20:
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126:
441:. This provides a feasible foundation for knowledge representation to represent each individual image schema as well as their interconnection as relationships in a 3D space. One formal language to describe them is the ISL (Image Schema Language), a logic language combined by different formal calculi and
101:
mappings. Learned in early infancy they are often described as spatiotemporal relationships that enable actions and describe characteristics of the environment. They exist both as static and dynamic version, describing both states and processes, compare
Containment vs. Going_In/Out, and they are
417:
While originally a theory for cognitive linguistics, the theory of image schemas and the underlying ideas behind embodied cognition have become of increased interest in artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics to help solve issues with natural language comprehension and the application of
117:. The influences of image schemas is not only seen in cognitive linguistics and developmental psychology, but also in interface design and more recently, the theory has become of increased interest in artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics to help ground meaning.
448:
In artificial intelligence, image schemas are also used as an inspiration to advance natural language comprehension of metaphors, conceptual blending and creative language use. This is extended to also include non-linguistic reasoning such as
223:
Johnson argues that more abstract reasoning is shaped by such underlying spatial patterns. For example, he notes that the logic of containment is not just a matter of being in or out of the container. For example, if someone is in a
228:
depression, we know it is likely to be a long time before they are well. The deeper the trajector is in the container, the longer it will take for the trajector to get out of it. Similarly, Johnson argues that transitivity and the
347:
by
Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms. Other theories making use of similar conceptual primitives to capture meaning include
201:
Experientially basic and primarily spatial image schemas such as the
Containment schema and its derivatives the Out schemas lend their logic to non-spatial situations. For example, one may metaphorically use the term
148:
time. Moreover, they are multi-modal patterns of experience, not simply visual. For instance, consider how the dynamic nature of the containment schema is reflected in the various spatial senses of the
English word
469:(p. 126), his diagrams for them are scattered throughout his book and he only diagrammed a portion of those image schemas he listed. In his work, Lakoff also used several additional schemas.
1508:
Robert St. Amant, Clayton T. Morrison, Yu-Han Chang, Paul R. Cohen, and Carole Beal. An image schema language. In
International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (ICCM), pages 292â297, 2006.
288:. This analysis raised profound questions about how image schemas could be grouped, transformed, and how sequences of image schemas could be chained together in language, mind, and brain.
1397:
Bennett, B., & Cialone, C. (2014, September). Corpus Guided Sense
Cluster Analysis: a methodology for ontology development (with examples from the spatial domain). In
401:
offer the affordance of moving something from one point to another as an image-schematic combination of Source-Path-Goal and
Containment (alternatively Support).
1595:) — A recent book chapter which explores the evidence from cognitive neuroscience and cognitive science for the neural underpinnings of image schemas.
704:
The first conceptual representations to include non-spatial elements, by projecting feelings or non-spatial perceptions to blends structured by image schema
445:
that builds on creating hierarchical families of logical micro-theories that is able to represent different degrees of specification of the image schemas.
418:
affordances. The research on formal accounts (e.g.) of these abstract patterns date back several decades and has been proposed as a way to deal with
175:
may also be used to indicate those cases where the trajector is a mass that spreads out, effectively expanding the area of the containing landmark:
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and the approach made to describe it image-schematically) and the formal structure of events prototypical as some of the biggest challenges in AI.
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1041:
1001:
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50:, image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions, from linguistic experience, and from historical context. The term is introduced in
284:). Furthermore, Lakoff identified a group of "transformational" image schemata such as rotational schemas and path to object mass, as in
1129:
1162:
1614:
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419:
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is also often used to describe motion along a linear path where the containing landmark is implied and not defined at all:
375:
1364:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4736, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 152â168,
213:(4a) I don't want to leave any relevant data out of my argument. (Schema metaphorically projected onto argumentation.)
216:(4b) Tell me your story again, and don't leave out any details. (Schema metaphorically projected onto story-telling.)
105:
Evidence for image schemas is drawn from a number of related disciplines, including work on cross-modal cognition in
925:
230:
264:. Moreover, Lakoff gave a detailed accounting of how these schemas were interrelated in terms of what he called a
1327:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10640. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 256â268.
1121:
1609:
834:, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, vol. 150, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 3,
720:
51:
437:, formal approaches to image schemas often limit the research area by looking at image schemas exclusively as
268:. For example, these six schemas could be both further specified by other spatial schemas such as whether the
692:
The first building blocks that allow us to understand what we perceive: PATH, CONTAINER, THING, CONTACT, etc.
157:
may be used in cases where a clearly defined trajector (TR) leaves a spatially bounded landmark (LM), as in:
877:
782:
725:
730:
698:
Representations of simple spatial events using the primitives: PATH TO THING, THING INTO CONTAINER, etc.
450:
94:
946:, Cognitive Linguistics Research, vol. 29, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 165â198,
210:(4) Leave out that big log when you stack the firewood. (Schema used directly and non-metaphorically.)
1234:
773:
740:
434:
253:
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put forth by him. For the force group of image schemas
Johnson also drew on an early version of the
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219:(4c) She finally came out of her depression. (Schema metaphorically projected onto emotional life.)
98:
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903:
808:
329:
97:, an image schema is considered an embodied prelinguistic structure of experience that motivates
87:
67:
47:
269:
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given by
Johnson, Lakoff argued that there were six basic spatial schemas for the English word
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895:
868:
Boroditsky, L (2000). "Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors".
843:
800:
442:
309:
1270:
Chang, Yu-Han; Cohen, Paul R.; Morrison, Clayton T.; Amant, Robert St.; Beal, Carole (2006),
171:
In the most prototypical of such cases the landmark is a clearly defined container. However,
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1317:"Between Contact and Support: Introducing a Logic for Image Schemas and Directed Movement"
387:
357:
337:
46:
processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. As an understudy to
1238:
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in logic are underlaid by preconceptual embodied experiences of the
Containment schema.
380:
325:
313:
75:
1458:
Hedblom, Maria M.; Kutz, Oliver; Peñaloza, Rafael; Guizzardi, Giancarlo (2019-07-17).
1181:
Image Schemas and Concept Invention: Cognitive, Logical, and Linguistic Investigations
1067:"Saying what you mean, meaning what you say: language, interaction and interpretation"
1066:
1025:
Image Schemas and Concept Invention: Cognitive, Logical, and Linguistic Investigations
891:
1603:
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1207:
1179:
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1051:
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366:
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59:
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1223:"Choosing the Right Path: Image Schema Theory as a Foundation for Concept Invention"
907:
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affords the image schema Containment to liquids and an abstract concept like
1535:
1315:
Hedblom, Maria M.; Kutz, Oliver; Mossakowski, Till; Neuhaus, Fabian (2017).
1139:
827:
317:
43:
1247:
1222:
1098:
899:
839:
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As a direct relation to embodied cognition, and more specifically embodied
1571:
The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason
804:
1271:
771:
Mandler, J. M. (1992). "How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives".
423:
405:
Formal specification of image schemas and role in artificial intelligence
273:
1578:
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind
1486:
1283:
409:
336:
in categorization, as well as studies in experimental psychology on the
1583:
Rohrer, Tim (2006) "Image Schemata in the Brain", in Beate Hampe (ed.)
627:
Multiplex to mass (possibly the same as Johnson's undefined Mass-Count)
125:
832:
Lexical and Syntactical Constructions and the Construction of Meaning
1278:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 369â380,
1411:
Hedblom, Maria M.; Kutz, Oliver; Neuhaus, Fabian (September 2016).
1184:. Cognitive Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1028:. Cognitive Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
982:"A Formalization of Metaphors and Image-Schemas in User Interfaces"
1585:
From Perception to Meaning: Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics
408:
84:
From Perception to Meaning: Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics
1323:; Basili, Roberto; Ferilli, Stefano; Lisi, Francesca A. (eds.).
1221:
Hedblom, Maria M.; Kutz, Oliver; Neuhaus, Fabian (2015-12-01).
630:
Reflexive (both part-whole and temporally different reflexives)
121:
Johnson: From image schemas to abstract reasoning via metaphor
42:
are used as plural forms) is a recurring structure within our
140:
Image schemas are dynamic embodied patternsâthey take place
1272:"Piagetian Adaptation Meets Image Schemas: The Jean System"
1118:
Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites
465:
While Johnson provided an initial list of image schemas in
386:
Image schemas have also been proposed to be descriptors of
132:- containment image schema (as applied to the English word
618:
Linear path from moving object (one-dimensional trajector)
256:
in her (1981) master's thesis. Similar to the analysis of
1518:
MANDLER, JEAN M.; PAGĂN CĂNOVAS, CRISTĂBAL (2014-05-13).
248:, Lakoff re-presented the analysis of the English word
671:
Rough-smooth/Bumpy-smooth (Rohrer; Johnson and Rohrer)
988:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 419â434,
1413:"Image schemas in computational conceptual blending"
986:
Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space
1358:"An Image-Schematic Account of Spatial Categories"
828:"Some Properties and Groupings of Image Schemas"
113:and psychology, cognitive linguistics, and from
1460:"Image Schema Combinations and Complex Events"
1325:AI*IA 2017 Advances in Artificial Intelligence
554:Schemas listed, but not discussed, by Johnson
413:Some members of the Source-Path-Goal family.
72:The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics;
8:
422:, natural language comprehension, automatic
681:Mandler and Canovas' image schema hierarchy
1227:Journal of Artificial General Intelligence
383:'s phenomenological primitives (p-prims).
300:drew upon a 1981 doctoral dissertation by
16:Recurring structure in cognitive processes
1485:
1475:
1246:
881:
786:
664:Schemas proposed and discussed by others
124:
18:
980:Kuhn, Werner; Frank, Andrew U. (1991),
763:
296:Johnson indicates that his analysis of
1155:Semantics : Primes and Universals
920:Croft, W., & Cruse, D. A. (2004).
609:Additional schemas discussed by Lakoff
308:, and more generally by the theory of
197:(3) The train started out for Chicago.
1580:Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1310:
1308:
680:
206:to describe non-spatial experiences:
102:learned from all sensorimodalities.
7:
286:Spider-Man climbed all over the wall
624:Path to object mass (path covering)
343:In addition to the dissertation on
237:Lakoff: Image schemas in Brugman's
14:
621:Path to endpoint (endpoint focus)
292:Relationships to similar theories
236:
109:, from spatial cognition in both
64:Women, Fire and Dangerous Things:
1083:10.1111/j.1468-5922.2010.01902.x
1071:Journal of Analytical Psychology
420:geographical information science
278:the plane flew over the mountain
246:Women, Fire and Dangerous Things
167:(1c) Spot jumped out of the pen.
1157:. UK: Oxford University Press.
320:, as used by linguists such as
161:(1a) John went out of the room.
244:In case study two of his book
179:(2a) She poured out the beans.
1:
1587:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
940:"Image schemata in the brain"
892:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6
426:generation and computational
304:in linguistics at UCSD under
164:(1b) Mary got out of the car.
1429:10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.12.010
1370:10.1007/978-3-540-74788-8_10
1333:10.1007/978-3-319-70169-1_19
994:10.1007/978-94-011-2606-9_24
473:Schemas discussed by Johnson
439:spatiotemporal relationships
376:conceptual dependency theory
282:he climbed over the mountain
1520:"On defining image schemas"
1464:KI - KĂŒnstliche Intelligenz
1065:Astor, James (2011-03-15).
952:10.1515/9783110197532.2.165
656:Length (extended trajector)
324:. Other influences include
1631:
1477:10.1007/s13218-019-00605-1
1417:Cognitive Systems Research
1362:Spatial Information Theory
1178:Hedblom, Maria M. (2020).
1022:Hedblom, Maria M. (2020).
944:From Perception to Meaning
938:Rohrer, Tim (2005-12-15),
926:Cambridge University Press
797:10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.587
231:law of the excluded middle
26:- containment image schema
1276:From Animals to Animats 9
1190:10.1007/978-3-030-47329-7
1153:Wierzbicka, Anna (1996).
1122:Stanford University Press
1034:10.1007/978-3-030-47329-7
369:'s conceptual primitives,
334:Kant's account of schemas
266:radial category structure
185:(2c) Send out the troops.
182:(2b) Roll out the carpet.
66:and further explained by
1573:, University of Chicago.
721:Artificial consciousness
272:was in contact with the
1569:Johnson, Mark (1987).
1536:10.1017/langcog.2014.14
702:Schematic integrations.
615:Transformational group
1576:Lakoff, George (1987)
1524:Language and Cognition
1248:10.1515/jagi-2015-0003
840:10.1075/cilt.150.04cie
726:Cognitive architecture
461:Lists of image schemas
414:
137:
27:
1615:Cognitive linguistics
1356:Kuhn, Werner (2007),
922:Cognitive Linguistics
826:Cienki, Alan (1997),
731:Commonsense reasoning
479:Spatial motion group
451:commonsense reasoning
412:
332:structure theory and
316:schemas put forth by
128:
95:cognitive linguistics
90:and Joseph E. Grady.
58:; in case study 2 of
22:
1120:. Stanford, Calif.:
1114:Langacker, Ronald W.
924:(p. 374). New York:
774:Psychological Review
741:Construction grammar
653:Vertical Orientation
517:Removal of Restraint
467:The Body in the Mind
455:Egg cracking problem
435:construction grammar
82:; by the collection
56:The Body in the Mind
1284:10.1007/11840541_31
1239:2015JAGI....6...21H
751:Schema (psychology)
746:Embodied philosophy
690:Spatial primitives.
428:conceptual blending
393:. An object like a
99:conceptual metaphor
1321:Esposito, Floriana
415:
354:spatial primitives
138:
48:embodied cognition
28:
1594:
1379:978-3-540-74786-4
1342:978-3-319-70169-1
1293:978-3-540-38608-7
1199:978-3-030-47328-0
1043:978-3-030-47328-0
1003:978-94-010-5151-4
961:978-3-11-018311-5
849:978-90-272-3654-8
674:Straight (Cienki)
453:(e.g. see Davis'
443:first-order logic
381:Andrea A. diSessa
310:cognitive grammar
239:The story of Over
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736:Conceptual space
543:Twin-Pan Balance
494:Center-Periphery
488:Source-Path-Goal
306:Ronald Langacker
93:In contemporary
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595:Superimposition
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362:semantic primes
358:Anna Wierzbicka
350:Jean M. Mandler
338:mental rotation
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254:Claudia Brugman
242:
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80:Visual Thinking
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1589:Online version
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1530:(4): 510â532.
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1470:(3): 279â291.
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1401:(pp. 213-226).
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1131:978-0804712613
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1077:(2): 203â216.
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326:Max Wertheimer
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511:Counterforce
505:Force Group
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32:image schema
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716:Affordances
546:Equilibrium
482:Containment
391:affordances
340:of images.
111:linguistics
88:Beate Hampe
68:Todd Oakley
1604:Categories
1563:References
1385:2021-01-26
1299:2021-01-26
1009:2021-01-26
967:2021-01-26
855:2021-02-08
601:Collection
592:Part-Whole
580:Mass-Count
568:Full-Empty
523:Attraction
520:Enablement
508:Compulsion
107:psychology
86:edited by
1552:146194332
1544:1866-9808
1496:0933-1875
1437:1389-0417
1423:: 42â57.
1257:1946-0163
1208:219607936
1091:0021-8774
1052:219607936
878:CiteSeerX
870:Cognition
783:CiteSeerX
589:Splitting
583:Iteration
514:Diversion
388:Gibsonian
318:Len Talmy
270:trajector
189:Finally,
44:cognitive
1445:39839163
1140:37499775
1116:(1987).
1099:21434900
908:11579775
900:10815775
813:18194545
709:See also
685:Source:
647:Covering
633:Rotation
577:Near-Far
574:Matching
491:Blockage
424:ontology
274:landmark
252:done by
130:Figure 2
54:'s book
40:schemata
24:Figure 1
1235:Bibcode
805:1454900
650:Contact
598:Process
571:Merging
565:Surface
562:Contact
330:gestalt
146:through
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1319:. In
1204:S2CID
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904:S2CID
809:S2CID
758:Notes
641:Above
529:Scale
497:Cycle
1540:ISSN
1492:ISSN
1433:ISSN
1399:FOIS
1374:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1253:ISSN
1194:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1136:OCLC
1126:ISBN
1095:PMID
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526:Link
485:Path
379:and
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280:vs.
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226:deep
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1593:PDF
1532:doi
1482:hdl
1472:doi
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1366:doi
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