488:
46:
668:
also dependent on other characteristics, such as degree of size dimorphism, which influence the likelihood of winning the conflict. Females have been found to display more resistance, and apply certain resistance maneuvers more frequently, when there is less size dimorphism in the population because the males are not as large and there is a lower of cost of resistance for the female and a greater chance for success.
640:. Female resistance is a mechanism of selecting for larger sizes (or other phenotypic traits) in males because males with certain phenotypes are more effective in preserving pre-copulatory pairs, and therefore have a higher fitness. Female resistance also selects for additional aggressiveness in males. Certain phenotypes are also selected for in males by enabling them to be more successful at male-male competition.
586:
reproductive behaviors. Researchers have found that males tend to move between microhabitats more often than females and are more inclined to be reckless in regards to predation risks. Researchers believe that males display more recklessness than females because their reproductive success is more dependent on size than females, and therefore foraging contributes more to the fitness of the males.
33:
652:
point in the female's maturation cycle outweighs the benefits for the female. Such costs can include a decrease in food resources, a loss of a microhabitat, and/or an increased risk of predation. On the other hand, the struggles before pre-copulatory pair formation and mate guarding can also result in females incurring fitness costs in the form of decreased
660:
response to these resistance measures. Either this leads to the male being kicked off, the female escaping, or, if the female is close to parturial ecdysis and the male perseveres through the resistances, a pre-copulatory mating pair formation. Evidence has shown that the resolution of this conflict is frequently decided more by the female interest.
667:
pair compared to the costs of engaging in pre-copulatory mate guarding at a specific stage in the female's reproductive cycle. The net result of engaging in a pair varies by population based on factors such as the operational sex ratio and the synchrony of reproduction. The level of aggressiveness is
623:
Males display a preference for size, or a quality connected to size, in females. Researchers believe this male preference for size is due to the larger reproductive output correlated with larger females of the species. However, this male preference is hard to exert in the wild since males often can't
659:
Female resistance to mate guarding typically consists of the female writhing strongly to throw off the male. If that mechanisms fails, then the female may bend their body ventrally into a round configuration to make it difficult for the male to remain situated on top of them. Males may kick back in
545:
selection between sexes. Additionally, there are temporal variations in microhabitat selection. During the day, both sexes of the isopod generally are less active in their search for food than at night and favor concealing habitats to limit the risk of detection by a predator. This bias for a more
651:
have a long pre-copulatory phase where the male will attempt to begin mate guarding well before the parturial ecdysis of the female. Females may not comply with a mate guarding attempt because the female may not prefer the male attempting to mate guard, or because the cost of mate guarding at this
549:
Microhabitat choice is also impacted by the life stage of the organism, with the microhabitat selection of an adult being more heavily influenced by predator avoidance than that of a juvenile. However, microhabitat selection is not dependent on the color morph of the organism. Conversely, varying
585:
The tradeoff between finding a place to hide from predators and finding food sources is impacted by the sex of the organism. Therefore there is a difference in microhabitat selection due to sex. Some researchers propose that this sex difference in microhabitat selection is due to differential
375:, and can reach 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long, while the female reaches a max length of around 1.8 cm. The male has most likely evolved to be larger than the female on average because larger size is more vital for the reproductive success of the male compared to the female.
557:
where the more dominant species will often outcompete the less dominant species in shared habitats and subsequently restrict the microhabitat choices of the less dominant species. This effect is displayed in a study of the competition between
598:
to secure a mate. Not much is known about the mechanism of male-male competition, but sexual selection favors large appendages in males like larger secondary antennae. Presumably these features confer an advantage in male-male competition.
1341:"Mechanisms and consequences of intra- and interspecific interference competition in Idotea baltica (Pallas) and Idotea emarginata (Fabricius) (Crustacea: Isopoda): A laboratory study of possible proximate causes of habitat segregation"
607:
because the male wants to monopolize copulations of the female. If a pre-copulatory pair is formed, the male will carry the female around on its back until it undergoes moulting in two phases (anterior/posterior) and becomes receptive.
546:
concealing habitat and lower levels of activity becomes stronger when there is a higher risk of predation. On the other hand, the isopods migrate more between microhabitats, to find food or mates, when they are concealed by night.
602:
Once the males have secured a mate, they will attempt to initiate pre-copulatory mate guarding to limit other males' access to the mated female. These pre-copulatory pairs are often initiated around a week before parturial
628:
is male-biased (there are more sexually competing males than females) which causes the male to not display a size bias. Although, female maturity is believed to be an even more important criteria for male selection and
540:
The isopod selects their habitat based on a trade-off between limiting predator risk and maximizing food intake. These benefits and costs are evaluated differently between sexes, therefore there is a difference in the
663:
The outcome of this conflict is dictated by the level of aggressiveness displayed by the male and female. The level of aggressiveness displayed by both sexes is dependent on the benefits of a pre-
382:
is usually darker. On the other hand, the males are frequently colored a light green. Color intensity is variable and can be altered through the restriction and dilation of
1807:
1918:
1933:
1781:
1820:
550:
microhabitat preferences between different colorations of this isopod produce differing levels of predation that select for a color polymorphism.
1928:
1846:
793:
390:) due to selection for different behaviors in the two sexes. Researchers also believe that the primary cause of selection for this color
1768:
487:
1885:
700:
509:
differ as food and as shelter, and males grow faster when fed with the apical parts, but females grow equally well with both.
1923:
1825:
1833:
612:
1716:
378:
The color of the body is extremely variable, ranging from muted greens to striking black-and-silver patternings; the
1576:"Dynamics of intersexual conflict over precopulatory mate guarding in two populations of the isopod Idotea baltica"
1255:"Reckless males, rational females: Dynamic trade-off between food and shelter in the marine isopod Idotea balthica"
425:
Adults are potentially omnivorous, but mainly feed on different types of vegetation. In the Baltic, these include
611:
Other males will sometimes attempt to take over a mating pair if it is larger than the paired male. This form of
554:
1174:
45:
687:
Gary Poore & Marilyn
Schotte (2011). Schotte M, Boyko CB, Bruce NL, Poore GC, Taiti S, Wilson GD (eds.).
304:
1659:
1199:
Lavaut, E.; Guillemin, M.-L.; Colin, S.; Faure, A.; Coudret, J.; Destombe, C.; Valero, M. (29 July 2022).
1116:
594:
Generally, males are viewed as the more active party during mating. During mating season, males engage in
451:
391:
1721:
782:"Assessing the sensitivity of seabed species and biotopes — the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN)"
636:
On the other hand, female resistance to mate guarding attempts is a way for females to engage in female
625:
437:
140:
1575:
1340:
1296:
1254:
875:"Sexual differences in habitat selection and activity of the colour polymorphic isopod Idotea baltica"
874:
505:, an algal seaweed, as host plant over other algae and vascular plants. The apical and basal parts of
1890:
1755:
1697:
958:"Lack of anti-predator recognition in a marine isopod under the threat of an invasive predatory crab"
688:
664:
441:
1117:"Reckless males, rational females: Dynamic trade-off between food and shelter in the marine isopod
919:"Habitat heterogeneity, predation and gene flow: colour polymorphism in the isopod, Idotea baltica"
465:
1615:"Costs of intersexual conflict in the isopod Idotea baltica: Fitness cost of intersexual conflict"
825:"Different roles of feeding and protection in diel microhabitat choice of sexes in Idotea baltica"
1913:
1877:
1228:
1148:
166:
157:
40:
1482:"Precopulatory Mate Guarding in Crustaceans: Male Competitive Strategy and Intersexual Conflict"
1812:
1859:
1742:
1595:
1545:
1501:
1451:
1391:
1360:
1316:
1297:"Evolution of sex differences in microhabitat choice and colour polymorphism inIdotea baltica"
1274:
1220:
1140:
1018:
979:
938:
894:
844:
789:
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308:
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within localized populations is predation (from carnivorous fish, crabs) in conjunction with
1864:
1626:
1587:
1493:
1352:
1308:
1266:
1212:
1132:
1090:
1053:
1010:
969:
930:
886:
836:
595:
574:(the more dominant species) are able to settle permanently in habitats with better resources
1200:
630:
624:
compare the sizes of females. Additionally, at the beginning of the breeding season, the
615:
is part of the reason why paired males tend to be larger on average than solitary males.
1614:
1380:"Growth, food consumption and reproductive tactics of the aquatic isopod Idotea baltica"
751:
1014:
477:
1356:
890:
1907:
1630:
1232:
1074:
460:
383:
328:
1440:"Female Resistance and Precopulatory Guarding in the Isopod Idotea Baltica (Pallas)"
1152:
1747:
1094:
956:
Yli-Renko, Maria; Pettay, Jenni E.; Rothäusler, Eva; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-10-01).
542:
398:
and varying microhabitats. The color polymorphism allows for the isopod to display
312:
87:
1270:
1201:"Pollinators of the sea: A discovery of animal-mediated fertilization in seaweed"
1136:
1872:
1838:
1794:
1691:
997:
Salemaa, Heikki (1978). "Geographical variability in the colour polymorphism of
637:
446:
426:
316:
1682:
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781:
523:
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1647:
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1320:
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1058:
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may be a product of males trying to assess the maturation stage of a female.
1773:
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344:
107:
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57:
32:
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appears to have to settle for migrating between suboptimal habitats while
1734:
1729:
1708:
1676:
1022:
352:
336:
286:
282:
1534:"Mate choice for male and female size in aquatic isopod Idotea balthica"
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97:
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721:
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has a broad geographical distribution, having been recorded from the
274:
117:
67:
1653:
1481:
697:
World Marine, Freshwater and
Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database
1574:
Jormalainen, Veijo; Merilaita, Sami; Härdling, Roger (2000-07-01).
1497:
1253:
Vesakoski, Outi; Merilaita, Sami; Jormalainen, Veijo (2008-11-01).
1036:
Leidenberger, Sonja; Harding, Karin; Jonsson, Per R. (2012-05-01).
722:"Baltic Isopod - Idotea balthica - Details - Encyclopedia of Life"
529:
431:
1760:
1851:
386:. Additionally, males and females display different coloration (
368:
1657:
1115:
Vesakoski, Outi; Merilaita, Sami; Jormalainen, Veijo (2008).
1613:
Jormalainen, V.; Merilaita, S.; Riihimäki, J. (2001-09-15).
1378:
Tuomi, Juha; Jormalainen, Veijo; Ilvessalo, Hannele (1988).
1175:"Like Bees of the Seas, These Crustaceans Pollinate Seaweed"
1532:
Jormalainen, Veijo; Tuomi, Juha; Merilaita, Sami (1992).
1042:
in the Baltic Sea: key species in a changing environment"
528:
reproduce – the first known case of an animal helping
788:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 309–320,
1666:
1339:Franke, Heinz-Dieter; Janke, Michael (1998-09-01).
1345:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
1295:Merilaita, SAMI; Jormalainen, VEIJO (1997-10-01).
553:Finally, their habitat selection is influenced by
413:, which is dorsally keeled with straight sides in
1038:"Ecology and distribution of the isopod genus
873:Jormalainen, Veijo; Tuomi, Juha (1989-10-01).
823:Merilaita, S.; Jormalainen, V. (2000-03-01).
8:
1438:Jormalainen, Veijo; Merilaita, Sami (1993).
417:, and has a distinct protrusion at the end.
405:The species can be distinguished from other
1075:"Herbivory and microhabitat preferences of
745:
743:
741:
1654:
1079:spp. (Isopoda) in the northern Baltic Sea"
31:
20:
1057:
973:
581:Sex difference in microhabitat selection
289:zone of rocky shores and sandy lagoons.
1433:
1431:
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780:Hiscock, Keith; Tyler-Walters, Harvey,
682:
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1465:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
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1405:
760:The Marine Flora & Fauna of Norway
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1567:
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1559:
1527:
1525:
1523:
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1480:Jormalainen, Veijo (September 1998).
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7:
1001:(Isopoda) in the northern Baltic".
1015:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb01619.x
14:
1919:Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
1934:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
1631:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00325.x
701:World Register of Marine Species
486:
44:
1619:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1486:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1095:10.1080/00785236.1987.10422007
917:Merilaita, Sami (2001-03-01).
590:Mating behaviors and conflicts
1:
1929:Crustaceans described in 1772
1357:10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00253-0
1046:Journal of Crustacean Biology
891:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80002-8
656:and stored energy compounds.
1271:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.07.005
1173:Roth, Annie (28 July 2022).
1137:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.07.005
786:Developments in Hydrobiology
402:in multiple microhabitats.
1950:
975:10.1007/s10530-022-02839-x
1538:Annales Zoologici Fennici
1384:Annales Zoologici Fennici
555:interspecific competition
327:Exclusive Economic Zone,
319:Exclusive Economic Zone,
172:
165:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1073:Salemaa, Heikki (1978).
1059:10.1163/193724012X626485
596:male to male competition
566:in shared environments.
1217:10.1126/science.abo6661
935:10.1023/A:1013814623311
613:intrasexual competition
521:was discovered to help
305:Exclusive Economic Zone
273:is a species of marine
187:Tinturier-Hamelin, 1960
184:Idotea balthica stagnea
1592:10.1006/anbe.2000.1429
1313:10.1006/anbe.1996.0490
1924:Crustaceans of Brazil
1650:on Sealife Collection
1259:Behavioural Processes
1125:Behavioural Processes
841:10.1007/s004420050965
626:operational sex ratio
16:Species of crustacean
962:Biological Invasions
923:Evolutionary Ecology
726:Encyclopedia of Life
452:Cladophora glomerata
442:Pylaiella littoralis
409:by the shape of the
466:Stuckenia pectinata
216:Idotea tricuspidata
1179:The New York Times
438:Elachista fucicola
400:cryptic coloration
256:Stenosoma irrorata
1901:
1900:
1860:Open Tree of Life
1660:Taxon identifiers
1211:(6605): 528–530.
968:(10): 3189–3198.
795:978-1-4020-4321-5
752:"Baltic Isopod –
572:Idotea emarginata
564:Idotea emarginata
536:Habitat selection
502:Fucus vesiculosus
388:sexual dimorphism
309:The British Isles
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1580:Animal Behaviour
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1450:(3/4): 219–231.
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1301:Animal Behaviour
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347:, West Coast of
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240:Oniscus balthica
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232:Idotea variegata
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132:I. balthica
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1698:Idotea balthica
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1668:Idotea balthica
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1648:Idotea balthica
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1240:
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1119:Idotea balthica
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754:Idotea balthica
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693:(Pallas, 1772)"
691:Idotea balthica
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649:Idotea balthica
646:
644:Sexual conflict
631:sexual conflict
621:
592:
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568:Idotea balthica
560:Idotea balthica
538:
515:
513:As a pollinator
495:In the Baltic,
491:
423:
371:is larger than
365:
298:Idotea balthica
295:
277:which lives on
270:Idotea balthica
248:Oniscus tridens
227:Latreille, 1806
219:Desmarest, 1825
161:
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150:Idotea balthica
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25:Idotea balthica
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1641:External links
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1625:(5): 763–772.
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1544:(3): 161–167.
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1498:10.1086/420306
1492:(3): 275–304.
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999:Idotea baltica
989:
948:
929:(2): 103–116.
904:
885:(4): 576–585.
854:
835:(4): 445–451.
806:
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750:Kåre Telsnes.
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211:Collinge, 1917
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200:Idotea basteri
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192:Idotea baltica
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179:Eichwald, 1842
176:Idotea pusilla
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141:Binomial name
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543:microhabitat
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392:polymorphism
377:
366:
313:Cobscook Bay
297:
296:
293:Distribution
269:
268:
267:
255:
247:
243:Pallas, 1772
239:
231:
223:
215:
208:Idotea sarsi
207:
199:
195:Pallas, 1772
191:
183:
175:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
88:Malacostraca
24:
18:
1873:SeaLifeBase
1795:iNaturalist
1692:Wikispecies
1351:(1): 1–21.
1089:(1): 1–15.
638:mate choice
619:Mate choice
532:reproduce.
519:I. balthica
497:I. balthica
461:Phanerogams
459:spp.), and
447:green algae
427:brown algae
415:I. balthica
1908:Categories
1646:Photos of
801:2023-04-06
765:January 1,
731:2016-03-25
706:January 1,
672:References
665:copulatory
524:Gracilaria
363:Appearance
235:Roux, 1830
78:Arthropoda
1914:Valvifera
1600:0003-3472
1550:0003-455X
1506:0033-5770
1456:0005-7959
1444:Behaviour
1396:0003-455X
1365:0022-0981
1321:0003-3472
1279:0376-6357
1233:251159505
1184:21 August
1158:April 21,
1100:April 21,
1003:Hereditas
984:1573-1464
943:1573-8477
899:0003-3472
849:1432-1939
829:Oecologia
654:fecundity
517:In 2022,
396:gene flow
357:Black Sea
345:Voordelta
259:Say, 1818
126:Species:
108:Idoteidae
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1813:11387238
1761:46520244
1730:BugGuide
1706:BioLib:
1683:Q1305770
1677:Wikidata
1225:35901149
1153:21790503
1145:18692551
526:gracilis
499:prefers
421:Foraging
407:idoteids
355:and the
353:Wimereux
337:Atlantic
323:waters,
321:European
287:subtidal
283:seagrass
167:Synonyms
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1787:5176195
1735:1088624
1205:Science
1083:Ophelia
605:ecdysis
341:Red Sea
302:Belgian
285:in the
279:seaweed
160:, 1772)
114:Genus:
98:Isopoda
94:Order:
84:Class:
1891:119039
1865:788883
1852:119039
1826:542674
1800:203466
1722:123886
1598:
1548:
1504:
1454:
1394:
1363:
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1077:Idotea
1040:Idotea
1023:689891
1021:
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847:
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475:spp.,
472:Ruppia
435:spp.,
411:telson
380:female
373:female
349:Norway
333:Knokke
275:isopod
158:Pallas
119:Idotea
1886:WoRMS
1878:10177
1808:IRMNG
1774:39039
1769:EUNIS
1748:6MTD8
1709:85592
1229:S2CID
1149:S2CID
530:algae
432:Fucus
325:Greek
317:Dutch
1847:OBIS
1821:ITIS
1782:GBIF
1717:BOLD
1596:ISSN
1546:ISSN
1502:ISSN
1452:ISSN
1392:ISSN
1361:ISSN
1317:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1221:PMID
1186:2022
1160:2020
1141:PMID
1102:2020
1019:PMID
980:ISSN
939:ISSN
895:ISSN
845:ISSN
790:ISBN
767:2012
708:2012
562:and
457:Ulva
369:male
367:The
281:and
1834:NBN
1756:EoL
1743:CoL
1627:doi
1588:doi
1494:doi
1448:125
1353:doi
1349:227
1309:doi
1267:doi
1213:doi
1209:377
1133:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
