Ali al-Rida - Knowledge (XXG)

1923:), became controversial among the followers of his father. A group of them instead accepted the imamate of al-Rida's brother, Ahmad ibn Musa. Another group joined the Waqifiyya, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Imam and expected his return as Mahdi. Some had opportunistically backed the imamate of al-Rida after his appointment as successor to the caliphate and now returned to their Sunni or Zaydi communities. Tabatabai, however, regards the divisions in Shia after al-Rida as insignificant and often temporary. Twelver scholars have noted that Jesus received his prophetic mission in the Quran when he was still a child, and some hold that al-Jawad had received the requisite perfect knowledge of all religious matters through divine inspiration from the time of his succession, irrespective of his age. 1618:), a rallying cry of the Shia and, earlier, of Abbasids against the Umayyads. On 2 Ramadan 201 (23 March 817) by one account, the dignitaries and army leaders in Marv pledged their allegiance to the new heir apparent, who was dressed in green. An official announcement was made in the mosques throughout the empire, coins were minted to commemorate the occasion, and al-Mamun also changed the color of uniforms, official dress, and flags from black, the official Abbasid color, to green. This move possibly signified the reconciliation between the Abbasids and the Alids. To strengthen their relations, al-Mamun also married his daughter to al-Rida and promised another daughter to al-Rida's son in Medina, a minor at the time. 1667:, al-Fadl ibn Sahl. Nevertheless, various Abbasid governors, with the exception of Ismail ibn Jafar in Basra, loyally carried out their orders and exacted the oath of allegiance to the new heir. The appointment of the Alid al-Rida by the Abbasid al-Mamun apparently brought him the support of several notable Alids and nearly all the Zaydite partisans. It also immediately invoked strong opposition, particularly among the Abbasids and Arab Sunni nationalists. Al-Mamun's decision did not carry the public opinion of the Iraqis, who declared him deposed and installed Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, another Abbasid, as caliph in 817, while the popular militia roamed through Baghdad, demanding a return to the Quran and the 1744: 2221:

his daughters. As Reyyan was leaving, however, al-Rida called to him, "Do you not want one of my shirts to keep as your shroud? And would you not like some pieces of money for rings for your daughters?" Reyyan left after al-Rida fulfilled his wishes. Byzanti relates that when he visited al-Rida for a few hours, al-Rida invited him to stay for the night and spread his own bed for Byzanti. Muhammad ibn Ghaffar narrates that when he visited al-Rida to ask for financial help, al-Rida fulfilled his wish before he mentioned his need and then invited Muhammad to stay overnight as his guest.

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salvation. When al-Rida was asked why he accepted the successorship, he is reported to have emphasized his unwillingness, responding, "The same thing which forced my grandfather the Commander of the Faithful to join the arbitration council ." It also appears that this appointment did not alienate any of the followers of al-Rida which, according to Bayhom-Daou, might imply that they were convinced that he was a reluctant player who had no choice but to accept his designation as the heir apparent.

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noting that on other occasions in the reign of al-Mamun, cold political calculation appears to have outweighed the personal sentiments and ideals. A year later, in Safar 204 (August 819), the caliph entered Baghdad without a fight. The anti-caliph, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, had already fled from the city several weeks earlier. The return to Baghdad marked the end of the pro-Shia policies of al-Mamun, and was followed by the return to the traditional black color of the Abbasids.

1550: 2029:, who converted to Islam at the hands of al-Rida, is a prominent figure in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He is said to have been a devoted student of al-Rida, though Bayhom-Daou regards the accounts of their encounters as apocryphal. In Sufi tradition, al-Rida is regarded as a model of asceticism, and the chains of authority in Shia Sufi orders progress through al-Rida, followed by al-Karkhi. One such instance is the 1639:. Some authors have not found the appointment surprising, noting the strained or severed relations of the caliph with his Abbasid relatives. Yet others have written that al-Mamun wanted a merit-based caliphate, though he made no mention of rules governing the succession to al-Rida during the ceremony. It has been suggested that al-Mamun might have wanted to heal the Sunni-Shia division, while 3245: 1680:

force and guard, as well as a chamberlain and a secretary. The caliph is said to have relied on the judgment of al-Rida in religious questions and arranged for debates between him and scholars of Islam and other faiths. According to Rizvi, however, these religious disputations seem to have been designed as set pieces to embarrass al-Rida. Their accounts were later recorded by

1988: 2284: 2270: 1137: 1984:, a freed slave of the prophet and mother of his son Ebrahim, who died in childhood. There is a disagreement as to the number of children Ali al-Rida had. Some have reported them as five sons and one daughter with the names of Muhammad, Hasan, Ja'far, Ibrahim, Husayn and A'isha. While others mentioned the existence of a daughter of Ali al-Rida called Fatima. 1627:

ulterior motives. With an age gap of more than twenty years, it also seems unlikely that al-Rida would ever have succeeded the much younger al-Mamun. With this appointment, some have suggested that al-Mamun hoped for the support of the Shia and respite from their numerous revolts. Others have suggested that al-Mamun was influenced by his powerful Persian

1333: 3237: 1671:. Ibrahim, a half-brother of al-Mamun's father, is said to have been a weak statesman and a mere figurehead, whose rule was largely confined to Baghdad. There were also military engagements in Baghdad, Kufa, and Wasit between al-Mamun's forces and the supporters of Ibrahim who were themselves much harassed by financial and logistical difficulties. 1310:, his de facto capital, and designated him as heir apparent, despite the reluctance of the al-Rida who accepted the offer on the condition that he would not interfere in governmental affairs. The appointment of the Ali al-Rida by the Abbasid al-Mamun immediately invoked strong opposition, particularly among the Abbasids, who revolted and installed 1357:), 768 (151 AH), or 770 (153 AH). The first date is said to be based on a prediction ascribed to his grandfather, al-Sadiq, who died in that year, that the successor to his son al-Kazim would be born soon. There are some indications that Ali might have been born as late 159 AH. In any case, the date often given by Shia authorities is 11 2062:) is a treatise on medical cures and the maintenance of good health which was reputedly commissioned by al-Mamun, who requested it in gold ink, hence the name. The studies by Speziale (2004) and Speziale - Giurini (2009) have critically analysed the issue of the authorship of the text. The book was text edited in Bombay and included by 2298: 2220:

Al-Rida is represented in historical sources as a thoughtful and likable man. Donaldson includes the account of Reyyan ibn Salt who, when bidding farewell to his Imam, was so overcome with grief that he forgot to ask al-Rida for one of his shirts, to use as a shroud, and some coins, to make rings for

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The motivations of al-Mamun for this appointment are not fully understood. At the time, he justified his decision by maintaining that al-Rida was the most suitable person for the caliphate. The reluctance of al-Rida in accepting this designation, however, might reflect his suspicion that al-Mamun had

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Departing from the established anti-Shia policies of his predecessors, al-Mamun invited al-Rida to Khorasan in 816, and designated him as successor in 817. According to Madelung, al-Mamun wrote to al-Rida in 200 AH (815-816), invited him to come to Marv, and also sent Raja ibn Abi'l Zahhak, cousin of

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in Medina when he was still in his twenties and narrated hadith from his forefathers. Throughout the years, several of his brothers and his uncle Moḥammad ibn Ja'far participated in the Alid revolts in Iraq and Arabia, but al-Rida refused any involvement. In this period, al-Rida's only involvement in

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The man said, "Then let me know, how is He and where is He?" Al-Rida answered, "Surely the opinion thou hast adopted is mistaken. He determined the 'where', and He was, when there was no 'where'; and He fashioned the 'how', and He was, when there was no 'how'. So He is not known through 'howness' or

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and Yahya ibn Yahya. In particular, his appointment as the heir apparent seemed to have added to the credibility to al-Rida in Sunni circles, who at the time apparently came to regard him as a distinguished transmitter by virtue of his learning and descent from the prophet. In view of his continued

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The caliph then asked a group of Alids to examine the body of al-Rida and testify that he had died of natural causes. At the funeral, al-Mamun recited the last prayers himself,. The reports note his display of grief during the funeral. Madelung does not view these emotions as necessarily insincere,

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Al-Rida was given a high status at the court of al-Mamun. While the caliph evidently desired that al-Rida should immediately engage in all official ceremonies, the latter is reported to have refrained, stipulating that he would not participate in government affairs. Al-Rida was given his own police

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adds that al-Kazim had made al-Rida his legatee, and that al-Rida also inherited his father's estate near Medina to the exclusion of his brothers. After al-Kazim, al-Rida was thus acknowledged as the next Imam by a significant group of al-Kazim's followers, who formed the main line of Shia and went

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origin, whose name is recorded differently in various sources, perhaps Najma or Tuktam. It was reputedly Hamida Khatun, mother of al-Kazim, who chose Najma for him. Momen writes that Ali was thirty-five years old when his father died, whereas Donaldson holds that he was twenty or twenty-five at the

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considers him a reliable transmitter. As a Shia Imam who rejected the authority of Muhammad's companions as hadith transmitters, initially only the Shia transmitted hadith on the authority of al-Rida. In his later years, however, notable Sunni traditionists were said to have visited him, including

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In Marv, al-Mamun first offered al-Rida the caliphate, though this was turned down by the latter. According to Madelung, al-Rida resisted al-Mamun's proposals for about two months until he reluctantly consented to an appointment as heir to the caliphate. The sources seem to agree that al-Rida was

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According to Kohlberg, the creation of Waqifiyya might have had a financial reason. Some of the representatives of al-Kazim evidently refused to hand over to al-Rida the monies entrusted to them, arguing that al-Kazim was the last Imam. These included Mansur ibn Yunus Buzurg and Ali ibn Abi Ḥamza

2245:"If one lacks five attributes, do not expect to gain anything good out of him for your life in this world or your life to come: if his lineage is known to be untrustworthy, if his nature lacks generosity, if his temper lacks balance, if he lacks a noble conduct, and if he lacks fear of his Lord." 2022:

veneration as a Shia Imam, later Sunni authors were divided about the authority of al-Rida, some saying that he was not always a reliable transmitter and others instead questioning the authority of those who transmitted from al-Rida. They all seem to refer to him as a man of piety and learning.

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Al-Rida's rejection of al-Mamun's initial offer for replacing him as the caliph has been used to argue that al-Rida's ultimate aim was not temporal and political power. Rather, Mavani suggests that such power was merely a means for the Imam to reach the ultimate goal of guiding the community to

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on to become the Twelvers. The brothers of al-Rida did not claim the imamate but a number of them revolted against the Abbasids. Some of the followers of al-Kazim, however, claimed that he had not died and would return as Mahdi, the promised savior in Islam. These became known as the Waqifiyya (

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and Bobrick, and Bayhom-Daou considers this the prevalent view among Western historians. Similarly, Rizvi writes that the sudden reversal of al-Mamun’s pro-Shia policies and his attempt to eradicate the memory of al-Rida might support the accusations against the caliph. In contrast, the Sunni

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The man said, "Then what is the proof of Him?" Al-Rida responded, "Surely when I contemplate my body and it is impossible for me to increase or decrease its breadth and height, or to keep unpleasant things away from it or draw benefits to it, then I know that this structure has a maker and I

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by several army officers as he accompanied al-Mamun back to Baghdad. Those responsible were soon executed, but not before declaring that they had been acting on the orders of the caliph. Henceforth, al-Mamun governed with the help of counsellors on whom he did not confer the title of

1649:). Bayhom-Daou considers it likely that al-Mamun saw this appointment as a means of discrediting the Shia doctrine of Imamate, and Tabatabai writes that al-Mamun might have also hoped to undermine the position of al-Rida as a Shia religious leader by engaging him in politics. 2204:

The man said, "Then why has He veiled Himself (from men)?" Al-Rida replied, "Surely the veil is upon creatures because of the abundance of their sins. As for Him, no secret is hidden from Him during the day or the night." The debate continued and this episode ended with the

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acknowledge Him-even though that which I had seen of the rotation of the celestial sphere through His power; the producing of clouds; the turning about of the winds; the procession of the sun, the moon and the stars; and others of His wondrous and perfectly created signs (

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in 1160 AH, involves the servants of the holy site walking from the nearest street to Inqilab yard with candles in their hands. There, they stand around the yard and the crowd recites religious sermons and praise God. This ritual is also repeated on the night of

2128:. Another discussion with Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Jahm was devoted to the infallibility of the prophets, which led to another session on the same subject when al-Mamun took part in the debate himself. Many of these debates are recorded in the collections of 2162:, "Dost thou see that if the correct view is your view then are we not equal? All that we have prayed, fasted, given the alms and declared our convictions will not harm us. If the correct view is our view then have not you perished and we gained salvation?" 1324:

of al-Mamun, who was publicly seen as responsible for his pro-Shia policies. The caliph is often seen as responsible for both deaths, as he made concessions to the Arab party to smooth his return to Baghdad. Tus was later replaced with a new city, called

1314:, a half-brother of Harun al-Rashid, as the anti-caliph in Baghdad. Realizing the severity of the Iraqi opposition, al-Mamun and his entourage left Khorasan for Baghdad, accompanied by al-Rida. The Imam, however, died mysteriously when the party reached 1803:

believed that al-Mamun poisoned al-Rida given the growing popularity of the latter and the immediate proliferation of the Shia teachings. Some Sunni authors seem to have also adopted the Shia practice of referring to al-Rida's death as martyrdom.

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The man said, "So then surely He is nothing if He cannot be perceived by any of the senses." Al-Rida responded, "When our senses fail to perceive Him, we know for certain that He is our Lord and that He is something different from other things

3949: 1485:. Al-Amin reportedly violated these arrangements by appointing his son as successor in place of Mamun, and soon a civil war ensued in which al-Amin was killed and Baghdad was occupied by al-Mamun's general, who nevertheless remained in 2123:

showed interest in theological questions and organized debates between the scholars of different sects and religions in which al-Rida participated. One of these debates was about Divine Unity, led by Sulaiman al-Mervi, a scholar from

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203 (May 819). The sources seem to agree that al-Rida died after a short illness as he accompanied al-Mamun and his entourage back to Baghdad. His death followed shortly after the assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian

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and the heir apparent, whose presence would have made any reconciliation with the powerful Abbasid opposition in Baghdad virtually impossible, strongly suggest that al-Mamun was responsible for them. This opinion is echoed by

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reluctant to accept this nomination, ceding only to the insistence of the caliph, with the condition that he would not interfere in governmental affairs or the appointment or dismissal of government agents. The title al-Rida (

1415:, who claimed to be the interim imam in the absence of al-Kazim. The term Waqifiyya is applied generally to any group who denies or hesitates over the death of a particular Shia Imam and refuses to recognize his successors. 1411:) though it appears that they later returned to the mainstream Shia, declaring al-Rida and his successors as the lieutenants of al-Kazim. These also included the Bushariyya, named after Muhammad ibn Bashir, the gnostic from 1778:

of al-Mamun, who had become a divisive figure. Both deaths are attributed in Shia sources to al-Mamun as he made concessions to the Arab party to smooth his return to Iraq. Madelung writes that the sudden deaths of the

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until 818, and it was al-Rida who urged the caliph to return to Baghdad and restore peace. Al-Rida's assessment was supported by several army chiefs and al-Mamun thus left Khorasan in 818. Before their return, his

1799:, who both lived under the Abbasids, do not consider the possibility of murder. In particular, al-Masudi writes that al-Rida died as a result of consuming too many grapes. Alternatively, the Shia scholar 1592:, where prominent Sunni traditionists visited him, including Ibn Rahuya, Yahya ibn Yahya, Moḥammad ibn Rafe', and Ahmad ibn Ḥarb. Al-Rida continued on to Marv after receiving a new summons from al-Mamun. 1435:. He initially adopted a quiescent attitude and kept aloof from politics, similar to his predecessors, namely, the fourth through seventh Shia Imams. Al-Rida, known for his piety and learning, issued 2072:. A number of commentaries have been written to it and it has been translated into Persian and Urdu. Despite questions concerning its authenticity, the book remains popular among the Twelver Shia. 1708:

offered his resignation, pointing out the hatred of the Abbasids in Baghdad for him personally, and requested the caliph to leave him as governor in Khorasan. Al-Mamun instead assured the

3218: 5168: 5153: 1966:). In a move to strengthen their ties, al-Mamun had married his daughter, Umm Habib, to al-Rida, though no children resulted from that marriage. Muhammad, who later became known as 1643:

and others hold that al-Mamun wanted to expand his authority by adopting the Shia views about the divine authority of religious leaders, alongside his later religious inquisition (

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is a comprehensive collection that includes his religious debates and sayings, biographical details, and even the miracles which have occurred at his tomb. He is buried in

1228:. He is also part of the chain of mystical authority in Sunni Sufi orders. He was known for his piety and learning, and a number of works are attributed to him, including 2248:"If only three years of a person's span of life has remained and he tightens the bond of kin, Allah will make them thirty years, and Allah does whatever He wills." 5198: 1633:, af-Fadl ibn Sahl, who had Shia tendencies. Madelung, however, finds it more likely that the initiative to appoint al-Rida belonged to al-Mamun and not his 1457:

The Abbasid caliph Harun died during the imamate of al-Rida and the empire was split between his two sons: the reigning caliph, al-Amin, who was born to an

1302:). In a sudden departure from the established anti-Shia policy of the Abbasids, possibly to mitigate the frequent Shia revolts, al-Mamun invited al-Rida to 3532: 3516: 2112:

is a comprehensive collection that includes the religious debates, sayings, biographical details, and even the miracles which have occurred at his tomb.

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Muhammad, the only child of al-Rida, was seven years old when his father died. The succession of the young Muhammad, who later became known as al-Jawad (

3830: 3737: 1580:, and a eunuch to accompany al-Rida on this trip. In the same year, al-Rida might have also made the pilgrimage to Mecca with his five-year-old son 3851: 1866:

and completed in 1394 CE. Several theological colleges have been built around the shrine, the most famous of which is that of Mirza Ja'far Khan.

1836:), developed around the grave of al-Rida as the holiest site in Iran for the Shia. The present shrine dates to the fourteenth century, when the 245: 3972: 3766: 3705: 1612:) was reputedly bestowed upon him by the caliph, in a reference to a descendant of Muhammad upon whom Muslims would agree for the caliphate ( 2242:"Faith is four pillars: trust in Allah, satisfaction with Allah's decree, submission to Allah's command, and entrusting (affairs) to Allah." 1329:, which developed around the grave of al-Rida as the holiest site in Iran, to which millions of Shia Muslims flock annually for pilgrimage. 5213: 4757: 4170: 5183: 5006: 4743: 606: 2239:"Faith is a degree above Islam; fear of Allah is a degree above faith; and nothing less than fear of Allah has been divided among men." 1165: 601: 5071: 3938: 3906: 3861: 3840: 3810: 3747: 3726: 3682: 3648: 3629: 3606: 3587: 3557: 2257:"Imamate is compulsory for religion and it is a system for Muslims. It is cause of benefit in this world and dignity for Believers." 1743: 5173: 5158: 5143: 1449:

politics might have been to mediate between the Abbasid government and his uncle Muḥammad ibn Ja'far, who had revolted in Mecca.

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In addition to Shia authorities, Sunni biographical sources also list al-Rida as one of the narrators of prophetic hadiths, and

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al-Bataini, Ziyad ibn Marwan al-Kandi, Uthman ibn Isa al-Amiri al-Ruasi (Ruwasi). Some reports indicate that al-Ruasi repented.

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but later Twelver scholars have doubted its authenticity, including S.H. Sadr. Other works attributed to al-Rida are listed in

1122: 4017: 2233:"Worship is not abundant prayer and fasting; rather it is abundant reflecting on the affair of Allah, the Great and Almighty." 2094:) attributed to al-Rida. It was not known till the tenth century (sixteenth CE century) when it was judged to be authentic by 4951: 4905: 4688: 4642: 4559: 4513: 4382: 4336: 3545: 4872: 4609: 4480: 4303: 4210: 4007: 1800: 1661:

Perhaps incorrectly, the appointment of al-Rida was at the time largely attributed to the influence of al-Mamun's Persian

1509:), possibly to imply that he was best qualified for the caliphate. Notably, he faced costly revolts in Kufa and Arabia by 1461:, and al-Mamun, who was born of a Persian mother and was designated as the successor and the governor of the province of 5178: 5056: 4926: 4663: 4534: 4357: 861: 5081: 5016: 1027: 5218: 5208: 5051: 4187: 2179:

The man said, "Then tell me, when was He?" Al-Rida said, "Tell when He was not, and then I will tell you when He was."

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of his unrestricted support and published a letter to this effect throughout the empire. However, six months later in

1017: 551: 381: 376: 48: 5076: 5046: 3620:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.). 5066: 4002: 3276: 5163: 5148: 5021: 4852: 4589: 4574: 4397: 4123: 4012: 3872: 1816:

Al-Mamun buried al-Rida in Tus next to his father, Harun al-Rashid. Tus was later replaced with a new city, called

1052: 5061: 4936: 4673: 4544: 4412: 4367: 4352: 2325: 2251:"Adhere to the weapon of the prophets!" They asked, "What is the weapon of prophets?" He replied, "Supplication." 993: 5011: 4971: 4921: 4802: 4708: 4658: 4529: 4179: 4163: 1493:, apparently determined to make there his new capital. Al-Mamun claimed for himself the title of Imam al-Huda ( 1087: 635: 576: 421: 371: 65: 4887: 4624: 4579: 4495: 4318: 918: 3693: 4931: 4892: 4668: 4629: 4539: 4500: 4362: 4323: 2345: 2041: 1458: 1229: 1047: 678: 673: 366: 5041: 5031: 5026: 4996: 4961: 4733: 4698: 2340: 2103: 2102:. Additionally, Shia sources contain detailed descriptions of his religious debates, sayings, and poetry. 2095: 2063: 1191: 1158: 713: 4817: 5188: 5128: 4986: 4966: 4946: 4822: 4723: 4703: 4683: 4554: 4377: 3670: 2136: 1246: 231: 4437: 3832:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

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in September 818. His death followed shortly after the assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian

5193: 5107: 5001: 4991: 4738: 4728: 4260: 2330: 2030: 1564: 1311: 1083: 1032: 708: 586: 528: 437: 1890:) is held annually on the night of al-Rida's death. The ritual, dating back to governor Ali Shah of 5138: 5133: 5095: 4981: 4956: 4792: 4718: 4693: 4564: 4387: 4156: 4025: 2352: 2311: 2076: 1445: 1236: 596: 556: 401: 386: 3659: 1767:

203 (September 818), probably poisoned. Other given dates range from Safar 202 (September 817) to

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is a collection of 240 hadiths, mentioned in some early Twelver sources and ascribed to al-Rida.

1584:. After some initial resistance, al-Rida set out for Marv in 816. Though he did not pass through 1117: 942: 4882: 4619: 4490: 4313: 4220: 3962: 3716: 3617: 3568: 1947:) to distinguish him from his father, Musa al-Kazim, who is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Awwal 1844: 1221: 481: 412: 52: 4812: 1427:

The imamate of al-Rida overlapped with the reigns of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid and his sons,

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The seriousness of the civil unrest in Iraq was apparently kept hidden from al-Mamun by his

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Muslim Saints and Mystics: Episodes from the Tadhkirat al-Auliya'(Memorial of the Saints)

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148 AH. His father was al-Kazim, the seventh Twelver Shia Imam, who was a descendant of

3896: 2230:"The sincere friend of every man is his intelligence, while his enemy is his ignorance." 1517:, who intensified their campaign against the Abbasids around 815, seizing the cities of 4941: 4867: 4782: 4713: 4678: 4604: 4569: 4549: 4475: 4392: 4372: 4298: 4205: 4130: 3964:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

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Nicholson, R.A.; Austin, R.W.J. (2022). "Maʿrūf Al-Kark̲h̲ī'". In Bearman, P. (ed.).

2320: 1225: 988: 953: 856: 486: 471: 461: 347: 88: 3601:. Translated and Edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. 3504: 1840: 4837: 4767: 3883: 2289: 2109: 2026: 1848: 1847:. Most of the elaborate decorative work in the present imposing complex dates from 1768: 1681: 1549: 1466: 1251: 1217: 958: 891: 871: 447: 154: 2120: 1432: 1292: 297: 219: 1475:, al-Fadl ibn Rabi, while al-Mamun controlled Iran and the east with his Persian 4842: 4832: 4777: 4240: 4050: 4044: 1003: 866: 501: 1386:

Al-Kazim designated his son, Ali al-Rida, as his successor before his death in

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The following is an excerpt from a debate between al-Rida and an unbeliever (

1537:, al-Mamun's governor of Iraq, to deploy the troops of the Khorasani general 260: 247: 2013: 1987: 1863: 1796: 1792: 1756: 1315: 938: 851: 820: 773: 763: 199: 2145: 1078: 923: 2254:"A believer's secret supplication is equal to seventy open supplications." 1970:, was the child of al-Rida, born to Sabika (or Khayzuran), a freed slave ( 17: 4462: 4407: 4402: 4285: 3268: 3219:"Traditional Sermon Reading of Imam Reza (A.S.) Martyrdom Night Was Held" 2315: 1589: 1561:

in 817 CE, citing al-Ma'mun as caliph and Ali al-Ridha as heir apparent (

1370: 1213: 1092: 876: 840: 718: 591: 2269: 1136: 4417: 4127: 3916:

Madelung, W. (2022). "Muḥammad B. ʿAlī Al-Riḍā". In Bearman, P. (ed.).

1837: 1817: 1760: 1748: 1725: 1558: 1514: 1428: 1374: 1366: 1341: 1332: 1326: 1281: 1097: 1069: 963: 948: 886: 846: 815: 808: 803: 768: 758: 753: 688: 683: 611: 235: 3759:

The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad

2132: 1896: 1668: 1554: 1255: 743: 616: 536: 164: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 4088: 3982:

Bayhom-Daou, Tamima (2022). "ʿAlī Al-Riḍā". In Fleet, Kate (ed.).

2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 1992: 1977: 1764: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1436: 933: 748: 738: 668: 663: 658: 643: 621: 581: 193: 168: 3533:

Il Trattato aureo sulla medicina attribuito a l’imām ‘Alī al-Riḍā

1390:'s prison in 799 (183 AH), following some years of imprisonment. 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3124: 3122: 3109: 3107: 2189:), had (already) made me know that (all) this has a Determiner ( 2129: 2000: 1486: 1412: 1303: 1259: 653: 239: 203: 4152: 4862: 4599: 4445: 4268: 4195: 3158: 3156: 3154: 1996: 1585: 1362: 778: 4148: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3658:

Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970).

3570:

The Shi'ite Religion (A history of Islam in Persia and Irak)

3997: 3173: 3171: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2932: 2930: 2831: 2829: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 3877:. Translated by al-Rasheed, Jasim. Ansariyan Publications. 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 1373:, respectively. His mother was a freed slave, probably of 3036: 3034: 3032: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 1859:, one of the finest in Iran, named after the wife of the 3776:

Lewis, B. (2022). "ʿAlī Al-Riḍā". In Bearman, P. (ed.).

3141: 3139: 3137: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3019: 3017: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 1533:

in 815 was difficult to suppress in Iraq, and compelled

3931:

Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia

3622:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 3200: 3198: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 3345:

Faḍl Allāh, Taḥlīlī az zindigānī-yi Imām Riḍā, p. 44.

3053: 3051: 3049: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2783: 2666: 2664: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2473:

Faḍl Allāh, Taḥlīlī az zindigānī-yi Imām Riḍā, p. 44.

1469:, al-Amin controlled Iraq and the west with his Arab 4022: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2206: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2171: 2157: 2146: 2089: 1980:, who was said to have descended from the family of 1971: 1780: 1773: 1730: 1719: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1662: 1644: 1634: 1628: 1613: 1575: 1562: 1476: 1470: 1437: 1319: 1196: 4851: 4588: 4436: 4259: 4186: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 359: 340: 306: 286: 276: 227: 214: 179: 141: 136: 110: 94: 82: 63: 34: 1269:Al-Rida was contemporary with the Abbasid caliphs 3882:Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022). 3805:. Translated by Chittick, William C. SUNY Press. 3698:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion 3624:. Princeton University Press. pp. 328, 329. 3525:Luqman. Annales des Presses Universitaires d'Iran 3487: 2921: 2847: 1931:Al-Rida is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Thani ( 3536:, Palermo, Officina di Studi Medievali (series 3521:, traité médical attribué à l'imām ‘Alī al-Riżā 3363: 3238:"Ritual of reciting the sermon held at Mashhad" 1995:ascribed to al-Rida is now kept in a museum in 1588:on his way to Marv, he stayed for some time in 3856:. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Routledge. 5169:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 5154:8th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 4164: 3527:, vol. XX, n. 2 (40), 2004 (2005), pp. 7-34, 2482:Qummī, Qummī, Muntahī al-āmāl, pp. 1725-1726. 2236:"Man is not worshipful unless he is clement." 1465:in present-day Iran. In effect, according to 1159: 8: 3933:. Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. pp. 469, 470. 3718:A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE 3354:Qummī, Qummī, Muntahī al-āmāl, p. 1725-1726. 39: 3530:Fabrizio Speziale - Giorgio Giurini, 2009, 2754: 2047: 1951: 1932: 1908: 1875: 1821: 1597: 1494: 1396: 1205:1 January 766 – 6 June 818), also known as 117: 4171: 4157: 4149: 4034: 3956:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3920:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3824:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3796:Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn (1981). 3780:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3664:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 3069: 1166: 1152: 426: 396: 78:799 CE (148 AH) – 818 CE (203 AH) 31: 3986:(Three ed.). Brill Reference Online. 3901:. Translated by Arberry, A.J. Routledge. 3552:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 35, 36. 3550:Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index 3458: 3446: 3434: 3411: 3309: 3177: 3128: 3113: 3008: 2953: 2936: 2835: 2820: 2808: 2610: 2547: 1874:The traditional ritual of Khutbeh Khani ( 27:Eighth of the Twelve Shia Imams (766–818) 3297: 2689: 2461: 1986: 1742: 1548: 1331: 3162: 3145: 3040: 2996: 2984: 2965: 2655: 2631: 2365: 1855:periods. Adjacent to the shrine is the 445: 411: 4768:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 4018:A glance at the biography of Emam Reza 3874:The life of Imām 'Ali ibn Mūsā al-Ridā 3399: 3333: 3098: 3081: 3057: 3023: 2876: 2670: 5199:Physicians from the Abbasid Caliphate 4003:The eighth Imam Ali Ibn Musa, al-Reza 3387: 3375: 3321: 3279:from the original on 12 November 2017 3248:from the original on 13 November 2017 3204: 3189: 2864: 2787: 2713: 2701: 2643: 2591: 2574: 2528: 1747:Pilgrims of the shrine of al-Rida in 1545:Appointment as heir apparent (817 CE) 7: 1675:Tenure as heir apparent (817-818 CE) 1529:. In particular, the Shia revolt by 3597:Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn (1975). 1353:Ali was born in Medina in 765 (148 1186: 40: 3511:. Vol. I/8. pp. 877–880. 2088:, is a treatise on jurisprudence ( 25: 4758:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 4023:Imam Rida shrine – Live Broadcast 3871:Sharif al-Qurashi, Baqir (1992). 3853:The History of Islamic Philosophy 4783:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 3929:. In Jestice, Phyllis G. (ed.). 3696:. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). 2296: 2282: 2268: 1135: 4719:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 3269:"Ritual of reciting the sermon" 2025:It has been commonly held that 1297: 1286: 1275: 3661:The Cambridge history of Islam 3580:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 2922:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970 2848:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970 1453:Civil war (811–813) and unrest 834:Other related sects and groups 1: 4211:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 3788:MOḤAMMAD AL-JAWĀD, ABU JAʿFAR 3692:Hulmes, Edward D. A. (2008). 3677:. Alta Mira. pp. 11–14. 3675:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 3567:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 1369:, cousin and daughter of the 1202: 183: 145: 3895:Attar, Farid al-Din (2013). 3573:. London: Luzac and Company. 1187:عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُوسَىٰ ٱلرِّضَا 1123:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 862:Bektashism and folk religion 223:(Shia, some Western sources) 5214:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine 3669:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008). 3616:Cooperson, Michael (2013). 3548:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). 3364:Nicholson & Austin 2022 2207: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2172: 2158: 2147: 2090: 1972: 1781: 1774: 1731: 1720: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1663: 1645: 1635: 1629: 1614: 1576: 1563: 1477: 1471: 1438: 1320: 1197: 5235: 5184:People of the Fourth Fitna 3643:. Vol. 2. Routledge. 1801:Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i 1691:Return to Baghdad (818 CE) 1209:, was a descendant of the 1118:List of Twelver Shia books 5090: 4137: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4037: 3715:Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). 3700:. Routledge. p. 43. 3582:. Yale University Press. 3544:Rizvi, Sajjad H. (2006). 2326:Reign of Love (TV series) 1224:, succeeding his father, 1014:Other hadith collections 994:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 106: 71: 59: 3952:. In Bearman, P. (ed.). 3757:Bobrick, Benson (2012). 3739:A History of Shi'i Islam 3736:Daftary, Farhad (2013). 1942:Abu al-Hasan, the second 1718:202 (February 818), the 422:The Fourteen Infallibles 5174:Assassinated Shia imams 5159:9th-century Arab people 5144:8th-century Arab people 4997:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 4972:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 4754:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 4734:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 4709:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 3925:Rahim, Habibeh (2004). 3888:Encyclopedia Britannica 3791:. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2173:shay' bi-khilaf al-asha 1961:Abu al-Hasan, the first 1615:al-rida min al Muhammad 1048:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 1018:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 5012:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 4992:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 4987:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 4729:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 4724:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 3984:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3961:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 3954:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3918:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3850:Corbin, Henry (2014). 3829:Kennedy, Hugh (2015). 3822:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3785:Medoff, Louis (2016). 3778:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3761:. Simon and Schuster. 3578:Momen, Moojan (1985). 3488:Sharif al-Qurashi 1992 2341:Hadith of Golden Chain 2105:Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida 2004: 1752: 1570: 1345: 1247:Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida 5047:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 5007:Shams al-Din Muhammad 4823:Shah Khalil Allah III 4744:Shams al-Din Muhammad 4580:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 4403:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 4251:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 3948:Kohlberg, E. (2022). 3639:Skyes, Percy (2013). 3538:Machina Philosophorum 3509:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3503:Madelung, W. (1985). 2347:Al-Risala al-Dhahabia 2043:Al-Risala al-Dhahabia 1990: 1763:) on the last day of 1746: 1552: 1504:rightly-guided leader 1335: 1231:Al-Risala al-Dhahabia 1207:Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī 1198:ʿAlī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā 1142:Shia Islam portal 577:Imamate of the Family 293:Sabika (or Khayzuran) 261:36.28694°N 59.61556°E 232:Shrine of Ali al-Rida 5002:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 4893:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 4739:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 4630:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 4501:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 4428:Sulayman Badr al-Din 4324:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 3515:Fabrizio Speziale, “ 3165:, pp. 205, 206. 3131:, pp. 167, 168. 3116:, pp. 182, 183. 2879:, pp. 170, 171. 2850:, pp. 119, 120. 2823:, pp. 161, 162. 2331:Hajar Khatoon Mosque 1724:was assassinated in 1686:Uyun akhbar al-Rida. 1565:wali ahd al-muslimin 1446:The Prophet's Mosque 1349:Birth and early life 1179:Ali ibn Musa al-Rida 1033:Reality of Certainty 709:Mourning of Muharram 587:Mourning of Muharram 5179:Deaths by poisoning 4793:Khalil Allah II Ali 4028:27 May 2008 at the 3799:A Shi'ite Anthology 3641:A History of Persia 3519:Risāla al-dahabiyya 3449:, pp. 164–166. 2312:Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan 2138:Uyun Akhbar al-Rida 2057:the golden treatise 1444:(legal rulings) at 1382:Designation as Imam 714:Arba'een Pilgrimage 257: / 5219:Family of Muhammad 5209:Burials in Mashhad 4977:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 4957:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 4888:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 4714:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 4694:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 4625:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 4565:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 4496:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 4388:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 4319:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 3618:"Ma'mun (786-833)" 3324:, pp. 42, 43. 3242:Tasnim news Agancy 2999:, pp. 60, 61. 2968:, pp. 48, 60. 2658:, pp. 59, 60. 2156:Al-Rida said to a 2005: 1831:place of martyrdom 1753: 1571: 1346: 1312:Ibrahim al-Mubarak 1222:Twelver Shia Islam 977:Hadith collections 266:36.28694; 59.61556 5164:9th-century imams 5149:8th-century imams 5116: 5115: 4932:Isma'il al-Mansur 4922:Abdallah al-Mahdi 4878:Muhammad al-Baqir 4763:Abd al-Salam Shah 4669:Isma'il al-Mansur 4659:Abdallah al-Mahdi 4615:Muhammad al-Baqir 4570:Ahmad al-Musta'li 4540:Isma'il al-Mansur 4535:Muhammad al-Qa'im 4530:Abdallah al-Mahdi 4486:Muhammad al-Baqir 4393:Ahmad al-Musta'li 4363:Isma'il al-Mansur 4358:Muhammad al-Qa'im 4353:Abdallah al-Mahdi 4309:Muhammad al-Baqir 4236:Muhammad al-Jawad 4216:Muhammad al-Baqir 4147: 4146: 4141:Muhammad al-Jawad 4138:Succeeded by 4107:Shia Islam titles 3998:Astan Quds Ravazi 3974:978-0-415-62440-4 3927:"Kazim, Musa al-" 3768:978-1-4165-6806-3 3707:978-0-7007-1588-6 3437:, pp. 39–41. 2354:Al-Sahifa al-Rida 2276:Shia Islam portal 2211:professing Islam. 2086:al-Fiqh al-Radawi 1982:Maria al-Qibtiyya 1927:Titles and family 1582:Moḥammad al-Jawad 1535:al-Hasan ibn Sahl 1338:shrine of al-Rida 1216:, and the eighth 1195: 1176: 1175: 1072:and jurisprudence 679:Nahy ani l-Munkar 519: 518: 395: 394: 352:Najma (or Tuktam) 314:Muhammad al-Jawad 208:Abbasid Caliphate 173:Abbasid Caliphate 101:Muhammad al-Jawad 16:(Redirected from 5226: 5082:Amir Muhammad II 4916:(Radhi Abdallah) 4808:Sayyid Hasan Ali 4653:(Radhi Abdallah) 4524:(Radhi Abdallah) 4418:Abdallah al-Adid 4408:Isma'il al-Zafir 4347:(Radhi Abdallah) 4173: 4166: 4159: 4150: 4113:Preceded by 4101: 4081: 4035: 4008:Imam Ali ar-Rida 3987: 3978: 3957: 3944: 3921: 3912: 3891: 3878: 3867: 3846: 3825: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3781: 3772: 3753: 3732: 3711: 3688: 3665: 3654: 3635: 3612: 3593: 3574: 3563: 3512: 3491: 3485: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3102: 3096: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2758: 2755:Bayhom-Daou 2022 2752: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2614: 2608: 2595: 2589: 2578: 2572: 2551: 2545: 2532: 2526: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2336:The Twelve Imams 2306: 2304:Biography portal 2301: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2210: 2200: 2195:) and Producer ( 2194: 2188: 2175: 2161: 2150: 2093: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2027:Ma'ruf al-Karkhi 1975: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1857:Goharshad Mosque 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1784: 1777: 1755:Al-Rida died in 1739:Death and burial 1734: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1666: 1648: 1638: 1632: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1607:the approved one 1605: 1602: 1599: 1579: 1568: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1483:al-Fadl ibn Sahl 1480: 1474: 1441: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1323: 1301: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1280:) and his sons, 1279: 1277: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1140: 1139: 1043:Mafatih al-Jinan 1028:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa 999:Tahdhib al-Ahkam 602:Wilayat al-Faqih 427: 397: 382:Fatima al-Sughra 272: 271: 269: 268: 267: 262: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 189: 185: 147: 131: 128: 127:the approved one 125: 122: 119: 97: 85: 76: 44: 43: 42: 32: 21: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5086: 5067:Mu'in al-Din II 4947:Mansur al-Hakim 4937:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 4908:(Taqi Muhammad) 4883:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4855: 4847: 4818:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 4788:Nur al-Dahr Ali 4684:Mansur al-Hakim 4674:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 4645:(Taqi Muhammad) 4620:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4592: 4584: 4555:Mansur al-Hakim 4545:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 4516:(Taqi Muhammad) 4491:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4432: 4378:Mansur al-Hakim 4368:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 4339:(Taqi Muhammad) 4314:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4255: 4246:Hasan al-Askari 4221:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4182: 4177: 4143: 4134: 4118: 4082: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4030:Wayback Machine 3994: 3981: 3975: 3960: 3950:"Mūsā Al-Kāẓim" 3947: 3941: 3924: 3915: 3909: 3894: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3849: 3843: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3802: 3795: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3756: 3750: 3742:. I.B. Tauris. 3735: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3691: 3685: 3668: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3615: 3609: 3596: 3590: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3543: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3152: 3144: 3135: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3070:Britannica 2022 3068: 3064: 3056: 3047: 3039: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2943: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2794: 2786: 2761: 2753: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2617: 2609: 2598: 2590: 2581: 2573: 2554: 2546: 2535: 2527: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2367: 2363: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2227: 2225:Selected quotes 2218: 2118: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2039: 2010: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1887: 1885:reciting sermon 1884: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1861:Timurid emperor 1845:Twelver Shi'ism 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1814: 1741: 1693: 1677: 1659: 1624: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1553:Silver Abbasid 1547: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1455: 1425: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1388:Harun al-Rashid 1384: 1371:Islamic prophet 1351: 1296: 1285: 1274: 1271:Harun al-Rashid 1211:Islamic prophet 1172: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1088:The Infallibles 1073: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1038:Nahj al-Balagha 1010: 978: 970: 969: 968: 913: 905: 904: 903: 835: 827: 826: 825: 793: 785: 784: 783: 733: 725: 724: 723: 703: 702:Other practices 695: 694: 693: 674:Amr bi-l maʿrūf 638: 628: 627: 626: 571: 563: 562: 561: 531: 521: 520: 424: 413:Twelver Shi'ism 391: 377:Fatima al-Kubra 355: 336: 302: 296:Umm Habib bint 265: 263: 259: 256: 251: 248: 246: 244: 243: 242: 222: 210: 197: 191: 190:(aged 52) 187: 175: 162: 152: 129: 126: 123: 120: 115: 95: 83: 77: 72: 55: 53:Twelver Shi'ism 45: 41:عَلِيّ ٱلرِّضَا 38: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5052:Mu'in al-Din I 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5032:Radi al-Din II 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4868:Husayn ibn Ali 4865: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:Husayn ibn Ali 4602: 4596: 4594: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4575:Mansur al-Amir 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4423:Dawud al-Hamid 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4398:Mansur al-Amir 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4206:Husayn ibn Ali 4203: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4077:1 January 766 4055: 4048: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3992:External links 3990: 3989: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3892: 3884:"ʿAlī al-Riḍā" 3879: 3868: 3862: 3847: 3841: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3793: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3754: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3694:"'ALI AL-RIDA" 3689: 3683: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3613: 3607: 3594: 3588: 3575: 3564: 3558: 3546:"'ALI AL-RIDA" 3541: 3528: 3513: 3505:"ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ" 3498: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3463: 3459:Tabatabai 1981 3451: 3447:Donaldson 1933 3439: 3435:Tabatabai 1981 3416: 3412:Tabatabai 1981 3404: 3402:, p. 314. 3392: 3390:, p. 209. 3380: 3378:, p. 209. 3368: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3310:Tabatabai 1975 3302: 3290: 3267:Staff Writer. 3259: 3236:Staff Writer. 3228: 3217:Staff Writer. 3209: 3194: 3182: 3180:, p. 169. 3178:Donaldson 1933 3167: 3150: 3133: 3129:Donaldson 1933 3118: 3114:Tabatabai 1975 3103: 3101:, p. 171. 3086: 3084:, p. 112. 3074: 3062: 3045: 3043:, p. 133. 3028: 3026:, p. 122. 3013: 3011:, p. 167. 3009:Donaldson 1933 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 205. 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 182. 2954:Tabatabai 1975 2941: 2939:, p. 166. 2937:Donaldson 1933 2926: 2924:, p. 121. 2881: 2869: 2852: 2840: 2838:, p. 163. 2836:Donaldson 1933 2825: 2821:Donaldson 1933 2813: 2809:Cooperson 2013 2792: 2759: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2675: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2615: 2613:, p. 181. 2611:Tabatabai 1975 2596: 2579: 2552: 2550:, p. 164. 2548:Donaldson 1933 2533: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2307: 2293: 2279: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2117: 2114: 2077:Sahifa al-Rida 2069:Bihar al-Anwar 2038: 2035: 2009: 2006: 1991:A copy of the 1928: 1925: 1904: 1901: 1871: 1868: 1813: 1810: 1740: 1737: 1692: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1658: 1655: 1623: 1620: 1546: 1543: 1454: 1451: 1424: 1421: 1406:those who stop 1383: 1380: 1350: 1347: 1300: 813–833 1289: 809–813 1278: 786–809 1264:a large shrine 1237:Sahifa al-Rida 1174: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111:Related topics 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1023:Bihar al-Anwar 1020: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 984:The Four Books 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 936: 931: 921: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 902: 901: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 843: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 824: 823: 818: 813: 812: 811: 806: 795: 794: 791: 790: 787: 786: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 716: 711: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 640: 639: 634: 633: 630: 629: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 532: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 516: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 451: 450: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 425: 420: 419: 416: 415: 409: 408: 393: 392: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 363: 361: 357: 356: 354: 353: 350: 344: 342: 338: 337: 335: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 310: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 294: 290: 288: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 229: 225: 224: 216: 215:Cause of death 212: 211: 198: 181: 177: 176: 163: 148:1 January 766 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 92: 91: 86: 80: 79: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 46: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5231: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Amir Muhammad 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Atiyyat Allah 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5022:Radi al-Din I 5020: 5018: 5017:Muhammad Shah 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Nizar al-Aziz 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4873:Ali al-Sajjad 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Shah Nizar II 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Abu Dharr Ali 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Nizar al-Aziz 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Ali al-Sajjad 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593:(Qasim-Shahi) 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4550:Nizar al-Aziz 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481:Ali al-Sajjad 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4373:Nizar al-Aziz 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4304:Ali al-Sajjad 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226:Musa al-Kazim 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201:Hasan ibn Ali 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4116:Musa al-Kazim 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4013:Imam Ali Raza 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967:. Routledge. 3966: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3940:9781576073551 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3908:9781135030018 3904: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3863:9781135198893 3859: 3855: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3842:9781317376385 3838: 3835:. Routledge. 3834: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3812:9780873955119 3808: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3749:9780755608669 3745: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3728:9780816190676 3724: 3721:. G.K. Hall. 3720: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3684:9781905299683 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3650:9781136526046 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3631:9780691134840 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3608:0-87395-390-8 3604: 3600: 3599:Shi'ite Islam 3595: 3591: 3589:9780300034998 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3559:9780415966917 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3461:, p. 46. 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3312:, p. 69. 3311: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3298:Madelung 2022 3294: 3291: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3207:, p. 42. 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3148:, p. 61. 3147: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2716:, p. 45. 2715: 2710: 2707: 2704:, p. 60. 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690:Kohlberg 2022 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2646:, p. 56. 2645: 2640: 2637: 2634:, p. 60. 2633: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2577:, p. 41. 2576: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462:Madelung 1985 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2321:Waqifite Shia 2319: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2294: 2291: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2166:'whereness.'" 2164: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2100:A'yan al-Shia 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082:Fiqh al-Rida, 2079: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2031:Ni'mat Allahi 2028: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1950: 1926: 1924: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843:converted to 1842: 1839: 1819: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1759:(present-day 1758: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1473: 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Khan IV 4833:Aga Khan II 4778:Murad Mirza 4704:Ali al-Hadi 4241:Ali al-Hadi 4231:Ali al-Rida 4131:Shi'a Islam 4097:6 June 818 4069:Dhul Qi'dah 4051:Banu Hashim 4045:Ahl al-Bayt 4040:Ali al-Rida 3671:"'Abbāsids" 3400:Corbin 2014 3334:Medoff 2016 3283:12 November 3252:12 November 3099:Rahman 1989 3082:Mavani 2013 3058:Glassé 2008 3024:Mavani 2013 2877:Rahman 1989 2671:Hulmes 2008 2019:Ibn Rahwayh 1791:historians 1459:Arab mother 1359:Du al-Qa'da 1068:Sources of 1004:Al-Istibsar 912:Scholarship 867:Malamatiyya 845:Sufism and 732:Holy cities 597:Occultation 547:Prophethood 264: / 188:(818-06-06) 84:Preceded by 36:Ali al-Rida 5139:818 deaths 5134:765 births 5123:Categories 5037:Shah Tahir 4828:Aga Khan I 4803:Sayyid Ali 4751:Islam Shah 4748:Qasim Shah 4180:Shia Imams 4087:17th/30th 3388:Momen 1985 3376:Attar 2013 3322:Momen 1985 3205:Momen 1985 3190:Skyes 2013 2865:Skyes 2013 2788:Lewis 2022 2714:Momen 1985 2702:Momen 1985 2644:Momen 1985 2592:Rahim 2004 2575:Momen 1985 2529:Rizvi 2006 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