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all the tribes maintained a strong sense of unification as one nation of the Illini. The structures of authority are set out to have one central authority, called the Great Chief, and Chiefs under him that lead each individual tribe. One such Great Chief that is noteworthy in
European history is Mamantouensa, who even traveled to France. Direct political leadership was established and maintained by peace chiefs, who were in charge of organizing communal hunting expeditions and communicating with leaders of other tribes. Although highly respected, peace chiefs did not have the authority of village chiefs, and made decisions that were enforced through persuasion over force. War chiefs had the power to plan and lead raids on other tribes. These roles were not inherited, but could be achieved through a demonstration of great battle skills, as well as through convincing the other warriors that his manitou could guide them into a successful raid. For those who died in the battle, it was the war chief's role to compensate the families of the deceased through gifts and lead another raid against those who killed the warrior as a means to enact vengeance. Primarily only men were allowed to be chiefs, although women sometimes had leadership roles in the community as village chiefs.
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and gathered wild foods in the forests. Maize was planted in late spring and harvested prematurely in July, at which point most was preserved in order to prepare for the coming winter. The second harvest collected ripened maize, which were eaten during warmer months. Fish was plentiful in the
Illinois river, but the Illinois generally did not rely on fishing as sustenance. Hunters primarily sought bison, which were also numerous in the northern Illinois prairies. Hunting expeditions set out as individuals or groups, although sometimes in communal groups in which even women were able to participate. Annual bison hunts often necessitated groups of up to 300 people. In bison hunts, groups would split into several groups and surround the bison on foot. When in close proximity, the hunters would shoot their arrows and spears and force the animal in the opposite direction, towards the rest of the hunting party. The women had the task of butchering the bison and would preserve the meat by drying and heating it in order to prepare for the winter, when hunting was not possible.
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women. Women were sometimes granted hunting tasks upon communal hunts, but were denied the use of any weapons, thus making it difficult to participate in this activity. Outside of religion, women could achieve status in the village through domestic activities and through harvest. Growing bountiful produce, raising many children, and being a faithful wife were signs that led to an elevated status as well as respect among the natives. Men, on the other hand, could receive status through their achievements in battle and demonstrating courage and bravery. The capacity of their hunting skills led to a greater number of wives, which also promised respect in the villages. Within these polygamous marriages, wives who were unfaithful were punished severely, sometimes by having parts of their face cut off.
647:. Prior to each battle, 20 warriors were invited by the war chief to a feast, in which the men would pray to their manitou for strengths such as speed and endurance when fighting in battle. For campaigns involving larger numbers of enemies, war parties involving both men and women were organized in the villages. To the Illinois, capturing of prisoners was preferred over death, although some prisoners were eventually killed or forced into slavery. The Illinois preferred arrows and spears over guns, finding them slower than the use of their own weapons. The noise of guns was sometimes employed against other tribal nations that had never before seen or heard such a weapon to frighten them before battle.
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an extensive trading network. In exchange for hides, furs, and human slaves obtained from tribes living to their south and west, the
Illinois traded with Great Lakes tribes and French traders for guns and other European goods. As time passed, traders and missionaries began to settle among the Illinois and their formerly self-sufficient economy became increasingly dependent upon their French allies.
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434:, was the largest and best-known village of the Illinois tribes. In 1675 the French established a Catholic mission, called the Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, and a fur trading post near the village. The population increased to about 6,000 people in about 460 houses. Before long, however, Eurasian infectious diseases and the ongoing
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concerning physical and mental health. However, with the arrival of the
European missionaries in the late 1600s, Jesuit missions were established as a means to convert the Illinois to Christianity. While a great portion of the tribes eventually converted, some tribal elders rejected the religions and worked to retain their beliefs in the spirit world.
394:
Tamaora, and
Michigamea remain; others were lost as distinct tribes to disease and warfare. When the Illinois were first documented by Europeans in the 17th century, they were said to be a population of about 10,000 people. Although the number has significantly reduced, many of their descendants are today part of the Peoria Tribe of
478:. The Peoria sent out messengers asking for help from the French, but by the time they reached the site, many of the Peoria warriors had been killed. The French and their Illini, Miami, Potawatomi and Sac allies continued to battle the Meskwaki, but were unsuccessful until 1730. That year they besieged a Fox village on the
302:, according to the season and resources that were available to them in the surrounding land. While the men usually hunted, traded, or participated in war, the women cultivated and processed their crops, created tools and clothing from game, and preserved food in various ways for storage and travel. Not officially a
663:
Because a true confederation refers to different groups of people who, although linked as one nation, are culturally distinct, the
Illinois, in the direct definition of the word, are more a segmented tribe rather than a confederation. They share a common language and are culturally similar throughout
655:
Although specific dates are unknown, the
Illinois Confederation had at one time been one large nation without any divisions of smaller tribes. They were divided into smaller groups once their population proved to be too large to meet effective hunting and agricultural needs. But even after the split,
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The
Illinois had two burial procedures. One is the burial of bodies that were intact, and the other for burials of skeletons that were placed on scaffolds prior to the ceremony. Only people of the same gender and age of the dead person could participate as a part of their burial crew. For bodies that
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The
Illinois men and women practiced dream seeking, a ritual in which young boys and girls of about fifteen years of age would paint their face and isolate themselves to fast and pray as a means to reveal to them a specific spirit guardian upon which they would depend on to guide them for the rest of
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The economy of the
Illinois people was based on agriculture, hunting, and fishing. They depended heavily on agriculture, and generally had villages located near rivers where the soil was most fertile. Maize was the primary crop, but the Illinois also planted beans, squash, pumpkins, and watermelons,
462:
In the late 17th century, the Iroquois, to expand their region and control the fur trade, forced the Kaskaskia and other Illinois out of their villages. They relocated to the south. Although the Illinois fought back against their primary enemy at the time, the wars scattered and killed many of their
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There are conflicting reports as to the number of villages and populations of the Illinois, both among the tribes and as a whole. When Europeans first documented the nation, the Illinois had villages along the Mississippi and Illinois River and a population of about eight or nine thousand. However,
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At the time of European contact, the Illinois economy was largely self-sufficient. In the course of their yearly activities, the Illinois people produced virtually all of the foodstuffs and other material products they needed to maintain their way of life. However, the Illinois also participated in
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By the mid 1700s, the 12 or 13 tribes of the Confederation had dwindled to five: the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa. European diseases drastically reduced the numbers of the Illinois. The wars had arisen due to the conflicts between tribes for resources and trade goods, or were
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Outside of stereotypical social roles, some Illinois men played out the roles of women, likening their appearance to them. These people were called the Ikoneta, and referred to by the French as berdache. Current ethnographers considers the Ikoneta to have been bisexual. While these roles were more
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society, the first wives held superiority in their families, and held leadership roles in the household. Additionally, some women were shamans and priests, thus holding great power in the community. They enacted powers that could lead to death, and were thus both revered and feared by both men and
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Additionally, with the expansion of European and Iroquois contact, the Illinois were exposed to a variety of new diseases that caused high mortality among them. Through war and foreign disease, the Illinois population drastically declined to a village of about 300 people by 1778. Pushed out by the
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language, spoken in Indiana and later Oklahoma. Though no native speakers of the language remain, language revival efforts are ongoing, and children from both the Miami and Peoria nations are learning to speak their ancestral language again. Miami–Illinois is a polysynthetic language with complex
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nations, renaming themselves as the Confederated Peoria Tribe. In 1867, they resettled in a new reservation in Northeast Oklahoma and were eventually joined by members of the Miami Tribe, who became an official part of their new confederation in 1873. Lasting about 50 years, the United Peoria and
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People of all social roles and positions were very religious, relying on spiritual guidance to dictate every aspect of their lives. Hunters depended on spirits in catching wild animals, warriors asked the spirits for guidance before warfare, and shamans were regularly employed to absolve matters
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Though chiefs had the authority of political power and were widely respected by the people, the egalitarian society of the Ilinois presented a more democratic environment in which important decisions that effected the community were made by tribal consensus. It was only through the expansion of
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to the south. Although these tribes were consistent threats, the Iroquois became the most pressing enemy of the Illinois beginning in the late 1600s. The Iroquois, hoping to replace deceased kin through adoption and looking for new hunting grounds after exhausting their own resources, killed or
393:
The Illinois Confederation comprised 12 separate tribes who shared common language and culture. These tribes are the Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Peoria, Tamaroa, Moingwena, Michigamea, Chepoussa, Chinkoa, Coiracoentanon, Espeminkia, Maroa, and Tapouara. Of these 12, only the Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Peoria,
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Miami Tribe dissolved in the 1920s. The remaining members of the Peoria Confederation reorganized, seeking federal recognition by the U.S. government, and were officially acknowledged by 1978. The remaining descendants of the Illinois Confederation are today found within the Peoria in
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captured many Illinois people through their war parties. Other than the internal conflict among the tribes themselves, the Illinois also faced threat from European forces that stirred conflict with them and started wars, some of in which the Illinois were recruited as allies.
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were intact, the cadavers were ceremonially dressed and placed in their grave along with funeral objects that would accompany them into the afterlife. A wooden cover is placed over their graves in order to prevent animals and environmental factors from disturbing the grave.
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The Algonquian language is a North American Indian language family that was spoken in Canada, New England, the Atlantic coastal region, and the Great Lakes region, moving towards the Rocky Mountains. Although there are numerous Algonquian languages, such as Cree, Ojibwa,
577:
Like most Native American tribes, the men of the Illinois were mainly hunters and warriors while the women had domestic and agricultural roles. However, records show that some women also had positions of leadership, including those for ritualistic purposes. Amidst a
422:
It is thought that when the French first encountered the Illiniwek tribes, there were as many as 10,000 members living in a vast area stretching from Lake Michigan out to the heart of Iowa and as far south as Arkansas. In the 1670s, the French found a village of the
56:
306:, the villages were led by one Great Chief. The villages had several chiefs who led each individual clan. The Illinois people eventually declined because of losses to infectious disease and war, mostly brought through the arrival of French colonists.
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to the orthography of their own language. The tribes are estimated to have had tens of thousands of members, before the advancement of European contact in the 17th century that inhibited their growth and resulted in a marked decline in population.
569:, and Cheyenne, the term "Algonquin" is employed to refer to the dialect of Ojibwa, which is used by the Illinois. Today, there are no native speakers of the language, although revival movements are making efforts to keep the language alive.
459:, produced accounts that documented the first discovery of the Illinois. Because of these developments, the Illinois tribes became well known to European explorers. European colonization, values, and religion began to affect the tribes.
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The Illinois seasonally lived in wigwams and longhouses, depending on the weather and the resources available to them. Like most other tribes, they lived in villages with dwellings that were occupied by a number of different families.
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deliberate, young boys that demonstrated feminine tendencies were brought up as girls in both outerwear and domestic roles. As according to culture, they were tattooed and taught the language patterns that were specific to women.
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initiated by European explorers looking to expand their land. The remaining descendants of the Illinois Confederation have merged with the Peoria and are known as the Peoria Tribe of Indians and reside in Ottawa County, Oklahoma.
380:. The French explorers who first heard it recorded it in various transliterated forms, such as "liniouek", "Aliniouek", "Iliniouek", and "Abimiouec". For the French, the singular form evolved into the commonly known "Illinois".
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another report counts only five villages and about two thousand people. The former is considered to be a more accurate representation, and the Illinois are said to number 10,500 people at the time of European contact.
1960:
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European ideals and direct contact with French officials that influenced the chiefs to wield greater power over their people. By the 1760s, the rise of a new chief had to be approved by colonial authorities.
427:, in the Illinois River valley (the later site of present-day Utica), a village of Peoria in present-day Iowa (near the later site of Keokuk), and a village of the Michigamea in northeast Arkansas.
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their tribes. Instead of having multiple individual tribe leaders that assume full authority, the Illinois also had one Grand Chief that centralized power over all of the tribes.
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1945:
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The Illinois, like many Native American groups, sustained themselves through agriculture, hunting, and fishing. A partially nomadic group, the Illinois often lived in
643:
In the beginning of February, war chiefs of each tribes organized raids against enemies, who included the Pawnee and the Quapaw, and later on, the five tribes of the
1849:
1724:
1940:
447:(meaning "country of the Illinois [plural"), which came to be a common name in referring to the homeland of the Illinois. The early French explorers, including
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1955:
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south of Kaskaskia. But within a few months, they ceded the rest of their territory and migrated in order to settle on a reservation in Eastern Kansas.
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418:. Pre-1800, location not given, but the style strongly suggests this hide was painted at the same time, and perhaps by the same artist, as the lede art.
1867:
1801:
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216:
1144:"The Building of a State: The Story of Illinois: A Lecture by A. Milo Bennett, Delivered before the Press Club of Chicago, August 7, 1918"
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368:, who occupied neighboring areas around the eastern Great Lakes, their pronunciation for this concept sounded to the French like
1618:
1910:
1854:
1950:
682:
431:
325:
French missionaries who documented their interactions with the tribes note that the people referred to themselves as the
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claimed the aforementioned men were a symbol of maturity and strength, and representative of the prime of a man's age.
220:
Painted hide with geometric motifs, attributed to the Illinois Confederacy by the French, pre-1800. Collections of the
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1920:
1915:
1739:
474:. In 1722, the Meskwaki attacked the Peoria for having killed the nephew of one of their chiefs, and forced them onto
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Iroquois and Shawnee and facing more numerous European settlers, the Illinois accepted a reservation in 1832 at the
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399:
410:
241:
113:
1432:
852:
30:"Illiniwek" redirects here. For the former mascot/symbol of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, see
1508:
984:"Comparing the Modern Native American Presence in Illinois with Other States of the Old Northwest Territory"
540:
475:
415:
221:
1735:
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1299:""They Honor Our Lord among Themselves in Their Own Way": Colonial Christianity and the Illinois Indians"
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brought high mortality to the Illiniwek, causing their population to plummet over the coming decades.
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557:
346:
313:. They are now known as the federally recognized "Peoria Tribe of Indians" and reside in present-day
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The changing Illinois Indians under European influence: The split Between the Kaskaskia and Peoria
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The Changing Illinois Indians under European Influence: The Split between the Kaskaskia and Peoria
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The changing Illinois Indians under European Influence: The Split Between the Kaskaskia and Peoria
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609:, this vision quest was an important part of becoming an adult in the lives of the Illinois.
163:
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443:
1819:
Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1667 - 1700
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261:
143:
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244:. Eventually member tribes occupied an area reaching from Lake Michicigao (Michigan) to
950:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
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350:
1904:
1719:
Costa, David J. 2008. "On the Origins of the Name "Illinois"." Le Journal 24/4: 6-10.
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1086:"The Settlers' Empire: Colonialism and State Formation in America's Old Northwest"
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In the early 1700s, the Illinois became involved in the conflict between the
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424:
265:
148:
128:
364:, meaning 'he speaks in the ordinary way'. When the French encountered the
1792:
Some Account of the Indian Tribes Formerly Inhabiting Indiana and Illinois
1712:
Costa, David J. 2000. "Miami-Illinois Tribe Names". In John Nichols, ed.,
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925:"Native American Relations | Northern Illinois University Digital Library"
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Some of the Illinois people's prominent enemies were the Lakota (Sioux),
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746:"Illinois-Miami Language (Myaamia, Maumee, Illini, Illiniwek, Peoria)"
1259:"Illinois Tribe of the Mississippi River Valley – Legends of America"
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511:
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In the 21st century, however, linguistic research demonstrates that
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Engraving from drawing by General Georges-Henri-Victor Collot (1796)
1481:
1433:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Neighbors:Enemies"
409:
1835:
Illinois, a confederacy of five tribes of North American Indians
245:
1811:
1509:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Social Status"
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1541:
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was derived from the transliteration by French explorers of
1961:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
1404:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Warfare"
853:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society:Leaders"
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members. Eventually they reclaimed some of their lands.
1714:
Papers of the Thirty-first Algonquian Conference 30-53
1643:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Beliefs:Death"
1365:"The Starved Rock Massacre of 1769: Fact or Fiction"
824:"The Other Half Women and the Illinois Indian Tribe"
470:, also known as "Fox", and the French, known as the
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309:Eventually, they reorganized under the name of the
240:, were made up of 12 to 13 tribes who lived in the
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192:
119:
109:
91:
83:
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1770:. St. Louis, Missouri: Carl Masthay. p. 757.
1619:"The Illinois Confederation / Illini / Illiniwek"
793:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Identity"
210:Great Chief and lower peace chiefs and war chiefs
1685:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society"
1566:"Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Beliefs"
1369:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
1148:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
1090:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
988:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
1802:Tribes of the Illinois/Missouri Region at First
534:In 1854, the Illinois merged with the Wea and
1723:Costa, David J. (2005). Wolfart, H.C. (ed.).
1590:"THE ILLINI: LORDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY"
1542:"THE ILLINI: LORDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY"
8:
1725:"The St-JĂ©rĂ´me Dictionary of Miami-Illinois"
561:verb morphology and fairly free word order.
556:Miami and Illinois are dialects of the same
44:
37:
1886:Illinois, a tribe of North American Indians
948:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009).
54:
36:
1732:Papers of the 36th Algonquian Conference
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1946:History of the Midwestern United States
1797:The Illinois - State Museum of Illinois
1768:Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French Dictionary
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457:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
329:. The meaning of this word is unknown.
1807:The Tribes of The Illinois Confederacy
1623:chicagocityofbigshoulders.blogspot.com
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430:The Kaskaskia village, also known as
27:Group of 12–13 Native American tribes
7:
1941:Native American history of Wisconsin
1936:Native American history of Michigan
1926:Native American history of Illinois
1812:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
1716:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
1102:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.109.2.0208
70:Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
1956:Native American tribes in Illinois
1931:Native American history of Indiana
1738:. pp. 107–133. Archived from
1084:Powers, Amy Godfrey (2016-07-01).
25:
432:the Grand Village of the Illinois
1855:The New Student's Reference Work
1824:
1232:. University of Illinois Press.
260:. The five main tribes were the
1226:Ferguson, Gillum (2012-01-26).
482:and conducted a brutal attack.
1297:Bilodeau, Christopher (2001).
414:Painted Skin representing the
1:
683:Grand Village of the Illinois
1048:"Illinois Confederacy Facts"
1046:Yost, Russell (2018-04-03).
1766:Masthay, Carl, ed. (2002).
1673:. West Virginia University.
1229:Illinois in the War of 1812
1200:. West Virginia University.
776:. West Virginia University.
406:Interactions with Europeans
1977:
1840:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1669:Rogers, Gerald A. (2009).
1196:Rogers, Gerald A. (2009).
772:Rogers, Gerald A. (2009).
441:The French named the area
232:, also referred to as the
29:
1456:The Kaskaskia Reservation
1363:Walczynski, Mark (2007).
1303:American Indian Quarterly
982:Sweatman, Dennis (2010).
952:. McFarland. p. 10.
882:"Illiniwek confederation"
400:Confederated Peoria Tribe
337:missionary, claimed that
53:
42:
1263:www.legendsofamerica.com
750:www.native-languages.org
398:, as part of the merged
376:is the singular form of
360:derives indirectly from
242:Mississippi River Valley
114:Mississippi River Valley
43:
1891:The American Cyclopædia
721:Encyclopedia Britannica
541:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
286:
199:Miami–Illinois language
1911:Illinois Confederation
1736:University of Manitoba
1689:www.museum.state.il.us
1647:www.museum.state.il.us
1570:www.museum.state.il.us
1513:www.museum.state.il.us
1437:www.museum.state.il.us
1408:www.museum.state.il.us
857:www.museum.state.il.us
797:www.museum.state.il.us
717:"Algonquian languages"
419:
230:Illinois Confederation
225:
45:
38:Illinois Confederation
1951:Former confederations
1873:Catholic Encyclopedia
1829:Texts on Wikisource:
1315:10.1353/aiq.2001.0045
886:From the History Room
413:
349:, meaning 'the men'.
219:
1817:Lenville J. Stelle,
1154:(3): 324–354. 1920.
645:Iroquois Confederacy
605:their lives. Called
510:to the west and the
222:Musée du quai Branly
929:digital.lib.niu.edu
347:Algonquian language
311:Confederated Peoria
39:
1921:Algonquian peoples
1916:Great Lakes tribes
1594:rfester.tripod.com
1546:rfester.tripod.com
1052:The History Junkie
504:Sac and Fox Nation
420:
226:
194:Official language
1460:Illinois Heritage
1239:978-0-252-09455-2
959:978-0-7864-5169-2
453:Jacques Marquette
444:Pays des Illinois
341:was derived from
331:Jacques Marquette
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
1968:
1895:
1877:
1868:Illinois Indians
1859:
1850:Illinois Indians
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1745:on July 27, 2011
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1112:. Archived from
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1882:Shea, J. G.
668:Settlements
490:Dissolution
436:Beaver Wars
416:Thunderbird
333:, a French
1905:Categories
1706:References
1694:2020-10-24
1652:2020-10-23
1628:2020-10-13
1599:2020-10-23
1575:2020-10-23
1551:2020-10-13
1518:2020-10-23
1491:2020-10-23
1482:"Illinois"
1442:2020-10-24
1413:2020-10-24
1386:2020-11-23
1268:2020-10-22
1120:2020-11-23
1057:2020-10-22
934:2020-11-23
891:2020-10-13
862:2020-10-24
833:2020-10-24
802:2020-10-13
755:2020-10-21
726:2020-10-21
651:Government
600:Traditions
580:polygamous
558:Algonquian
536:Piankashaw
296:longhouses
270:Michigamea
206:Main organ
174:Espeminkia
154:Michigamea
1884:(1879). "
1866:(1913). "
1339:161531838
1323:0095-182X
1160:0019-2287
1110:1522-1067
1024:254482077
1008:1522-1067
567:Blackfoot
520:Chickasaw
425:Kaskaskia
389:Formation
362:irenweewa
345:in their
266:Kaskaskia
234:Illiniwek
159:Chepoussa
149:Moingwena
129:Kaskaskia
76:Formation
66:Successor
46:Illiniwek
1749:March 7,
1381:40204687
1168:40194478
1016:41201286
688:Nikinapi
677:See also
591:Religion
552:Language
472:Fox Wars
468:Meskwaki
339:Illinois
315:Oklahoma
282:Illinois
258:Arkansas
254:Missouri
250:Illinois
184:Tapouara
92:Location
1858:. 1914.
1843:. 1921.
1331:1185857
639:Warfare
622:Economy
617:Society
607:manitou
547:Culture
516:Shawnee
508:Arikara
384:History
378:ilinwek
358:ilinois
300:wigwams
287:iliniwe
278:Tamaroa
262:Cahokia
164:Chinkoa
144:Tamaroa
134:Cahokia
110:Origins
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573:Gender
518:, and
512:Quapaw
500:Pawnee
374:Ilinwe
370:ilinwe
366:Ojibwa
343:Illini
335:Jesuit
276:, and
274:Peoria
256:, and
238:Illini
139:Peoria
1743:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1377:JSTOR
1335:S2CID
1327:JSTOR
1164:JSTOR
1020:S2CID
1012:JSTOR
694:Notes
496:Osage
327:Inoka
179:Maroa
1772:ISBN
1751:2012
1462:, 13
1319:ISSN
1234:ISBN
1156:ISSN
1106:ISSN
1004:ISSN
954:ISBN
506:and
455:and
321:Name
298:and
246:Iowa
228:The
84:Type
1888:".
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