Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

2862:

shall increase by not less than 1,000 the number of positions for full-time, active-duty border patrol agents within the Immigration and Naturalization Service above the number of such positions for which funds were allotted for the preceding fiscal year. (b) INCREASE IN BORDER PATROL SUPPORT PERSONNEL.—The Attorney General, in each of fiscal years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001, may increase by 300 the number of positions for personnel in support of border patrol agents above the number of such positions for which funds were allotted for the preceding fiscal year. (c) DEPLOYMENT OF BORDER PATROL AGENTS.—The Attorney General shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that additional border patrol agents shall be deployed among Immigration and Naturalization Service sectors along the border in proportion to the level of illegal crossing of the borders of the United States measured in each sector during the preceding fiscal year and reasonably anticipated in the next fiscal year."

2351:(5) Stipulated judicial order of removal: The United States Attorney, with the concurrence of the Commissioner, may, pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11, enter into a plea agreement which calls for the alien, who is deportable under this chapter, to waive the right to notice and a hearing under this section, and stipulate to the entry of a judicial order of removal from the United States as a condition of the plea agreement or as a condition of probation or supervised release, or both. The United States district court, in both felony and misdemeanor cases, and a United States magistrate judge in misdemeanor cases, may accept such a stipulation and shall have jurisdiction to enter a judicial order of removal pursuant to the terms of such stipulation. 842:, which is a form of relief from deportation. Prior to IIRAIRA, noncitizens could receive cancellation of removal through discretionary relief from the Attorney General (this relief is carried out by immigration judges within Executive Office of Immigration Review. In general, before IIRAIRA noncitizens could become eligible for cancellation of removal if they "established seven years continuous physical presence in the U.S., good moral character during that period, and that deportation would result in extreme hardship to the individual or to his or her spouse, parent, or child who was a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident". Cancellation of removal resulted in individuals becoming lawful permanent residents. 2837:

actions as may be necessary to install additional physical barriers and roads (including the removal of obstacles to detection of illegal entrants) in the vicinity of the United States border to deter illegal crossings in areas of high illegal entry into the United States. (b) CONSTRUCTION OF FENCING AND ROAD IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BORDER AREA NEAR SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.—(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out subsection (a), the Attorney General shall provide for the construction along the 14 miles of the international land border of the United States, starting at the Pacific Ocean and extending eastward, of second and third fences, in addition to the existing reinforced fence, and for roads between the fences."

1996:(B) The legal authority under which the proceedings are conducted. (C) The acts or conduct alleged to be in violation of law. (D) The charges against the alien and the statutory provisions alleged to have been violated. (E) The alien may be represented by counsel and the alien will be provided (i) a period of time to secure counsel under subsection (b)(1) and (ii) a current list of counsel prepared under subsection (b)(2). (F)(i) The requirement that the alien must immediately provide (or have provided) the Attorney General with a written record of an address and telephone number (if any) at which the alien may be contacted respecting proceedings under section 240. 2558:(g)(1) Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, United States Code, the Attorney General may enter into a written agreement with a State, or any political subdivision of a State, pursuant to which an officer or employee of the State or subdivision, who is determined by the Attorney General to be qualified to perform a function of an immigration officer in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United States (including the transportation of such aliens across State lines to detention centers), may carry out such function at the expense of the State or political subdivision and to the extent consistent with State and local law. 807:"made an 'entry' into the U.S.", whereas exclusion proceedings were reserved for noncitizens who had not made entry into the United States. The consolidation of exclusion and deportation proceedings into removal proceedings was an attempt to streamline the process of deportation and exclusion. Under IIRAIRA, noncitizens "admitted to the United States, applying for admission, and present in the United States without being inspected and admitted" were all subject to removal proceedings. Removal proceedings are adjudicated by immigration judges, which fall under the purview of the Executive Office of Immigration Review, which is part of the 846:

proceedings, which is called the stop-time rule. In 1997, the Bureau of Immigration Appeals ruled that the stop-time rule can also be applied retroactively to individuals who began removal proceedings prior to IIRAIRA's implementation. An additional IIRAIRA mandated requirement for cancellation of removal is that noncitizens must demonstrate that removal would lead to "exceptional and extremely unusual hardship" to the individual's spouse, parent, or child who is a U.S. citizen or noncitizen with legal permanent residence status. IIRAIRA eliminated the possibility of cancellation due to the hardship an individual themselves could face.

38: 945:, the Ninth Circuit held that an individual facing prolonged immigration detention under section 241(a)(6), inadmissible criminal aliens, of IIRAIRA is entitled to be released on bond unless the government establishes the individual is a flight risk or a danger to the community. In addition, these individuals entitled to the same procedural safeguards against prolonged detention as individuals detained under section 236(a) of the Act, including an individualized bond hearing before an immigration judge. The court in Diouf v. Napolitano (2011) acknowledged that it was extending its holding in 1726:(A) IN GENERAL.—An affidavit of support is not enforceable after such time as the alien (i) has worked 40 qualifying quarters of coverage as defined under title II of the Social Security Act or can be credited with such qualifying quarters as provided under subparagraph (B), and (ii) in the case of any such qualifying quarter creditable for any period beginning after December 31, 1996, did not receive any Federal means-tested public benefit (as provided under section 403 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996) during any such period. 2168:(e) ANNUAL LIMITATION.—The Attorney General may not cancel the removal and adjust the status under this section, nor suspend the deportation and adjust the status under section 244(a) (as in effect before the enactment of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996), of a total of more than 4,000 aliens in any fiscal year. The previous sentence shall apply regardless of when an alien applied for such cancellation and adjustment and whether such an alien had previously applied for suspension of deportation under such section 244(a). 1072:

units". (section 103). IIRAIRA required that the number of full-time, active-duty border patrol agents would increase by at least 1,000 "in each of the fiscal years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001". IIRAIRA also funded an increase of 300 supportive personnel in each of the fiscal years of 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001. These new border patrol agents were to be stationed at areas with high proportions of illegal crossing, as measured within the previous year. Such areas were largely concentrated at the southern border (Mexico-United States Border).

3577: 2570:(5) With respect to each officer or employee of a State or political subdivision who is authorized to perform a function under this subsection, the specific powers and duties that may be, or are required to be, exercised or performed by the individual, the duration of the authority of the individual, and the position of the agency of the Attorney General who is required to supervise and direct the individual, shall be set forth in a written agreement between the Attorney General and the State or political subdivision. 2369:(5) REINSTATEMENT OF REMOVAL ORDERS AGAINST ALIENS ILLEGALLY REENTERING.—If the Attorney General finds that an alien has reentered the United States illegally after having been removed or having departed voluntarily, under an order of removal, the prior order of removal is reinstated from its original date and is not subject to being reopened or reviewed, the alien is not eligible and may not apply for any relief under this Act, and the alien shall be removed under the prior order at any time after the reentry." 2023:(1) AUTHORITY OF IMMIGRATION JUDGE.—The immigration judge shall administer oaths, receive evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien and any witnesses. The immigration judge may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and presentation of evidence. The immigration judge shall have authority (under regulations prescribed by the Attorney General) to sanction by civil money penalty any action (or inaction) in contempt of the judge's proper exercise of authority under this Act. 3030:

any other provision of law, an alien who is not lawfully present in the United States shall not be eligible on the basis of residence within a State (or a political subdivision) for any postsecondary education benefit unless a citizen or national of the United States is eligible for such a benefit (in no less an amount, duration, and scope) without regard to whether the citizen or national is such a resident. (b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This section shall apply to benefits provided on or after July 1, 1998."

2561:(2) An agreement under this subsection shall require that an officer or employee of a State or political subdivision of a State performing a function under the agreement shall have knowledge of, and adhere to, Federal law relating to the function, and shall contain a written certification that the officers or employees performing the function under the agreement have received ade- quate training regarding the enforcement of relevant Federal immigration laws. 1887:(B) the alien shall have a reasonable opportunity to examine the evidence against the alien, to present evidence on the alien's own behalf, and to cross-examine witnesses presented by the Government but these rights shall not entitle the alien to examine such national security informa- tion as the Government may proffer in opposition to the alien's admission to the United States or to an application by the alien for discretionary relief under this Act, and 2301:(ii) CLAIMS FOR ASYLUM.—If an immigration offi- cer determines that an alien (other than an alien described in subparagraph (F)) who is arriving in the United States or is described in clause (iii) is inadmis- sible under section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7) and the alien indicates either an intention to apply for asylum under section 208 or a fear of persecution, the officer shall refer the alien for an interview by an asylum officer under subparagraph (B). 2298:(i) IN GENERAL.—If an immigration officer deter- mines that an alien (other than an alien described in subparagraph (F)) who is arriving in the United States or is described in clause (iii) is inadmissible under section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7), the officer shall order the alien removed from the United States without further hearing or review unless the alien indicates either an intention to apply for asylum under section 208 or a fear of persecution. 2625:

Judicial Department is authorized by treaty or by statute, or is required by the Constitution, to intervene. The power of Congress to expel, like the power to exclude, aliens, or any specified class of aliens, from the country, may be exercised entirely through executive officers; or Congress may call in the aid of the Judiciary to ascertain any contested facts on which an alien's right to remain in the country has been made by Congress to depend.

2597:

workers, §1324a; and specifies which aliens may be removed and the procedures for doing so, see §1227. Removal is a civil matter, and one of its principal features is the broad discretion exercised by immigration officials, who must decide whether to pursue removal at all. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), an agency within the Department of Homeland Security, is responsible for identifying, apprehending, and removing illegal aliens.

1105:

attendance at a high school in the state. Nevertheless, tuition rates which include student fees and matriculation costs are not defined as post-secondary education benefits. These provisions allow anyone, regardless of their immigration or citizenship status, to apply for in-state tuition if they meet the eligibility requirements. In doing so, the states have complied with the mandates established by IIRAIRA and PRWORA.

1869:

administrative appeals thereof, in the case of any alien convicted of an aggravated felony before the alien's release from incarceration for the underlying aggravated felony. (B)Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the Attorney General to effect the removal of any alien sentenced to actual incarceration, before release from the penitentiary or correctional institution where such alien is confined.

4111: 2535:(i) ARRIVING ALIENS.—Any alien who has been ordered removed under section 235(b)(1) or at the end of proceedings under section 240 initiated upon the alien's arrival in the United States and who again seeks admission within 5 years of the date of such removal (or within 20 years in the case of a second or subsequent removal or at any time in the case of an alien convicted of an aggravated felony) is inadmissible. 2453:(6) INADMISSIBLE OR CRIMINAL ALIENS.—An alien ordered removed who is inadmissible under section 212, removable under section 237(a)(1)(C), 237(a)(2), or 237(a)(4) or who has been determined by the Attorney General to be a risk to the community or unlikely to comply with the order of removal, may be detained beyond the removal period and, if released, shall be subject to the terms of supervision in paragraph (3). 715:

would require a 10-year bar. These provisions impact noncitizens who were admitted before and after the enactment of IIRAIRA. In these circumstances, a noncitizen who falls under these categories would be subject to summary removal if attempting to reenter the United States. In these removal proceedings, the noncitizen does not have a right to a hearing or a lawyer and is subject to a 5-year bar of entry.

822:

statutory provisions alleged to have been violated". IIRAIRA established the authority of immigration judges in removal proceedings. Immigration judges "shall administer oaths, receive evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien and any witnesses. The immigration judge may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and presentation of evidence".

3570: 2509:(I) was unlawfully present in the United States for a period of more than 180 days but less than 1 year, voluntarily departed the United States (whether or not pursuant to section 244(e)) prior to the commencement of proceedings under section 235(b)(1) or section 240, and again seeks admission within 3 years of the date of such alien's departure or removal, or 874:. Therefore, noncitizens subject to expedited removal do not have the right to administrative review or the right to administrative appeal and judicial review. Because expedited removals do not require judicial or administrative review, noncitizens who are subject to expedited removals are not afforded the right to an attorney during their interviews with 830:

released from detention (only in cases of non-immigration related detention). Noncitizens can file one motion to reconsider the decision of an immigration judge, which must be filed within 30 days of the final order being issued. Noncitizens can also file 1 motion for reopening their case, which must be filed within 90 days of the final order of removal.

862:. Noncitizens subject to expedited removal include noncitizens "who are inadmissible because they lack valid entry documents or have sought admission through fraud (may also include aliens inadmissible on same grounds if they are present in the United States without being admitted or paroled and have been in the country less than two years)". 2542:(II) departed the United States while an order of removal was outstanding, and who seeks admission within 10 years of the date of such alien's departure or removal (or within 20 years of such date in the case of a second or subsequent removal or at any time in the case of an alien convicted of an aggravated felony) is inadmissible. 826:

Further, under IIRAIRA, noncitizens "have the privilege of being represented, at no expense to the Government, by counsel of the choosing". Therefore, noncitizens can have legal representation in immigration court, but they not entitled to legal representation provided by the Government if they cannot afford an attorney.

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immigration into the United States, any Federal equipment (includ- ing fixed wing aircraft, helicopters, four-wheel drive vehicles, sedans, night vision goggles, night vision scopes, and sensor units) determined available for transfer by any other agency of the Federal Government upon request of the Attorney General."

1703:(B) that is legally enforceable against the sponsor by the sponsored alien, the Federal Government, any State (or any political subdivision of such State), or by any other entity that provides any means-tested public benefit (as defined in subsection (e)), consistent with the provisions of this section; and 2423:(D) is inadmissible under section 212(a)(3)(B) or deportable under section 237(a)(4)(B), when the alien is released, without regard to whether the alien is released on parole, supervised release, or probation, and without regard to whether the alien may be arrested or imprisoned again for the same offense. 1008:). These agreements allocate to certain agents the ability to "perform a function of an immigration officer in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United States (including the transportation of such aliens across State lines to detention centers)". Under 287(g), 973:

The 10-year bar to entry applies to any noncitizen who was ordered removed in immigration court or to any noncitizen who returned to their home country prior to the final adjudication of their removal proceedings in immigration court who were in the United States without lawful immigration status for

964:

The 3-year bar to entry concerns noncitizens without lawful present status for more than 180 days but less than 365 days who returned to their home country voluntarily before the initiation of removal proceedings in immigration court. The 3-year bar begins on the date of the individual's departure or

2861:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–553, 554 §101(1996). "SEC. 101. BORDER PATROL AGENTS AND SUPPORT PERSONNEL. (a) INCREASED NUMBER OF BORDER PATROL AGENTS.—The Attorney General in each of fiscal years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001

2185:

Page 2-3 "IIRIRA dramatically restricted the availability of suspension of deportation, now called cancellation of removal, in the following ways: 1. Lengthened the time required for continuous physical presence in the US. An individual must show continuous physical presence in the United States for

1036:

The 287(g) program has received considerable pushback from immigration scholars and immigrant advocacy groups, who expressed that the program increases racial profiling and undermines immigrants' rights. As of November 2021, there were 142 agencies with signed 287(g) agreements in the United States.

1012:

are deputized to gain immigration enforcement authority, such as investigating, apprehending, and detaining noncitizens whom the officer believes to be removable. When agencies enter into 287(g) agreements, the individuals deputized are under the direction of ICE, but they are not considered federal

886:

IIRAIRA initiated stipulated removal, which is a type of plea agreement for noncitizens who are convicted of crimes in criminal court. Stipulated removal orders under IIRAIRA can be enacted for noncitizens facing felony and misdemeanor convictions that are considered aggravated felonies. Stipulated

2147:

Under section 244(a) of the INA, the Attorney General could exercise discretion to grant suspension of deportation to an individual who established seven years continuous physical presence in the U.S., good moral character during that period, and that deportation would result in extreme hardship to

1100:

to most groups of noncitizens. IIRAIRA extended these restrictions, applying them to state-level funding decisions. Under IIRAIRA, states cannot make undocumented immigrants eligible for post-secondary education benefits unless all citizens and nationals are also eligible, regardless of their state

1071:

In addition to the multilayered fencing near San Diego, California, IIRAIRA allocated additional technology and funding for the Border Patrol. Included in this allocation were "fixed wing aircraft, helicopters, four-wheel drive vehicles, sedans, night vision goggles, night vision scopes, and sensor

773:

Any noncitizen who is convicted of an aggravated felony can face collateral immigration consequences: "noncitizens who have been convicted of an 'aggravated felony' are prohibited from receiving most forms of relief that would spare them from deportation, including asylum, and from being readmitted

714:

status. With IIRAIRA, however, lawfully admitted nonimmigrants who overstay their visas by one day or longer became ineligible for a new nonimmigrant visa. If the period of overstay ranged from 180 to 365 days, the noncitizen would face a 3-year bar to reentry, and an overstay of more than 365 days

3029:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009–672 §505. (1996). "SEC. 505. LIMITATION ON ELIGIBILITY FOR PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF ALIENS NOT LAWFULLY PRESENT ON BASIS OF RESIDENCE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION BENEFITS. (a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding

2951:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–553, 554 §101(d)(1)(1996). "(d) FORWARD DEPLOYMENT.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General shall forward deploy existing border patrol agents in those areas of the border identified as areas of high

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noncitizens who are facing removal. Under IIRAIRA, noncitizens "may be arrested and detained pending a decision on whether the is to be removed from the United States". IIRAIRA did not impose any limitations on the length of detention, but IIRAIRA did restrict these noncitizens' access to release

2526:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120.110 STAT. 3009–576 §301(b) (1996). (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 212(a) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)) is amended by redesignating paragraph (9) as paragraph (10) and by inserting after paragraph (8) the following new para- graph:

2152:

Under some circumstances (for example, when the individual was convicted of a certain crime), an individual was required to meet a higher standard and show, among other things, 10 years continuous physical presence and that deportation would result in 'exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.'

1688:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 stat. 300-675 §551(a)(1)(A). (1996). SEC. 551. Requirements for Sponsor's Affidavit of Support. (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 213A (8 U.S.C. 1183a), as inserted by section 423(a) of the Personal Responsibility and

1075:

IIRAIRA targeted funding for agents and militarized technology to "areas of the border identified as areas of high illegal entry into the United States in order to provide a uniform and visible deterrent to illegal entry on a continuing basis". In doing so, IIRAIRA appropriated consistent funding

915:

or who were previously issued orders of removal who entered without lawful admission. With reinstatement of removal, "the prior order of removal is reinstated from its original date and is not subject to being reopened or reviewed" and the immigrant is ineligible for applying for or receiving any

825:

Noncitizens have the right to a "reasonable opportunity to examine the evidence against the alien, to present evidence on the alien's own behalf, and to cross-examine witnesses presented by the Government" but not the right "to an application by the alien for discretionary relief under this Act".

790:

possible, the completion of removal proceedings, and any administrative appeals thereof, in the case of any alien convicted of an aggravated felony before the alien's release from incarceration for the underlying aggravated felony". Under these expedited removal proceedings, noncitizens do attend

789:

and placed in a form of expedited removal proceedings (but these are distinct from expedited removal). Under IIRAIRA, expedited removal proceedings for noncitizens with aggravated felony charges are under the purview of the Attorney General who "shall provide for the initiation and, to the extent

2624:

In the United States, the power to exclude or to expel aliens is vested in the political departments of the National Government, and is to be regulated by treaty or by act of Congress, and to be executed by the executive authority according to the regulations so established, except so far as the

806:

IIRAIRA merged exclusion and deportation proceedings into removal proceedings. All noncitizens who are removable are subject to removal proceedings. Prior to IIRAIRA, noncitizens were subject to either deportation proceedings or exclusion proceedings. Deportation was reserved for noncitizens who

2846:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–555 §103, (1996). "SEC. 103. IMPROVED BORDER EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY. The Attorney General is authorized to acquire and use, for the purpose of detection, interdiction, and reduction of illegal

2836:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–554 §102 (b), (1996). "SEC. 102. IMPROVEMENT OF BARRIERS AT BORDER. (a) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General, in consultation with the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, shall take such

2596:

Among other things, federal law specifies categories of aliens who are ineligible to be admitted to the United States, 8 U. S. C. §1182; requires aliens to register with the Federal Government and to carry proof of status, §§1304(e), 1306(a); imposes sanctions on employers who hire unauthorized

1737:

No such qualifying quarter of coverage that is creditable under title II of the Social Security Act for any period beginning after December 31, 1996, may be credited to an alien under clause (i) or (ii) if the parent or spouse (as the case may be) of such alien received any Federal means-tested

1142:

In addition, this policy has been criticized by the Journal on Migration and Human Security for imposing overwhelming hurdles on refugees seeking asylum in the United States. These hurdles, such as mandatory detention and application deadlines, are argued to undermine the obligations the United

1104:

Several states have passed tuition-equality laws by allowing anyone regardless of legal status to apply for in-state tuition if they meet the state's eligibility requirements. States have overcome these restrictions by basing eligibility on in-state tuition on factors besides residence, such as

890:

Orders of stipulated removal "constitute a conclusive determination of the removability from the U.S." The plea agreements for stipulated removal orders make a "judicial order of removal form the United States a condition of the plea agreement" for the criminal conviction or a "condition of

829:

IIRAIRA established a removal period of 90 days for noncitizens determined to be removable by an immigration judge. The removal period can begin when "the date the order of removal becomes administratively final", "the date of the court's final order" or if the date at which the noncitizen is

1868:

8 U.S. Code § 1228 Expedited removal of aliens convicted of committing aggravated felonies (3)Expedited proceedings (A)Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General shall provide for the initiation and, to the extent possible, the completion of removal proceedings, and any

821:

and Notice of Time and Place documents. NTAs specify, among other things, "the nature of the proceedings against the alien", "the legal authority under which the proceedings are conducted", "the acts or conduct alleged to be in violation of the law" and "the charges against the alien and the

845:

IIRAIRA restricted the requirements for individuals to become eligible for cancellation of removal and capped the number of cancellations available to 4,000 annually. With IIRAIRA, cancellation required continuous physical presence in the U.S. for 10 years prior to the initiation of removal

676:

asserted that the legislation strengthened "the rule of law by cracking down on illegal immigration at the border, in the workplace, and in the criminal justice system — without punishing those living in the United States legally". However, IIRAIRA has been criticized as overly punitive "by

2397:(3) may not provide the alien with work authorization (including an 'employment authorized' endorsement or other appropriate work permit), unless the alien is lawfully admitted for permanent residence or otherwise would (without regard to removal proceedings) be provided such authorization. 894:

IIRAIRA initiated exceptions for stipulated removal for individuals in "exceptional circumstances": serious illness of the alien or serious illness or death of the spouse, child, or parent of the alien, but not including less compelling circumstances) beyond the control of the alien.

2386:

SEC. 236. (a) ARREST, DETENTION, AND RELEASE.—On a warrant issued by the Attorney General, an alien may be arrested and detained pending a decision on whether the alien is to be removed from the United States. Except as provided in subsection (c) and pending such decision, the Attorney

1697:(1) TERMS OF AFFIDAVIT.—No affidavit of support may be accepted by the Attorney General or by any consular officer to establish that an alien is not excludable as a public charge under section 212(a)(4) unless such affidavit is executed by a sponsor of the alien as a contract— 2555:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–563 §133 (1996). SEC. 133. ACCEPTANCE OF STATE SERVICES TO CARRY OUT IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT. Section 287 (8 U.S.C. 1357) is amended by adding at the end the following:

929:

from detention. Release could be granted with a "bond of at least $ 1,500" or on "conditional parole". Noncitizens without legal permanent residence or prior work authorizations would be ineligible for receiving a work authorization during their release from detention.

1980:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009-587-588 §239 (a). (1996). SEC. 304. Removal proceedings; Cancellation of Removal and Adjustment of Status; Voluntary Departure (Revised and New Sections 239 to 240c).

774:

to the United States at any time in the future". There is a "presumption of deportability" for noncitizens convicted of aggravated felonies, in which noncitizens "convicted of an aggravated felony shall be conclusively presumed to be deportable from the United States

685:

rights, and intensified funding of border militarization. With IIRAIRA, all noncitizens, regardless of legal status and including long-term legal permanent residents, became subject to removal and greatly expanded the offenses that could lead to formal deportation.

677:

eliminating due process from the overwhelming majority of removal cases and curtailing equitable relief from removal". A range of critiques have emerged concerning the provisions enacted with IIRAIRA, such as the expansion of aggravated felonies, creation of the

5484: 932:

IIRAIRA stipulated mandatory detention for noncitizens who furnished fraudulent documents or have convictions for aggravated felonies, including "crimes involving moral turpitude", as well as noncitizens found to have "membership in a terrorist organization".

689:

Proponents of the IIRAIRA present the case that the policy provided a much needed end to numerous loopholes present beforehand in US immigration policy, which ultimately undermined their efficacy. The ultimate goal of the IIRAIRA has been to deter further

2567:(4) In performing a function under this subsection, an officer or employee of a State or political subdivision of a State may use Federal property or facilities, as provided in a written agreement between the Attorney General and the State or subdivision. 2143:"Prior to enactment of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), individuals in deportation proceedings could apply for suspension of deportation under section 244(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). 751:, and aggravated felonies consisted of murder, drug trafficking, and illicit firearm trafficking. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 made any noncitizen convicted of an aggravated felony at any time after their entry into the United States deportable. The 1881:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009-589, 590 §240(b)(4). (1996). Sec. 240(b)(4) ALIENS RIGHTS IN PROCEEDING.—In proceedings under this section, under regulations of the Attorney General—

2052:(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in this section, when an alien is ordered removed, the Attorney General shall remove the alien from the United States within a period of 90 days (in this section referred to as the 'removal period'). 4972: 974:

one or more years. Individuals in either of these categories are summarily found ineligible for entry for 10 years. If a noncitizen gains admission after the 10-year bar and is subsequently deported, IIRAIRA imposed a 20-year bar to entry.

1151:

analyzed a 2011 test conducted by the Migration Policy Institute aimed at exploring any negative externalities the 287(g) program had on the communities of Frederick County, Maryland. The journal found that, after recording arrests by the

4942: 1840:

8 U.S. Code § 1228: Expedited removal of aliens convicted of committing aggravated felonies--(c) Presumption of deportability: An alien convicted of an aggravated felony shall be conclusively presumed to be deportable from the United

940:

The provisions of IIRAIRA concerning detention were initially conceptualized as allowing for indefinite detention of noncitizens. However, court decisions have added clarity to the length of time a noncitizen can be detained. In

698:

since the policy was enacted in 1996 from around 50,000 to over 200,000 by the beginning of the 2000s, overall illegal immigration has increased since the policy's enactment according to data compiled by the Pew Research Center.

4957: 4746: 3499: 1053:, and it authorized the construction of a secondary layer of border fencing to support the already-completed 14-mile primary fence. Construction of the secondary fence stalled because of environmental concerns raised by the 781:

Importantly, aggravated felony charges can be applied retroactively, so if a change in the law deems a new category of offense an aggravated felony, any noncitizen previously convicted of that offense can then face removal.

865:

Expedited removals can be considered removals without hearings: these removals do not require judicial review by immigration judges within the Executive Office of Immigration Review unless the individual plans to apply for

2236:(D) establishes that removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the alien's spouse, parent, or child, who is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 1700:(A) in which the sponsor agrees to provide support to maintain the sponsored alien at an annual income that is not less than 125 percent of the Federal poverty line during the period in which the affidavit is enforceable; 5964: 2952:

illegal entry into the United States in order to provide a uniform and visible deterrent to illegal entry on a continuing basis. The previous sentence shall not apply to border patrol agents located at checkpoints."

1778:(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 101(a)(43) (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)), as amended by section 441(e) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (P.L. 104–132), is amended— (10) in subparagraph (R), by striking 1084:, prevention through deterrence increased the number of migrants that died while crossing into the United States. Such strategies have been criticized as unconstitutional and deemed in violation of human rights. 2511:(II) has been unlawfully present in the United States for one year or more, and who again seeks admission within 10 years of the date of such alien's departure or removal from the United States, is inadmissible. 1720:

shall be enforceable with respect to benefits provided for an alien before the date the alien is naturalized as a citizen of the United States, or, if earlier, the termination date provided under paragraph (3).

1169:(Removal of the 'Remain in Mexico' policy) ruling, which found in a 5-4 decision that the President had the direct authority to regulate the law's Migrant Protection Protocols without approval from Congress. 2148:

the individual or to his or her spouse, parent, or child who was a US citizen or lawful permanent resident. By regulation, this authority was delegated to the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR).

1080:". Prevention through deterrence was first initiated in the early 1990s, and it aimed to reduce the number of migrants entering without authorization at high-traffic urban areas. According to reports by the 5750: 3597: 1738:

public benefit (as provided under section 403 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996) during the period for which such qualifying quarter of coverage is so credited.

3591: 2114:(B) CONTENTS.—The motion to reopen shall state the new facts that will be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is granted, and shall be supported by affida- vits or other evidentiary material. 4682: 5740: 4437: 1183: 756: 159: 2564:(3) In performing a function under this subsection, an officer or employee of a State or political subdivision of a State shall be subject to the direction and supervision of the Attorney General. 5313: 1139:

A 2018 paper found that the Act reduced the health and mental health outcomes of Latin-American undocumented immigrants in the United States by escalating their fear that they would be deported.

1990:) shall be given in person to the alien (or, if personal service is not practicable, through service by mail to the alien or to the alien's counsel of record, if any) specifying the follow- ing: 3739: 5232: 4813: 4147: 1729:(B) QUALIFYING QUARTERS.—For purposes of this section, in determining the number of qualifying quarters of coverage under title II of the Social Security Act an alien shall be credited with— 5457: 5397: 4860: 1808: 1319: 5491: 5402: 5392: 4508: 5382: 5387: 5360: 4452: 4244: 3554: 1884:(A) the alien shall have the privilege of being rep- resented, at no expense to the Government, by counsel of the alien's choosing who is authorized to practice in such proceedings, 858:, in which immigration officials gained the authority to summarily remove certain noncitizens. This is different from the expedited removal proceedings for noncitizens convicted of 1933: 982:

Lifetime bars to reentry were established for any noncitizen who was deported due to criminal convictions of aggravated felonies. These individuals face a lifetime bar to reentry.

2219:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120.110 STAT. 3009–594 §240A(b) (1996). Sec. 240A. Cancellation of Removal; Adjustment of Status.

5377: 4447: 3987: 3665: 1178: 760: 641: 621: 601: 581: 561: 541: 521: 501: 481: 461: 441: 418: 399: 380: 361: 155: 763:

increased the types of offenses considered aggravated felonies. In addition, with these laws, crimes with a penalty of 5 years or longer would be considered an aggravated felony

5776: 5177: 5705: 5496: 3279:

Capps, Randy; Rosenblum, Marc; Rodriguez, Cristina; Chishti, Muzaffar (January 2011). "Delegation and Divergence: A Study of 287(g) State and Local Immigration Enforcement".

1716:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 Stat. 300-675-676 §231A(a)(3)(A), §231A (a)(3)(B)(i), §231A (a)(3)(B)(ii). (1996).

4652: 3539: 2021:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009-589, 590 §240(b)(1). (1996). Sec. 240 (b) Conduct of the Proceeding.—

2061:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009–598 §241(a)(1)(B)(i), §241(a)(1)(B)(ii), §241(a)(1)(B)(iii). (1996).

1732:(i) all of the qualifying quarters of coverage as defined under title II of the Social Security Act worked by a parent of such alien while the alien was under age 18, and 5969: 5959: 5355: 4885: 4595: 731:

of support. In the affidavit, the petitioner must "agree to provide support to maintain the sponsored alien at an annual income that is not less than 125 percent of the

356: 5830: 5563: 5306: 4921: 4468: 1198: 1093: 492: 273: 269: 1735:(ii) all of the qualifying quarters worked by a spouse of such alien during their marriage and the alien remains married to such spouse or such spouse is deceased. 891:

probation or supervised release, or both". With stipulated removal, noncitizens "waive the right to notice and hearing" for a determination of their removability.

735:" until the noncitizen naturalizes as a U.S. citizen or the noncitizen, the noncitizen's parent, or the noncitizen's spouse has worked for 40 qualifying quarters. 5766: 5695: 5629: 5182: 4798: 4410: 4405: 4140: 1208: 997: 991: 695: 678: 277: 2420:(C) is deportable under section 237(a)(2)(A)(i) on the basis of an offense for which the alien has been sentence to a term of imprisonment of at least 1 year, or 1068:

and extending east for 14 miles. This funding was used to supplement existing fencing and add second and third layered fencing along that portion of the border.

1016:

Local law enforcement is not allowed to enforce immigration law—that authority is vested in the federal government as immigration enforcement is a civil matter.

5771: 5348: 5343: 5338: 4627: 4607: 4391: 887:

removal allocated to United States federal district court judges "jurisdiction to enter a judicial order of removal pursuant to the terms of such stipulation".

3199:"How the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 Has Undermined US Refugee Protection Obligations and Wasted Government Resources" 4962: 4952: 3907: 3773: 3734: 2166:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120.110 STAT. 3009–596 §240A(e). (1996). Sec. 240A. Cancellation of Removal

1521:"THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION REFORM AND IMMIGRANT RESPONSIBILITY ACT OF 1996: NOTABLE CHANGES FOR RESTORING INTEGRITY AND CREDIBILITY TO U.S. IMMIGRATION POLICY" 2227:(A) has been physically present in the United States for a continuous period of not less than 10 years imme- diately preceding the date of such application; 5868: 5506: 5479: 5299: 5157: 4818: 3828: 1144: 946: 5730: 5192: 4947: 4850: 4590: 4422: 3879: 1520: 1213: 925: 296: 2637:

Gallini, Brian; Young, Elizabeth L. (2010-09-01). "Car Stops, Borders, and Profiling: The Hunt for Undocumented (Illegal?) Immigrants in Border Towns".

2224:(1) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General may cancel removal in the case of an alien who is inadmissible or deport- able from the United States if the alien— 1706:(C) in which the sponsor agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of any Federal or State court for the purpose of actions brought under subsection (b)(2). 1600: 5908: 5700: 4133: 5690: 5452: 5172: 4890: 4632: 4184: 3788: 3754: 1005: 691: 727:

determinations for noncitizens seeking admission. IIRAIRA requires that the individual(s) petitioning a family-sponsored immigrant must provide an

5583: 5513: 4662: 4400: 4396: 3783: 3768: 3749: 3722: 2697:

McDowell, Meghan G.; Wonders, Nancy A. (2009). "Keeping Migrants in Their Place: Technologies of Control and Racialized Public Space in Arizona".

791: 4865: 1801: 5634: 4833: 4657: 4493: 3450: 2075:(iii) If the alien is detained or confined (except under an immigration process), the date the alien is released from detention or confinement. 2072:(ii) If the removal order is judicially reviewed and if a court orders a stay of the removal of the alien, the date of the court's final order. 1315: 1001: 769:

After IIRAIRA, however, the penalty was changed so that any crime with a penalty of one year or longer would be considered an aggravated felony

2964:"Illegal Immigration: Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol's Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated" 2106:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 Stat. 3009-593 §240(c)(6)(A), §240(c)(6)(B) (1996).

5898: 5851: 5040: 3504: 2085:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 Stat. 3009-593 §240(c)(5)(A), §240(c)(5)(B)(1996).

1478: 1402: 1157: 1097: 916:

relief from removal. Reinstatement of removal allows for the individual to "be removed under the prior order at any time after the reentry".

808: 4870: 5801: 5796: 5745: 5604: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 1009: 795: 5035: 4370: 2467: 1940: 5825: 5715: 5655: 5420: 4706: 4533: 4473: 3852: 3778: 3744: 3420: 912: 2312: 5568: 5322: 4647: 3759: 3100: 2033:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009-589, 590 §240(b)(1)(B). (1996).

1503: 875: 339: 3295: 2096:(C) CONTENTS.—The motion shall specify the errors of law or fact in the previous order and shall be supported by pertinent authority. 5501: 4808: 3979: 3650: 3039:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Public Law 104-208, 104th Cong. 1st sess. (September 30, 1996).

2182: 2140: 1907: 1029: 220: 210: 200: 190: 177: 2157:

When an individual is granted suspension of deportation, his or her status is adjusted to that of lawful permanent resident" (p.2).

2122:

subparagraph, the motion to reopen shall be filed within 90 days of the date of entry of a final adminis- trative order of removal.

2998: 2248:"8 U.S. Code § 1225 - Inspection by immigration officers; expedited removal of inadmissible arriving aliens; referral for hearing" 5856: 5005: 4895: 4528: 4305: 4156: 3844: 3524: 1101:

of residence. However, IIRAIRA does not define post secondary education benefits as tuition rates which are matriculation costs.

1081: 255: 4916: 4911: 3404: 2045:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009–598 §241(a)(1)(A). (1996).

1061: 1050: 5893: 5619: 5370: 5015: 4776: 4714: 4558: 4234: 3955: 3820: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3514: 2006:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 STAT. 3009-589, 590 §240(b). (1996).

1384: 1270: 1092:

IIRAIRA expanded the restrictions on federally distributed post-secondary education funds that were initially enacted with the

666: 251: 136: 128: 5888: 5660: 5528: 5167: 4730: 4672: 2011:(1) IN GENERAL.—An immigration judge shall conduct proceedings for deciding the inadmissibility or deportability of an alien. 1120: 1046: 908: 3861: 2448:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–599 §241(a)(6) (1996).

2417:(B) is deportable by reason of having committed any offense covered in section 237(a)(2)(A)(ii), (A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D), 2367:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 Stat. 3009-599 §241(a)(5).(1996).

2290:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120.110 STAT. 3009–580 § 235(b)(1) (1996).

2781: 1771:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120, 110 Stat. 3009-627, 628 § 321(1996).

794:, and they are afforded the right to counsel (at no expense to the government) for their immigration court proceedings and 17: 5913: 5720: 5217: 5101: 4967: 4823: 4690: 4056: 3479: 2805: 2406:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–585 §303(c). (1996).

2090:(A) IN GENERAL.—The alien may file one motion to reconsider a decision that the alien is removable from the United States. 1114: 1077: 1054: 1021: 632: 2502:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120.110 STAT. 3009–576 §301(B). (1996).

2393:(A) bond of at least $ 1,500 with security approved by, and containing conditions prescribed by, the Attorney General; or 4667: 4600: 4478: 4020: 3947: 3804: 3544: 3534: 3390:

Warner, Judith Ann. "Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996." in Richard T. Schaefer, ed.,

2917: 2487:"Revision to and Re-designation ofAdjudicator's Field Manual (AFM) Chapter 30.l(d) as Chapter 40.9 (AFMUpdate AD 08-03)" 2180:

Asylum division officer training course suspension of deportation and special rule cancellation of removal under NACARA.

2138:

Asylum division officer training course suspension of deportation and special rule cancellation of removal under NACARA.

1905:

Asylum division officer training course suspension of deportation and special rule cancellation of removal under NACARA.

1643:

Fragoman, Austin T. Jr. (1997). "The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996: An Overview".

1017: 394: 86: 56:

An Act making omnibus consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1997, and for other purposes.

2963: 2292:(1) INSPECTION OF ALIENS ARRIVING IN THE UNITED STATES AND CERTAIN OTHER ALIENS WHO HAVE NOT BEEN ADMITTED OR PAROLED.— 5820: 5725: 4548: 3509: 2878: 2463:

Wiegand, C. A. III., Verrillo, P., Byrd, S., McDonnell, A., & Rempel, S. (2011). Fundamentals of immigration law.

2384:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-120. 110 STAT. 3009–585 §303 (1996).

2093:(B) DEADLINE.—The motion must be filed within 30 days of the date of entry of a final administrative order of removal. 1193: 867: 748: 592: 167: 3052: 2486: 5685: 5650: 5237: 5227: 5212: 5106: 5091: 4987: 4543: 4300: 4249: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4205: 3939: 3549: 3471: 3443: 3410: 2034: 1772: 1254: 1153: 732: 109: 3576: 3321: 5786: 5474: 4977: 4570: 4345: 4340: 37: 5469: 5464: 5447: 5279: 5207: 5030: 4580: 4553: 4488: 4239: 3889: 3812: 3728: 1290: 904: 532: 1759:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-416, § 222, 109 Stat. 4305, 4320.

5430: 5365: 5025: 4432: 4427: 4350: 4335: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4295: 4274: 4259: 4026: 3923: 3529: 1188: 839: 786: 752: 163: 1986:(1) IN GENERAL.—In removal proceedings under section 240, written notice (in this section referred to as a 5861: 5435: 5273: 4698: 3884: 3559: 1266: 121: 1932:

Wiegand, Charles A. III; Verrillo, Phillip; Byrd, Sarah; McDonnell, Alexa; Rempel, Sarah (October 2011).

5523: 4760: 4503: 4498: 4264: 4114: 3931: 3436: 3117: 645: 625: 605: 585: 565: 545: 525: 512: 505: 485: 465: 445: 432: 422: 403: 384: 365: 4125: 3076: 2468:

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/08/15/Fundamentals_of_Immigration_Law.pdf

5152: 5122: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5071: 4828: 4803: 1552:"Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America" 224: 214: 204: 4375: 937:

upheld the constitutionality of the mandatory detention of noncitizens with qualifying convictions.

194: 5061: 4768: 4538: 4325: 4189: 4079: 3971: 3836: 1723:(3) Termination of Period of Enforceability Upon Completion of Required Period of Employment, ETC.— 1000:. The 287(g) program allows state and local law enforcement agencies to enter into agreements with 818: 707: 572: 452: 1263: 118: 5933: 5809: 5609: 5573: 5066: 4855: 4637: 4062: 3603: 3519: 3379: 3261: 3220: 2763: 2714: 2679: 2183:

https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/lesson-plans/ABC_NACARA_Asylum_Lesson_Plan.pdf

2141:

https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/lesson-plans/ABC_NACARA_Asylum_Lesson_Plan.pdf

1908:

https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/lesson-plans/ABC_NACARA_Asylum_Lesson_Plan.pdf

1660: 1441: 1365: 724: 413: 3128: 300: 3151: 247: 5665: 5222: 5197: 5076: 5056: 4880: 4723: 4585: 4094: 4038: 4032: 3371: 3351: 2706: 2642: 2638: 2507:(i) IN GENERAL.—Any alien (other than an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence) who— 2337:"8 U.S. Code § 1228 - Expedited removal of aliens convicted of committing aggravated felonies" 2233:(C) has not been convicted of an offense under section 212(a)(2), 237(a)(2), or 237(a)(3); and 1854:"8 U.S. Code § 1228 - Expedited removal of aliens convicted of committing aggravated felonies" 1826:"8 U.S. Code § 1228 - Expedited removal of aliens convicted of committing aggravated felonies" 1748: 1668: 1581: 1499: 1474: 1398: 1357: 859: 855: 744: 703: 375: 2879:"Illegal Immigration: Southwest Border Strategy Results Inconclusive; More Evaluation Needed" 1890:(C) a complete record shall be kept of all testimony and evidence produced at the proceeding. 1338:"Making Immigrants into Criminals: Legal Processes of Criminalization in the Post-IIRIRA Era" 1337: 785:

Under IIRAIRA, any noncitizen convicted of an aggravated felony is categorically barred from

5903: 5873: 5791: 5440: 5425: 5187: 5162: 4838: 4269: 4254: 3363: 3251: 3210: 3177: 2753: 2745: 2669: 1652: 1571: 1563: 1466: 1431: 1390: 1349: 1203: 1025: 814: 552: 472: 3145:

who were over the age of 18 on February 27, 2001, do not automatically acquire citizenship.

2414:(A) is inadmissible by reason of having committed any offense covered in section 212(a)(2), 1336:

Abrego, Leisy; Coleman, Mat; Martínez, Daniel E.; Menjívar, Cecilia; Slack, Jeremy (2017).

477: 437: 5588: 5578: 5553: 5202: 5127: 4355: 4014: 4008: 710:

or violated their status could pay a fine that would allow them to adjust their status to

617: 597: 577: 557: 537: 517: 497: 457: 2436:"The Law of Immigration Detention: A Brief Introduction [CRS Report No. IF11343]" 2435: 1419: 637: 1131:

while they were under the age of 16 years, and both of their parents are U.S. citizens.

5815: 5781: 5735: 5710: 5252: 5242: 5010: 4738: 4365: 4101: 4000: 3963: 3240:"From IIRIRA to Trump: Connecting the Dots to the Current US Immigration Policy Crisis" 3006: 2609: 2581: 2277: 2196: 1576: 1551: 1165: 934: 612: 425: 387: 368: 3352:"The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996: An Overview" 2111:(A) IN GENERAL.—An alien may file one motion to reopen proceedings under this section. 1957: 1460: 1064:. IIRAIRA appropriated $ 12 million of funding for multilayered fencing starting near 406: 5953: 5923: 5918: 5846: 5614: 5291: 5132: 4753: 3265: 3224: 2767: 2683: 2313:"Removal Without Recourse: The Growth Of Summary Deportations From The United States" 2221:(b) Cancellation of Removal and Adjustment of Status for Certain Permanent Residents. 1567: 1445: 1369: 1294: 2806:"Delegation of Immigration Authority Section 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act" 1420:"Entering the Trump Ice Age: Contextualizing the New Immigration Enforcement Regime" 5883: 5624: 5558: 5257: 5020: 4360: 3915: 3459: 3383: 3118:"Child Citizenship Act of 2000 ('CCA'), Pub. L. No. 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631 (2000)" 1760: 673: 328: 2733: 2066:(B) BEGINNING OF PERIOD.—The removal period begins on the latest of the following: 1163:

The scope of the law's authority was judged by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2022

1123:. This, however, does not apply to those who have resided in the United States as 3104: 2540:(I) has been ordered removed under section 240 or any other provision of law, or 2336: 2247: 1853: 1825: 4973:

Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013

4483: 4417: 4050: 3411:"Division C—Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996" 2035:

https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:8%20section:1373%20edition:prelim

1773:

https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:8%20section:1373%20edition:prelim

871: 682: 3367: 3215: 3198: 2813: 1353: 942: 314: 286: 5247: 4044: 2734:"Legal Violence: Immigration Law and the Lives of Central American Immigrants" 2278:"Expedited Removal of Aliens: Legal Framework [CRS Report No. R45314]" 1128: 711: 3322:"Supreme Court says Biden can end "Remain in Mexico" rule for asylum-seekers" 3256: 3239: 2928: 2710: 1470: 1361: 1274: 140: 4982: 4937: 4330: 4279: 3296:"Supreme Court hands Biden victory, allows end to 'Remain in Mexico' policy" 2974: 1689:

Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, is amended to read as follows:

1298: 1124: 1065: 728: 659:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRAIRA

4443:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)

3375: 2889: 1672: 1585: 1394: 1236: 5928: 5878: 4875: 4843: 4575: 4565: 3140: 2450:

SEC. 241. (a) DETENTION, RELEASE, AND REMOVAL OF ALIENS ORDERED REMOVED.—

2063:

SEC. 241. (a) Detention, Release, and Removal of Aliens Ordered Removed.

1462:

Constructing Illegality in America: Critiques, Experiences, and Responses

1301: 2718: 2674: 2657: 2411:(1) CUSTODY.—The Attorney General shall take into custody any alien who— 2047:

SEC. 241. (a) Detention, Release, and Removal of Aliens Ordered Removed.

1436: 1386:

Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and "Illegality" in Mexican Chicago

1316:"Statement on Signing the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997" 1747:

Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-649. 104 Stat. 4320-4321. (1990).

1664: 1496:

The Deportation Machine: America's Long History of Expelling Immigrants

1094:

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996

259: 61: 2758: 5938: 5233:

National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)

4641: 4453:

American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)

4448:

Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)

2782:"License to Abuse: How ICE's 287(g) Program Empowers Racist Sheriffs" 1601:"Key facts about the changing U.S. unauthorized immigrant population" 956:

Various bars for reentry of noncitizens were established by IIRAIRA.

1780:

for which a sentence of 5 years' imprisonment or more may be imposed

1656: 5519:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

3182: 3170:"Health and Mental Health Effects of Local Immigration Enforcement" 3169: 2999:"Summary of Migrant Civil Rights Issues Along the Southwest Border" 2918:"Border Control: Revised Strategy Is Showing Some Positive Results" 2749: 1958:"Naizhu Jiang v. Garland, 18 F.4th 730 | Casetext Search + Citator" 31:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

4438:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994

743:

With IIRAIRA, the US Congress expanded the definition of the term

2230:(B) has been a person of good moral character during such period; 2069:(i) The date the order of removal becomes administratively final. 1119:

IIRAIRA made it a criminal offense for a noncitizen to vote in a

5295: 4509:

Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)

4129: 3432: 3428: 4469:

American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)

5965:

United States federal immigration and nationality legislation

3405:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act

2538:(ii) OTHER ALIENS.—Any alien not described in clause (i) who— 1184:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994

757:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994

160:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994

1060:

IIRAIRA substantially increased funding directed toward the

669:(INA). IIRAIRA's changes became effective on April 1, 1997. 1749:

https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/104/4978?link-type=pdf

18:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

924:

IIRAIRA expanded the authority of the Attorney General to

694:

into the US, and despite a noticeable increase in annual

5492:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

1939:. Executive Office of Immigration Review. Archived from 1785:

for which the term of imprisonment is at least one year

1076:

that supported a border enforcement strategy known as "

1156:

Sheriff's Office, there was evidence pointing towards

813:

Post-IIRAIRA removal proceedings are initiated with a

761:

Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

4474:

Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)

2610:"Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698 (1893)" 2186:

10 years to be eligible for cancellation of removal."

1718:(2) PERIOD OF ENFORCEABILITY.—An affidavit of support 1179:

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

156:

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

5178:

Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles

3168:

Wang, Julia Shu-Huah; Kaushal, Neeraj (April 2018).

3123:. U.S. Congress. October 30, 2000. pp. 1633–36. 2197:"N-J-B, 21 I. & N. Dec. 812 – CourtListener.com" 1994:(A) The nature of the proceedings against the alien. 1243:. Harvard Law School. October 29, 2013. p. 265. 817:(NTA) that is sent to the noncitizen. NTAs replaced 747:. Aggravated felonies were first initiated with the 5839: 5759: 5678: 5643: 5597: 5546: 5539: 5497:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5411: 5329: 5266: 5141: 5115: 5049: 4996: 4930: 4904: 4787: 4681: 4616: 4521: 4461: 4384: 4288: 4222: 4198: 4177: 4164: 4072: 3999: 3898: 3872: 3803: 3715: 3674: 3658: 3649: 3584: 3490: 2389:(1) may continue to detain the arrested alien; and 1459:Menjivar, Cecilia; Kanstroom, Daniel, eds. (2013). 907:. Reinstatement of removal concerns the reentry of 338: 234: 183: 173: 151: 146: 127: 105: 100: 92: 81: 73: 60: 52: 44: 1776:SEC. 321. AMENDED DEFINITION OF AGGRAVATED FELONY. 1255: 110: 2178:US Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2015). 2136:US Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2015). 1903:US Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2015). 357:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr 5458:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 4922:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints 1761:https://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/103/416.pdf 1691:Requirements for Sponsor's Affidavit of Support. 1498:. Princeton University Press. pp. 164–196. 1199:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act 1049:broad authority to construct barriers along the 493:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam 77:Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997 5183:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform 4861:List of people deported from the United States 3598:Joint session of Congress (health care reform) 1550:Massey, Douglass; Pren, Karen (30 July 2012). 992:Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g) 321:on September 30, 1996 (Agreed voice vote) 5772:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 5307: 4608:Trump administration family separation policy 4141: 3444: 8: 4658:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 3392:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 3129:"H.R.1593 - Adoptee Citizenship Act of 2021" 2732:Menjívar, Cecilia; Abrego, Leisy J. (2012). 2280:. Congressional Research Service. p. 8. 1599:Lopez, Mark; Passel, Jeffrey; Cohn, D'Vera. 1096:(PRWORA). PRWORA denied federal funding for 30: 5869:Democratic backsliding in the United States 5507:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 5158:California Coalition for Immigration Reform 3830:Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World 723:IIRAIRA imposed new regulations concerning 5543: 5314: 5300: 5292: 5193:Federation for American Immigration Reform 4174: 4148: 4134: 4126: 3880:William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building 3655: 3451: 3437: 3429: 2120:(i) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in this 838:IIRAIRA restricted noncitizens' access to 307:Reported by the joint conference committee 4968:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013) 4963:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 4953:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 4896:Unaccompanied minors from Central America 4653:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 4423:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) 3989:The American Presidency with Bill Clinton 3255: 3214: 3181: 2962:Office, U. S. Government Accountability. 2916:Office, U. S. Government Accountability. 2877:Office, U. S. Government Accountability. 2757: 2673: 1575: 1465:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1435: 1020:local law enforcement officials, such as 5970:Illegal immigration to the United States 5960:Acts of the 104th United States Congress 5173:Center for Migration Studies of New York 4316:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone) 4185:Nationality law in the American Colonies 3350:Fragomen Jr., Austin T. (June 1, 1997). 3053:"Undocumented Student Tuition: Overview" 5514:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 5470:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 5107:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present) 4663:Executive Office for Immigration Review 3320:Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (30 June 2022). 3244:Journal on Migration and Human Security 3203:Journal on Migration and Human Security 2532:(A) CERTAIN ALIENS PREVIOUSLY REMOVED.— 2465:Executive Office of Immigration Review. 1342:Journal on Migration and Human Security 1225: 1149:Journal on Migration and Human Security 353: 5751:United States Virgin Islands residents 5123:California DREAM Act (2006–2010) 3862:Citizen: My Life After the White House 3535:Chairman, National Constitution Center 3047: 3045: 3025: 3023: 2911: 2909: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2832: 2830: 2551: 2549: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2132: 2130: 2128: 1289:This article in most part is based on 1231: 1229: 1045:Among other changes, IIRAIRA gave the 1002:Immigration and Naturalization Service 29: 4371:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1899: 1897: 1877: 1875: 1800:American Immigration Council (2021). 1795: 1793: 1684: 1682: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1519:Stein, Daniel; Barton, Terri (1998). 903:IIRAIRA implemented a process called 7: 5344:House Electors Qualifications Clause 5092:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007) 4397:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 1331: 1329: 1145:Refugee Convention Protocols of 1967 313:on September 28, 1996 (370–37, 4778:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024) 4748:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 4633:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 4235:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864) 3472:42nd President of the United States 3197:Acer, Elaneor; Byrne, Olga (2017). 2276:Smith, Hillel R. (8 October 2019). 1006:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 798:of their determination of removal. 5741:Northern Mariana Islands residents 5323:Voting rights in the United States 4866:Mexico–United States border crisis 4648:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 3480:40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas 2408:(c) DETENTION OF CRIMINAL ALIENS.— 1814:from the original on 3 March 2022. 1802:"Aggravated Felonies: An Overview" 1645:The International Migration Review 1260:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 317:, via Clerk.House.gov) and by the 115:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 27:US federal immigration legislation 25: 5502:Federal Voting Assistance Program 5087:"Streamline" (2005–present) 4809:Central American migrant caravans 4356:Bracero Program (1942–1964) 3981:Impeachment: American Crime Story 3154:(Adoptee Citizenship Act of 2019) 2586:LII / Legal Information Institute 2438:. Congressional Research Service. 2434:Smith, Hillel R. (20 July 2021). 2341:LII / Legal Information Institute 2252:LII / Legal Information Institute 2150:Pre-IIRIRA INA section 244(a)(2). 2145:Pre-IIRIRA INA section 244(a)(1). 1934:"Fundamentals of Immigration Law" 1858:LII / Legal Information Institute 1830:LII / Legal Information Institute 1556:Population and Development Review 1322:from the original on 12 May 2022. 5909:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 5826:Women's poll tax repeal movement 4871:Mexico–United States border wall 4346:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935) 4157:Immigration to the United States 4110: 4109: 3575: 3568: 3525:Clinton School of Public Service 3135:. U.S. Congress. March 3, 2021. 1983:SEC. 239. (a) NOTICE TO APPEAR.— 1568:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00470.x 1082:Government Accountability Office 285:on June 13, 1996 (278–126, 178:8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality 36: 5453:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 5371:Privileges or Immunities Clause 4628:Department of Homeland Security 2529:(9) ALIENS PREVIOUSLY REMOVED.— 2504:(B) ALIENS UNLAWFULLY PRESENT.— 2318:. American Immigration Council. 1694:SEC. 213A. (a) ENFORCEABILITY.— 1160:against Hispanics in the area. 947:Casas-Castrillon v. DHS (2008). 672:Former United States President 667:Immigration and Nationality Act 5731:District of Columbia residents 5661:Multiple non-transferable vote 5584:Voter registration in the U.S. 5529:Election Assistance Commission 5349:Congressional Elections Clause 5168:Center for Immigration Studies 5097:"Jump Start" (2006–2008) 5082:"Front Line" (2004–2005) 4732:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting 4673:Office of Refugee Resettlement 4428:American Homecoming Act (1989) 3356:International Migration Review 3294:Blitzer, Ronn (30 June 2022). 2786:American Civil Liberties Union 2155:Pre-IIRIRA INA section 244(a). 1237:"Othi v. Holder, 734 F.3d 259" 1147:. Furthermore, a paper in the 1047:United States Attorney General 1028:, are only allowed to enforce 920:Bond and Immigration Detention 295:on July 18, 1996 (72–27, 1: 5914:National Voting Rights Museum 5524:Help America Vote Act of 2002 5218:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps 5062:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962) 4824:Eugenics in the United States 3555:Sexual misconduct allegations 3133:U.S. House of Representatives 2738:American Journal of Sociology 2391:(2) may release the alien on— 1115:Child Citizenship Act of 2000 1088:Higher education restrictions 1078:prevention through deterrence 1055:California Coastal Commission 1041:Border enforcement provisions 299:, via Senate.gov, in lieu of 5777:Timeline of women's suffrage 4886:Illegal immigrant population 4668:Board of Immigration Appeals 4504:Executive Order 13780 (2017) 4499:Executive Order 13769 (2017) 4392:UN Refugee Convention (1951) 4306:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) 4021:William Jefferson Blythe Jr. 3949:The Hunting of the President 3604:State of the Union addresses 3174:NBER Working Paper No. 24487 2658:"Entering the Trump Ice Age" 2395:(B) conditional parole; but 1383:De Genova, Nicholas (2005). 911:who previously left through 665:) made major changes to the 395:Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales 87:104th United States Congress 5831:History of direct democracy 5821:Selma to Montgomery marches 5564:Initiatives and referendums 5102:"Phalanx" (2010–2016) 5077:"Endgame" (2003–2012) 4948:McCain–Kennedy (2005) 4938:DREAM Act (2001–2010) 4917:Canada–United States border 4912:Mexico–United States border 4479:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004) 4341:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934) 3421:USCIS Factsheet, March 1997 3077:"Martinez v. Regents of UC" 2087:(5) MOTIONS TO RECONSIDER.— 1194:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 1062:Mexico-United States Border 1051:Mexico–United States border 749:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 593:Johnson v. Arteaga-Martinez 340:United States Supreme Court 168:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 5986: 5651:First-past-the-post voting 5421:U.S. Department of Justice 5238:Negative Population Growth 5228:National Immigration Forum 5213:Migration Policy Institute 4988:US Citizenship Act of 2021 4544:Temporary protected status 4326:Emergency Quota Act (1921) 3368:10.1177/019791839703100208 3281:Migration Policy Institute 3216:10.1177/233150241700500207 2582:"ARIZONA v. UNITED STATES" 2008:SEC. 240. (a) PROCEEDING.— 1354:10.1177/233150241700500308 1125:non-citizen U.S. nationals 1112: 989: 943:Diouf v. Napolitano (2011) 733:federal poverty guidelines 5787:Woman Suffrage Procession 5475:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4571:Security Advisory Opinion 4089: 3991:(2022 documentary series) 3592:Joint session of Congress 3566: 3466: 1389:. Duke University Press. 1026:municipal law enforcement 346: 239: 35: 5726:American Samoa residents 5465:Civil Rights Act of 1960 5448:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5280:Missing in Brooks County 5208:Mexicans Without Borders 4708:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind 4581:National Origins Formula 4265:Chinese Exclusion (1882) 4240:Civil Rights Act of 1866 3957:The Special Relationship 3911:parodies of Bill Clinton 3890:Clinton National Airport 3854:The President's Daughter 3846:The President Is Missing 3814:Between Hope and History 3729:Make America Great Again 3257:10.1177/2331502418786718 2662:Texas A&M Law Review 1525:Rutgers Race & L Rev 1471:10.1017/cbo9781107300408 1424:Texas A&M Law Review 1291:law of the United States 1098:post-secondary education 1010:law enforcement officers 905:reinstatement of removal 899:Reinstatement of removal 533:Johnson v. Guzman Chavez 5431:Enforcement Act of 1870 5366:Equal Protection Clause 4559:Central American Minors 4489:Secure Fence Act (2006) 4351:Nationality Act of 1940 4301:Naturalization Act 1906 4275:Immigration Act of 1891 4260:Immigration Act of 1882 4250:Naturalization Act 1870 4230:Naturalization Law 1802 4206:Naturalization Act 1790 4027:Virginia Clinton Kelley 3925:The Silence of the Hams 3530:Clinton Bush Haiti Fund 3238:Kerwin, Donald (2018). 2656:Hing, Bill Ong (2018). 2108:(6) MOTIONS TO REOPEN.— 1418:Hing, Bill Ong (2018). 1189:Immigration Act of 1990 909:undocumented immigrants 840:cancellation of removal 834:Cancellation of removal 787:cancellation of removal 753:Immigration Act of 1990 309:on September 28, 1996; 266:Committee consideration 184:U.S.C. sections amended 164:Immigration Act of 1990 5436:Second Enforcement Act 5274:Borderland (TV series) 5128:Arizona SB 1070 (2010) 4601:Unaccompanied children 4376:Luce–Celler Act (1946) 4166:Relevant colonial era, 4009:Hillary Rodham Clinton 3885:Bill Clinton Boulevard 3740:running mate selection 3560:Whitewater controversy 3482:(1979–1981, 1983–1992) 1494:Goodman, Adam (2020). 1314:Clinton, Bill (1996). 996:IIRAIRA initiated the 965:removal from the U.S. 809:Department of Justice. 633:United States v. Texas 311:agreed to by the House 289:, via Clerk.House.gov) 5889:Elections in the U.S. 5746:Puerto Rico residents 5485:covered jurisdictions 4851:Immigration reduction 4762:Niz-Chavez v. Garland 4366:War Brides Act (1945) 4245:14th Amendment (1868) 3505:Early life and career 2050:(1) REMOVAL PERIOD.— 1607:. Pew Research Center 1395:10.1215/9780822387091 1214:Immigration Detention 1143:States has under the 1113:Further information: 1066:San Diego, California 990:Further information: 978:Lifetime Bar to Entry 876:immigration officials 870:or indicates fear of 706:who overstayed their 513:Niz-Chavez v. Garland 433:Jennings v. Rodriguez 331:on September 30, 1996 274:Senate Appropriations 225:ch. 12, subch. II 215:ch. 12, subch. II 205:ch. 12, subch. II 5153:Arizona Border Recon 5133:Alabama HB 56 (2011) 4997:Immigration stations 4931:Proposed legislation 4829:Guest worker program 4804:Brooks County, Texas 4716:US v. Brignoni-Ponce 4433:Immigration Act 1990 4336:Immigration Act 1924 4321:Immigration Act 1918 4311:Immigration Act 1907 4296:Immigration Act 1903 3510:Presidential Library 1220:Notes and references 969:10-Year Bar to Entry 935:Demore v. Kim (2003) 854:IIRAIRA established 270:House Appropriations 195:ch. 12, subch. I 5072:"Gatekeeper" (1994) 4999:and points of entry 4891:Reverse immigration 4770:Sanchez v. Mayorkas 4683:Supreme Court cases 4539:Visa Waiver Program 4534:Permanent residence 4361:Magnuson Act (1943) 4190:Plantation Act 1740 4095:← George H. W. Bush 4047:(second stepfather) 3973:Hillary and Clinton 3909:Saturday Night Live 2675:10.37419/LR.V5.I2.1 1437:10.37419/LR.V5.I2.1 1129:permanent residents 960:3-Year Bar to Entry 913:voluntary departure 860:aggravated felonies 819:Order to Show Cause 739:Aggravated felonies 712:permanent residence 692:illegal immigration 573:Garland v. Gonzalez 453:Pereira v. Sessions 235:Legislative history 32: 5934:Voter registration 5810:Give Us the Ballot 5706:Transgender people 5610:Grandfather clause 5574:Provisional ballot 4856:Immigration reform 4692:US v. Wong Kim Ark 4638:U.S. Border Patrol 4554:Green Card Lottery 4522:Visas and policies 4484:Real ID Act (2005) 4418:Refugee Act (1980) 4170:international laws 4159:and related topics 4035:(first stepfather) 3919:(1993 documentary) 3520:Clinton Foundation 2895:on 22 January 2022 2705:(2 (116)): 54–72. 1279:September 30, 1996 1022:sheriffs' agencies 882:Stipulated Removal 414:Vartelas v. Holder 315:Roll call vote 455 297:Roll call vote 200 287:Roll call vote 247 262:) on June 11, 1996 45:Other short titles 5947: 5946: 5894:Electoral College 5716:African Americans 5674: 5673: 5666:One man, one vote 5635:Voter suppression 5289: 5288: 5223:Minuteman Project 5198:Improve The Dream 5116:State legislation 5067:"Babylift" (1975) 5041:Washington Avenue 5036:Sullivan's Island 4958:STRIVE Act (2007) 4881:March for America 4834:Human trafficking 4724:Zadvydas v. Davis 4586:Expedited removal 4517: 4516: 4168:United States and 4123: 4122: 4039:Roger Clinton Jr. 4033:Roger Clinton Sr. 3983:(2021 miniseries) 3943:(2000 short film) 3799: 3798: 3540:Awards and honors 3394:(2008) pp 677–80. 3148:(emphasis added) 1946:on 19 April 2022. 1480:978-1-107-30040-8 1404:978-0-8223-3626-6 856:expedited removal 850:Expedited removal 792:immigration court 745:aggravated felony 655: 654: 376:Zadvydas v. Davis 293:Passed the Senate 130:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 5977: 5904:Electoral system 5899:Electoral reform 5874:Disfranchisement 5862:Native Americans 5852:Campaign finance 5797:U.S. suffragists 5792:Silent Sentinels 5721:Native Americans 5544: 5441:Ku Klux Klan Act 5426:Enforcement Acts 5316: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5188:Community Change 5163:CASA of Maryland 5143:Non-governmental 5057:"Wetback" (1954) 4983:RAISE Act (2017) 4943:H.R. 4437 (2005) 4331:Cable Act (1922) 4280:Geary Act (1892) 4270:Scott Act (1888) 4175: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4127: 4113: 4112: 4102:George W. Bush → 3656: 3579: 3572: 3571: 3483: 3475: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3417: 3415: 3387: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3165: 3159: 3147: 3124: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3009:on 24 March 2022 3005:. Archived from 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2973:. Archived from 2968: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2934:on 26 March 2022 2933: 2927:. Archived from 2922: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2888:. Archived from 2883: 2874: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2812:. Archived from 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2744:(5): 1380–1421. 2729: 2723: 2722: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2677: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2578: 2572: 2553: 2544: 2524: 2513: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2404: 2398: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2303: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2244: 2238: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2193: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2134: 2123: 2104: 2098: 2083: 2077: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2004: 1998: 1988:notice to appear 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1938: 1929: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1714: 1708: 1686: 1677: 1676: 1640: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1439: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1333: 1324: 1323: 1311: 1305: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1233: 1204:Remain in Mexico 1158:racial profiling 1154:Frederick County 1121:federal election 952:Bars to re-entry 815:notice to appear 702:Before IIRAIRA, 553:Patel v. Garland 473:Nielsen v. Preap 283:Passed the House 252:C. W. Bill Young 246:in the House as 131: 116: 112: 66: 40: 33: 21: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5835: 5755: 5670: 5639: 5605:Electoral fraud 5593: 5589:Voting in space 5579:Recall election 5554:Absentee ballot 5535: 5413: 5407: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5290: 5285: 5262: 5203:Mexica Movement 5146: 5144: 5137: 5111: 5045: 4998: 4992: 4978:SAFE Act (2015) 4926: 4900: 4839:Human smuggling 4814:Economic impact 4792: 4790: 4783: 4677: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4513: 4457: 4385:1950–1999 4380: 4289:1900–1949 4284: 4255:Page Act (1875) 4218: 4194: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4124: 4119: 4085: 4068: 4015:Chelsea Clinton 3995: 3900: 3894: 3868: 3795: 3711: 3670: 3645: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3515:Post-presidency 3492: 3486: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3457: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3349: 3346: 3344:Further reading 3341: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3010: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2554: 2547: 2525: 2516: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2473: 2462: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2405: 2401: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2357: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2295:(A) SCREENING.— 2289: 2285: 2275: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2135: 2126: 2105: 2101: 2084: 2080: 2060: 2056: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2005: 2001: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1913: 1902: 1895: 1880: 1873: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1834: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1715: 1711: 1687: 1680: 1657:10.2307/2547227 1642: 1641: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1605:pewresearch.org 1598: 1597: 1593: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1175: 1137: 1117: 1111: 1090: 1043: 994: 988: 980: 971: 962: 954: 922: 901: 884: 852: 836: 804: 796:judicial review 741: 721: 681:, reduction in 651: 352: 351: 334: 325:Signed into law 278:House Judiciary 230: 166: 162: 158: 129: 114: 82:Enacted by 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5983: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5952: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5816:Freedom Summer 5813: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:Suffrage Hikes 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Guam residents 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5656:Gerrymandering 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5403:26th Amendment 5400: 5398:24th Amendment 5395: 5393:23rd Amendment 5390: 5388:19th Amendment 5385: 5383:17th Amendment 5380: 5378:15th Amendment 5375: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5361:14th Amendment 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5335: 5333: 5330:Constitutional 5327: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5253:Save Our State 5250: 5245: 5243:No More Deaths 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876:Labor shortage 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4789:Related issues 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4744: 4740:Barton v. Barr 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4411:Section 287(g) 4408: 4406:Section 212(f) 4394: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3941:The Final Days 3937: 3933:Primary Colors 3929: 3921: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3850: 3842: 3834: 3826: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500:Childhood home 3496: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3416:. p. 547. 3407: 3400: 3399:External links 3397: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3362:(2): 438–460. 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3312: 3286: 3271: 3230: 3189: 3183:10.3386/w24487 3160: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3152:H.R. 2731 3109: 3092: 3068: 3041: 3032: 3019: 2990: 2980:on 11 May 2022 2954: 2944: 2905: 2864: 2849: 2839: 2826: 2816:on 10 May 2022 2797: 2773: 2750:10.1086/663575 2724: 2699:Social Justice 2689: 2668:(2): 253–321. 2648: 2629: 2601: 2573: 2545: 2514: 2495: 2471: 2456: 2441: 2426: 2399: 2372: 2355: 2321: 2304: 2283: 2263: 2239: 2212: 2188: 2171: 2159: 2124: 2117:(C) DEADLINE.— 2099: 2078: 2054: 2038: 2026: 2014: 1999: 1973: 1949: 1911: 1893: 1871: 1845: 1817: 1789: 1782:and inserting 1764: 1752: 1740: 1709: 1678: 1651:(2): 438–460. 1618: 1591: 1542: 1511: 1505:978-0691182155 1504: 1486: 1479: 1451: 1430:(2): 253–321. 1410: 1403: 1375: 1348:(3): 694–715. 1325: 1306: 1282: 1264:104–208 (text) 1253:Division C of 1246: 1241:Fourth Circuit 1224: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1174: 1171: 1166:Biden v. Texas 1136: 1133: 1110: 1107: 1089: 1086: 1042: 1039: 998:287(g) program 987: 986:287(g) Program 984: 979: 976: 970: 967: 961: 958: 953: 950: 921: 918: 900: 897: 883: 880: 851: 848: 835: 832: 803: 800: 740: 737: 720: 717: 679:287(g) program 653: 652: 650: 649: 648:___ (2023) 629: 628:___ (2022) 613:Biden v. Texas 609: 608:___ (2022) 589: 588:___ (2022) 569: 568:___ (2022) 549: 548:___ (2021) 529: 528:___ (2021) 509: 508:___ (2020) 489: 488:___ (2019) 469: 468:___ (2018) 449: 448:___ (2018) 429: 410: 391: 372: 349: 348: 347: 344: 343: 336: 335: 333: 332: 322: 304: 290: 280: 263: 248:H.R. 3610 240: 237: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 218: 208: 207:§ 1221 et seq. 198: 197:§ 1101 et seq. 187: 185: 181: 180: 175: 174:Titles amended 171: 170: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 133: 125: 124: 119:104–208 (text) 107: 103: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 67: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5982: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Secret ballot 5922: 5920: 5919:Redistricting 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Ballot access 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644:Vote dilution 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Voter ID laws 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5615:Literacy test 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Postal voting 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:1st Amendment 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267:Documentaries 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5145:organizations 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:Castle Garden 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:2006 protests 4797: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754:Wolf v. Vidal 4750: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4620:organizations 4615: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 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Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

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