184:(from sherds found). There is an evident practice of cremation of remains, as both human and animal remains with evidences of burning were found a pit, making this the only evident "cremation cemetery" of this age, so far. An evidence of a complex burial ritual was also discovered. The ritual involves an elaborate process of defleshing and disarticulation of bones, crushing of (large) bones, and lastly, cremation and burial. As the remains were also found to be tightly concentrated and compact, it was suggested that it might have been placed in a container that decomposed later on. The found remains were suggested to be of a young adult to middle adult female, dated 9000–9400 years old. Currently, this is the best documented burial of this kind in
128:-formation in New Ibajay, El Nido, Palawan. It is about 100 m (330 ft) high and has an overhang about 10 m (33 ft) high that extends from the mouth of the cave. It is located at the base of a 75 m (246 ft) limestone tower. The cave has two main mouths facing the south: the east mouth and the west mouth. Both mouths have large trenches placed on them. Vegetation of mostly secondary growth trees surround and top the cave. The ground of the cave is mostly dry, but some areas are wet due to the water dripping down from the ceiling. Based on
204:) of the layers where most of the sherds were discovered. However, some of the decorated sherds were traced back to 4000–5000 years ago, mostly red-slipped with impressed circular designs, with some circles filled white with either lime or clay. Other sherds were associated with the "Metal Period" (which was around 2500 to 1500 years ago in Philippine Archaeology) due to its designs with geometric forms (with some painted red), commonly associated with this period. Large pieces of undecorated sherds were also found that may have been fragments from burial jars.
377:. Of the sites Guthe surveyed, there were a few that National Museum excavated. One such site excavated in the 1960s was Leta-leta cave. Located in Lagen island, in the bay of Bacuit; the conclusion of the 1960s excavation led Fox (1970) to confidently describe the archaeology as a "Metal Age" burial site. The excavation was highlighted by the recovered unique earthenware jar with a mouth fashioned to look like a yawning/shouting person. This unique jar is now considered a national heritage artefact and displayed in the National Museum in Manila.
68:, which is located around 9 km (5.6 mi) south-east of Dewil Valley. Physically it measures around 7 km (4.3 mi) long, and 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. It is in this place which the Ille Cave, one of the main archaeological sites, can be found. It is actually a network of 3 cave mouths located at its base. It has been discovered that this site in particular has been used and occupied by humans over multiple time periods.
351:. These stone tools and other artifacts recovered helped provide estimate timeline for the deposit of the cave for the site. Excavations of both east and west mouth of Ille Cave in 2005 by the UP-ASP also showed presence of other stone materials and stone tools. It was reported that the sequence in the east mouth that was of
364:
animal remains and shell fish. Stone tools found in Midden 2 were cobble size stone tools associated with shell food remains, and pig bones. These finds negated the hypothesis that the deposits labeled Midden 2 were not actually an in situ assemblage of stones, bones, and shells.(Ronquillo, et al., 2008)
380:
The research and heritage work at Dewil has accumulated much information throughout its years of existence. In 2005 more artefacts were recovered at Ille in the form of pottery design and nephrite ornaments that reinforced the
Mainland Southeast Asian connection of the site. In 2006 the excavation at
355:
topsoil contained post-Neolithic artifacts which includes stone and shell beads. In the west mouth, some graves were found with stone adze which may date to an early phase. Stone adze was also one of the most significant artifacts found in the excavation in the southern half of the trench of the west
311:
Aside from faunal remains, plant fossils were also recovered from the different sites. Many plant remains such as seeds, wood fragments and plant tissues were obtained from the
Pasimbahan – Magsanib site. After the sampling of archaeobotanical remains, results showed that "six out of the eleven plant
259:
of the second digit of the left manus of a tiger specimen were recovered from the site. Also, a distal end and midshaft of a sub-terminal phalanx of another tiger were obtained. Additionally, the condition of the tiger subfossils, dated to approximately 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, differed from other
388:
Excavation on the southern half of the trench continued with the aim of understanding the nature of having
Neolithic and Metal Period deposits at deeper levels compared to most of the area of the trench. Further excavation on these contexts yielded more materials such as pottery fragments and human
71:
Although excavations for this site have been done since 1998, according to UP-ASP, surveys and recordings have been done as early as the 1920s by Carl Guthe, in an attempt to record as many archaeological sites in northern
Palawan as possible. This sparked the interest of Robert Fox (1970), but was
429:
Paz, V., Ronquillo, W., Lewis, H., Piper, P., Carlos, J., Robles, E. Xhauflair, H. (2008). Palawan Island
Paleohistoric Research Project: Report on the 2008 Valley field season. Research Project, Archaeological Studies Program of the Philippines; National Museum of the Philippines, Archaeological
363:
In addition, the assemblage of artifacts discovered by the UP-ASP and
National Museum in the deposit labeled Midden 2, one of the caves in the Dewil Valley which was first investigated for its archaeological material in the year 2007, were composed of mainly of stone tools, together with consumed
207:
Majority of the pottery decorations are associated with Sa Hyunh-Kalanay pottery. Variations of the designs (in both technical and stylistic aspects) between the pottery from Ille Cave and other sites in Dewil Valley suggests that these may have been adapted from other traded pottery. Evidence of
90:, burials and similar artifacts in previous excavations were found. Dating of the cultural deposits below the shell midden placed it at an age of around 10,000 years old. Continued excavations in 2004 resulted to the discovery of more human burials. In 2005, artifacts such as pottery design and
85:
Different archaeological evidences led to different revelations about the area. During the first excavation in 1998, the archaeologists were able to discover shell middens and human burials. Excavations in Ille continued in 2000 and 2002 at the west mouth and east mouth with deeper excavations.
307:
epoch, there was an abundance of deer in the island. However, deer became rarer while the number of pigs increased during Mid
Holocene based on the records from the Ille and Pasimbahan sites.(Ochoa, et al. 2014) said that "the increased number of pig remains and scarcity of deer in the middle
402:
In total, there are more than 50,000 artefacts recorded from Ille since the start of the excavations in 1998; broken down to around 25,000 ceramics, 23,000 shell and bone artefacts, 1,000 stone tools and 1,000 metal artefacts and other materials.
76:
and it was only in 1998 that the first test excavation was started. In 1999, a full excavation by archaeologists
Solheim, De La Torre, and Bautista. Since then, multiple excavations have been made, with one of the most recent ones being in 2012.
372:
In the 1960s, Robert Fox (1970) headed a
National Museum team that continued Guthe's work in northern Palawan; new sites were added to the list of sites first described by Guthe. A good number of these sites were from small islands located in
346:
In total, there are more than 1000 stone tools discovered out of 50,000 artefacts recorded from Ille Cave— a part of Dewil Valley located in Brgy, New Ibajay, El Nido, Palawan— since the start of the excavations in 1998 under the direction of
102:
burial was first uncovered in the east mouth trench. In the field season in 2007 of Ille cave, approximately eleven complete and incomplete burials were found in the east and west mouth trenches including possibly human cremations and
219:
and brownware. These brown-glazed shards are determined to be "dusan" jars from the 10th century. On the other hand, shards found on the Ille tower were blue and white and quite a lot in number, making them easy to pick out.
389:
remains. Some of the pottery fragments were found in concentration and belong to one vessel. Some of the most significant artefacts found in this square were a stone adze, a complete pottery pedestal base, and a
208:
pottery firing have also been found in the Ille cave. While there are no primary jar burials in this site, Ille pottery would have probably played a vital role in burial practices of its communities of practice.
111:
were found near the cave entrance of
Pasimbahan cave. In 2008, continuing excavations of the Ille site reconfirmed the practice of cremation with the recovery of two cremation features at the 9000 years deposit.
200:
pottery sherds were recovered from the site, amounting to approximately 12,600 pieces. Unfortunately, these finds cannot be confidently associated with any of the surfaces in the site due to turbation (
489:
Lara, M., Paz, V., & Solheim, W. (2013). Bone Modifications in an Early Holocene Cremation Buriam from Palawan, Philippines. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Abstract. doi:10.1002/oa.2326
477:
Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines. (n.d.). Dewil Valley, New Ibajay Archaeological Investigations. Retrieved November 8, 2014, from Archaeological Studies Program:
107:
bones in the east mouth trench. Further exploration of other cave sites in the valley were explored and evidences of human activity along with archaeological features and burial with
730:
176:
beddings under the buried individuals (UP-ASP, 2008). Only two burials were found with associated material culture—the first one, with a metal point, and an infant with an
360:
were also found in Phase E, the habitation and cremation practice phase dated 8,000 to c.a. 10,000, of Pasimbahan site located within the Magsanib district of Dewil.
140:). In 1998 alone, 20,000 artifacts were excavated by the National Museum and the Archaeological Studies Program of the University of the Philippines Diliman and the
232:
remains had been dug up in different sites in Dewil Valley. An excavation in the Ille Cave, near the village of New Ibajay, provided the first proof that the
312:
tissues, seeds and nuts were found to be consistently transformed, either charred or probably mineralized state".(Ochoa, et al. 2014) The recovered seeds of
338:
tissues and wood fragments. Archaeobotany evidences from the site also point that the inhabitants practiced arboriculture and the collection of wild nuts.
148:
blades and their fragments were used as samples to determine the date of the cave and it was discovered that the cave was used extensively during the
172:
A total of 32 burials in various phases have been discovered and recorded from this site. Most burials at the oldest phase have been found to have
296:. On the other hand, the proximity of Borneo and Palawan also makes it likely that the tiger had colonized Palawan from Borneo before the Early
597:
308:
Holocene middens of Pasimbahan also strengthen the observation that there is a clear shift from deer to pig hunting by the middle Holocene".
211:
Tradeware, although limited, were also found in Dewil Valley. Tradeware sherds recovered from the Ille platform were mostly brown stoneware,
498:
Balbaligo, Y. (2010). Preliminary Report of the Earthenware Pottery from Ille Cave and Rockshelter, Palawan, Philippines. Hukay, 15, 1-20.
725:
612:
Cayron, J. G. (2011). Archaeology and Exchange in Palawan Island. PhD Thesis, National University of Singapore, Southeast Asian Studies.
180:
beaded bracelet. The recovered remains point to its community having early and long-time burial traditions, as well as possibilities of
73:
64:
Archaeological Studies Program, or UP-ASP, the closest settlement can be found in New Ibajay, which is covered by the town capital of
564:
381:
Ille further expanded to include areas inside the cave itself. There were more artefacts recovered and the understanding of the
508:
Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger
720:
72:
also limited to recordings rather than excavations. It was only in 1990 that a full archaeological survey was made by the
61:
152:
and Neolithic. Ongoing excavation has determined the cave to be continuously inhabited from fairly recent times to the
680:
382:
49:
201:
681:"Have we Overlooked Something? Hafting Traces and Indications of Modern Traits in the Philippine Palaeolithic"
95:
53:
688:
57:
98:. Excavations in 2006 resulted to greater understanding of the stratigraphy of the cave and the first
521:
589:
643:
626:
129:
593:
560:
556:
548:
330:
261:
157:
661:"Analysis of Two Polished Stone Adzes from Ille Cave at El Nido, Palawan Island, Philippines"
644:"Analysis of Two Polished Stone Adzes from llle Cave at El Nido, Palawan Island, Philippines"
581:
529:
458:
374:
284:, so it may be that the tiger parts were imported from elsewhere, as is the case with tiger
153:
65:
38:
701:
348:
248:
141:
525:
430:
Studies Program of the Philippines. Retrieved November 8, 2014, from www.researchgae.net
281:
185:
553:
Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands
714:
660:
396:
265:
233:
173:
328:
were also said to be mineralized. Carbonized remains found include all fragments of
391:
357:
285:
256:
252:
244:
177:
137:
478:
533:
512:(L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population".
269:
197:
161:
149:
108:
42:
335:
277:
181:
288:, which were found in Ambangan sites dating to the 10th to 12th centuries in
447:"A Brief Note on the 2007 Excavation at Ille Cave, Palawan, the Philippines"
324:
314:
133:
99:
665:
Journal of the University of the Philippines Archaelogigal Studies Program
304:
297:
293:
238:
91:
46:
17:
627:"A Preliminary Report on the Excavation of Ille Cave, El Nido, Palawan"
216:
212:
34:
289:
273:
229:
121:
87:
463:
446:
156:. So far, excavations have provided a cultural timeline down to the
586:
Climate Change and Human Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective
188:, and this is the second archaeological burial in the Philippines.
125:
104:
547:
Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011).
272:
been exposed to light and air. Tiger parts were commonly used as
352:
145:
144:. Several artifacts date back to more or less 14,000 years ago.
264:. The tiger subfossils showed longitudinal fracture of the
243:) once roamed the island of Palawan. A complete basal
132:, the cave was used as a habitation and burial site (
52:, is an archaeological site composed of thousands of
94:ornaments reinforced the connection of Palawan to
514:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
268:due to weathering, which suggests that they had
479:http://asp.upd.edu.ph/palawanproject/index.html
440:
438:
436:
356:mouth.(Lewis, et al., 2006) Aside from this,
8:
27:Archaeological site in Palawan, Philippines
303:From the late Pleistocene until the early
462:
457:. The Institute of Archaeology: 161–166.
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
451:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology
260:fossils in the assemblage, dated to the
549:"15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)"
411:
697:
686:
33:, located in the northernmost part of
731:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
7:
659:Pawlik, Alfred F. (Oct 25, 2014).
74:National Museum of the Philippines
25:
580:Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017).
247:of the second digit of the left
120:Ille Cave is part of a massive
1:
62:University of the Philippines
534:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003
202:postdepositional disturbance
625:Hara, Y; Cayron, J (2001).
747:
726:Valleys of the Philippines
81:Archaeological discoveries
96:Mainland Southeast Asia
45:that is located in the
696:Cite journal requires
584:. In Monks, G. (ed.).
445:Balbaligo, Y. (2007).
557:John Wiley & Sons
721:Landforms of Palawan
559:. pp. 220–347.
257:sub-terminal phalanx
526:2008PPP...264..123P
60:. According to the
679:Pawlik, A (2011).
642:Pawlik, A (2006).
592:. pp. 79–80.
142:Solheim Foundation
130:radiocarbon dating
599:978-9-4024-1106-5
368:Cultural heritage
334:and another nut,
331:Canarium hirsutum
262:Upper Paleolithic
158:Upper Paleolithic
16:(Redirected from
738:
705:
699:
694:
692:
684:
675:
673:
671:
655:
638:
613:
610:
604:
603:
577:
571:
570:
544:
538:
537:
520:(1–2): 123–127.
505:
499:
496:
490:
487:
481:
475:
469:
468:
466:
442:
431:
427:
385:became clearer.
154:Late Pleistocene
41:province of the
21:
746:
745:
741:
740:
739:
737:
736:
735:
711:
710:
695:
685:
678:
669:
667:
658:
641:
624:
621:
619:Further reading
616:
611:
607:
600:
579:
578:
574:
567:
546:
545:
541:
510:Panthera tigris
507:
506:
502:
497:
493:
488:
484:
476:
472:
464:10.5334/pia.308
444:
443:
434:
428:
413:
409:
370:
349:Wilhelm Solheim
344:
226:
194:
170:
118:
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
744:
742:
734:
733:
728:
723:
713:
712:
707:
706:
698:|journal=
676:
656:
639:
620:
617:
615:
614:
605:
598:
572:
565:
539:
500:
491:
482:
470:
432:
410:
408:
405:
369:
366:
343:
340:
336:parenchymatous
282:Southeast Asia
225:
222:
193:
190:
186:Southeast Asia
169:
166:
117:
114:
82:
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
743:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
716:
709:
703:
690:
682:
677:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
622:
618:
609:
606:
601:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
573:
568:
566:9781444391282
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
501:
495:
492:
486:
483:
480:
474:
471:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
439:
437:
433:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
412:
406:
404:
400:
398:
394:
393:
386:
384:
378:
376:
367:
365:
361:
359:
354:
350:
341:
339:
337:
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:cortical bone
263:
258:
255:portion of a
254:
250:
246:
242:
240:
235:
231:
223:
221:
218:
214:
209:
205:
203:
199:
196:A variety of
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:bivalve shell
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:Protohistoric
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:shell middens
80:
78:
75:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
708:
689:cite journal
668:. Retrieved
664:
651:
647:
634:
630:
608:
585:
575:
552:
542:
517:
513:
509:
503:
494:
485:
473:
454:
450:
401:
392:Melo amphora
390:
387:
383:stratigraphy
379:
371:
362:
358:stone flakes
345:
329:
323:
320:Platanifolia
319:
313:
310:
302:
286:canine teeth
237:
227:
210:
206:
195:
178:Indo-Pacific
171:
119:
86:Evidence of
84:
70:
31:Dewil Valley
30:
29:
670:26 December
342:Stone tools
270:post-mortem
198:earthenware
182:jar burials
162:Pleistocene
150:Paleolithic
122:Late Eocene
109:grave goods
43:Philippines
715:Categories
407:References
375:Bacuit Bay
124:Pabellion
325:Macaranga
315:Boehmeria
217:whiteware
134:Neolithic
116:Ille Cave
100:cremation
54:artifacts
18:Ille Cave
590:Springer
305:Holocene
298:Holocene
294:Mindanao
251:and the
239:Panthera
192:Ceramics
92:nephrite
58:features
47:Mimaropa
582:"Tiger"
522:Bibcode
274:amulets
245:phalanx
224:Fossils
213:celadon
168:Burials
66:El Nido
35:Palawan
596:
563:
397:dipper
395:shell
322:, and
290:Butuan
253:distal
241:tigris
230:fossil
50:region
39:island
648:Hukay
631:Hukay
353:silty
278:South
249:manus
234:tiger
228:Many
126:karst
105:tiger
37:, an
702:help
672:2015
637:(1).
594:ISBN
561:ISBN
280:and
160:and
146:Adze
56:and
530:doi
518:264
459:doi
276:in
136:to
717::
693::
691:}}
687:{{
663:.
652:10
650:.
646:.
633:.
629:.
588:.
555:.
551:.
528:.
516:.
455:18
453:.
449:.
435:^
414:^
399:.
318:,
300:.
292:,
215:,
164:.
704:)
700:(
683:.
674:.
654:.
635:3
602:.
569:.
536:.
532::
524::
467:.
461::
236:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.