115:
1732:
472:
139:. That compositionality is the key notion for the analysis of idioms emphasized in most accounts of idioms. This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that make up the whole.
146:" is understood compositionally, it means that Fred has literally kicked an actual, physical bucket. The idiomatic reading, however, is non-compositional: it means that Fred has died. Arriving at the idiomatic reading from the literal reading is unlikely for most speakers. What this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single
380:(to do everything possible in order to achieve or find something) are not entirely literally interpretable but involve only a slight metaphorical broadening. Another category of idioms is a word having several meanings, sometimes simultaneously, sometimes discerned from the context of its usage. This is seen in the (mostly uninflected)
567:-based account. The catena unit was introduced to linguistics by William O'Grady in 1998. Any word or any combination of words that are linked together by dependencies qualifies as a catena. The words constituting idioms are stored as catenae in the lexicon, and as such, they are concrete units of syntax. The
612:
are not part of the respective proverb and their appearance does not interrupt the fixed words of the proverb. A caveat concerning the catena-based analysis of idioms concerns their status in the lexicon. Idioms are lexical items, which means they are stored as catenae in the lexicon. In the actual
555:
etc. What this means is that theories of syntax that take the constituent to be the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis are challenged. The manner in which units of meaning are assigned to units of syntax remains unclear. This problem has motivated a tremendous amount of discussion and debate in
441:
According to the German linguist
Elizabeth Piirainen, the idiom "to get on one's nerves" has the same figurative meaning in 57 European languages. She also says that the phrase "to shed crocodile tears", meaning to express insincere sorrow, is similarly widespread in European languages but is also
457:
usage in which speakers incorporate expressions from their own native tongue, which exposes them to speakers of other languages. Other theories suggest they come from a shared ancestor language or that humans are naturally predisposed to develop certain metaphors.
93:. For instance, the phrase "spill the beans" (meaning to reveal a secret) is first attested in 1919, but has been said to originate from an ancient method of voting by depositing beans in jars, which could be spilled, prematurely revealing the results.
587:
The fixed words of the idiom (in orange) in each case are linked together by dependencies; they form a catena. The material that is outside of the idiom (in normal black script) is not part of the idiom. The following two trees illustrate proverbs:
623:
Various studies have investigated methods to develop the ability to interpret idioms in children with various diagnoses including Autism, Moderate
Learning Difficulties, Developmental Language Disorder and typically developing weak readers.
294:
allow variation for nouns that elicit a similar literal meaning. These types of changes can occur only when speakers can easily recognize a connection between what the idiom is meant to express and its literal meaning, thus an idiom like
422:
collected 40 examples of bizarre idioms that cannot be translated literally. They include the
Swedish saying "to slide in on a shrimp sandwich", which refers those who did not have to work to get where they are.
88:
Many idiomatic expressions were meant literally in their original use, but sometimes the attribution of the literal meaning changed and the phrase itself grew away from its original roots—typically leading to a
314:
which cannot be interrupted by non-idiomatic content. Although syntactic modifications introduce disruptions to the idiomatic structure, this continuity is only required for idioms as lexical entries.
102:
is an expression commonly said to wish a person good luck just prior to their giving a performance or presentation, which apparently wishes injury on them. However, the phrase likely comes from a
204:
Idioms possess varying degrees of mobility. Whereas some idioms are used only in a routine form, others can undergo syntactic modifications such as passivization, raising constructions, and
286:. While most idioms that do not display semantic composition generally do not allow non-adjectival modification, those that are also motivated allow lexical substitution. For example,
278:
The types of movement allowed for certain idioms also relate to the degree to which the literal reading of the idiom has a connection to its idiomatic meaning. This is referred to as
177:. Idioms usually do not translate well; in some cases, when an idiom is translated directly word-for-word into another language, either its meaning is changed or it is meaningless.
579:
543:
The fixed words of this idiom (in bold) do not form a constituent in any theory's analysis of syntactic structure because the object of the preposition (here
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A relatively recent development in the syntactic analysis of idioms departs from a constituent-based account of syntactic structure, preferring instead the
430:) is translated as "in the same boat", and it carries the same figurative meaning as the equivalent idiom in English. Another example would be the Japanese
388:, the common use of the same word for an activity, for those engaged in it, for the product used, for the place or time of an activity, and sometimes for a
596:
1628:
1321:
Mel’čuk, I. 1995. "Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics". In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk and R. Schreuder (eds.),
993:
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729:
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Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must learn its idiomatic expressions as vocabulary. Many
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1329:
Mashal, Nira; Kasirer, Anat (2011). "Thinking maps enhance metaphoric competence in children with autism and learning disabilities".
772:
514:
438:), which is translated as "one stone, two birds". This is, of course, analogous to "to kill two birds with one stone" in English.
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can in fact be maintained. Units of meaning are being assigned to catenae, whereby many of these catenae are not constituents.
481:
61:
50:
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The non-compositionality of meaning of idioms challenges theories of syntax. The fixed words of many idioms do not qualify as
1293:
Lundblom, E.; Woods, J. (2012). "Working in the
Classroom: Improving Idiom Comprehension Through Classwide Peer Tutoring".
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Some idioms are transparent. Much of their meaning gets through if they are taken (or translated) literally. For example,
136:
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114:
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161:, the meaning of which is not the regular sum of the meanings of its component parts. John Saeed defines an idiom as
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407:'to know by heart', with the same meaning as in English, was shortened to 'saber de cor', and, later, to the verb
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1764:
1277:
Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and
1137:"Investigating the effectiveness of idiom intervention for 9-16 year olds with developmental language disorder"
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Certain idioms, allowing unrestricted syntactic modification, can be said to be metaphors. Expressions such as
68:
alone there are an estimated twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions. Some well known idioms in
English are
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all represent their meaning independently in their verbs and objects, making them compositional. In the idiom
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The catena-based analysis of idioms provides a basis for an understanding of meaning compositionality. The
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Conversely, idioms may be shared between multiple languages. For example, the Arabic phrase في نفس المركب (
372:
meaning to reveal previously unknown intentions or to reveal a secret. Transparency is a matter of degree;
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1714:
1678:
1648:
1613:
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Osborne, T.; Groß, T. (2012). "Constructions are catenae: Construction
Grammar meets Dependency Grammar".
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548:
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35:
123:—an idiom meaning a person who is in love can see no faults or imperfections in the person whom they love
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181:
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the saying is generally used to mean that a person is often unable to see faults in the one they love.
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of an opaque idiom will most likely not convey the same meaning in other languages. The
English idiom
275:. Semantically composite idioms have a syntactic similarity between their surface and semantic forms.
251:, meaning that the idiom contains the semantic role of a verb, but not of any object. This is true of
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involves joining something and a 'bandwagon' can refer to a collective cause, regardless of context.
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but are assimilated and so lose their figurative senses. For example, in
Portuguese, the expression
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of the idiom). One can know that it is not part of the idiom because it is variable; for example,
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The origin of cross-language idioms is uncertain. One theory is that cross-language idioms are a
307:
180:
When two or three words are conventionally used together in a particular sequence, they form an
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from a phrase of German and
Yiddish origin, which is why it makes no literal sense in English.
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How do we get to the bottom of this situation / the claim / the phenomenon / her statement /
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The fixed words of the proverbs (in orange) again form a catena each time. The adjective
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90:
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used in Arabic, Swahili, Persian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Mongolian, and several others.
119:
1748:
1475:– Online cross-language idioms dictionary in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese.
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syntax, however, some idioms can be broken up by various functional constructions.
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is irreversible, but its meaning is straightforwardly derived from its components.
147:
859:
Keizer, Evelien (2016). "Idiomatic expressions in
Functional Discourse Grammar".
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trees of a few sentences containing non-constituent idioms illustrate the point:
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meanings of each word inside it. Idioms occur frequently in all languages; in
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Gibbs, R (1987). "Linguistic factors in children's understanding of idioms".
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words that became affixed to each other until metamorphosing into a
1186:"Teaching Idiom Comprehension To Children with Mental Retardation"
832:
Horn, George (2003). "Idioms, Metaphors, and Syntactic Mobility".
113:
212:, allowing such movement, maintain their idiomatic meaning where
169:. This collocation of words redefines each component word in the
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phenomenon, resulting from a word-for-word translation called a
389:
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1024:"40 brilliant idioms that simply can't be translated literally"
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1141:
International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders
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linguistics circles and it is a primary motivator behind the
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208:, demonstrating separable constituencies within the idiom.
60:, an idiomatic expression's meaning is different from the
894:
Mostafa, Massrura (2010). "Variation in V+the+N idioms".
710:
The Oxford companion to the English language (1992:495f.)
353:
has a variety of equivalents in other languages, such as
30:
For the realized structure particular to a language, see
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
150:
that is now largely independent of the literal reading.
56:, rather than making any literal sense. Categorized as
1470:
1437:
Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries (2011).
96:
Other idioms are deliberately figurative. For example,
192:. Not all irreversible binomials are idioms, however:
1282:. Dorling Kindersley (India): Pearson Education, Inc.
990:"Translation of the idiom kick the bucket in Italian"
965:"Translation of the idiom kick the bucket in French"
492:
49:
or expression that largely or exclusively carries a
1702:
1558:
1519:
1409:What is meaning?: Fundamentals of formal semantics
27:Combination of words that has a figurative meaning
1441:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade.
1323:Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives
929:O'Grady, William (1998). "The Syntax of Idioms".
1173:, 4th edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
547:) is not part of the idiom (but rather it is an
453:. Piirainen says that may happen as a result of
259:. By contrast, the semantically composite idiom
533:
730:"The Mavens' Word of the Day: Spill the Beans"
1497:
1325:, 167–232. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1135:Benjamin, L.; Ebbels, S.; Newton, C. (2020).
376:(to let secret information become known) and
8:
1418:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
817:For Saeed's definition, see Saeed (2003:60).
267:, contains both a semantic verb and object,
1358:O'Grady, W (1998). "The syntax of idioms".
1287:In the know: Understanding and using idioms
1504:
1490:
1482:
495:. Please do not remove this message until
1211:
1201:
1171:A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
1152:
761:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
515:Learn how and when to remove this message
1267:The architecture of the language faculty
491:Relevant discussion may be found on the
76:(meaning "it's raining intensely"), and
1289:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1176:Culicover, P. and R. Jackendoff. 2005.
703:
1360:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
1331:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1269:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1180:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
931:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
361:("to break one’s pipe") in French and
228:The beans were spilled on our project.
157:, idioms are defined as a sub-type of
72:(meaning "reveal secret information),
365:("pulling the leathers") in Italian.
7:
1190:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
1076:Culicver and Jackendoff (2005:32ff.)
827:
825:
823:
131:, idioms are usually presumed to be
1710:International scientific vocabulary
1467:– Online English idioms dictionary.
1411:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
224:I spilled the beans on our project.
736:. 23 February 2001. Archived from
25:
1425:. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
1295:Communication Disorders Quarterly
1184:Ezell, H.; Goldstein, H. (1992).
1112:Benjamin, Ebbels and Newton, 2020
462:Dealing with non-compositionality
357:("kick the calendar") in Polish,
142:For example, if the phrase "Fred
1730:
594:
577:
470:
1416:English syntax: An introduction
1034:from the original on 2016-04-09
996:from the original on 2018-01-07
971:from the original on 2022-05-19
759:Elizabeth Knowles, ed. (2006).
184:. For example, a person may be
1629:Language-for-specific-purposes
1085:Osborne and Groß (2012:173ff.)
310:, idioms are represented as a
237:The old man kicked the bucket.
1:
687:Principle of compositionality
618:Principle of Compositionality
243:(by the old man). (confusing)
137:principle of compositionality
370:lay one's cards on the table
1720:List of online dictionaries
1059:(in Vietnamese). 2011-11-16
531:in any sense. For example:
497:conditions to do so are met
1781:
1343:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.012
74:it's raining cats and dogs
32:Idiom (language structure)
29:
1728:
1243:10.1017/s0305000900010291
1231:Journal of Child Language
1103:Ezell and Goldstein, 1992
908:10.1017/s0266078410000325
846:10.1017/s0022226703002020
51:figurative or non-literal
1307:10.1177/1525740111404927
1203:10.1901/jaba.1992.25-181
1121:Lundblom and Woods, 2012
1094:Mashal and Kasirer, 2011
347:word-by-word translation
306:From the perspective of
1372:10.1023/A:1005932710202
1154:10.1111/1460-6984.12519
992:. www.idiommaster.com.
967:. www.idiommaster.com.
943:10.1023/a:1005932710202
808:Mel'čuk (1995:167–232).
765:Oxford University Press
662:English-language idioms
657:Comprehension of idioms
378:leave no stone unturned
247:Many fixed idioms lack
80:(meaning "good luck").
1715:List of lexicographers
873:10.1515/ling-2016-0022
834:Journal of Linguistics
541:
124:
36:Idiom (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
1644:Monolingual learner's
1401:10.1515/cog-2012-0006
1389:Cognitive Linguistics
1275:and J. Martin. 2008.
1265:Jackendoff, R. 1997.
331:jump on the bandwagon
319:jump on the bandwagon
241:The bucket was kicked
182:irreversible binomial
117:
790:Radford (2004:187f.)
677:Multiword expression
635:Catena (linguistics)
558:Construction Grammar
249:semantic composition
175:idiomatic expression
1684:Spelling dictionary
1594:Defining vocabulary
1030:. 20 January 2015.
1013:Gibbs, R. W. (1987)
799:Portner (2005:33f).
484:of this section is
1736:Linguistics portal
1569:Advanced learner's
1407:Portner, P. 2005.
1279:speech recognition
767:. pp. 302–3.
719:Jackendoff (1997).
569:dependency grammar
539:of this situation?
355:kopnąć w kalendarz
308:dependency grammar
135:contradicting the
125:
58:formulaic language
1742:
1741:
1285:Leaney, C. 2005.
1053:"Nước mắt cá sấu"
692:Rhetorical device
537:get to the bottom
525:
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517:
428:fi nafs al-markeb
401:idiomatic origins
292:grease the wheels
190:left dry and high
186:left high and dry
144:kicked the bucket
133:figures of speech
16:(Redirected from
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1634:Machine-readable
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1057:scov.gov.vn
861:Linguistics
652:Collocation
560:framework.
399:words have
341:Translation
155:phraseology
129:linguistics
99:break a leg
84:Derivations
78:break a leg
1749:Categories
1619:Historical
1599:Electronic
1589:Conceptual
1530:Dictionary
1464:The Idioms
1063:2024-07-10
1038:2016-04-08
1000:2018-01-06
975:2018-01-06
699:References
535:How do we
482:neutrality
432:yojijukugo
411:, meaning
280:motivation
263:, meaning
171:word-group
163:collocated
1689:Sub-field
1579:Bilingual
1559:Types of
1550:Thesaurus
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951:170903210
916:145266570
881:151574119
493:talk page
418:In 2015,
386:polysemes
1535:Glossary
1351:21985987
1163:31867833
1032:Archived
1028:TED Blog
994:Archived
969:Archived
672:Metaphor
628:See also
549:argument
486:disputed
413:memorize
216:do not:
206:clefting
200:Mobility
159:phraseme
1664:Rhyming
1659:Reverse
1654:Picture
1639:Medical
1574:Anagram
1540:Lexicon
1259:6544015
1251:2447110
1222:1582965
1213:1279665
744:28 July
641:Chengyu
409:decorar
335:jump on
230:(valid)
66:English
62:literal
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325:, and
312:catena
273:secret
269:reveal
220:Mobile
47:phrase
1703:Other
1624:Idiom
1376:S2CID
1311:S2CID
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947:S2CID
912:S2CID
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233:Fixed
45:is a
43:idiom
1669:Rime
1443:ISBN
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769:ISBN
746:2021
479:The
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