679:, for the purpose of tissue characterization and implementation of new image processing techniques. The concepts of ultrasound differ from other medical imaging modalities in the fact that it is operated by the transmission and receipt of sound waves. The high frequency sound waves are sent into the tissue and depending on the composition of the different tissues; the signal will be attenuated and returned at separate intervals. A path of reflected sound waves in a multilayered structure can be defined by an input acoustic impedance (ultrasound sound wave) and the Reflection and transmission coefficients of the relative structures. It is very safe to use and does not appear to cause any adverse effects. It is also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform. Ultrasound scanners can be taken to critically ill patients in intensive care units, avoiding the danger caused while moving the patient to the radiology department. The real-time moving image obtained can be used to guide drainage and biopsy procedures. Doppler capabilities on modern scanners allow the blood flow in arteries and veins to be assessed.
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tumours will often be harder than the surrounding tissue, and diseased livers are stiffer than healthy ones. There are several elastographic techniques based on the use of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and tactile imaging. The wide clinical use of ultrasound elastography is a result of the implementation of technology in clinical ultrasound machines. Main branches of ultrasound elastography include
Quasistatic Elastography/Strain Imaging, Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI), Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging (ARFI), Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI), and Transient Elastography. In the last decade, a steady increase of activities in the field of elastography is observed demonstrating successful application of the technology in various areas of medical diagnostics and treatment monitoring.
441:) of water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. The MRI machine emits a radio frequency (RF) pulse at the resonant frequency of the hydrogen atoms on water molecules. Radio frequency antennas ("RF coils") send the pulse to the area of the body to be examined. The RF pulse is absorbed by protons, causing their direction with respect to the primary magnetic field to change. When the RF pulse is turned off, the protons "relax" back to alignment with the primary magnet and emit radio-waves in the process. This radio-frequency emission from the hydrogen-atoms on water is what is detected and reconstructed into an image. The resonant frequency of a spinning magnetic dipole (of which protons are one example) is called the
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copyright is owned by employer (unless the radiographer is self-employed—though even then their contract might require them to transfer ownership to the hospital). This copyright owner can grant certain permissions to whoever they wish, without giving up their ownership of the copyright. So the hospital and its employees will be given permission to use such radiographic images for the various purposes that they require for medical care. Physicians employed at the hospital will, in their contracts, be given the right to publish patient information in journal papers or books they write (providing they are made anonymous). Patients may also be granted permission to "do what they like with" their own images.
1441:, "the Office will not register works produced by a machine or mere mechanical process that operates randomly or automatically without any creative input or intervention from a human author" including "Medical imaging produced by X-rays, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging, or other diagnostic equipment." This position differs from the broad copyright protections afforded to photographs. While the Copyright Compendium is an agency statutory interpretation and not legally binding, courts are likely to give deference to it if they find it reasonable. Yet, there is no U.S. federal case law directly addressing the issue of the copyrightability of X-ray images.
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advancing the field of molecular imaging. In most other medical imaging modalities, energy is passed through the body and the reaction or result is read by detectors. In SPECT imaging, the patient is injected with a radioisotope, most commonly
Thallium 201TI, Technetium 99mTC, Iodine 123I, and Gallium 67Ga. The radioactive gamma rays are emitted through the body as the natural decaying process of these isotopes takes place. The emissions of the gamma rays are captured by detectors that surround the body. This essentially means that the human is now the source of the radioactivity, rather than the medical imaging devices such as X-ray or CT.
758:(CT), or Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) scan, is a helical tomography technique (latest generation), which traditionally produces a 2D image of the structures in a thin section of the body. In CT, a beam of X-rays spins around an object being examined and is picked up by sensitive radiation detectors after having penetrated the object from multiple angles. A computer then analyses the information received from the scanner's detectors and constructs a detailed image of the object and its contents using the mathematical principles laid out in the
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Transthoracic ultrasound has been proven to be safe for patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly, without risk of harmful side effects or radiation, differentiating it from other imaging modalities. Echocardiography is one of the most commonly used imaging modalities in the world due to its portability and use in a variety of applications. In emergency situations, echocardiography is quick, easily accessible, and able to be performed at the bedside, making it the modality of choice for many physicians.
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378:, such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs as they work. Fluoroscopy is also used in image-guided procedures when constant feedback during a procedure is required. An image receptor is required to convert the radiation into an image after it has passed through the area of interest. Early on, this was a fluorescing screen, which gave way to an Image Amplifier (IA) which was a large vacuum tube that had the receiving end coated with
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1355:, which is any individually identifiable information relating to the past, present, or future physical or mental health of any individual. While there has not been any definitive legal decision in the matter, at least one study has indicated that medical imaging may contain biometric information that can uniquely identify a person, and so may qualify as PHI.
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T2-weighted (T2-MRI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI-MRI), dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE-MRI), and spectroscopy (MRI-S). For example, imaging of prostate tumors is better accomplished using T2-MRI and DWI-MRI than T2-weighted imaging alone. The number of applications of mpMRI for detecting disease in various organs continues to expand, including
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bile duct and stone in the common bile duct. With the ability to visualize important structures in great detail, 3D visualization methods are a valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of many pathologies. It was a key resource for the famous, but ultimately unsuccessful attempt by
Singaporean surgeons to separate Iranian twins
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any nucleus with a net nuclear spin can be used, the proton of the hydrogen atom remains the most widely used, especially in the clinical setting, because it is so ubiquitous and returns a large signal. This nucleus, present in water molecules, allows the excellent soft-tissue contrast achievable with MRI.
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or science. The protection requires some sort of photographic technique being used, which includes digital cameras as well as holograms created by laser technique. The difference between the two types of work is the term of protection, which amounts to seventy years after the death of the author of a
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The copyright in a compilation or derivative work extends only to the material contributed by the author of such work, as distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work, and does not imply any exclusive right in the preexisting material. The copyright in such work is independent of,
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are produced using a somewhat similar technique. In diagnosing disease of the viscera of the abdomen, ultrasound is particularly sensitive on imaging of biliary tract, urinary tract and female reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tubes). As for example, diagnosis of gallstone by dilatation of common
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dose burden than projection radiography; repeated scans must be limited to avoid health effects. CT is based on the same principles as X-ray projections but in this case, the patient is enclosed in a surrounding ring of detectors assigned with 500–1000 scintillation detectors (fourth-generation X-ray
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is a recently developed hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the photoacoustic effect. It combines the advantages of optical absorption contrast with an ultrasonic spatial resolution for deep imaging in (optical) diffusive or quasi-diffusive regime. Recent studies have shown that photoacoustic
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in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however. Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins. While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal
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Fiduciary markers are used in a wide range of medical imaging applications. Images of the same subject produced with two different imaging systems may be correlated (called image registration) by placing a fiduciary marker in the area imaged by both systems. In this case, a marker which is visible in
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Because CT and MRI are sensitive to different tissue properties, the appearances of the images obtained with the two techniques differ markedly. In CT, X-rays must be blocked by some form of dense tissue to create an image, so the image quality when looking at soft tissues will be poor. In MRI, while
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Because of the large amount of medical imaging data, the transmission process becomes complicated in telemedicine applications. Thus, in order to adapt the data bit streams to the constraints related to the limitation of the bandwidths a reduction of the size of the data by compression of the images
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designates the technical aspects of medical imaging and in particular the acquisition of medical images. The radiographer (also known as a radiologic technologist) is usually responsible for acquiring medical images of diagnostic quality; although other professionals may train in this area, notably
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An imaging centre that is responsible for collecting the images, perform quality control and provide tools for data storage, distribution and analysis. It is important for images acquired at different time points are displayed in a standardised format to maintain the reliability of the evaluation.
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Elastography is a relatively new imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue. This modality emerged in the last two decades. Elastography is useful in medical diagnoses, as elasticity can discern healthy from unhealthy tissue for specific organs/growths. For example, cancerous
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A number of different pulse sequences can be used for specific MRI diagnostic imaging (multiparametric MRI or mpMRI). It is possible to differentiate tissue characteristics by combining two or more of the following imaging sequences, depending on the information being sought: T1-weighted (T1-MRI),
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copyright protection) and lasts only for 50 years after image creation, if not published within 50 years, or for 50 years after the first legitimate publication. The letter of the law grants this right to the "Lichtbildner", i.e. the person who created the image. The literature seems to uniformly
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Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be referred to as molecular medicine or molecular imaging and therapeutics. Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and the energetic particles emitted from radioactive material to diagnose or
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is a 3D tomographic technique that uses gamma camera data from many projections and can be reconstructed in different planes. A dual detector head gamma camera combined with a CT scanner, which provides localization of functional SPECT data, is termed a SPECT-CT camera, and has shown utility in
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The amount of data obtained in a single MR or CT scan is very extensive. Some of the data that radiologists discard could save patients time and money, while reducing their exposure to radiation and risk of complications from invasive procedures. Another approach for making the procedures more
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Medical images created in the United
Kingdom will normally be protected by copyright due to "the high level of skill, labour and judgement required to produce a good quality X-ray, particularly to show contrast between bones and various soft tissues". The Society of Radiographers believe this
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Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging. Projection radiography and fluoroscopy, with the latter being useful for catheter guidance. These 2D techniques are still in wide use despite the advance of 3D tomography due to the low cost, high resolution, and depending on the
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A "derivative work" is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation... art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other
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imaging to create pictures of the heart and visualize the blood flowing through each of the four heart valves. Echocardiography is widely used in an array of patients ranging from those experiencing symptoms, such as shortness of breath or chest pain, to those undergoing cancer treatments.
490:. However, there are well-identified health risks associated with tissue heating from exposure to the RF field and the presence of implanted devices in the body, such as pacemakers. These risks are strictly controlled as part of the design of the instrument and the scanning protocols used.
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or "clinical imaging". "Visible light" medical imaging involves digital video or still pictures that can be seen without special equipment. Dermatology and wound care are two modalities that use visible light imagery. Interpretation of medical images is generally undertaken by a physician
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to optimize the image reconstruction involved with positron imaging. This is performed on the same equipment without physically moving the patient off of the gantry. The resultant hybrid of functional and anatomic imaging information is a useful tool in non-invasive diagnosis and patient
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treat various pathology. Different from the typical concept of anatomic radiology, nuclear medicine enables assessment of physiology. This function-based approach to medical evaluation has useful applications in most subspecialties, notably oncology, neurology, and cardiology.
1223:(a characteristic that is objectively measured by an imaging technique, which is used as an indicator of pharmacological response to a therapy) and surrogate endpoints have shown to facilitate the use of small group sizes, obtaining quick results with good statistical power.
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As of 2010, 5 billion medical imaging studies had been conducted worldwide. Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50% of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United States. Medical imaging equipment is manufactured using technology from the
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and is therefore not associated with the same health hazards. For example, because MRI has only been in use since the early 1980s, there are no known long-term effects of exposure to strong static fields (this is the subject of some debate; see 'Safety' in
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Standard is used globally to store, exchange, and transmit medical images. The DICOM Standard incorporates protocols for imaging techniques such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and radiation therapy.
591:, creating F18-fluorodeoxyglucose, which can be used as a marker of metabolic utilization. Images of activity distribution throughout the body can show rapidly growing tissue, like tumor, metastasis, or infection. PET images can be viewed in comparison to
453:) static magnetic field to polarize the hydrogen nuclei, called the primary field; gradient fields that can be modified to vary in space and time (on the order of 1 kHz) for spatial encoding, often simply called gradients; and a spatially homogeneous
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Imaging is able to reveal subtle change that is indicative of the progression of therapy that may be missed out by more subjective, traditional approaches. Statistical bias is reduced as the findings are evaluated without any direct patient contact.
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techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D static output on film. To produce 3D images, many scans are made and then
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Medical imaging systems produce increasingly accurate images with improved quality using higher spatial resolutions and color bit-depth. Such improvements increase the amount of information that needs to be stored, processed, and
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scans of the entire brain can accurately assess the rate of hippocampal atrophy, while PET scans can measure the brain's metabolic activity by measuring regional glucose metabolism, and beta-amyloid plaques using tracers such as
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imaging technique. Modern MRI instruments are capable of producing images in the form of 3D blocks, which may be considered a generalization of the single-slice, tomographic, concept. Unlike CT, MRI does not involve the use of
810:. Echocardiography allows detailed structures of the heart, including chamber size, heart function, the valves of the heart, as well as the pericardium (the sac around the heart) to be seen. Echocardiography uses 2D, 3D, and
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efficient is based on utilizing additional constraints, e.g., in some medical imaging modalities one can improve the efficiency of the data acquisition by taking into account the fact the reconstructed density is positive.
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depending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, image acquisition (e.g., radiography), modeling and quantification are usually the preserve of biomedical engineering, medical physics, and
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Medical imaging techniques produce very large amounts of data, especially from CT, MRI and PET modalities. As a result, storage and communications of electronic image data are prohibitive without the use of compression.
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PACS. A recent article by
Applied Radiology said, "As the digital-imaging realm is embraced across the healthcare enterprise, the swift transition from terabytes to petabytes of data has put radiology on the brink of
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or outcomes are used to determine whether the therapy is safe and effective. Once a patient reaches the endpoint, he or she is generally excluded from further experimental interaction. Trials that rely solely on
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standard for storage and transmission of medical images. The cost and feasibility of accessing large image data sets over low or various bandwidths are further addressed by use of another DICOM standard, called
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289:; however, this may be undertaken by any healthcare professional who is trained and certified in radiological clinical evaluation. Increasingly interpretation is being undertaken by non-physicians, for example
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Certain specialised imaging contract research organizations provide end to end medical imaging services, from protocol design and site management through to data quality assurance and image analysis.
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318:; Research into the application and interpretation of medical images is usually the preserve of radiology and the medical sub-discipline relevant to medical condition or area of medical science (
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Banerjee R, Pavlides M, Tunnicliffe EM, Piechnik SK, Sarania N, Philips R, Collier JD, Booth JC, Schneider JE, Wang LM, Delaney DW, Fleming KA, Robson MD, Barnes E, Neubauer S (January 2014).
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consider the medical doctor, dentist or veterinary physician as the rights holder, which may result from the circumstance that in
Germany many X-rays are performed in ambulatory settings.
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In the United States, as estimate as of 2015 places the US market for imaging scans at about $ 100b, with 60% occurring in hospitals and 40% occurring in freestanding clinics, such as the
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A realistic imaging protocol. The protocol is an outline that standardizes (as far as practically possible) the way in which the images are acquired using the various modalities (
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CT scanner geometry). Previously in older generation scanners, the X-ray beam was paired by a translating source and detector. Computed tomography has almost completely replaced
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shrinkage is a commonly used surrogate endpoint in solid tumour response evaluation. This allows for faster and more objective assessment of the effects of anticancer drugs. In
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points in bone. Images are acquired after collimated photons are detected by a crystal that gives off a light signal, which is in turn amplified and converted into count data.
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are taken internally, for example, intravenously or orally. Then, gamma cameras capture and form two-dimensional images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals.
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Medical imaging may possibly be included in the scope of "photography", similarly to a U.S. statement that "MRI images, CT scans, and the like are analogous to photography."
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390:, more commonly known as X-rays, are often used to determine the type and extent of a fracture as well as for detecting pathological changes in the lungs. With the use of
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Perera
Molligoda Arachchige, Arosh S.; Svet, Afanasy (2021-09-10). "Integrating artificial intelligence into radiology practice: undergraduate students' perspective".
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In a derivative of a medical image created in the U.S., added annotations and explanations may be copyrightable, but the medical image itself remains public domain.
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that contain data about the measurement locations. In a limited comparison, these technologies can be considered forms of medical imaging in another discipline of
3357:* Scholarly legal literature:(Schulze, in: Dreier/Schulze, 2013, §72 Rdnr. 6 w. reference to Schricker/Vogel §72 Rdnr. 18 and Wandtke/Bullinger/Thum §72 Rdnr. 10
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Many medical imaging software applications are used for non-diagnostic imaging, specifically because they do not have an FDA approval and not allowed to use in
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is administered to the patient. Isotopes are often preferentially absorbed by biologically active tissue in the body, and can be used to identify tumors or
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3385:, a federal regulation about the protection against damages by X-rays, which in §28 Abs. 5 twice mentions the "Urheber" (author/creator) of X-ray images
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1111:
856:
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1787:"SpinTech MRI Announces FDA 510(k) Clearance and Availability for STAGE 2.0 with CROWN Noise Reduction for Faster Brain Scans and Greater Image Clarity"
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Ophir J, CĂ©spedes I, Ponnekanti H, Yazdi Y, Li X (April 1991). "Elastography: a quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues".
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imaging can be used in vivo for tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation mapping, functional brain imaging, and skin melanoma detection, etc.
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states: "Pictures can be protected as photographic works or as photographic pictures. The former requires a higher level of originality; the latter
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the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (
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3321:, 942 F.Supp.2d 962, 976 (N.D. Cal. 2013) ("Interpretation of copyright law in the Compendium II is 'entitled to judicial deference if reasonable.
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are used in e.g. scintigraphy, SPECT and PET to detect regions of biologic activity that may be associated with a disease. Relatively short-lived
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or T. Hillegeist: Rechtliche
Probleme der elektronischen Langzeitarchivierung wissenschaftlicher Primärdaten. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2012
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The UK General
Medical Council's ethical guidelines indicate that the Council does not require consent prior to secondary uses of X-ray images.
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262:" is used to denote a procedure where no instrument is introduced into a patient's body, which is the case for most imaging techniques used.
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Organizations in the medical imaging industry include manufacturers of imaging equipment, freestanding radiology facilities, and hospitals.
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Medical imaging has become a major tool in clinical trials since it enables rapid diagnosis with visualization and quantitative assessment.
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and does not affect or enlarge the scope, duration, ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright protection in the preexisting material.
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is used in order to capture the video signal from the medical device and relay it to a computer for further processing and operations.
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has also been used in experimental circumstances to allow people (especially disabled persons) to control outside devices, acting as a
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and is determined by the strength of the main magnetic field and the chemical environment of the nuclei of interest. MRI uses three
184:(ECG), and others, represent other technologies that produce data susceptible to representation as a parameter graph versus time or
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This article is about imaging techniques and modalities for the human body. For imaging of non-human animals in research, see
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The global market for manufactured devices was estimated at $ 5 billion in 2018. Notable manufacturers as of 2012 included
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are not associated with any risk for the mother or the fetus, and are the imaging techniques of choice for pregnant women.
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Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S (April 2016).
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141:). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat
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Matthews PM, Rabiner I, Gunn R (October 2011). "Non-invasive imaging in experimental medicine for drug development".
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Kahn CE, Carrino JA, Flynn MJ, Peck DJ, Horii SC (September 2007). "DICOM and radiology: past, present, and future".
791:(MRI) commonly produces tomographic images of cross-sections of the body. (See separate MRI section in this article.)
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3D tactile image (C) is composed from 2D pressure maps (B) recorded in the process of tissue phantom examination (A).
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range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with
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2612:"RNS-Based FPGA Accelerators for High-Quality 3D Medical Image Wavelet Processing Using Scaled Filter Coefficients"
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675:. Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool for capturing raw data, that can be made available through an
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482:) and therefore there is no limit to the number of scans to which an individual can be subjected, in contrast with
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Nemirovsky J, Shimron E (2015). "Utilizing
Bochners Theorem for Constrained Evaluation of Missing Fourier Data".
1188:. Cloud computing offers the imaging department of the future the tools to manage data much more intelligently."
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468:, MRI traditionally creates a two-dimensional image of a thin "slice" of the body and is therefore considered a
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Legal commentaries: K. Hartung, E. Ludewig, B. Tellhelm: Röntgenuntersuchung in der Tierarztpraxis. Enke, 2010
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3176:, Accessed October 1, 2014. None of the aforementioned sources are legally binding and court outcomes may vary.
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in numerous situations, in particular that it studies the function of moving structures in real-time, emits no
583:(PET) uses coincidence detection to image functional processes. Short-lived positron emitting isotope, such as
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1409:. In 2016, the manufacturing industry was characterized as oligopolistic and mature; new entrants included in
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Willmann JK, van Bruggen N, Dinkelborg LM, Gambhir SS (July 2008). "Molecular imaging in drug development".
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877:, along with the lack of signal decrease with tissue depth. MPI has been used in medical research to image
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621:(MRI). Similarly, fiducial points established during MRI can be correlated with brain images generated by
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photographic work as opposed to fifty years, from the year in which the photographic picture was taken."
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the images produced by both imaging modalities must be used. By this method, functional information from
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or S.C. Linnemann: Veröffentlichung "anonymisierter" Röntgenbilder. Dent Implantol 17, 2, 132-134 (2013)
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have been shown to cut down the time required to confirm whether a drug has clinical benefits. Imaging
457:(RF) field for manipulation of the hydrogen nuclei to produce measurable signals, collected through an
2551:"Treating Medical Ailments in Real Time Using Epiphan DVI2USB | Solutions | Epiphan Systems"
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Comley RA, Kallend D (February 2013). "Imaging in the cardiovascular and metabolic disease area".
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Hargreaves RJ (February 2008). "The role of molecular imaging in drug discovery and development".
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modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a "derivative work".
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application, lower radiation dosages with 2D technique. This imaging modality uses a wide beam of
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imaging, capturing the image produced by a medical imaging device is required for archiving and
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2012:
1289:
Clinical sites that recruit patients to generate the images to send back to the imaging centre.
46:
5394:
5359:
5354:
5295:
5043:
4892:
4693:
4643:
4616:
4544:
4423:
4403:
4246:
4051:
3948:
3536:
3515:
3496:
3426:
3151:
3082:
3028:
3001:
2914:
2879:
2844:
2801:
2764:
2641:
2592:
2470:
2434:
2426:
2312:
2271:
2222:
2187:
2135:
2086:
2043:
1969:
1917:
1868:
1766:
1648:
1394:
1209:
1204:
1099:
1095:
1076:
Some of these techniques are still at a research stage and not yet used in clinical routines.
298:
some radiological interventions performed by radiologists are done so without a radiographer.
73:
3445:
3101:
https://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/combined/hipaa-simplification-201303.pdf
1604:
musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording
1255:(PiB). Historically less use has been made of quantitative medical imaging in other areas of
5332:
5221:
5080:
4852:
4804:
4703:
4688:
4683:
4663:
4514:
4489:
4453:
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4383:
4317:
4221:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4089:
4036:
3963:
3903:
3878:
3774:
3759:
3721:
3614:
3141:
3133:
3072:
3064:
2993:
2906:
2836:
2793:
2730:
2684:
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2584:
2418:
2302:
2261:
2214:
2177:
2169:
2125:
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2076:
1961:
1951:
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1858:
1850:
1733:
1638:
1328:
1256:
999:
959:
901:
801:
523:
507:
442:
433:) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite
334:, etc.) under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging also have
315:
270:
228:
158:
3173:
1669:(Press release). National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements. March 5, 2009
1667:"Medical Radiation Exposure Of The U.S. Population Greatly Increased Since The Early 1980s"
5430:
4882:
4848:
4821:
4816:
4708:
4648:
4559:
4484:
4428:
4378:
4021:
3696:
3661:
3563:
3461:"Laser Bones: Copyright Issues Raised by the Use of Information Technology in Archaeology"
3393:
3107:
2460:
2371:
1344:
1180:
759:
458:
454:
306:
240:
232:
154:
3827:
1238:(MRI) are routinely used in oncology and neuroscience areas. For example, measurement of
1016:
in 2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for similar operations with great success.
2627:
2610:
Nagornov, Nikolay N.; Lyakhov, Pavel A.; Valueva, Maria V.; Bergerman, Maxim V. (2022).
2257:
1212:
are very costly as they have long durations and tend to need large numbers of patients.
751:
is the imaging by sections or sectioning. The main such methods in medical imaging are:
382:, and a mirror at the opposite end. Eventually the mirror was replaced with a TV camera.
301:
As a field of scientific investigation, medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of
5572:
4673:
4638:
4579:
4534:
4433:
4418:
4312:
4287:
4241:
4195:
4190:
4026:
3958:
3146:
3121:
3077:
3052:
2266:
2241:
2182:
2157:
2130:
2105:
2081:
1912:
1887:
1863:
1838:
1520:
1386:
1200:
878:
807:
546:
375:
361:
for image acquisition and is the first imaging technique available in modern medicine.
244:
3305:
3051:
Winkler SA, Schmitt F, Landes H, de Bever J, Wade T, Alejski A, Rutt BK (March 2018).
2307:
2290:
595:
scans to determine an anatomic correlate. Modern scanners may integrate PET, allowing
5659:
5204:
5173:
5161:
5156:
4914:
4809:
4633:
4519:
4443:
4408:
4388:
4292:
4256:
4110:
4094:
4079:
3883:
3641:
3623:
3559:
3068:
2932:
Sadek, Rowayda A. (May 2012). "An improved MRI segmentation for atrophy assessment".
2742:
2696:
2673:"ROI-Based Compression Strategy of 3D MRI Brain Datasets for Wireless Communications"
2653:
2446:
2218:
2065:"Correlation of single photon emission CT with MR image data using fiduciary markers"
1714:
James AP, Dasarathy BV (2014). "Medical Image Fusion: A survey of state of the art".
1374:
1298:
Medical imaging can lead to patient and healthcare provider harm through exposure to
1282:). It covers the specifics in which images are to be stored, processed and evaluated.
1125:
1043:
1008:
967:
935:
905:
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produces real-time images of internal structures of the body in a similar fashion to
216:
161:
can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of
3407:
3342:
2967:
International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition
2856:
2813:
2324:
2064:
1839:"Multiparametric magnetic resonance for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver disease"
1745:
1482:
5587:
5440:
5435:
5342:
5166:
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5085:
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4529:
4494:
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4368:
4338:
4216:
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3646:
1516:
1121:
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975:
870:
688:
672:
563:
558:
531:
503:
450:
399:
391:
319:
290:
278:
In the clinical context, "invisible light" medical imaging is generally equated to
3188:"Want Fries With That? A Brief History Of Medical MRI, Starting With A McDonald's"
121:
27:
Technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body
3530:
2997:
2503:"FDA: Statistical Guidance for Clinical Trials of Non Diagnostic Medical Devices"
2464:
2156:
Sarvazyan A, Hall TJ, Urban MW, Fatemi M, Aglyamov SR, Garra BS (November 2011).
1760:
1737:
1466:
970:
than what are associated with fetal harm. At higher dosages, effects can include
5510:
5065:
4897:
4887:
4867:
4857:
4799:
4794:
4763:
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4539:
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4438:
4363:
4333:
4271:
4226:
2636:
2611:
2554:
1500:
971:
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537:
426:
371:
366:
351:
294:
285:
220:
168:
Measurement and recording techniques that are not primarily designed to produce
115:
3375:
3020:
2910:
2688:
2588:
2422:
2173:
1956:
1903:
1854:
1643:
1626:
17:
5146:
4909:
4904:
4872:
4524:
4302:
4266:
4261:
4011:
3816:
3706:
3681:
3671:
3574:
1220:
1117:
867:
748:
733:
469:
331:
327:
323:
224:
150:
138:
66:
3137:
2963:"Regional atrophy analysis of MRI for early detection of alzheimer's disease"
2645:
2430:
5473:
5409:
4862:
4606:
4574:
4175:
4150:
4031:
4016:
3631:
3583:
2797:
1627:"Radiation-reduction strategies in cardiac computed tomographic angiography"
1164:
1151:
923:
655:
651:
293:
frequently train in interpretation as part of expanded practice. Diagnostic
279:
162:
3345:
3155:
3086:
3032:
3005:
2962:
2918:
2883:
2848:
2805:
2596:
2438:
2275:
2191:
2139:
2121:
1973:
1921:
1872:
1652:
247:
devices. As of 2015, annual shipments of medical imaging chips amount to 46
153:
to make it possible to identify abnormalities. Although imaging of removed
95:
2316:
2226:
2090:
1689:"Medical Imaging Chip Global Unit Volume To Soar Over the Next Five Years"
5496:
4001:
3779:
3711:
3676:
1523:. This protection does not require creativity (as would be necessary for
1370:
550:
511:
434:
310:
108:
1965:
5525:
4928:
4474:
3986:
3686:
2291:"Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function"
1759:
Brown RW, Cheng YC, Haacke EM, Thompson MR, Venkatesan R (2 May 2014).
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1007:
to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician.
955:
897:
782:
600:
588:
542:
335:
212:
146:
142:
134:
103:
52:
2870:
McCarthy TJ (August 2009). "The role of imaging in drug development".
693:
5520:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3731:
3726:
3691:
3656:
3578:
2013:"scintigraphy – definition of scintigraphy in the Medical dictionary"
1421:
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1239:
1053:
1048:
778:
643:
Ultrasound image showing the liver, gallbladder and common bile duct.
596:
438:
395:
358:
3120:
Shamir L, Ling S, Rahimi S, Ferrucci L, Goldberg IG (January 2009).
2840:
2734:
1262:
An imaging-based trial will usually be made up of three components:
3379:
2394:
2242:"Imaging the elastic properties of tissue: the 20 year perspective"
1762:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design
806:
When ultrasound is used to image the heart it is referred to as an
5547:
4758:
4719:
3981:
3736:
3716:
2344:"Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation"
2106:"Medical ultrasound: imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity"
1728:
1448:
1271:
1155:
1137:
892:
727:
692:
638:
610:
499:
483:
416:
269:
169:
2671:
Dhouib, D.; NaĂŻt-Ali, A.; Olivier, C.; Naceur, M.S. (June 2021).
1351:(HIPAA) sets restrictions for health care providers on utilizing
863:) is a developing diagnostic imaging technique used for tracking
3651:
2158:"Overview of elastography–an emerging branch of medical imaging"
1313:
1160:
374:, but employs a constant input of X-rays, at a lower dose rate.
201:
4723:
3831:
3587:
2872:
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
421:
One frame of an MRI scan of the head showing the eyes and brain
4006:
3741:
1247:
479:
430:
185:
2365:
Waste not, want not: Getting the most from imaging procedures
1203:
goes through multiple phases and can take up to eight years.
3360:
and Thum, in: Wandtke/Bullinger, UrhG, 32009, §72, Rn. 15.)
1812:"Combining MRI parameters is better than T2 weighting alone"
3259:"The €32 billion diagnostic imaging market at a crossroads"
1988:"Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI)"
1625:
Roobottom CA, Mitchell G, Morgan-Hughes G (November 2010).
2411:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
3212:
3053:"Gradient and shim technologies for ultra high field MRI"
829:
FNIR Is a relatively new non-invasive imaging technique.
777:(PET) also used in conjunction with computed tomography,
3381:), which mentions copyright in X-ray images, and by the
3174:
http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/7840.asp
2934:
International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI)
1175:
There has been growing trend to migrate from on-premise
833:(near infrared spectroscopy) is used for the purpose of
145:. Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal
3168:
Recordings for which separate consent is not required,
1102:
studies are not designed for patient diagnosis anyway.
1551:
protects all types of photographs, also the ones taken
3374:
Indirectly by a ruling of a German 2nd-level court: (
1991:
1138:
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)
744:
compared with the (not tomographic) projected image P
617:
can be related to anatomical information provided by
2349:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
966:
exposure, but have with a few exceptions much lower
587:, is incorporated with an organic substance such as
5614:
5586:
5542:
5491:
5468:
5458:
5423:
5340:
5331:
5182:
5098:
5058:
4977:
4936:
4927:
4771:
4757:
4592:
4462:
4326:
4280:
4204:
4103:
4072:
4065:
3972:
3866:
3750:
3622:
3283:"The Future of Imaging Diagnostic Centers in China"
1892:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America
1349:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
114:
102:
88:
72:
60:
39:
3378:Aachen, Urteil v. 16. Oktober 1985, Az. 7 S 90/85
1335:to prevent external disturbance of image quality.
3234:"Top ten diagnostic imaging device manufacturers"
2526:"Genes Now Tell Doctors Secrets They Can't Utter"
1343:Medical imaging are generally covered by laws of
736:: superposition free tomographic cross sections S
2033:
2031:
2029:
1019:Other proposed or developed techniques include:
934:or an acquired disease in pregnancy, or routine
3099:HIPAA 45 CFR Part 160.103 (2013). Available at
3027:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1461:is given by the United States Copyright Act in
562:("scint") is a form of diagnostic test wherein
4735:
3843:
3599:
3307:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office practices
1888:"Multiparametric MR Imaging of Breast Cancer"
1439:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices
8:
3122:"Biometric identification using knee X-rays"
3021:"Radiology Patient Safety and Communication"
2577:Journal of the American College of Radiology
3019:Emmerson, Benjamin; Young, Michael (2023),
5465:
5347:
5337:
4933:
4777:
4768:
4742:
4728:
4720:
4069:
3850:
3836:
3828:
3606:
3592:
3584:
2015:. Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
1112:Picture archiving and communication system
857:superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
625:to localize the source of brain activity.
3423:The law of photography and digital images
3145:
3076:
2945:
2754:
2752:
2635:
2393:
2306:
2265:
2181:
2129:
2080:
1955:
1911:
1862:
1727:
1642:
1519:images are protected by (copyright-like)
425:A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (
5578:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
2240:Parker KJ, Doyley MM, Rubens DJ (2011).
2069:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1886:Rahbar H, Partridge SC (February 2016).
1347:. For example, in the United States the
55:of the chest showing the heart and lungs
3468:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
2338:
2336:
2334:
2289:Villringer A, Chance B (October 1997).
2151:
2149:
2110:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
1617:
1597:
1163:, to enable efficient streaming of the
2786:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2489:FDA: Device Approvals and Clearances,
1937:"Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update"
1098:for patient diagnosis. Note that many
36:
1521:related rights or neighbouring rights
1192:Use in pharmaceutical clinical trials
825:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
819:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
283:specialising in radiology known as a
7:
3512:A Patient's Guide to Medical Imaging
2104:Wells PN, Liang HD (November 2011).
1457:An extensive definition of the term
995:Creation of three-dimensional images
873:. The primary advantage is the high
712:Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine
514:disruption agents on cancer tumors.
449:: a very strong (typically 1.5 to 3
3126:International Journal of Biometrics
2961:Rowayda, A. Sadek (February 2013).
2042:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience.
1215:In contrast to clinical endpoints,
1124:applications. In most scenarios, a
429:), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (
5385:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3510:Eisenberg RL, Margulis AR (2011).
3491:Cho ZH, Jones JP, Singh M (1993).
837:and has been widely accepted as a
25:
2063:Erickson BJ, Jack CR (May 1993).
1154:image compression is used by the
781:, and magnetic resonance imaging
274:Plain X-ray of the wrist and hand
5640:
5639:
3069:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.033
2759:Hajnal JV, Hill DL (June 2001).
2524:Kolata, Gina (August 25, 2012).
1944:International Journal of Surgery
986:Maximizing imaging procedure use
133:is the technique and process of
45:
5142:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
2899:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
2246:Physics in Medicine and Biology
2162:Current Medical Imaging Reviews
1034:Electrical impedance tomography
510:, and assessing the effects of
5390:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3535:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
3493:Foundations of medical imaging
2829:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1316:is the main material used for
1259:although interest is growing.
962:imaging result some degree of
1:
5370:Radionuclide ventriculography
4844:Lower gastrointestinal series
4836:Upper gastrointestinal series
3874:Biological data visualization
3319:Craigslist Inc. v. 3Taps Inc.
2553:. Epiphan.com. Archived from
2308:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01132-6
1145:Compression of medical images
1069:Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
859:, magnetic particle imaging (
677:ultrasound research interface
5561:Optical coherence tomography
5483:Myocardial perfusion imaging
5071:Dental panoramic radiography
3529:Udupa JK, Herman GT (1999).
3421:Michalos, Christina (2004).
3383:Röntgenverordnung of Germany
2998:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.09.008
2267:10.1088/0031-9155/57/16/5359
2219:10.1016/0161-7346(91)90079-W
1738:10.1016/j.inffus.2013.12.002
1581:Radiologists Without Borders
1353:protected health information
1232:positron emission tomography
1171:Medical imaging in the cloud
1064:Optical coherence tomography
914:Medical imaging in pregnancy
775:Positron emission tomography
771:in X-ray tomography imaging.
615:positron emission tomography
580:Positron emission tomography
165:instead of medical imaging.
3514:. Oxford University Press.
2637:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3151361
2469:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
1230:Imaging techniques such as
875:sensitivity and specificity
209:power semiconductor devices
5702:
5365:Ventilation/perfusion scan
4840:Small-bowel follow-through
3914:Mathematical visualization
3329:; accessed Sept. 25, 2014.
3110:, Accessed Sept. 17, 2014.
2911:10.1016/j.coph.2011.04.009
2761:Medical image registration
2689:10.1016/j.irbm.2020.05.001
2589:10.1016/j.jacr.2007.06.004
2423:10.1007/s00259-021-05558-y
2174:10.2174/157340511798038684
1957:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053
1904:10.1016/j.mric.2015.08.012
1855:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.002
1818:. Sperling Prostate Center
1816:sperlingprostatecenter.com
1644:10.1016/j.crad.2010.04.021
1437:As per chapter 300 of the
1325:magnetic resonance imaging
1320:against scattered X-rays.
1236:magnetic resonance imaging
1109:
1024:Diffuse optical tomography
940:Magnetic resonance imaging
911:
848:
822:
799:
789:Magnetic resonance imaging
709:
686:
632:
619:magnetic resonance imaging
521:
413:Magnetic resonance imaging
410:
407:Magnetic resonance imaging
349:
29:
5666:Image processing software
5635:
5606:Dynamic angiothermography
5350:
5274:Abdominal ultrasonography
4780:
3909:Information visualization
3894:Educational visualization
1990:. Snm.org. Archived from
948:obstetric ultrasonography
851:Magnetic particle imaging
845:Magnetic particle imaging
756:X-ray computed tomography
237:digital signal processors
227:, and processors such as
44:
5596:Non-contact thermography
5375:Radionuclide angiography
5227:Doppler echocardiography
4085:Charles-René de Fourcroy
3934:Scientific visualization
3861:of technical information
3408:"§ 72 UrhG - Einzelnorm"
3263:healthcare-in-europe.com
3138:10.1504/IJBM.2009.024279
2714:Shrestha RB (May 2011).
2038:Dhawan, Atam P. (2003).
1089:brain computer interface
952:Projectional radiography
908:to the developing fetus.
904:in this case) confers a
394:contrast media, such as
387:Projectional radiographs
5380:Radioisotope renography
3569:considered for deletion
3425:. Sweet & Maxwell.
3170:General Medical Council
2798:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100467
2295:Trends in Neurosciences
1294:Risks and safety issues
1167:compressed image data.
1106:Archiving and recording
980:intellectual disability
928:pregnancy complications
918:Medical imaging may be
835:functional neuroimaging
190:medical instrumentation
5415:Gastric emptying study
4505:Christopher R. Johnson
4057:Technical illustration
3944:Software visualization
3667:FMRIB Software Library
3532:3D Imaging in Medicine
3344:like "simple images" (
2716:"Imaging on the cloud"
2492:. Retrieved 2012-31-08
2466:3D Imaging in Medicine
2122:10.1098/rsif.2011.0054
2040:Medical Image Analysis
1492:
1476:
1454:
1318:radiographic shielding
1080:Non-diagnostic imaging
1014:Ladan and Laleh Bijani
909:
769:focal plane tomography
745:
698:
644:
623:magnetoencephalography
447:electromagnetic fields
422:
303:biomedical engineering
275:
198:semiconductor industry
178:magnetoencephalography
174:electroencephalography
5076:X-ray motion analysis
4959:X-ray microtomography
4878:Hysterosalpingography
4785:Pneumoencephalography
4399:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
4212:Edward Walter Maunder
4136:Charles Joseph Minard
3954:User interface design
3929:Product visualization
1843:Journal of Hepatology
1693:Silicon Semiconductor
1576:Medical image sharing
1487:
1471:
1452:
1310:, and other hazards.
1253:Pittsburgh compound B
1110:Further information:
1005:combined by computers
896:
885:, and cell tracking.
731:
717:Photoacoustic imaging
706:Photoacoustic imaging
696:
642:
437:nuclei (i.e., single
420:
273:
5601:Contact thermography
5311:Emergency ultrasound
5249:Transcranial Doppler
5000:Abdominal and pelvis
4679:Scientific modelling
4654:Information graphics
4394:Clifford A. Pickover
4344:William S. Cleveland
4252:Henry Norris Russell
4237:Howard G. Funkhouser
4181:Florence Nightingale
4146:Francis Amasa Walker
4042:Statistical graphics
3964:Volume visualization
3939:Social visualization
2986:Drug Discovery Today
2463:, Herman GT (2000).
1950:(Suppl 1): S142-55.
1379:Siemens Healthineers
1186:information overload
1039:Optoacoustic imaging
932:pre-existing disease
671:that can be used in
650:uses high frequency
5568:Confocal microscopy
5446:Indium-111 WBC scan
5269:Echoencephalography
5005:Virtual colonoscopy
4659:Information science
4622:in computer science
4414:Sheelagh Carpendale
4349:George G. Robertson
4186:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
4121:André-Michel Guerry
3997:Graph of a function
3992:Engineering drawing
3495:. New York: Wiley.
3447:Cyber Law in Sweden
2628:2022IEEEA..1019215N
2376:Diagnostic Imaging.
2258:2012PMB....57.5359P
1547:Cyber Law in Sweden
1244:Alzheimer's disease
1217:surrogate endpoints
944:MRI contrast agents
762:. It has a greater
732:Basic principle of
654:sound waves in the
593:computed tomography
182:electrocardiography
32:Preclinical imaging
5556:Optical tomography
5405:Dacryoscintigraphy
5400:Immunoscintigraphy
5039:Whole body imaging
4790:Dental radiography
4699:Volume cartography
4463:Early 21st century
4359:Catherine Plaisant
4354:Bruce H. McCormick
4308:Mary Eleanor Spear
4298:Arthur H. Robinson
4232:Arthur Lyon Bowley
4205:Early 20th century
4052:Technical drawings
3924:Molecular graphics
3899:Flow visualization
3889:Data visualization
3392:2014-12-22 at the
3106:2015-06-12 at the
2530:The New York Times
2370:2012-04-02 at the
2207:Ultrasonic Imaging
1716:Information Fusion
1695:. 8 September 2016
1631:Clinical Radiology
1586:Confocal endoscopy
1571:Biological imaging
1509:medical ultrasound
1455:
1339:Privacy protection
1333:magnetic shielding
1304:iodinated contrast
1300:ionizing radiation
1210:clinical endpoints
1205:Clinical endpoints
1116:Used primarily in
1059:Corneal topography
964:ionizing radiation
910:
764:ionizing radiation
746:
699:
665:ionizing radiation
648:Medical ultrasound
645:
635:Medical ultrasound
475:ionizing radiation
423:
276:
251:million units and
205:integrated circuit
5653:
5652:
5615:Target conditions
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5454:
5453:
5395:Bone scintigraphy
5360:Scintimammography
5355:Cholescintigraphy
5200:contrast-enhanced
5094:
5093:
5054:
5053:
5044:Full-body CT scan
4944:General operation
4923:
4922:
4893:Angiocardiography
4717:
4716:
4694:Visual perception
4644:Graphic organizer
4617:Computer graphics
4588:
4587:
4570:Martin Wattenberg
4545:Hanspeter Pfister
4500:Martin Krzywinski
4424:Jock D. Mackinlay
4404:Thomas A. DeFanti
4327:Late 20th century
4247:Ejnar Hertzsprung
3949:Technical drawing
3825:
3824:
3542:978-0-84-933179-4
3521:978-0-19-972991-3
3432:978-0-421-76470-5
3213:"Medical Imaging"
2770:978-1-4200-4247-4
2723:Applied Radiology
2476:978-0-8493-3179-4
2417:(13): 4133–4135.
2049:978-0-471-45131-0
1810:Sperling, MD, D.
1772:978-1-118-63397-7
1592:Explanatory notes
1395:Carestream Health
1100:clinical research
1096:clinical research
865:superparamagnetic
660:imaging the fetus
508:pancreatic tumors
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
5693:
5686:Nuclear medicine
5676:Image processing
5643:
5642:
5466:
5348:
5338:
5222:Echocardiography
5081:Hounsfield scale
4934:
4853:Cholecystography
4778:
4769:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4704:Volume rendering
4689:Visual analytics
4684:Spatial analysis
4664:Misleading graph
4515:David McCandless
4490:Gordon Kindlmann
4454:Alfred Inselberg
4449:Leland Wilkinson
4384:Michael Friendly
4318:Howard T. Fisher
4281:Mid 20th century
4222:W. E. B. Du Bois
4126:William Playfair
4116:Adolphe Quetelet
4090:Joseph Priestley
4073:Pre-19th century
4070:
4037:Skeletal formula
3904:Geovisualization
3879:Chemical imaging
3852:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3615:Image processing
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3572:
3546:
3525:
3506:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3355:
3349:
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3324:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3238:Verdict Hospital
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3211:Russell, Bobby.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3186:Kincaid, Ellie.
3183:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3117:
3111:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3048:
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3016:
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2269:
2237:
2231:
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2202:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1959:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1605:
1602:
1553:by amateurs, or
1329:MRI RF shielding
1257:drug development
1000:Volume rendering
960:nuclear medicine
802:Echocardiography
796:Echocardiography
524:Nuclear medicine
518:Nuclear medicine
443:Larmor frequency
316:computer science
254:
250:
241:media processors
229:microcontrollers
124:
98:
49:
37:
21:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5681:Medical physics
5671:Medical imaging
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5631:
5610:
5582:
5530:
5516:PET mammography
5487:
5450:
5436:Gallium-67 scan
5431:Octreotide scan
5419:
5327:
5178:
5090:
5050:
4973:
4954:High-resolution
4919:
4883:Skeletal survey
4849:Cholangiography
4762:
4753:
4751:Medical imaging
4748:
4718:
4713:
4709:Information art
4649:Imaging science
4594:
4584:
4565:Fernanda Viégas
4560:Moritz Stefaner
4485:Jessica Hullman
4458:
4429:Alan MacEachren
4379:Ben Shneiderman
4322:
4276:
4200:
4099:
4061:
3974:
3968:
3919:Medical imaging
3862:
3856:
3826:
3821:
3746:
3618:
3612:
3575:Medical imaging
3557:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3528:
3522:
3509:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3484:Further reading
3481:
3480:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3394:Wayback Machine
3356:
3352:
3337:
3333:
3325:"). Available
3322:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3243:
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3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3172:, Available at
3167:
3163:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3108:Wayback Machine
3098:
3094:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2992:(3–4): 185–92.
2983:
2982:
2978:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2947:10.1.1.402.1227
2931:
2930:
2926:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2841:10.1038/nrd2290
2826:
2825:
2821:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2735:10.37549/AR1820
2718:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2622:: 19215–19231.
2609:
2608:
2604:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
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2500:
2496:
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2484:
2477:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2378:March 19, 2010.
2372:Wayback Machine
2362:
2358:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2116:(64): 1521–49.
2103:
2102:
2098:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1939:
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1933:
1929:
1885:
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1664:
1660:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1567:
1555:within medicine
1543:
1534:
1497:
1459:derivative work
1447:
1435:
1430:
1415:Neusoft Medical
1364:
1345:medical privacy
1341:
1308:magnetic fields
1296:
1194:
1173:
1147:
1134:
1114:
1108:
1082:
997:
988:
916:
902:volume rendered
891:
853:
847:
827:
821:
804:
798:
760:Radon transform
743:
739:
726:
714:
708:
691:
685:
667:, and contains
637:
631:
526:
520:
455:radio-frequency
415:
409:
354:
348:
307:medical physics
268:
252:
248:
233:microprocessors
131:Medical imaging
120:
96:003952 D 003952
94:
56:
51:One frame of a
40:Medical imaging
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Imaging studies
15:
12:
11:
5:
5699:
5697:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5573:Endomicroscopy
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5552:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
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5508:
5502:
5500:
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5488:
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5485:
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5451:
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5448:
5443:
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5102:
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5092:
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5088:
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5078:
5073:
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5062:
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5055:
5052:
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5048:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5009:
5008:
5007:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4833:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4766:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Patent drawing
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Graphic design
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4580:Hadley Wickham
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:Tamara Munzner
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:David Goodsell
4431:
4426:
4421:
4419:Cynthia Brewer
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4313:Edgar Anderson
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:Jacques Bertin
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:John B. Peddle
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4196:Francis Galton
4193:
4191:Toussaint Loua
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Georg von Mayr
4168:
4163:
4161:Matthew Sankey
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Sankey diagram
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3959:Visual culture
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3553:
3552:External links
3550:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3507:
3501:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
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3372:
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3331:
3311:
3298:
3274:
3250:
3225:
3203:
3178:
3161:
3132:(3): 365–370.
3112:
3092:
3043:
3011:
2976:
2953:
2924:
2889:
2862:
2835:(7): 591–607.
2819:
2776:
2769:
2748:
2706:
2683:(3): 146–153.
2663:
2602:
2567:
2542:
2516:
2494:
2482:
2475:
2452:
2401:
2380:
2356:
2330:
2301:(10): 435–42.
2281:
2232:
2197:
2168:(4): 255–282.
2145:
2096:
2055:
2048:
2025:
2004:
1979:
1927:
1898:(1): 223–238.
1878:
1829:
1802:
1778:
1771:
1751:
1706:
1680:
1658:
1637:(11): 859–67.
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
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1539:
1533:
1532:United Kingdom
1530:
1496:
1493:
1479:17 U.S.C.
1463:17 U.S.C.
1446:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1363:
1360:
1340:
1337:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1201:clinical trial
1193:
1190:
1172:
1169:
1146:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1107:
1104:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1009:3D ultrasounds
996:
993:
987:
984:
968:absorbed doses
942:(MRI) without
912:Main article:
906:radiation dose
890:
887:
883:neuroperfusion
879:cardiovascular
849:Main article:
846:
843:
823:Main article:
820:
817:
808:echocardiogram
800:Main article:
797:
794:
793:
792:
786:
772:
741:
737:
725:
722:
710:Main article:
707:
704:
687:Main article:
684:
681:
633:Main article:
630:
627:
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576:
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522:Main article:
519:
516:
411:Main article:
408:
405:
404:
403:
383:
376:Contrast media
350:Main article:
347:
344:
342:applications.
267:
264:
245:system-on-chip
219:(particularly
126:
125:
118:
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111:
106:
100:
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92:
86:
85:
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69:
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58:
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50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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5509:
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5498:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:Ga-68-DOTATOC
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
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5388:
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5330:
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5314:
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5309:
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5299:
5297:
5294:
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5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Intravascular
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5174:Synthetic MRI
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
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5128:
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5123:
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5110:
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5097:
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5057:
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5037:
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5032:
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5027:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Electron beam
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4915:Orbital x-ray
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4810:Bronchography
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:Graph drawing
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Claudio Silva
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Mauro Martino
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Michael Maltz
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:George Furnas
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Howard Wainer
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Rudolf Modley
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Max O. Lorenz
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Charles Booth
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Luigi Perozzo
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:August Kekulé
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Charles Dupin
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4095:Gaspard Monge
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Edmond Halley
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Crime mapping
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3859:Visualization
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:CellCognition
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3502:0-471-54573-2
3498:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2940:(3): 569–74.
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:(2): 349–53.
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2763:. CRC press.
2762:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:is essential.
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2557:on 2011-02-14
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2354:February 2016
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:(2): R1–R29.
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:(2): 111–34.
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2075:(3): 713–20.
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1994:on 2013-08-14
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1483:§ 103(b)
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1433:United States
1432:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:GE HealthCare
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1126:frame grabber
1123:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:Ophthalmology
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
994:
992:
985:
983:
981:
977:
976:birth defects
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:prenatal care
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
881:performance,
880:
876:
872:
871:nanoparticles
869:
866:
862:
858:
852:
844:
842:
840:
839:brain imaging
836:
832:
826:
818:
816:
813:
809:
803:
795:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
765:
761:
757:
754:
753:
752:
750:
735:
730:
723:
721:
718:
713:
705:
703:
695:
690:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
577:
573:
572:
568:
565:
564:radioisotopes
561:
560:
556:
555:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:Gamma cameras
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:breast tumors
501:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
419:
414:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:cesium iodide
377:
373:
369:
368:
364:
363:
362:
360:
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
291:radiographers
288:
287:
281:
272:
265:
263:
261:
256:
253:$ 1.1 billion
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:image sensors
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
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5622:Acute stroke
5588:Thermography
5343:scintigraphy
5333:Radionuclide
5321:pre-hospital
5167:Tractography
5086:Radiodensity
4988:calcium scan
4949:Quantitative
4750:
4669:Neuroimaging
4629:CPK coloring
4612:Color coding
4550:Hans Rosling
4530:Miriah Meyer
4495:Aaron Koblin
4480:Jeffrey Heer
4374:Edward Tufte
4369:Pat Hanrahan
4339:Nigel Holmes
4217:Otto Neurath
4156:Oliver Byrne
4104:19th century
3918:
3807:MountainsMap
3647:CellProfiler
3562:
3531:
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3471:
3467:
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3402:
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3240:. 2012-10-30
3237:
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2555:the original
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1992:the original
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1966:11573/908479
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1661:
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1630:
1620:
1600:
1560:
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1517:scintigraphy
1501:X-ray images
1499:In Germany,
1498:
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1122:telemedicine
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1029:Elastography
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559:Scintigraphy
557:
538:PET scanners
536:
530:
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496:
492:
463:
424:
400:colon cancer
392:radio-opaque
385:
365:
355:
320:neuroscience
300:
284:
277:
257:
221:CMOS sensors
200:, including
194:
167:
130:
129:
104:OPS-301 code
5511:Cardiac PET
5284:renal tract
5259:Gynecologic
5191:Techniques
5162:restriction
5137:Angiography
5120:Neurography
5066:Fluoroscopy
5012:Angiography
4993:angiography
4937:Techniques:
4898:Aortography
4888:Angiography
4868:Cystography
4858:Mammography
4800:Myelography
4795:Sialography
4764:radiography
4602:Cartography
4540:Ade Olufeko
4510:Manuel Lima
4439:Kwan-Liu Ma
4364:Stuart Card
4334:Borden Dent
4272:Erwin Raisz
4227:Henry Gantt
3792:Mathematica
3752:Proprietary
2973:(1): 49–53.
2729:(5): 8–12.
2616:IEEE Access
1503:as well as
1445:Derivatives
1331:as well as
1327:, there is
1181:cloud-based
972:miscarriage
946:as well as
926:because of
898:CT scanning
841:technique.
604:management.
470:tomographic
427:MRI scanner
372:radiography
367:Fluoroscopy
352:Radiography
346:Radiography
295:radiography
286:radiologist
260:noninvasive
116:MedlinePlus
5660:Categories
5424:Full body:
5210:endoscopic
5184:Ultrasound
5113:functional
4910:Lymphogram
4905:Venography
4873:Arthrogram
4525:John Maeda
4303:John Tukey
4267:Harry Beck
4262:Fritz Kahn
4012:Photograph
3817:Visage SDK
3707:InVesalius
3682:GNU Octave
3672:FreeSurfer
3474:(2). 1997.
3292:2019-05-25
3268:2019-05-25
3244:2019-05-25
3218:2 December
3197:2019-05-25
3057:NeuroImage
3038:2023-11-24
3025:StatPearls
2561:2013-08-16
2535:August 31,
2509:August 31,
2395:1506.03300
2019:2013-08-16
1998:2013-08-16
1796:2023-01-06
1699:25 October
1612:References
1485:provides:
1467:§ 101
1234:(PET) and
1221:biomarkers
1199:A typical
1118:ultrasound
868:iron oxide
749:Tomography
734:tomography
724:Tomography
629:Ultrasound
545:, such as
459:RF antenna
340:industrial
336:scientific
332:psychology
328:psychiatry
324:cardiology
258:The term "
225:biosensors
172:, such as
151:physiology
139:physiology
62:ICD-10-PCS
5627:Pregnancy
5506:Brain PET
5474:gamma ray
5410:DMSA scan
5264:Obstetric
5157:diffusion
5152:Sequences
5130:perfusion
5022:Pulmonary
4969:Cone beam
4863:Pyelogram
4607:Chartjunk
4575:Bang Wong
4470:Polo Chau
4176:John Snow
4151:John Venn
4032:Schematic
4017:Pictogram
3632:3D Slicer
3567:is being
3346:Lichtbild
3287:the Pulse
3063:: 59–70.
2942:CiteSeerX
2743:247970009
2697:219437400
2654:246895876
2646:2169-3536
2505:. Fda.gov
2447:237459138
2431:1619-7089
1765:. Wiley.
1729:1401.0166
1428:Copyright
1165:JPEG 2000
1152:JPEG 2000
924:pregnancy
920:indicated
656:megahertz
652:broadband
502:studies,
280:radiology
163:pathology
5645:Category
5497:positron
5017:Coronary
4593:Related
4002:Ideogram
3780:Bitplane
3770:Aphelion
3712:ITK-SNAP
3677:GemIdent
3617:software
3560:template
3476:(p. 296)
3450:. p. 96.
3390:Archived
3338:Per §72
3156:20046910
3104:Archived
3087:27915120
3033:33620790
3006:23032726
2919:21570913
2884:19834447
2857:37571813
2849:18591980
2814:35516906
2806:18167503
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2461:Udupa JK
2439:34505175
2368:Archived
2325:18077839
2276:21119234
2192:22308105
2140:21680780
1974:26777740
1922:26613883
1873:24036007
1822:31 March
1746:15315731
1722:: 4–19.
1653:20933639
1565:See also
1387:Shimadzu
1371:Fujifilm
1362:Industry
551:fracture
512:vascular
435:hydrogen
311:medicine
215:such as
5544:Optical
5526:PET-MRI
5306:Carotid
5301:Scrotal
5195:doppler
5125:Cardiac
5034:Thyroid
4978:Targets
4929:CT scan
4475:Ben Fry
3987:Diagram
3765:Analyze
3687:ilastik
3147:2748324
3078:5591082
2624:Bibcode
2317:9347608
2254:Bibcode
2227:1858217
2183:3269947
2131:3177611
2091:8517364
2082:8333382
1913:4672390
1864:3865797
1525:regular
1495:Germany
1424:chain.
1411:Samsung
1403:Hologic
1399:Hitachi
1391:Toshiba
1383:Philips
956:CT scan
812:Doppler
783:PET-MRI
669:speckle
601:PET-MRI
589:glucose
543:isotope
439:protons
213:sensors
207:chips,
180:(MEG),
176:(EEG),
159:tissues
147:anatomy
143:disease
135:imaging
53:CT scan
5521:PET-CT
5296:Breast
5291:Rectal
5215:duplex
5147:Breast
4984:Heart
4595:topics
4066:People
3973:Image
3867:Fields
3812:Tomviz
3802:Mimics
3797:MATLAB
3732:OsiriX
3727:OpenCV
3692:ImageJ
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1407:Esaote
1405:, and
1240:tumour
1054:B-scan
1049:A-scan
855:Using
779:PET-CT
597:PET-CT
451:teslas
396:barium
359:X-rays
249:
223:) and
170:images
155:organs
122:007451
5548:Laser
5470:SPECT
5279:renal
5108:Brain
5059:Other
4759:X-ray
4047:Table
3982:Chart
3975:types
3775:Avizo
3760:Amira
3737:VIGRA
3722:Mango
3717:KNIME
3558:‹The
3464:(PDF)
2853:S2CID
2810:S2CID
2739:S2CID
2719:(PDF)
2693:S2CID
2650:S2CID
2443:S2CID
2390:arXiv
2321:S2CID
1940:(PDF)
1791:PRWeb
1742:S2CID
1724:arXiv
1272:SPECT
1179:to a
1156:DICOM
1132:DICOM
740:and S
611:SPECT
599:, or
571:SPECT
500:liver
484:X-ray
464:Like
266:Types
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5316:FAST
5029:Head
4022:Plot
3697:IMOD
3662:Fiji
3652:Dlib
3637:AFNI
3624:Free
3537:ISBN
3516:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3340:UrhG
3327:here
3220:2023
3152:PMID
3083:PMID
3029:PMID
3002:PMID
2915:PMID
2880:PMID
2845:PMID
2802:PMID
2765:ISBN
2677:IRBM
2642:ISSN
2593:PMID
2537:2012
2511:2012
2471:ISBN
2435:PMID
2427:ISSN
2313:PMID
2272:PMID
2223:PMID
2188:PMID
2136:PMID
2087:PMID
2044:ISBN
1970:PMID
1918:PMID
1869:PMID
1824:2016
1767:ISBN
1701:2019
1675:2019
1649:PMID
1545:The
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1314:Lead
1177:PACS
1161:JPIP
1136:The
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958:and
930:, a
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535:and
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338:and
243:and
202:CMOS
186:maps
157:and
149:and
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5493:PET
5461:ECT
5459:3D/
5341:2D/
5242:ICE
5237:TEE
5232:TTE
5100:MRI
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4827:DXA
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4805:CXR
4007:Map
3785:IDL
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3702:ITK
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3065:doi
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1962:hdl
1952:doi
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1900:doi
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