2036:
20:
1972:
1996:
2024:
1984:
427:
summarised the three dominant explanations for Iho Eleru fossil's atypical cranial shape: the first, that Iho Eleru was a hybrid with archaic
African populations; the second, that Iho Eleru fossil was a member of a relict archaic population that was replaced by more modern humans upon the onset of
100:
The correct name for the archaeological site is IhĂČ ElĂ©Ă©rĂș, or Iho Eleru, meaning "Cave of Ashes." This name originates from its common use for fire camps which resulted in a thick ash floor covering most of its superficial surface. The site was previously known as "Iwo Eleru", first reported by
76:. The site was initially discovered by Chief Officer J. Akeredolu, in 1961 during a large-scale survey of hilly landscapes around the town of Akure in Ondo State, Nigeria. The name was formerly and commonly known as Iwo Eleru, but the correct name is now regarded as
334:
is well developed and has a masculine appearance, although there is no pronounced chin. Apart from two lower premolars, the teeth are not attached to the jaws and it is uncertain where the surviving teeth were originally placed. All the
412:"implies that the transition to anatomical modernity in Africa was more complicated than previously thought, with late survival of âarchaicâ features and possibly deep population substructure in Africa during this time."
382:
Don
Brothwell and Thurstan Shaw said in 1971 that the sloping frontal vault was more pronounced in Iho Eleru fossil than in both later Neolithic and recent sub-Saharan skull samples. However, they also found that the
259:
artifacts at the site. It was found as part of a skeleton that was buried with a thin covering of soil. The skeleton was excavated and encased in plaster, and the skull was separated from the rest of the body.
101:
Chief
Officer J. Akeredolu with the Department of Antiquities in Benin, Nigeria, and published by T. Shaw and S.G.H. Daniels, most probably as an incorrect anglicized translation from its original Yoruba name.
84:, meaning "Cave of Ashes." The Iho Eleru skull is a notable archaeological discovery from the site which dates to approximately 13,000 years old. It may be evidence of modern humans possessing possible
624:
Katerina
Harvati, Chris Stringer, Rainer GrĂŒn, Maxime Aubert, Philip Allsworth-Jones and Caleb Adebayo Folorunso, 'The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iho Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology',
454:
kya, with no obvious sign of living descendants, suggests that the Iho Eleru lineage quite probably represents a distinct species of near modern human. As such, the species name
428:
the
Holocene era; and the third, that Iho Eleru fossil was part of a population that diverged from the rest of North Africa's populations during a time of acute aridness in the
2076:
1869:
416:
85:
969:
Fred L. Bookstein, 'âLike Fixing an
Airpline in Flightâ: On Paleoanthropology as an Evolutionary Discipline, or, Paleoanthropology for What?', in Schwartz (ed.),
450:
and whose extinction may have been caused by humans. Waddell also said: "Such a long apparently distinct lineage that terminated in West Africa perhaps 12
1105:
268:
On the basis of charcoal remains that were found surrounding the skeleton, it was initially dated 9250 BC ± 200. However, in a 2011 study conducted by
1065:
1115:
904:
Michael F. Hammer, August E. Woerner, Fernando L. Mendez, Joseph C. Watkins and
Jeffrey D. Wall, 'Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa',
2066:
1957:
1801:
1110:
1859:
398:
with that of Iho Eleru. The 2011 study found that "Iwo Eleru possesses neurocranial morphology intermediate in shape between archaic hominins (
1120:
1864:
1742:
747:
Shaw, Thurstan, and S. G. H. Daniels. "Excavations at Iwo Eleru, Ondo State, Nigeria." West
African Journal of Archaeology 14 (1984): 1-269.
598:
Shaw, Thurstan, and S. G. H. Daniels. "Excavations at Iwo Eleru, Ondo State, Nigeria." West
African Journal of Archaeology 14 (1984): 1-269.
1821:
1930:
61:
1796:
387:
structure, nasal root and the frontal bone of the skull "would qualify for identification as that of a proto-West
African negro."
891:
Christopher M. Stojanowski, 'Iwo Eleru's place among Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations of North and East Africa',
642:
2071:
1940:
1836:
1717:
1935:
1236:
1058:
2014:
462:'s Fred L. Bookstein cautions against naming the fossil as a new species until more confirmatory evidence is discovered.
370:
are also robust. The existing remains suggest he was of medium height and build, and was no taller than approximately 165
1806:
1683:
1569:
930:
Stojanowski, 'Iwo Eleru's place among Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene populations of North and East Africa', p. 87.
2056:
2028:
2000:
1904:
1722:
1243:
1097:
277:
866:
C. B. Stringer, 'Population Relationships of Later Pleistocene Hominids: A Multivariate Study of Available Crania',
1988:
1762:
1693:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1945:
1841:
1737:
199:
1976:
1279:
1051:
459:
424:
939:
Peter J. Waddell, 'Extended Distance-based Phylogenetic Analyses Applied to 3D Homo Fossil Skull Evolution',
1914:
1851:
1811:
1257:
119:
115:
917:
J. R. Stewart and C. B. Stringer, 'Human Evolution Out of Africa: The Role of Refugia and Climate Change',
354:
What remains of the rest of the skeleton are generally crushed fragments of large bones. The shafts of the
1909:
1884:
1879:
1772:
1727:
1688:
1250:
390:
In 1974 Chris Stringer said that there were surprising similarities between the crania of the much older
2061:
1293:
700:
408:) and modern humans." The authors of the study asserted that the dating of Iho Eleru fossil to the late
882:
Harvati et al, 'The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology', p. 6.
768:
Harvati et al, 'The Later Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and Chronology', p. 5.
1874:
1777:
1678:
1639:
1584:
1489:
1193:
1186:
657:
531:
433:
327:
219:
214:, occurred at Iho Eleru. Animals that have been confirmed to have been consumed at the site include:
203:
183:
2040:
1286:
251:
The Iho Eleru site is a large rock shelter in southwestern Nigeria. The skull was found in 1965 by
41:
1995:
1831:
1698:
1673:
1549:
1032:
1016:
730:
681:
581:
340:
89:
520:"Human interactions with tropical environments over the last 14,000 years at Iho Eleru, Nigeria"
1950:
1816:
1757:
1747:
1518:
1482:
1336:
1130:
1024:
1008:
722:
673:
573:
555:
547:
440:
223:
191:
19:
1826:
1579:
1396:
1358:
1205:
1000:
712:
665:
563:
539:
269:
235:
187:
1633:
1606:
1504:
1462:
1074:
256:
215:
159:
49:
717:
661:
535:
1453:
1157:
1143:
1082:
568:
519:
384:
336:
273:
2050:
1621:
1474:
1164:
1036:
685:
585:
363:
344:
323:
316:
296:
252:
151:
734:
1627:
1615:
1557:
1431:
1379:
1344:
1269:
1176:
404:
322:
The upper face is missing except for a small collection of fragments. Parts of the
312:
300:
227:
45:
330:) and, based on what survives, it is unlikely that the upper face was large. The
1511:
1438:
1410:
1403:
1351:
479:
409:
399:
395:
123:
53:
906:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
669:
543:
1496:
1417:
1028:
559:
348:
308:
304:
195:
69:
1012:
551:
1563:
1468:
143:
726:
677:
577:
2023:
1424:
1389:
1366:
1087:
470:
Roughly half of a million stone tools have been discovered at Iho Eleru.
391:
331:
211:
207:
127:
57:
1574:
1150:
1020:
988:
355:
231:
179:
163:
139:
73:
24:
429:
65:
1004:
276:
and others, the dating of the remains was revised: with the help of
351:, the age of Iho Eleru fossil has been estimated as over 30 years.
315:
was relatively flat, and the evidence from X-rays points to little
1649:
1540:
1530:
1043:
608:
606:
604:
367:
175:
155:
18:
1308:
989:"A Late Upper Pleistocene Proto-West African Negro from Nigeria"
447:
359:
284:
147:
1047:
790:
788:
786:
307:
are moderately developed for a male and there is no pronounced
122:
was utilized in 11,300 cal BP as the earliest in the region of
952:
Peter J. Waddell, âThe Phylogenomic Origins and Definition of
701:"Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa"
29:
Views of the Iho Eleru skull (right): side, front, top, bottom
443:
argued that Iho Eleru man descended from a lineage 200â400
126:, and that the utilization of canarium, as well as likely
960:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2017), p. 151.
432:
desert that made it impassable until the arrival of the
518:
Cerasoni, Jacopo NiccolĂČ; et al. (17 March 2023).
2012:
415:
It has been argued that the Iho Eleru fossil was an
118:
have been directly dated; the results revealed that
1923:
1897:
1850:
1788:
1707:
1666:
1659:
1605:
1538:
1529:
1452:
1377:
1324:
1307:
1267:
1203:
1174:
1129:
1096:
1081:
423:population. In 2014 Christopher Stojanowski of
206:(Cephalophus silvicultor). Human activity, such as
1553:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
699:Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018).
347:has been eroded by wear. Based on the evidence of
311:. What remains of the nasal area suggest that the
908:, Vol. 108, No. 37 (13 September 2011), p. 15126.
1059:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
777:
756:
612:
8:
705:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
987:Brothwell, Don; Shaw, Thurstan (Jun 1971).
636:
634:
1663:
1535:
1328:
1321:
1135:
1093:
1066:
1052:
1044:
878:
876:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
716:
567:
1958:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2019:
641:Bergström, Anders; et al. (2021).
491:
362:is moderately thick. The shafts of the
255:and his team among over half a million
2077:Archaeological sites of Western Africa
1743:Evolutionary models of human drug use
7:
1983:
326:have been identified (including the
299:is relatively long and low, and the
60:transition, which is located in the
718:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759
643:"Origins of modern human ancestry"
14:
956:â, in Jeffrey H. Schwartz (ed.),
868:Journal of Archaeological Science
2034:
2022:
1994:
1982:
1971:
1970:
2067:1965 archaeological discoveries
458:suggests itself." However, the
130:, occurred prior to 10,000 BP.
52:artifacts from during the Late
303:shows moderate recession. The
178:found at Iho Eleru includes:
16:Archaeological site in Nigeria
1:
943:1501.0019 (2014), pp. 1, 36.
439:In 2014 Peter J. Waddell of
419:or part of a relict archaic
150:around 11,900 BP and in the
2001:Evolutionary biology Portal
162:in the Iho Eleru region of
158:soon after, ceramics later
138:Following the emergence of
96:Name of archaeological site
2093:
971:Rethinking Human Evolution
958:Rethinking Human Evolution
941:arXiv Quantitative Biology
921:225, 1317 (2012), p. 1320.
893:Journal of Human Evolution
670:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5
544:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106153
280:, a time span of 11.7â16.3
1966:
1946:Evolutionary anthropology
1331:
1138:
855:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
843:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
831:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
819:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
807:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
795:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
778:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
757:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
613:Brothwell & Shaw 1971
230:(Varanus niloticus), and
200:West African black turtle
460:University of Washington
425:Arizona State University
88:or of a late-persisting
1852:Origin of modern humans
120:Canarium schweinfurthii
86:archaic human admixture
2072:Archaeology of Nigeria
358:appear robust and the
324:maxillary-molar region
278:uraniumâthorium dating
202:(Pelusios niger), and
30:
1860:Recent African origin
1098:Last common ancestors
628:. 2011; 6(9): e24024.
198:(Procavia capensis),
27:with location (left).
22:
2029:Evolutionary biology
1875:Behavioral modernity
1865:Multiregional origin
1645:archaic Homo sapiens
1640:Homo heidelbergensis
1585:Red Deer Cave people
434:African humid period
328:infraorbital foramen
226:(Hystrix cristata),
220:African savanna hare
204:yellow-backed duiker
184:Potamochoerus porcus
36:, formerly known as
1512:H. neanderthalensis
1432:H. e. tautavelensis
895:, 75 (2014), p. 86.
662:2021Natur.590..229B
536:2023iSci...26j6153C
456:Homo iwoelerueensis
222:(Lepus microtis),
218:(Syncerus caffer),
186:), dwarf antelope (
42:archaeological site
2057:Peopling of Africa
1699:Self-domestication
1490:H. heidelbergensis
1439:H. e. yuanmouensis
1404:H. e. lantianensis
1131:Australopithecines
870:(1974), 1, p. 329.
821:, p. 224-225.
615:, p. 221-227.
194:(Cricetomys sp.),
140:pottery traditions
90:early modern human
31:
2010:
2009:
1951:Paleoanthropology
1893:
1892:
1870:Archaic admixture
1748:Stoned ape theory
1684:Endurance running
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1448:
1447:
1411:H. e. nankinensis
1367:H. tsaichangensis
1303:
1302:
441:Massey University
224:crested porcupine
192:giant pouched rat
2084:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2018:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1910:Human prehistory
1885:Recent evolution
1880:Early migrations
1822:Thermoregulation
1723:Expensive tissue
1694:Sexual selection
1664:
1536:
1418:H. e. pekinensis
1329:
1322:
1237:A. bahrelghazali
1206:Australopithecus
1136:
1106:Chimpanzeeâhuman
1094:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1040:
974:
967:
961:
950:
944:
937:
931:
928:
922:
915:
909:
902:
896:
889:
883:
880:
871:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
781:
775:
769:
766:
760:
754:
748:
745:
739:
738:
720:
696:
690:
689:
647:
638:
629:
622:
616:
610:
599:
596:
590:
589:
571:
515:
453:
446:
373:
343:and most of the
339:show noticeable
283:
270:Katerina Harvati
236:Struthio camelus
188:Neotragus batesi
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2006:
1962:
1919:
1905:Human evolution
1889:
1846:
1790:
1784:
1763:Cooperative eye
1708:Specific models
1703:
1655:
1634:Homo antecessor
1589:
1525:
1519:H. rhodesiensis
1483:H. floresiensis
1444:
1425:H. e. soloensis
1397:H. e. georgicus
1373:
1337:H. gautengensis
1312:
1310:
1299:
1263:
1199:
1170:
1125:
1116:Orangutanâhuman
1085:
1077:
1075:Human evolution
1072:
1005:10.2307/2798263
986:
983:
978:
977:
968:
964:
951:
947:
938:
934:
929:
925:
916:
912:
903:
899:
890:
886:
881:
874:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
784:
776:
772:
767:
763:
755:
751:
746:
742:
698:
697:
693:
645:
640:
639:
632:
623:
619:
611:
602:
597:
593:
517:
516:
493:
488:
476:
468:
451:
444:
380:
371:
293:
287:was suggested.
281:
266:
257:Later Stone Age
249:
244:
242:Iho Eleru skull
216:African buffalo
172:
136:
112:
107:
98:
50:Later Stone Age
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1915:Human timeline
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Drunken monkey
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1667:General models
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1454:Archaic humans
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1359:H. rudolfensis
1355:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1280:P. aethiopicus
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1158:Sahelanthropus
1154:
1147:
1144:Nakalipithecus
1139:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1041:
999:(2): 221â227.
995:. New Series.
982:
979:
976:
975:
962:
945:
932:
923:
910:
897:
884:
872:
859:
857:, p. 227.
847:
845:, p. 226.
835:
833:, p. 225.
823:
811:
809:, p. 224.
799:
797:, p. 223.
782:
780:, p. 222.
770:
761:
759:, p. 221.
749:
740:
691:
630:
617:
600:
591:
490:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
475:
472:
467:
464:
417:archaic hybrid
379:
376:
337:anterior teeth
292:
289:
274:Chris Stringer
265:
262:
248:
245:
243:
240:
171:
168:
135:
132:
111:
108:
106:
103:
97:
94:
62:forestâsavanna
48:that features
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:Life history
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:Homo ergaster
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:H. s. sapiens
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Modern humans
1528:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:H. luzonensis
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:H. antecessor
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:H. e. erectus
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:A. deyiremeda
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1165:Kenyanthropus
1162:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Gorillaâhuman
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
984:
980:
972:
966:
963:
959:
955:
949:
946:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
907:
901:
898:
894:
888:
885:
879:
877:
873:
869:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
803:
800:
796:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
765:
762:
758:
753:
750:
744:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:(7845): 232.
655:
651:
644:
637:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
605:
601:
595:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:(3): 106153.
529:
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
492:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
471:
465:
463:
461:
457:
449:
442:
437:
435:
431:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
377:
375:
369:
365:
361:
360:cortical bone
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
320:
319:development.
318:
317:frontal sinus
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:cranial vault
290:
288:
286:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
258:
254:
253:Thurstan Shaw
246:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:Archaeobotany
109:
104:
102:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
26:
21:
2062:Homo fossils
2041:Paleontology
1999:
1987:
1975:
1842:Gender roles
1837:Intelligence
1650:Homo sapiens
1648:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1628:Homo erectus
1626:
1620:
1616:Homo habilis
1614:
1575:Manot people
1564:H. s. idaltu
1562:
1558:Jebel Irhoud
1550:
1541:Homo sapiens
1539:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1461:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:Homo erectus
1378:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1325:Proto-humans
1314:
1311:proto-humans
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:Paranthropus
1268:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1230:A. anamensis
1228:
1223:A. africanus
1221:
1216:A. afarensis
1214:
1204:
1192:
1185:
1177:Ardipithecus
1175:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1121:Gibbonâhuman
996:
992:
981:Bibliography
970:
965:
957:
954:Homo sapiens
953:
948:
940:
935:
926:
918:
913:
905:
900:
892:
887:
867:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
773:
764:
752:
743:
708:
704:
694:
653:
649:
625:
620:
594:
527:
523:
469:
455:
438:
420:
414:
405:Homo erectus
403:
400:Neanderthals
389:
381:
353:
321:
313:nasal bridge
301:frontal bone
294:
267:
250:
228:Nile monitor
173:
137:
114:Remnants of
113:
99:
81:
77:
46:rock shelter
37:
33:
32:
1773:Grandmother
1728:Shore-based
1689:Aquatic ape
1580:Tam Pa Ling
1475:H. ergaster
1294:P. robustus
480:Asselar man
466:Stone tools
410:Pleistocene
305:brow ridges
291:Description
124:West Africa
105:Archaeology
64:village of
54:Pleistocene
2051:Categories
1812:Skin color
1797:Bipedalism
1758:Killer ape
1570:Cro-Magnon
1469:Denisovans
1345:H. habilis
1309:Humans and
1194:A. ramidus
1187:A. kadabba
1029:7021527413
560:9806331324
486:References
349:tooth wear
309:nasal root
196:rock hyrax
154:region of
146:region of
78:IhĂČ ElĂ©Ă©rĂș
70:Ondo State
1931:Theorists
1898:Timelines
1778:Patriarch
1754:Behavior
1679:Gathering
1607:Ancestors
1352:H. naledi
1287:P. boisei
1258:A. sediba
1037:130311502
1013:0025-1496
973:, p. 198.
686:231883210
586:256747182
552:2589-0042
385:occipital
341:attrition
247:Discovery
144:Ounjougou
116:endocarps
82:Iho Eleru
38:Iwo Eleru
34:Iho Eleru
1977:Category
1832:Language
1802:Skeleton
1497:H. longi
1251:A. garhi
1088:Hominins
1083:Taxonomy
735:19155657
727:29727585
678:33568824
626:PLoS One
578:36843842
524:iScience
474:See also
392:Solo Man
378:Analysis
332:mandible
212:butchery
208:foraging
152:Bosumpra
134:Ceramics
128:oil palm
58:Holocene
40:, is an
2015:Portals
1989:Commons
1941:Fossils
1807:Muscles
1718:Cooking
1674:Hunting
1151:Orrorin
1021:2798263
919:Science
711:: 407.
658:Bibcode
569:9950523
532:Bibcode
232:Ostrich
180:bushpig
164:Nigeria
160:arrived
142:in the
74:Nigeria
25:Nigeria
23:Map of
1924:Others
1827:Speech
1789:Topics
1734:Drugs
1660:Models
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
733:
725:
684:
676:
650:Nature
584:
576:
566:
558:
550:
452:
445:
430:Sahara
396:Omo II
372:
364:radius
356:humeri
282:
264:Dating
66:Isarun
1936:Books
1714:Diet
1033:S2CID
1017:JSTOR
731:S2CID
682:S2CID
646:(PDF)
582:S2CID
368:femur
345:crown
176:fauna
174:Some
170:Fauna
156:Ghana
80:, or
1817:Hair
1637:) â
1315:Homo
1025:OCLC
1009:ISSN
723:PMID
674:PMID
574:PMID
556:OCLC
548:ISSN
421:Homo
402:and
394:and
374:cm.
366:and
295:The
210:and
190:?),
148:Mali
44:and
1631:(â
1522:(?)
1500:(?)
1478:(?)
1370:(?)
1362:(?)
1340:(?)
1001:doi
993:Man
713:doi
666:doi
654:590
564:PMC
540:doi
448:kya
238:).
68:in
2053::
1647:â
1643:â
1625:/
1619:â
1031:.
1023:.
1015:.
1007:.
991:.
875:^
785:^
729:.
721:.
709:19
707:.
703:.
680:.
672:.
664:.
652:.
648:.
633:^
603:^
580:.
572:.
562:.
554:.
546:.
538:.
528:26
526:.
522:.
494:^
436:.
285:ka
272:,
166:.
92:.
72:,
2017::
1317:)
1313:(
1090:)
1086:(
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
1039:.
1003::
997:6
737:.
715::
688:.
668::
660::
588:.
542::
534::
234:(
182:(
56:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
