-taking 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4032: 4027: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3769: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3725: 3719:Identity Theft 3716: 3710:Identity theft 3692: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672:Identity theft 3667: 3666:External links 3664: 3662: 3661: 3643: 3625: 3611: 3595:Bruce Schneier 3586: 3568: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3479: 3454: 3436: 3427: 3401: 3372: 3346: 3327: 3308: 3282: 3250: 3225: 3200: 3172: 3147: 3128: 3103: 3074: 3047: 3028: 3008:Michael, Sara 3001: 2982: 2958: 2939: 2920: 2905: 2886: 2860: 2845: 2824: 2800: 2782: 2751: 2726: 2697: 2665: 2646: 2639: 2621: 2598: 2580: 2561: 2533: 2495: 2475: 2460: 2434: 2415: 2388: 2362: 2343: 2315: 2293: 2242: 2224: 2198: 2180: 2154: 2129: 2104: 2093:. pp. 1–2 2077: 2055: 2036: 2021: 2007: 1995: 1970: 1935: 1899: 1870: 1861: 1835: 1804: 1785: 1766: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1697:Frank Abagnale 1694: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1495:Identity score 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1409:September 2023 1396: 1394: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1369: 1366: 1289:18 U.S.C. 1277:18 U.S.C. 1262:mortgage fraud 1250: 1247: 1232:Theft Act 1968 1200: 1199:United Kingdom 1197: 1147: 1144: 1100: 1097: 1090:to rupees one 1076: 1073: 1030: 1027: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1003: 955: 952: 938: 937: 934: 928: 924: 923: 922:$ 656,550,506 920: 917: 913: 912: 911:$ 353,866,740 909: 906: 902: 901: 898: 895: 843: 840: 809: 806: 804: 801: 788: 785: 758: 757: 745: 742: 735: 728: 722: 706: 703: 686: 683: 626: 623: 622: 621: 611: 601: 598:public records 585: 582: 554: 551: 546: 543: 515: 512: 495:Medicare cards 476: 473: 454: 451: 419: 416: 395: 392: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 330: 327: 290:Identity fraud 257:identity theft 241:Identity theft 227: 226: 209: 208: 169:of the subject 167:worldwide view 162: 160: 153: 146: 145: 128:September 2018 101: 99: 92: 87: 61: 60: 58: 51: 36:Identity Thief 26: 24: 18:Identity Theft 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5742: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Eavesdropping 5619: 5617: 5616:Data security 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5514:Secret ballot 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Personal data 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5259:United States 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5091: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5023:Mail and wire 5021: 5019: 5018:Impersonation 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008:Fraud factory 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919:Shill bidding 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4791:Telemarketing 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:Impersonation 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Homosexuality 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Miscegenation 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:Pickpocketing 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985:Home invasion 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3935:Assassination 3933: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3658:. Proc. WEIS. 3654: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3638:The Economist 3635: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3215:on 2012-08-05 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3017:on 2012-09-11 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2956:, 20 May 1998 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2875:on 2012-07-01 2874: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 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