143:, Charles Manning, and Steven Sherman, conducted the original imagination inflation study. The study examined the effect of imagining a childhood event on childhood memories. It was the first study to examine the effects of imagining false events on memory in the absence of other factors present in previous studies, such as social pressure. In the study, the act of imagining unexperienced childhood events, such as being rescued by a lifeguard or breaking a window with one's hand, increased confidence that the events had occurred. After people imagined events with low initial confidence ratings (i.e. ones which they originally said they had not experienced) they became more confident that the events took place compared with unimagined ones.
150:, it is not possible to be certain whether or not someone has had a given experience based solely self-reports. This leaves open the possibility that imagination does not actually have any effect on beliefs about false past events, but instead helps people retrieve actual memories of true experiences. In 1998, Lyn Goff and Henry Roediger used a different method to study imagination inflation effect for events that
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but not control unimagined ones. One comparison found a similar imagination inflation effect for actions identical to those in Goff and
Roediger's study (i.e. "break the toothpick") and altered, bizarre versions of such actions (i.e. "kiss the magnifying glass"). Another found an effect when people imagined a highly unusual action such as kissing a vending machine or lying on a couch and talking to
282:. The authors of the 1996 paper disagreed with this interpretation, pointing out several issues that they found in Pezdek's reasoning. In particular, they agreed that regression to the mean was present in their own data and contributed to the overall changes in confidence at the second test. But this could not explain the finding that imagining events that were low in confidence led to a
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249:, after an intense police interrogation, a man who initially denied accusations of raping his daughters admitted to crimes that were even denied by his accusers, including abusing his children and leading a satanic cult which sacrificed babies. The psychologist Richard Ofshe argued that the confessions were
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In another interrogation technique, interrogators ask suspects to explain how a crime might have been committed or how they themselves could have done it. This practice has been suggested as another cause of self-generated false confessions because it forces an innocent suspect to create a believable
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Other research has investigated what types of events can show an imagination inflation effect, often using a method similar to Goff and
Roediger's, in which participants perform some actions but not others, then imagine some of them, and later mistakenly believe they have performed imagined actions
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The cause of the imagination inflation effect is debated. There is evidence that source-monitoring framework, the familiarity misattribution theory, and the effects of sensory elaboration contribute to the formation of false memories through imagination inflation. It has been theorized that these
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task using the events, and a post-test confidence rating. These have shown that a similar imagination inflation effect occurs when instead of imagining, people simply explain how events could have happened or paraphrase them. These findings suggest that vivid imagining is not always necessary for
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Thomas et al. argue that perceptual components of imagining events confuse actual lived memories because of elaboration. When participants included sensory details while recalling imagined events, participants were more likely to falsely remember the imagined events. Participants were thought to
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reports rather than confidence ratings. Participants performed certain actions (such as breaking a toothpick) but not others, then imagined doing other actions in the overall set, and finally were given a list of old actions encountered in the first two parts of the study and brand new actions.
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Several factors have been demonstrated to increase the imagination inflation effect. Imagining a false event increases familiarity, which may cause people to mistake this as evidence that they have experienced the event. Imagination inflation could also be the result of
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Under the familiarity misattribution theory, the imagination inflation effect is likely to occur because imagining an event increases familiarity with that event. This familiarity is then misattributed and interpreted as evidence that the event actually occurred.
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When imagining a false event, people generate information about the event that is often stored in their memory. Later, they might remember the content of the memory but not its source and mistakenly attribute the recalled information to a real experience.
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confuse imagined events with actual events because of the specific and elaborate nature of their imagination. The results of the study argue that elaboration (in the form of vivid sensory details) leads to increased formation of false memories.
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system, in particular interrogation and interviewing procedures. Interrogators who ask suspects to repeatedly imagine committing a crime risk making their suspects more confident that they are the perpetrators, ultimately producing
205:, developed by Thomas et al., states that memories are not specified as real or imagined. Thus, under this framework, after imaging an event, it is difficult to distinguish whether the memory is real or not.
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narrative of their own guilt. This is supported by research in which people explained how a false childhood event could have occurred, and, after, became more confident that it had really happened.
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A 2001 critique argued that the original findings of the 1996 imagination inflation study did not in fact reflect changed beliefs about the past via imagination, but were instead a product of
184:. Some people have developed false beliefs of having performed bizarre actions or experienced more ordinary events even after imagining somebody else, rather than themselves, performing them.
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Ofshe, Richard (1992). "Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: False confession due to dissociative state: Mis-identified multiple personality and the satanic cult hypothesis".
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274:. That is, events with confidence ratings at the extreme (low or high) ends of the scale at the first time of measurement happened to have such scores due only to
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Sharman, Stefanie J.; Manning, Charles, G., Garry, Maryanne (2005). "Explain this: explaining childhood events inflates confidence for these events".
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Sharman, Stefanie J.; Manning, Charles G., Garry, Maryanne (2005). "Explain this: Explaining childhood events inflates confidence for those events".
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is a type of memory distortion that occurs when imagining an event that never happened increases confidence in the memory of the event.
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increase in ratings than for unimagined low-confidence events, as regression to the mean should affect all events equally.
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Participants were more likely to mistakenly say that they had performed imagined actions compared to unimagined actions.
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118:) and may lead to the development of false or distorted memories. In criminal justice, imagination inflation is tied to
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Jacoby, Larry L.; Dallas, Mark (1981). "On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning".
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Sharman, Stefanie J.; Garry, M., Beurke, C.J. (2004). "Imagination or exposure causes imagination inflation".
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Johnson, Marcia K.; Hashtroudi, Shahin; Lindsay, D. Stephen (1993). "Source monitoring".
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effects, and other unknown effects, all contribute to the imagination inflation effect.
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Davis, D.; Donohue, J. (2004). O'Donohue, W.T.; Laws, P.R.; Hollin, C. (eds.).
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1046:"Imagination inflation is a fact, not an artifact: A reply to Pezdek and Eddy"
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The road to perdition: Extreme influence tactics in the interrogation room
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Thomas, Ayanna K.; Bulevich, John B.; Loftus, Elizabeth F. (June 2003).
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and thus more familiar without producing a detailed image of it.
110:. Imagination inflation often occurs during attempts to retrieve
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be confirmed. It also looked at the effect of imagination on
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International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
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Seamon, John G.; Philbin, M.M., Harrison, Liza G. (2006).
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451:. NY: Elsevier, Academic Press. pp. 897–996.
647:Thomas, Ayanna K.; Loftus, Elizabeth F. (2002).
236:Imagination inflation has implications for the
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505:Goff, Lyn M.; Roediger III, Henry L. (1998).
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382:(2000). "Imagination and memory".
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209:Familiarity misattribution theory
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245:from innocent suspects. In
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1755:Intermediate-term memory
1560:Indirect tests of memory
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182:Sigmund Freud
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47:and read the
46:
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37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2021:Ben Pridmore
1939:Larry Squire
1849:Susan Clancy
1808:
1692:Memory sport
1617:Other topics
1507:False memory
1471:
1462:Cryptomnesia
1439:Weapon focus
1399:Decay theory
1160:Neuroanatomy
1119:Human memory
1072:cite journal
1053:
1049:
1009:
1005:
978:cite journal
961:
957:
938:February 14,
936:. Retrieved
921:
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727:cite journal
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628:cite journal
595:
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568:cite journal
554:(1): 67–74.
551:
547:
541:
517:(1): 20–33.
514:
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350:cite journal
323:
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227:Implications
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166:
151:
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134:
108:false memory
97:
84:
79:
78:
63:
54:
43:Please help
38:
36:lead section
18:
2093:Imagination
1879:Eric Kandel
1827:Researchers
1799:Prospective
1750:Free recall
1704:Shas Pollak
1357:anterograde
1273:Declarative
757:(1): 3–28.
390:(1): 6–10.
156:recognition
146:Due to the
2082:Categories
1914:Lynn Nadel
1792:intertrial
1777:Metamemory
1765:flashbacks
1685:In society
1382:retrograde
1344:Forgetting
1315:Procedural
1225:Short-term
1195:Eyewitness
290:References
261:Criticisms
114:(i.e. via
1666:Nutrition
1574:In groups
1387:selective
1362:childhood
1290:Flashbulb
1250:Long-term
1150:Attention
964:: 67–74.
863:0090-502X
814:1939-2222
771:1939-1455
485:ignored (
475:cite book
431:619639001
404:145741938
280:post-test
169:cognitive
135:In 1996,
104:cognition
57:June 2012
1968:Patients
1639:mnemonic
1634:chunking
1300:Implicit
1283:Semantic
1278:Episodic
1268:Explicit
1133:Encoding
1028:11531226
871:12872878
719:17328368
675:12061762
620:15209367
612:41409020
427:ProQuest
342:24213869
126:Research
1787:Priming
1713:Related
1656:Emotion
1352:Amnesia
1190:Eidetic
1177:Sensory
1138:Storage
906:1399152
822:6457080
779:8346328
533:9519694
284:greater
1820:People
1805:memory
1736:memory
1676:Trauma
1215:Visual
1205:Iconic
1200:Haptic
1185:Echoic
1143:Recall
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188:Causes
174:fluent
100:memory
2088:Error
1999:Other
1671:Sleep
1624:Aging
1169:Types
608:JSTOR
400:S2CID
152:could
1801:and
1732:and
1078:link
1024:PMID
984:link
940:2014
927:ISBN
902:PMID
867:PMID
859:ISSN
818:PMID
810:ISSN
775:PMID
767:ISSN
733:link
715:PMID
671:PMID
634:link
616:PMID
574:link
529:PMID
487:help
461:ISBN
356:link
338:PMID
201:The
102:and
1058:doi
1014:doi
966:doi
894:doi
849:doi
802:doi
798:110
759:doi
755:114
705:doi
661:doi
600:doi
596:117
556:doi
519:doi
453:doi
392:doi
328:doi
90:or
2084::
1985:NA
1980:KC
1975:HM
1074:}}
1070:{{
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41:.
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