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The sulfur, which is deep red when molten, pours slowly from the ends of these pipes and pools on the ground, turning bright yellow as it cools. The miners break the cooled material into large pieces and carry it away in baskets. Miners carry loads ranging from 75 to 90 kilograms (165 to 198 lb)
382:
A nearby sulfur refinery pays the miners by the weight of sulfur transported; as of
September 2010, the typical daily earnings were equivalent to approximately $ 13 US. The miners often receive insufficient protection while working around the volcano and complain of numerous respiratory afflictions.
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The lake is recognised as the largest highly acidic crater lake in the world. It is also a source for the river
Banyupahit, resulting in highly acidic and metal-enriched river water which has a significant detrimental effect on the downstream river ecosystem. During a scientific expedition in 2001,
302:
Many other post-caldera cones and craters are located within the caldera or along its rim. The largest concentration of post-caldera cones runs east–west across the southern side of the caldera. The active crater at Kawah Ijen has a diameter of 722 metres (2,369 ft) and a surface area of 0.41
298:
mining operation, in which sulfur-laden baskets are carried by hand from the crater floor. The work is paid well considering the cost of living in the area, but is very onerous. Workers earn around US$ 13 per day and, once out of the crater, still need to carry their loads of sulfur chunks about
224:
mining at Ijen. This image shows the dangerous and rugged conditions the miners face, including toxic smoke and high drops, as well as their lack of protective equipment. The pipes over which they are standing serve to guide sulfur vapors and condense them, thereby facilitating
343:
of Ijen, tourist numbers have increased. The phenomenon has long been known, but midnight hiking tours are a more recent offering. A two-hour hike is required to reach the rim of the crater, followed by a 45-minute hike down to the bank of the crater.
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The blue fire is ignited sulfuric gas, which emerges from cracks at temperatures up to 600 °C (1,112 °F). The flames can be up to five meters (16 feet) high; some of the gas condenses to liquid and is still ignited.
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stretches across the entire regency which is specifically in the Mount Ijen area, Pulau Merah Beach, and Alas Purwo
National Park. It has various geological, biological, and cultural sites. It became part of
260:
Ijen, which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide. The Gunung Merapi stratovolcano is the highest point of that complex. The name "Gunung Merapi" means 'mountain of fire' in the
Indonesian language;
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up 300 metres (980 ft) to the crater rim, with a gradient of 45 to 60 degrees, and then 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) down the mountain for weighing. Most miners make this journey twice a day.
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765:
Löhr, Ansje; Bogaard, Thom; Heikens, Alex; Hendriks, Martin; Sumarti, Sri; Bergen, Manfred van; Gestel, Kees C.A.M. van; Straalen, Nico van; Vroon, Pieter; Widianarko, Budi (2005).
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742:"University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Natural Pollution Caused by the Extremely Acidic Crater Lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia"
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and supports a mining operation. Escaping volcanic gases are channeled through a network of ceramic pipes, resulting in condensation of molten sulfur.
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square kilometres (0.16 sq mi). It is 200 metres (660 ft) deep and has a volume of 36 cubic hectometres (29,000 acre⋅ft).
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of the water at the lake's edges was measured to be 0.5 and in the middle of the lake 0.13 due to a high concentration of
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West of Gunung Merapi is the Ijen volcano, which has a one-kilometre-wide (0.62 mi) turquoise-coloured acidic
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767:"Natural Pollution Caused by the Extremely Acid Crater Lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia (7 pp)"
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901:"Gunung Ijen - Selain Rahasia Api Biru, Inilah 4 Fakta Menarik tentang Gunung Berapi Aktif Ini"
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There are 200 miners, who extract 14 tons per day — about 20% of the continuous daily deposit.
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253:. It is known for its blue fire, acidic crater lake, and labour-intensive sulfur mining.
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Spectacular Neon Blue Lava Pours From
Indonesia's Kawah Ijen Volcano At Night (PHOTOS)
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visits Ijen and struggles with noxious fumes while trying to photograph workers.
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Ijen is the largest blue flame area in the world. Local people refer to it as
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took a small rubber boat out onto the acid lake to measure its acidity. The
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the pH of the lake was measured at <0.3. On July 14–15, 2008, explorer
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Sulfur mining in Kawah Ijen (The Big
Picture photo gallery at Boston.com)
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355:(Blue Fire). The other location at which blue fire can be seen is in
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An active vent at the edge of the lake is a source of elemental
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The sulfuric lake of Kawah Ijen
Mountain's cauldron, Indonesia
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three kilometers to the nearby
Paltuding Valley to get paid.
678:"Photos from inside the volcanic sulphur mines of Indonesia"
312:
771:
Environmental
Science and Pollution Research International
520:
Kawah Ijen volcano and crater lake, Java, viewed from
843:"Stunning Electric-Blue Flames Erupt From Volcanoes"
457:
Ijen and its sulfur mining was featured in the 1991
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876:"The Dark Secret of Indonesia's Blue-Fire Volcano"
1012:Official website of Indonesian volcanoes at USGS
934:paket wisata banyuwangi, paket tour banyuwangi
1083:
294:. The lake is the site of a labour-intensive
8:
979:"Kawah Ijen: Between potential & threat"
467:, and as a topic on the 5th episode of the
425:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1090:
1076:
1068:
1017:The Adventures Behind Filming Ring of Fire
724:"Kawah Ijen: Between potential and threat"
20:
1040:"Traditional sulfur mining in Kawah Ijen"
930:"Blue Fire Ijen Crater - Tour Banyuwangi"
445:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Map of Ijen Crater, where sulfur is mined
1703:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park
1279:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
841:Howard, Brian Clark (30 January 2014).
635:
510:
16:Volcano complex in East Java, Indonesia
928:tourbanyuwangi.com (8 November 2019).
722:Harsaputra, Indra (19 December 2011).
977:Indra Harsaputra (19 December 2011).
954:Olivier Grunewald (8 December 2010).
705:"Sulphur mining in an active volcano"
684:from the original on 11 November 2016
641:
639:
7:
423:adding citations to reliable sources
273:in Sumatra have the same etymology.
1708:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
1640:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
1387:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
1159:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
1051:More sulfur mining pictures at Ijen
1022:Large photogallery from Kawah Ijen
1007:Volcanological Survey of Indonesia
14:
1738:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park
1472:Mount Halimun Salak National Park
1452:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
909:(in Indonesian). 27 December 2016
256:It is inside an eponymous larger
2013:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park
824:"Blue Flame Ijen Crater Volcano"
680:. news.com.au. 9 February 2015.
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559:Sulfur ornaments from Ijen mines
552:
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528:
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395:
124:
117:
29:
703:Lane, Megan (9 February 2011).
1941:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre
1723:Kepulauan Togean National Park
619:List of volcanoes in Indonesia
237:located on the border between
233:volcano complex is a group of
1:
2039:Active volcanoes of Indonesia
1357:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark
571:The "blue lava" of Kawah Ijen
2054:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia
1836:Gunung Rinjani National Park
1743:Taka Bone Rate National Park
1718:Gandang Dewata National Park
1650:Danau Sentarum National Park
1635:Betung Kerihun National Park
1184:Kerinci Seblat National Park
125:
51:2,769 m (9,085 ft)
1791:Bali Safari and Marine Park
1412:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument
2090:
1645:Baning Nature Tourist Park
1577:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
1562:Sukorambi Botanical Garden
326:
1612:Ujung Kulon National Park
1462:Meru Betiri National Park
1422:Karimunjawa National Park
1129:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
1056:24 September 2010 at the
503:is about sulfur workers.
111:
28:
2074:Holocene stratovolcanoes
1733:Lore Lindu National Park
1302:Alas Purwo National Park
1284:Way Kambas National Park
1229:Mentawai Islands Regency
1174:Gunongan Historical Park
652:Global Volcanism Program
583:Kawah Ijen sulfur mining
480:In the documentary film
783:10.1065/espr2004.09.118
657:Smithsonian Institution
595:Kawah Ijen sulfur miner
471:television documentary
2069:Volcanoes of East Java
2049:Mountains of East Java
1758:Wakatobi National Park
1670:Sabangau National Park
1367:Dieng Volcanic Complex
285:UNESCO Global Geoparks
226:
213:
205:
2044:Volcanic crater lakes
1998:Lorentz National Park
1753:Trans Studio Makassar
1713:Bunaken National Park
1322:Baluran National Park
1027:1 August 2020 at the
956:"Kawah Ijen by night"
880:Leave Your Daily Hell
367:Sulfur mining at Ijen
219:
211:
203:
2059:Subduction volcanoes
1856:Komodo National Park
1811:Garuda Wisnu Kencana
1768:Lesser Sunda Islands
1685:The Equator monument
1219:Lumbini Natural Park
1169:East Lampung Regency
966:on 31 December 2011.
419:improve this section
2018:Wasur National Park
1665:Kutai National Park
1592:Tirto Samodra Beach
1442:Keraton Kacirebonan
1139:Bandar Lampung City
1119:Aceh Tsunami Museum
1099:Tourist attractions
848:National Geographic
341:electric-blue flame
336:National Geographic
235:composite volcanoes
87: /
2008:Raja Ampat Islands
1966:Ujung Water Palace
1630:Beras Basah Island
1397:House of Sampoerna
1327:Banyuwangi Regency
1046:. 11 October 2013.
874:Schrader, Robert.
855:on 7 February 2014
500:Workingman's Death
239:Banyuwangi Regency
227:
214:
206:
153:Banyuwangi Regency
151:Border on between
41:Highest point
2026:
2025:
1557:Sidoarjo mud flow
1437:Keraton Kasepuhan
1249:Pagaruyung Palace
828:bromoeastjava.com
495:Michael Glawogger
455:
454:
447:
243:Bondowoso Regency
198:
197:
157:Bondowoso Regency
91:8.058°S 114.242°E
2081:
1866:Lake Segara Anak
1587:Thousand Islands
1582:Tangkuban Perahu
1382:Gembira Loka Zoo
1254:Penyengat Island
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984:The Jakarta Post
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962:. Archived from
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483:War Photographer
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323:Blue fire crater
309:George Kourounis
138:Location in Java
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1951:Tanjung Ringgit
1806:Dreamland Beach
1762:
1689:
1675:Samboja Lestari
1655:Derawan Islands
1616:
1607:Yogyakarta City
1572:Suramadu Bridge
1507:Patenggang Lake
1447:Keraton Kanoman
1432:Kenjeran Bridge
1417:Jawa Timur Park
1407:Istiqlal Mosque
1392:Heroes Monument
1317:Arjuno-Welirang
1307:Ancol Dreamland
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1144:Barelang Bridge
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1058:Wayback Machine
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190:Last eruption
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178:Mountain type
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2064:Sulfur mines
1993:Fort Belgica
1956:Tirta Gangga
1936:Tampaksiring
1871:Lovina Beach
1567:Surabaya Zoo
1552:Sempu island
1537:Ranu Kumbolo
1482:Mount Semeru
1477:Mount Merapi
1401:
1342:Bogor Palace
1194:Lagundri Bay
1164:Bukit Lawang
1043:
1002:Ijen Gallery
982:
972:
964:the original
959:
949:
937:. Retrieved
933:
923:
911:. Retrieved
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883:. Retrieved
879:
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857:. Retrieved
853:the original
846:
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777:(2): 89–95.
774:
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686:. Retrieved
672:
660:. Retrieved
650:
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481:
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474:Human Planet
472:
464:Ring of Fire
462:
456:
441:
435:January 2022
432:
417:Please help
405:
381:
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289:
276:
275:
263:Mount Merapi
255:
230:
228:
220:Traditional
62:Spesial Ribu
35:Ijen volcano
18:
2003:Puncak Jaya
1901:Nusa Penida
1891:Moyo Island
1532:Ragunan Zoo
1502:Pangandaran
1497:Nusa Barong
1467:Mount Bromo
1427:Kawah Putih
1402:Ijen Crater
1372:Ceto Temple
1199:Lampung Bay
1044:Yahoo! News
292:crater lake
265:in central
225:production.
94: /
82:114°14′31″E
69:Coordinates
2033:Categories
1728:Lake Tempe
1622:Kalimantan
1337:Baturraden
1234:Metro City
1179:Jam Gadang
960:Boston.com
750:9 December
688:19 October
630:References
607:Kawah Ijen
488:journalist
359:Mountain,
327:See also:
204:Ijen in 3D
1946:Tanah Lot
1876:Mandalika
1851:Kintamani
1831:Goa Gajah
1821:Gili Meno
1801:Cempi Bay
1776:Awang Bay
1542:Ranu Pani
1522:Prambanan
1517:Penataran
1347:Borobudur
1332:Batu City
1214:Lake Toba
1149:Berastagi
1103:Indonesia
799:128470417
522:Landsat 8
406:does not
329:Blue lava
287:in 2023.
251:Indonesia
247:East Java
166:Indonesia
162:East Java
107:Geography
79:8°03′29″S
47:Elevation
1931:Senggigi
1926:Seminyak
1896:Nusa Dua
1846:Kelimutu
1841:Jimbaran
1816:Gili Air
1695:Sulawesi
1602:Trowulan
1547:Sangiran
1189:Krakatoa
1054:Archived
1025:Archived
791:15859115
709:BBC News
682:Archived
613:See also
497:'s film
361:Ethiopia
353:Api Biru
148:Location
1971:Uluwatu
1781:Bedugul
1660:Kakaban
1111:Sumatra
885:13 June
859:13 June
662:24 June
507:Gallery
427:removed
412:sources
279:Geopark
258:caldera
172:Geology
57:Listing
1981:Maluku
1911:Pecatu
1796:Canggu
1748:Toraja
1597:Tretes
1527:Puncak
1487:Mrapen
1457:Malang
1377:G-Land
1274:Sipura
1264:Sabang
939:8 June
913:8 June
797:
789:
647:"Ijen"
624:Mazuku
373:sulfur
357:Dallol
333:Since
296:sulfur
271:Marapi
222:sulfur
1985:Papua
1921:Sanur
1916:Rinca
1312:Anyer
795:S2CID
745:(PDF)
461:film
387:Media
277:Ijen
1983:and
1961:Ubud
1861:Kuta
1294:Java
1244:Nias
941:2020
915:2020
887:2014
861:2014
787:PMID
752:2013
690:2017
664:2021
459:IMAX
410:any
408:cite
269:and
267:Java
241:and
231:Ijen
229:The
194:1999
155:and
132:Ijen
24:Ijen
1101:in
779:doi
469:BBC
421:by
245:of
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415:.
159:,
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