1553:
from
African American storytellers in Georgia in the 19th century. Some of the enslaved people of the southern United States were captured and purchased in this area of Zambia. In addition, African American storytellers, including those consulted by Harris, made use of ideophones in English that
972:
is the part of the verb giving the primary meaning. To this can be added prefixes and suffixes: many elements can be united in this way, sometimes producing long and complex polysyllabic verb words. For example, from the root
704:. Either the system as presented by Smith and Dale is simpler than that for Nyanja, ChiChewa, Tonga, or Bemba, or the authors have skated over the complexities by the use of the category "significant letter":
2298:
530:
Words in
English such as "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" express ideas without the use of sentences. Smith and Dale point out that this kind of expression is very common in the Ila language:
1883:, Picador, London, 1997. page 706: "From...Ambriz and Benguela...500,000 slaves were probably shipped during the...era 1800-1830;...and...over 600,000 may have been shipped after 1830..."
1701:
The Ila had the custom of knocking out the six upper central teeth of adults. The pronunciation of these sounds by children with teeth, however, is very close to that of the adults.
343:
in which the air passes through the throat with considerable friction, and is modified by being thrown against the toothless ridge and inside of the upper lip, causing concomitant
2291:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
2284:
1953:
3729:
2312:
211:
1453:
in two volumes; the second volume features a large number of Ila texts with
English translations. The texts come from Ila people living along the
3668:
2022:
366:. "This sound is produced with a tongue position similar to Ila but with considerable voiced frication in the throat at the same time."
1946:
1260:. Although these follow some logic, we again have to feel a way towards an adequate translation into English or any other language:
1618:
1857:
For a detailed account of the
African origins of the majority of Joel Chandler Harris's stories, see Baer, Florence E. (1980).
1473:" "No chief ever gave birth to a chief (the hereditary principle by which a son follows his father is unknown to the Ba-ila)."
347:
there. ... The tongue is meanwhile kept in velar vowel position as for and these fricatives therefore inherently possess a
85:
3781:
1939:
1913:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1461:. There are 60 folktales, including a long cycle of stories about the trickster hare, along with proverbs, riddles, and
329:
2807:
2801:
2795:
3786:
1480:" "Any old pole will stop up a hold in the fence (i.e. everybody is useful to the community in some way or other)."
355:." The 'concomitant lip frication' is evidently something like that of and . Doke transcribed these sounds simply
90:
79:
2276:
1630:
2613:
2412:
340:
2678:
2382:
3276:
2666:
2335:
363:
336:
3720:
3433:
3427:
3264:
2765:
2179:
2093:
254:
1893:
291:
the same labialised and aspirated /vʷʰ/ ("lips more rounded with a more distinct emission of breath").
2406:
1550:
311:
is the voiced velar nasal followed by a voiced velar plosive, /ŋg/ as in RP English "finger", while
3252:
3246:
2245:
2098:
1962:
3621:
3615:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3340:
3322:
2073:
1773:(The Bible in KiSanga/Sanga, southern Congo D.R.), Trintarian Bible Society, London SW19, 1991.
3732:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
3521:
3042:
2994:
2854:
2250:
2108:
1458:
105:
95:
1446:
3078:
3048:
3036:
3018:
2749:
2713:
2690:
2542:
2471:
2453:
2441:
2394:
2255:
2240:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2123:
2068:
2027:
1976:
316:
20:
277:
as the voiced sound corresponding to this therefore varies "g"/English "j"/ "dy" / and "y".
3550:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3415:
3409:
3305:
3258:
3113:
3101:
3095:
3012:
2982:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2906:
2900:
2860:
2848:
2731:
2642:
2636:
2589:
2571:
2347:
2308:
2260:
2235:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2138:
2133:
2118:
2113:
2088:
2058:
2048:
2012:
1997:
100:
71:
1797:
1546:
315:
is a plain voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ as in "singer" - a similar distinction is observed in
271:
in fact varies from "k" to a "weak" version of
English "ch", to a "strong" "ch" to "ty".
3713:
3674:
3650:
3633:
3627:
3603:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3533:
3527:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3334:
3328:
3282:
3270:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3163:
3157:
3141:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3030:
3024:
3006:
3000:
2988:
2872:
2866:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2755:
2743:
2737:
2725:
2719:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2619:
2607:
2583:
2548:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2465:
2364:
2341:
2265:
2225:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2128:
2103:
2083:
2078:
2063:
2043:
2017:
2007:
1992:
1442:
712:; s/l. (= "significant letter" verb, adjective, etc. prefix appropriate to the class:)
249:
as distinct languages most closely related to Ila. Ila is one of the languages of the
200:
193:
3775:
3656:
3609:
3439:
3421:
3288:
3205:
3180:
3151:
3147:
2965:
2789:
2761:
2601:
2595:
2577:
2554:
2518:
2506:
2447:
2388:
2370:
2148:
2002:
1462:
3107:
2400:
2376:
2163:
2459:
2429:
1926:
1921:
1454:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1582:
52:
1520:" "An elephant that swallows something which speaks in its stomach. A house."
3692:
540:("I throw him down"), but it is much easier and more trenchant to say simply
344:
186:
160:
144:
1513:" "I brought a thing from God that cannot be taken off like clothes. Ears."
176:
169:
351:
glide, which is noticeable when they are used with any other vowel than
2942:
2918:
2912:
2512:
2435:
1931:
1759:
Hippocrene
Concise Dictionary: Bemba: Bemba - English, English - Bemba
1638:
1318:
middle (a kind of reflexive that acts upon oneself - compare Greek):
234:
42:
1914:
Folktales from Zambia: Texts in six
African languages and in English
1545:
The Ila stories of the trickster hare have many affinities with the
577:- (with lowered intonation on the last syllable) He falls gradually
1881:
The Slave Trade: The
History of the Atlantic Slave trade 1440-1870
514:- darkness; Xhosa: "ubufifi" - dimness; Nyanja: chimfifi - secret;
250:
1494:" "You may outrun an old man, but you can't outdo him in wisdom."
1892:
Noss, Philip A. (1972). "Description in Gbaya
Literary Art" in
1541:" "Something I threw over to the other side of the river. Eyes."
3737:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
2280:
1935:
283:
is reportedly a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ as in English
1666:, 1919, reprinted by University Books Inc., New York, 1968.
378:
with high pitch on the first syllable ( = "with him") with
1748:, Zambia Educational Publishing House, Lusaka, 1940, 1992.
1554:
resemble the ideophones of African languages such as Ila.
595:- of a tortoise, falling over and over from a great height
1918:
Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 4, 2014.
1798:
The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, volume II.
1534:" "Going I found it; returning I found it not. The dew."
1723:, Church of Scotland Mission, Blantyre (Malawi), 1959.
1527:" "A little spring that never dries up. A dog's nose."
382:
with high pitch on the second syllable (= "he also").
1369:
or the equivalent of the English prefix "un-", also:
362:
Lundwe and Kafwe Twa have a palato-glottal fricative
1721:
The Elements of Nyanja for English-Speaking Students
3642:
3577:
3542:
3513:
3448:
3401:
3394:
3349:
3314:
3297:
3238:
3172:
3133:
3126:
3087:
2974:
2957:
2892:
2885:
2840:
2705:
2628:
2563:
2480:
2421:
2356:
2327:
2320:
2188:
2172:
2036:
1985:
1969:
1786:
Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 1950.
1688:Didier Demolin & Cédric Patin, "Phonetics". In
208:
184:
158:
153:
129:
68:
58:
48:
38:
28:
522:- darkness; and Bulu (Ewondo): "dibi" - darkness.
297:is the voiced post-alveolar fricative /ʒ/; French
700:As in many other languages, Ila uses a system of
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1562:Smith, Edwin William & Dale, Andrew Murray,
1532:Ku kuya ndachiyana, ku kuzhoka shichiyene. Mume.
1362:- to trade something over and over again, from
981:meaning, "Why have you still not untied them?"
1859:Sources and Analogues of the Uncle Remus Tales
1351:extensive, with the sense of "keep on doing":
1249:The above English renderings are approximate.
454:- to do, same is used to mean 'I have no idea'
2292:
1947:
1927:OLAC resources in and about the Sala language
1664:The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia
1564:The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia
1451:The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia
1129:we are constantly (usually, certainly) seeing
8:
1922:OLAC resources in and about the Ila language
1501:" "It is the prudent hyena that lives long."
3761:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
3756:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
3751:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
3746:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
3741:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
1679:, English Universities Press, London, 1969.
1511:Ukwa Lesa ndachileta chitasakululwa. Matwi.
920:- at rest in, motion into, motion out from;
324:Labio-glottal and palato-glottal fricatives
3398:
3130:
2889:
2324:
2299:
2285:
2277:
1954:
1940:
1932:
1690:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Bantu Languages
25:
1870:Smith and Dale (1920), volume 1, page 39.
1761:, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1998.
1414:
977:, "to tie", we can derive such a form as
19:For the ISO 639 language code "ila", see
1566:. Macmillan and Company, London, 1920.
1525:Kakalo katazuminini. Ndinango dia umbwa.
1027:, "we do not see", that there is also a
1795:Smith, Edwin; Dale, Andrew, M. (1920).
1575:
1015:Here are some of the forms of the verb
1662:Edwin Smith & Andrew Murray Dale,
1487:" "Wisdom does not dwell in one head."
1429:These can be used in composites: e.g.
1329:stative; in fixed constructions only:
1280:ilila, -elela, -inina, enena: bonenena
1143:we are habitually in the act of seeing
1019:, "to see". (Note that there are also
328:Doke (1928) described several unusual
1710:Smith & Dale, volume 2, page 293.
1518:Muzovu umina ch'amba mwifu. Ing'anda.
1492:Mukando mushie lubilo, mano tomushii.
1256:add new dimensions of meaning to the
932:- rest upon, to or from off (Compare
332:in Ila proper, Kafue Twa and Lundwe.
128:
7:
1898:, ed. Richard M. Dorson, pp. 73-101.
1746:A Practical Introduction to ChiTonga
1358:equivalent of English prefix "re-":
1275:- to see to, for somebody, and so on
374:Tone is demonstrated by contrasting
518:Bemba: IMFIFI - darkness; Kisanga:
3719:Languages between parentheses are
1733:ChiChewa Intensive Language Course
1322:- to be in a split position, from
947:- The inside of the house is dark.
14:
1735:, Language Centre, Lilongwe, 1969
1478:Chizhilo chibe chishinka museuna.
1465:. Here are some of the proverbs:
1433:- to cause to look on behalf of.
1282:- to see to, for somebody, etc.
1757:Grammar notes in Rev. E. Hoch,
1619:New Updated Guthrie List Online
16:Bantu language spoken in Zambia
3723:of the language on their left.
1505:Here are some of the riddles:
1421:- keep on turning aside, from
1392:- to give to each other, from
1273:-ila, -ela, -ina, -ena: bonena
1136:we are being engaged in seeing
953:- Around the house it is dark.
583:- flopping down, as in a chair
1:
1245:we shall be engaged in seeing
1058:of the verb is in two forms:
959:- Darkness is upon the house.
526:Ideophones or imitation words
330:doubly articulated consonants
979:Tamuna kubaangulwila anzhyi?
792:often nouns of place; s/l.
708:Class 1. singular: prefix:
3803:
64:106,000 (2010 census)
18:
3705:
1471:Kwina mwami owakadizhala.
1326:- to be split by somebody
1271:relative or dative form:
1217:we were engaged in seeing
1210:we were continuing to see
1178:we were engaged in seeing
913:form a special category:
812:a diminutive sense; s/l.
718:Class 1. plural. prefix:
478:-refuse to be sent;scarce
33:
1617:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1499:Kabwenga moa ng'uongola.
1238:we shall continue seeing
1185:(Notice the position of
1108:we are engaged in seeing
888:Class 10. sing. prefix:
822:diminutive plural; s/l.
357:⟨h, h̰, ɦ⟩
1607:(subscription required)
1593:(subscription required)
1539:Ndawala mwitala. Menso.
1485:Mano takala mutwi omwi.
1415:
1384:- to tie oneself, from
1297:- to cause to do, from
926:- position at, to, from
868:Class 9. sing. prefix:
848:Class 8. sing. prefix:
828:Class 7. sing. prefix:
808:Class 6. sing. prefix:
788:Class 5. sing. prefix:
768:Class 4. sing. prefix:
748:Class 3. sing. prefix:
728:Class 2. sing. prefix:
685:- the flying of a goose
619:- The matter's finished
593:Pididi! pididi! pididi!
589:- The rain is pattering
3730:Guthrie classification
2313:Guthrie classification
1848:, vol. 2, pp. 331-333.
1836:, vol. 2, pp. 324-331.
1824:, vol. 2, pp. 311-417.
1812:, vol. 2, pp. 334-333.
1677:Teach Yourself Swahili
1373:- to unsay, to retract
1094:we saw, see, have seen
936:prefix in Sanga, etc.)
898:Class 10. pl. prefix:
386:Some words and phrases
2180:Zambian Sign Language
1846:Smith and Dale (1920)
1834:Smith and Dale (1920)
1822:Smith and Dale (1920)
1810:Smith and Dale (1920)
1549:stories collected by
878:Class 9. pl. prefix:
858:Class 8. pl. prefix:
838:Class 7. pl. prefix:
818:Class 6. pl. prefix:
798:Class 5. pl. prefix:
778:Class 4. pl. prefix:
772:abstract nouns; s/l.
758:Class 3. pl. prefix:
738:Class 2. pl. prefix:
547:and it means the same
430:- they arrange for me
255:Voyager Golden Record
237:. Maho (2009) lists
2037:Indigenous languages
1551:Joel Chandler Harris
1293:+ many sound changes
1069:(ii) modified stem:
832:"thing" class; s/l.
655:- Yuck, it's bitter!
3782:Languages of Zambia
2189:Immigrant languages
1963:Languages of Zambia
1403:- to see each other
1306:-ika, -eka: chitika
1278:extended relative:
1171:we continued seeing
1157:we have been seeing
1008:tense (exceptional)
1001:Suffixes can show:
997:voice (exceptional)
984:Prefixes can show:
964:The Ila verb system
679:- It's utterly dark
677:Mbi! mbi! mbi! mbi!
575:Mbo! mbo! mbo! mbò!
571:- He falls headlong
370:Tonality and stress
233:) is a language of
1986:Regional languages
1911:Dorothea Lehmann,
1784:A Grammar of Mwera
1675:e.g. D.V.Perrott,
1447:Andrew Murray Dale
1355:- chop up firewood
1333:- to be straight;
1304:capable, "-able":
1286:- to go right away
1122:we continue to see
1101:we continue seeing
1087:we (who) have seen
951:Kung'anda kulashia
945:Mung'anda mulashia
601:- I throw him down
510:- dimness; Sotho:
400:- pupil of the eye
341:glottal fricatives
3787:Botatwe languages
3769:
3768:
3714:extinct languages
3701:
3700:
3390:
3389:
3122:
3121:
3114:Totela of Namibia
2881:
2880:
2274:
2273:
1970:Official language
1605:(18th ed., 2015)
1591:(18th ed., 2015)
1459:Northern Rhodesia
1457:in what was then
1382:di- : dianga
1241:-KA-LA-YA-BU-SS
1234:-KA-LA-CHI-SS
1231:we shall soon see
1227:-KA-LA-SS
1220:-A-KU-₵
1213:-A-KU-YA-BU-SS
1206:-A-KU-CHI-SS
1199:-A-KU-SS
1192:KA-₵
1181:KA-SS
1174:-A-KA-YA-BU-SS
1167:-A-KA-CHI-SS
1160:-A-KA-SS
1153:-CHI-₵
1146:-DI-₵
1139:-LA-YA-KU-SS
1132:-LA-YA-BU-SS
1125:-LA-SS
1118:-CHI-SS
1111:-DI-MU-KU-SS
1104:-A-YA-BU-SS
1097:-A-CHI-SS
1090:-A-SS
1083:-₵
1076:-SS
1066: : code - SS
1062:(i) simple stem:
661:- Erh, it's sour!
649:- Phew, it's hot!
643:- a gun going off
299:⟨j⟩
285:⟨v⟩
224:
223:
180: – Sala
3794:
3399:
3131:
2890:
2325:
2311:(Zones J–M) (by
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1899:
1895:African Folklore
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1782:Lyndon Harries,
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1643:
1642:
1637:. Archived from
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1420:
1410:- to tie tightly
1371:-ulula: ambulula
957:Ang'anda alashia
599:Ndamuchina anshi
565:- falls headlong
559:- A person falls
537:Ndamuchina anshi
501:Some comparisons
460:- to cause to do
436:- they praise me
365:
358:
338:
300:
286:
253:included on the
220:
214:
203:
196:
179:
173: – Ila
172:
163:
74:
26:
21:Ile Ape language
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3697:
3638:
3573:
3538:
3509:
3444:
3386:
3345:
3310:
3293:
3234:
3168:
3118:
3083:
2970:
2953:
2877:
2836:
2701:
2624:
2559:
2476:
2417:
2352:
2316:
2309:Bantu languages
2305:
2275:
2270:
2184:
2168:
2032:
1981:
1965:
1960:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1771:Mukanda wa Leza
1769:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1646:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1560:
1439:
1437:Oral literature
1425:- to turn aside
1413:reduplicative:
1360:-ulula: ululula
1308:- to be do-able
966:
698:
587:Wa! wa! wa! wa!
552:Some examples:
528:
503:
472:- to make tired
418:- honour (verb)
388:
372:
356:
335:In Ila proper,
326:
298:
284:
263:
218:
215:
210:
199:
198:
192:
175:
174:
168:
167:
159:
125:
75:
72:Language family
70:
61:
60:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
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3405:
3403:
3396:
3392:
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3372:
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3309:
3308:
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3299:
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3255:
3249:
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3176:
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3137:
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3128:
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3119:
3117:
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3110:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3089:
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3084:
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3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2978:
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2972:
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2969:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2955:
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2952:
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2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
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2798:
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2527:
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2515:
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2497:
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2296:
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2272:
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2263:
2258:
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2243:
2238:
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2228:
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2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2173:Sign languages
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1906:External links
1904:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1788:
1775:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1725:
1719:Thomas Price,
1712:
1703:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1644:
1641:on 1999-11-22.
1622:
1610:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1443:Edwin W. Smith
1438:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1411:
1408:-isha: angisha
1404:
1397:
1376:reflexive - a
1374:
1367:
1356:
1353:-aula: andaula
1349:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1287:
1276:
1269:
1247:
1246:
1243:tukalayabubona
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1203:we were seeing
1197:
1190:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1073: : code ₴
1067:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
965:
962:
961:
960:
954:
948:
938:
937:
927:
921:
907:
906:
896:
886:
876:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
796:
786:
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
726:
716:
697:
696:Class prefixes
694:
693:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
625:- So peaceful!
620:
614:
613:- torn, ripped
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
527:
524:
516:
515:
502:
499:
498:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
448:- this is meat
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
387:
384:
371:
368:
339:are "modified
337:/hˠ*,h̰ˠ*,ɦˠ*/
325:
322:
321:
320:
306:
292:
278:
272:
262:
259:
222:
221:
216:
209:
206:
205:
190:
182:
181:
164:
156:
155:
154:Language codes
151:
150:
149:
148:
142:
139:
136:
131:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
86:Atlantic–Congo
78:
76:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
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3777:
3762:
3759:
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3413:
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3404:
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3397:
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3361:
3359:
3355:
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3352:
3348:
3342:
3338:
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3332:
3330:
3326:
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3320:
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3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3209:
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3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
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3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
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3165:
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3155:
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3149:
3145:
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3139:
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3136:
3132:
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3125:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3093:
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3086:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
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3052:
3050:
3046:
3044:
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3028:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
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2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
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2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
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2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2874:
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2868:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
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2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
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2676:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:Talinga-Bwisi
2540:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
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2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
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2469:
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2445:
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2439:
2437:
2433:
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2420:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2396:
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2386:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:Hugh Thomas,
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:C.R.Hopwood,
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:dilemma tales
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:- turn over;
1343:
1342:-ula: sandula
1339:
1337:- to be bowed
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:simple verb:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:tukalachibona
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:twakuyabubona
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:twakayabubona
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1115:we are seeing
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1047:forms end in
1046:
1042:
1039:mood and the
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
976:
971:
963:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
941:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
914:
912:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
705:
703:
695:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
667:- Yum, sweet!
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
637:- All is calm
636:
633:
631:- All is calm
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
525:
523:
521:
513:
509:
505:
504:
500:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
466:- to be tired
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
406:- brush;broom
405:
402:
399:
396:
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385:
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377:
369:
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360:
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318:
314:
310:
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195:
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67:
63:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3709:
3686:
3680:
3662:
3265:Luba-Katanga
2766:Suba-Simbiti
2094:Mambwe-Lungu
2053:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
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1720:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1639:the original
1634:
1625:
1613:
1600:
1586:
1578:
1563:
1561:
1558:Bibliography
1547:Br'er Rabbit
1544:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:-ana: bonana
1400:
1399:reciprocal:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:this time -
1377:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:-ama: lulama
1330:
1323:
1320:-uka: anduka
1319:
1315:- to be done
1312:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1208:twakuchibona
1207:
1200:
1193:
1189:here) we saw
1186:
1182:
1175:
1169:twakachibona
1168:
1161:
1154:
1150:we have seen
1147:
1141:tulayakubona
1140:
1134:tulayabubona
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1080:we (who) see
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:forms, e.g.
1020:
1016:
1014:
1000:
983:
978:
974:
969:
967:
956:
950:
944:
939:
933:
929:
923:
917:
910:
908:
903:
899:
893:
889:
883:
879:
873:
869:
863:
859:
853:
849:
843:
839:
833:
829:
823:
819:
813:
809:
803:
799:
793:
789:
783:
779:
773:
769:
763:
759:
753:
749:
743:
739:
733:
729:
723:
719:
713:
709:
702:noun classes
701:
699:
688:
683:Sekwè sekwè!
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
551:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
532:
529:
519:
517:
511:
507:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
446:Bobu mbuzani
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
379:
375:
373:
361:
352:
348:
334:
327:
312:
308:
302:
294:
288:
280:
274:
268:
264:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
225:
219:M.63,631–633
212:Guthrie code
185:
110:
3675:Lukanga Twa
1631:"Languages"
1455:Kafue River
1431:langilizhya
1417:ambukambuka
1406:intensive:
1340:extensive:
1313:-wa: chitwa
1289:causative:
1224:we had seen
1113:tudmukubona
1106:twayabubona
1045:subjunctive
1033:conditional
1029:subjunctive
673:- It's dark
534:You may say
484:-I love you
442:- this meat
440:bobu buzani
261:Orthography
243:Shukulumbwe
204: Sala
91:Benue–Congo
80:Niger–Congo
3776:Categories
3247:Luba-Kasai
2246:Portuguese
2099:Mbamba Bay
1635:re-lab.net
1602:Ethnologue
1588:Ethnologue
1570:References
1449:published
1388:- to tie;
1366:- to trade
1348:- split up
1229:tukalabona
1222:twakubwene
1196:we did see
1155:tuchibwene
1099:twachibona
1041:imperative
1025:ta-tu-boni
689:nachisekwe
557:Muntu wawa
490:-Thank you
197: Ila
3721:varieties
3712:indicate
3693:Kafue Twa
3323:Salampasu
2074:Lala-Bisa
1441:In 1920,
1396:- to give
1311:passive:
1201:twakubona
1194:katubwene
1162:twakabona
1148:tulibwene
1120:tuchibona
911:locatives
691:- a goose
617:Amana te!
496:- a goat
482:dakuzanda
476:ukatazhya
434:Balanumba
428:Bamambila
424:- arrange
412:- tongues
345:frication
187:Glottolog
161:ISO 639-3
145:Kafue Twa
49:Ethnicity
3522:Nyakyusa
3376:Lushangi
3073:Imilangu
3043:Mbukushu
2995:Kwangali
2949:Nkangala
2855:Nyamwezi
2750:Nguruimi
2501:Nyankore
2377:Nyabungu
2251:Japanese
2124:Nkangala
2109:Mbukushu
1295:: chisha
1268:- to see
1254:suffixes
1252:Certain
1183:katubona
1127:tulabona
1035:mood, a
1031:mood, a
1021:negative
563:Wawa mba
508:ishizhyi
488:twalumba
470:katazhya
404:ipeezhyo
392:ing'anda
201:sala1266
194:ilaa1246
130:Dialects
3710:Italics
3259:Kanyoka
3192:Mbagani
3055:Mulonga
3049:Mbogedu
3019:Kwangwa
2814:Simbiti
2748:[JE401
2714:Logooli
2691:Marachi
2683:[JE341
2600:[JE221
2584:Dzindza
2535:[JE101
2470:[JD631
2454:Hangaza
2442:Fuliiro
2399:[JD501
2395:Kabwari
2321:Zone J*
2307:Narrow
2256:Russian
2241:Chinese
2221:Italian
2211:Spanish
2206:Punjabi
2196:English
2069:Kwangwa
2028:Tumbuka
1977:English
1324:andulwa
1301:- to do
1284:ililila
1092:twabona
1085:tubwene
1043:. Many
1037:jussive
991:subject
902:; s/l.
892:; s/l.
884:y-, sh-
882:; s/l.
872:; s/l.
864:y-, sh-
862:; s/l.
852:; s/l.
842:; s/l.
802:; s/l.
782:; s/l.
762:; s/l.
752:; s/l.
750:i-, di-
742:; s/l.
732:; s/l.
722:; s/l.
607:- ditto
520:mfinshi
494:impongo
394:- house
317:Swahili
303:bonjour
166:Either:
106:Botatwe
96:Bantoid
3687:Lundwe
3673:[M611
3614:[M521
3561:[M401
3551:Taabwa
3526:[M301
3499:Lambya
3497:[M201
3475:Malila
3463:Mwanga
3440:Kuulwe
3438:[M131
3434:Mambwe
3416:Rungwa
3410:Pimbwe
3395:Zone M
3382:Shasha
3368:[L601
3358:Mbwera
3339:[L511
3306:Kaonde
3281:[L301
3224:Lwalwa
3210:[L201
3162:[L101
3150:&
3127:Zone L
3106:[K402
3102:Subiya
3096:Totela
3079:Kwandi
3061:Mwenyi
3031:Liyuwa
3023:[K321
2983:Luyana
2943:Mbwela
2937:Nyengo
2931:Mbunda
2919:Lucazi
2913:Nyemba
2907:Luimbi
2901:Chokwe
2886:Zone K
2861:Sumbwa
2849:Sukuma
2830:JE434
2824:JE433
2818:JE432
2812:JE431
2808:Tiriki
2806:JE413
2800:JE412
2794:JE411
2788:JE407
2782:JE406
2776:JE405
2772:Shashi
2770:JE404
2760:JE403
2754:JE402
2732:Zanaki
2695:JE343
2689:JE342
2673:Saamia
2661:Tsotso
2649:Bukusu
2618:JE253
2612:JE252
2606:JE251
2590:Kerebe
2572:Nyambo
2553:JE121
2547:JE103
2541:JE102
2430:Ruanda
2411:JD531
2405:JD502
2401:Nyindu
2348:Nyanga
2342:Ndandi
2261:Danish
2236:Arabic
2231:Hebrew
2216:German
2201:French
2139:Shanjo
2134:Nsenga
2119:Mwanga
2114:Mbunda
2089:Luyana
2059:Kuhane
2049:Chokwe
2018:Nyanja
2013:Luvale
1998:Kaonde
1423:ambuka
1378:prefix
1346:andula
1335:kotama
1164:we saw
1078:tubona
1017:kubona
994:object
940:Thus:
854:i-, y-
754:l-, d-
744:i-, y-
734:u-, w-
714:u-, w-
512:lefifi
464:katala
458:chisha
416:lemeka
410:indimi
398:imboni
301:as in
287:, and
245:) and
239:Lundwe
235:Zambia
231:Chiila
138:Lundwe
43:Zambia
34:chiIla
3691:M633
3685:M632
3679:M631
3669:Tonga
3651:Lenje
3634:Temba
3632:M542
3626:M541
3622:Luano
3620:M522
3604:Lamba
3598:Swaka
3586:Biisa
3569:Aushi
3567:M402
3563:Bwile
3557:Bemba
3534:Penja
3532:M302
3528:Ndali
3505:Sukwa
3503:M202
3493:Tambo
3481:Safwa
3469:Nyiha
3457:Wanda
3428:Rungu
3380:L603
3374:L602
3370:Kolwe
3364:Nkoya
3341:Luntu
3335:Ruund
3329:Lunda
3289:Zeela
3287:L331
3283:Kebwe
3277:Sanga
3271:Hemba
3253:Lulua
3251:L31b
3245:L31a
3230:Binji
3228:L231
3222:L221
3216:L202
3212:Budya
3200:Songe
3187:Binji
3164:Sonde
3158:Kwese
3148:Samba
3142:Pende
3112:K411
3077:K371
3071:K354
3065:K353
3059:K352
3053:K351
3047:K334
3041:K333
3037:Manyo
3035:K332
3029:K322
3025:Mbume
3013:Sanjo
3007:Simaa
3001:Mashi
2989:Mbowe
2925:Lwena
2911:K12b
2905:K12a
2873:Bungu
2867:Kimbu
2832:Sweta
2826:Surwa
2820:Hacha
2802:Isuxa
2796:Idaxo
2784:Singa
2778:Kabwa
2756:Ikizu
2744:Sonjo
2726:Koria
2720:Gusii
2697:Songa
2685:Xaayo
2679:Nyuli
2667:Nyore
2659:E32b
2655:Hanga
2653:E32a
2647:E31c
2641:E31b
2635:E31a
2608:Kwaya
2602:Rashi
2537:Gungu
2531:Nyala
2525:Gwere
2513:Ganda
2495:Tooro
2489:Nyoro
2466:Vinza
2436:Rundi
2413:Tembo
2383:Bembe
2371:Haavu
2365:Hunde
2336:Konzo
2266:Dutch
2226:Hindi
2159:Wanda
2154:Tabwa
2144:Shona
2129:Nkoya
2104:Mbowe
2084:Lenje
2079:Lamba
2064:Kunda
2044:Bwile
2023:Tonga
2008:Lunda
1993:Bemba
1299:chita
1071:bwene
1005:voice
988:tense
659:Lu-u!
635:Ne-e!
623:To-o!
581:Mbwa!
506:Ila:
452:chita
422:bamba
364:/ɦ͡ʒ/
251:Earth
101:Bantu
3728:The
3681:Sala
3667:M64
3661:M63
3657:Soli
3655:M62
3649:M61
3628:Lima
3616:Ambo
3610:Seba
3608:M55
3602:M54
3596:M53
3592:Lala
3590:M52
3584:M51
3555:M42
3549:M41
3520:M31
3491:M27
3485:M26
3479:M25
3473:M24
3467:M23
3461:M22
3455:M21
3432:M15
3426:M14
3422:Fipa
3420:M13
3414:M12
3408:M11
3362:L62
3356:L61
3333:L53
3327:L52
3321:L51
3304:L41
3275:L35
3269:L34
3263:L33
3257:L32
3218:Yazi
3206:Luna
3204:L24
3198:L23
3185:L22
3181:Kete
3179:L21
3156:L13
3152:Holu
3146:L12
3140:L11
3100:K42
3094:K41
3067:Koma
3017:K37
3011:K36
3005:K35
2999:K34
2993:K33
2987:K32
2981:K31
2966:Lozi
2964:K21
2947:K18
2941:K17
2935:K16
2929:K15
2923:K14
2917:K13
2899:K11
2871:F25
2865:F24
2859:F23
2853:F22
2847:F21
2790:Ware
2762:Suba
2742:E46
2738:Nata
2736:E45
2730:E44
2724:E43
2718:E42
2712:E41
2677:E35
2671:E34
2665:E33
2643:Kisu
2637:Gisu
2620:Ruri
2614:Kara
2596:Jita
2594:E25
2588:E24
2582:E23
2578:Ziba
2576:E22
2570:E21
2555:Hema
2549:Ruli
2529:E18
2523:E17
2519:Soga
2517:E16
2511:E15
2507:Ciga
2505:E14
2499:E13
2493:E12
2487:E11
2472:Vira
2464:D67
2458:D66
2452:D65
2448:Subi
2446:D64
2440:D63
2434:D62
2428:D61
2407:Yaka
2393:D56
2389:Buyi
2387:D55
2381:D54
2375:D53
2369:D52
2363:D51
2346:D43
2340:D42
2334:D41
2149:Soli
2003:Lozi
1597:Sala
1445:and
1390:dipa
1386:anga
1266:bona
1258:root
1064:bona
1056:root
1054:The
1011:mood
975:anga
970:root
968:The
909:The
840:shi-
830:chi-
671:Mbi!
665:Lwe!
641:Tuh!
569:Mba!
313:ng'
247:Sala
141:Sala
3663:Ila
3643:M60
3578:M50
3543:M40
3514:M30
3487:Iwa
3449:M20
3402:M10
3350:L60
3315:L50
3298:L40
3239:L30
3173:L20
3134:L10
3108:Fwe
3088:K40
2975:K30
2958:K20
2893:K10
2841:F20
2706:E40
2629:E30
2564:E20
2481:E10
2422:D60
2357:D50
2328:D40
2164:Yao
2054:Ila
1599:at
1585:at
1583:Ila
1364:ula
1291:-ya
934:pa-
924:ku-
918:mu-
900:ma-
890:lu-
880:in-
870:lu-
860:in-
850:in-
844:sh-
834:ch-
820:tu-
810:ka-
800:ma-
790:ku-
780:ma-
770:bu-
760:ma-
740:mi-
730:mu-
720:ba-
710:mu-
653:Lu!
647:Pi!
629:Wi!
611:Te!
605:Ti!
543:Ti!
380:aze
376:aze
227:Ila
177:shq
170:ilb
135:Ila
111:Ila
53:Ila
29:Ila
3778::
2460:Ha
1647:^
1633:.
1394:pa
1187:tu
1051:.
1049:-e
930:a-
904:a-
894:l-
874:l-
824:t-
814:k-
804:a-
794:k-
784:a-
774:b-
764:a-
724:b-
549:.
545:,
359:.
349:u-
309:ng
295:zh
289:vh
269:ch
257:.
82:?
3716:.
2764:/
2315:)
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
1916:,
1861:.
1692:.
1537:"
1530:"
1523:"
1516:"
1509:"
1497:"
1490:"
1483:"
1476:"
1469:"
353:u
319:.
305:.
281:v
275:j
241:(
229:(
147:?
23:.
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