298:(DHEA) for improved life expectancy. Calorie restriction has widely been practiced by pregnant women and people with pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes. The right amount of calorie restriction help pregnant women to achieve positive weight gain whereas a significant drop in calorie intake can lead to hypothalamic alterations leading to long-term effects in the offspring. Moderate CR in diabetic patients increases insulin sensitivity and reduces the amount of hepatic fat in obese individual and type 2 diabetes. Long term CR in older animals results in stem cell function similar to that of the younger groups. The active stem cell function helps in enhanced recovery of the damaged skeletal muscle tissue, which is slower in older individuals compared to younger individuals. CR in the United States has shown a prolonged life span in women compared to men as women tend to consume 25% fewer calories than men in their lifetime. The statistical analysis of CR available for anti-aging movement in humans is not sufficient enough to prove the prolonged lifespan associated with CR.
154:) and affects the quality of life without significant side effects. However, it is also said to have potentially dangerous side effects when used in injectable form if proper protocols are not followed. It is not approved for use in healthy aging patients, though the restriction is occasionally sidestepped by means of a diagnosis of some injury, organic condition, or adult-growth-hormone deficiency which may have resulted in reduced secretion of the hormone.
3574:
215:. Hormone therapy is generally only recommended for postmenopausal women who are at a high risk of osteoporosis when non-hormonal treatments are not suitable. Hormone therapy is not suitable or advised for treating cardiovascular disease, dementia, or for preventing cognitive decline in postmenopausal women. The risks of long-term hormonal therapy for women under 50 years of age have not been determined.
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in humans. Calorie restriction maintains a low calorie intake that helps to regulate the rate of aging and increases the youthfulness of an individual or animal. Low calorie intake has directly been correlated to negative energy balance which promotes low body mass index (BMI) and comparatively high
526:
There have been a number of social movements associated with the reappraisal of age-based social categories in the last thirty years. Two such developments are the focus of this chapter. They are the Third Age movement and the Anti-aging movement. These movements present contrasting perspectives on
333:
with over-optimistic projections by its advocates. They also claim that there is little evidence that any significant breakthrough has been made, or is on the horizon. Some state that this is largely due to a current lack of funding or interest in the issue. A study of the commonly-used supplements
346:
Though some scientists think curing aging is impossible, there are some criticisms of both the time frame life extensionists envision (the first, perhaps somewhat crude, treatments within the next several decades, or at least before the beginning of the 22nd century) and of whether curing aging is
614:
Maybe it is because of his background in computer science that Dr. de Grey perceives the human body as a very complicated machine. Therefore, he argues that aging is primarily an engineering problem. Thus once we grasp all the finer details of our biological structure then the problem of aging
659:
Leading members of the gerontological community have recently launched a war on anti-aging medicine, seeking to discredit what they judge to be fraudulent and harmful products and therapies, and to distinguish their research from what they regard as the pseudoscience of the anti-aging
1467:
Bj, Willcox; Dc, Willcox; H, Todoriki; A, Fujiyoshi; K, Yano; Q, He; Jd, Curb; M, Suzuki (October 2007). "Caloric
Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging: The Diet of the World's Longest-Lived People and Its Potential Impact on Morbidity and Life Span".
258:
and improve health in humans. A goal of this research is to discover or develop agents to delay, prevent, alleviate, or reverse age-related diseases. Removal of senescent cells with senolytics has been proposed as a method of enhancing immunity during aging.
338:
showed that none of them are effective for extending life. Another group notices that recent scientific successes in rejuvenation and extending the lifespan of model animals and discovery of a variety of species (including humans of advanced ages) having
76:, who says that the human body is a very complicated machine and, thus, can be repaired indefinitely. Other scientists and significant contributors to the movement include molecular biologists, geneticists, and biomedical gerontologists such as
1522:"Maternal Caloric Restriction Implemented during the Preconceptional and Pregnancy Period Alters Hypothalamic and Hippocampal Endocannabinoid Levels at Birth and Induces Overweight and Increased Adiposity at Adulthood in Male Rat Offspring"
184:, produced evidence that there were serious side effects. Physicians who prescribe the hormones now prescribe low doses of the drugs. Research into the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy is continuing, with a 2017
1519:
Ramírez-López, María Teresa; Vázquez, Mariam; Bindila, Laura; Lomazzo, Ermelinda; Hofmann, Clementine; Blanco, Rosarío Noemí; Alén, Francisco; Antón, María; Decara, Juan; Arco, Rocío; Ouro, Daniel (2016-11-01).
180:. However, the increase of the use of estrogen was shown to be associated with an increased risk of cancer. Later, in 2002, research into the long-term effects of estrogen on post-menopausal women, the
2914:
2934:
2014:
De Grey, Aubrey D. N.; Gavrilov, Leonid; Olshansky, S. Jay; Coles, L. Stephen; Cutler, Richard G.; Fossel, Michael; Harman, S. Mitchell (2002). "Antiaging technology and pseudoscience. Letter".
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Larson-Meyer, D. Enette; Heilbronn, Leonie K.; Redman, Leanne M.; Newcomer, Bradley R.; Frisard, Madlyn I.; Anton, Steve; Smith, Steven R.; Alfonso, Anthony; Ravussin, Eric (2006-06-01).
329:
There are at least two opposite views on the prospects of anti-aging research and development. One group states that there is a great deal of over-heated rhetoric in use with respect to
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becomes one of maintenance and just like today we are capable to maintain vintage cars or airplanes indefinitely he believes that eventually we'll be able to do so with our bodies.
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1970:
Arking, Robert; Butler, Bob; Chiko, Brian; Fossel, Michael; Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Morley, John Edward; Olshansky, S. Jay; Perls, Thomas; Walker, Richard F. (September 2003).
3051:
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and other products which promise relief from the incidents and dangers of aging. However, many such products are unregulated, and can instead pose serious health risks.
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Kamel, Nabil S; Julie
Gammack; Oscar Cepeda; Joseph H Flaherty (2006). "Antioxidants and hormones as antiaging therapies: high hopes, disappointing results".
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is a phenomenon introduced in anti-aging techniques which focuses on depletion of calories and taking the right amount of nutrients necessary for growth.
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3036:
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2883:
2456:
1581:"Effect of Calorie Restriction With or Without Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, Fat Cell Size, and Ectopic Lipid in Overweight Subjects"
2996:
2762:
2179:
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Hu, Qinchao; Peng, Jianmin; Jiang, Laibo; Li, Wuguo; Su, Qiao; Zhang, Jiayu; Li, Huan; Song, Ming; Cheng, Bin; Xia, Juan; Wu, Tong (28 October 2020).
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138:. Clinical studies have shown that low-dose growth hormone (GH) treatment for adults with GH deficiency changes the body composition by increasing
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119:
540:
60:
There are numerous scientists of this movement with different approaches. Two of the most popular proponents of the anti-aging movement include
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give hope to achieve negligible senescence (cancel aging) for younger humans, reverse ageing, or at least significantly delay it.
3263:
2774:
2431:
2254:
744:"Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement"
177:
1253:"Metformin as a senostatic drug enhances the anticancer efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"
289:
Calorie restriction (CR) refers to a dietary restriction that focuses on less calorie intake to increase longevity and reduce
2270:
2129:
3282:
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1822:
438:
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as a result. Also, the slowly growing population would buy centuries of time to figure out new places to live, such as
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2381:
1760:
196:
467:
Mykytyn, Courtney Everts (February 2006). "Anti-aging medicine: A patient/practitioner movement to redefine aging".
49:, or reducing the effects of it. A substantial portion of the attention of the movement is on the possibilities for
3489:
2715:
2416:
2391:
699:
Alexopoulou O, Abs R, Maiter D (2010). "Treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: who, why and how? A review".
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the culturally devalued status of old age; the former seeks to celebrate old age, the latter to eliminate it.
355:
would also be delayed, women could wait longer to have children and, thus, the rate of growth would actually
347:
even desirable. Common criticisms of the idea of life extension are fears it will cause the world to be more
3603:
2624:
2598:
2539:
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2079:
1786:
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Everitt, Arthur V.; Le
Couteur, David G. (October 2007). "Life extension by calorie restriction in humans".
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111:
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Everitt, Arthur V.; Couteur, DAVID G. Le (2007). "Life
Extension by Calorie Restriction in Humans".
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Vincent, John (2013). "The Anti-Aging
Movement". In Schermer, Maartje; Pinxten, Wim (eds.).
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54:
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Chambers ES, Akbar AN (2020). "Can blocking inflammation enhance immunity during aging?".
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185:
151:
42:
1002:
Marjoribanks, Jane; Farquhar, Cindy; Roberts, Helen; Lethaby, Anne; Lee, Jasmine (2017).
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Savine R, Sönksen P (2000). "Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause?".
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as physicians who initially sought treatment for themselves have received training and
81:
73:
50:
27:
Social movement devoted to eliminating or reversing aging, or reducing its the effects
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541:"The Future of Forever Young: 12 of the Latest Anti-Aging Treatments You Can Now Try"
418:
212:
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93:
2006:
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is a scientific discipline which has the same area of interest but, as a branch of
61:
2027:
1799:
1061:"Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy"
1317:
1302:"Anti-aging science: The emergence, maintenance, and enhancement of a discipline"
3454:
3355:
3146:
2705:
2688:
2345:
2325:
2164:
2119:
1767:"Anti-Aging" Products Pose Danger for Physical and Economic Harm' report by the
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403:
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89:
77:
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488:
3519:
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3222:
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2300:
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2071:
1865:
1720:
1644:"Short-term calorie restriction enhances skeletal muscle stem cell function"
1489:
1370:
1182:
645:
628:
413:
352:
233:
225:
167:
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1998:
1952:
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1807:
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812:
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742:
Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Ibrahim H, Fraser WD, Vora JP (June 2001).
720:
654:
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17:
1934:
952:
934:
3514:
2139:
712:
163:
2051:
Gavrilov, L.A. (2002). "Scientific legitimacy of the term "Anti-Aging".
321:
have taken interest in the concept and invest funds in research for it.
3474:
2656:
2401:
1110:"Clinical strategies and animal models for developing senolytic agents"
1004:"Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women"
673:
Grow Young with HGH: The
Amazing Medically Proven Plan to Reverse Aging
1597:
804:
261:
A related concept is "senostatic", which means to suppress senescence.
92:
community in 2003 tried to distance their research from the perceived
57:
which ameliorate the effects of aging rather than delay or defeat it.
2648:
2144:
200:
139:
1903:
1076:
1900:
CureAging.org: Independent Open Letter in
Support of Aging Research
3192:
2411:
378:
373:
46:
1784:(2004). "Biotechnology, bioethics and anti-aging interventions".
3274:
974:
143:
3278:
2613:
2075:
1059:
Childs BG, Durik M, Baker DJ, van
Deursen JM (December 2015).
306:
A substantial fraction of older people, taking their cue from
967:"Findings from the WHI Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Trials"
110:
Anti-aging medicine has become a budding and rapidly growing
2609:
1823:"Advances in medical technologies predicted for this decade"
675:
Harper
Paperbacks (May 8, 1998), trade paperback, 400 pages
64:, who says humanity can defeat aging through the advance of
973:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Archived from
1972:"Anti-Aging Teleconference: What is Anti-Aging Medicine?"
1917:
Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Gavrilova, Natalia S. (April 2010).
893:, M. Evans and Company, Inc. (June 15, 1968), hardcover,
30:"Anti-aging" redirects here. For skin care products, see
512:
Ethics, Health Policy and (Anti-) Aging: Mixed
Blessings
1410:"Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique"
191:
concluding that long-term use may decrease the risk of
1408:
Sohal, Rajindar S.; Forster, Michael J. (2014-08-01).
351:; however, de Grey counters that by saying that since
254:
to determine if they can selectively induce death of
572:"Chasing Immortality—The Technology of Eternal Life"
134:
Central to anti-aging medicine is administration of
3432:
3389:
3333:
3312:
3236:
3185:
3145:
3107:
3062:
2907:
2849:
2838:
2748:
2647:
2591:
2531:
2480:
2359:
2263:
2247:
2112:
997:
995:
993:
991:
53:, but there is also interest in techniques such as
1642:; Haigis, Marcia C.; Wagers, Amy J. (2012-05-04).
919:"The epidemic of endometrial cancer: a commentary"
334:and hormone treatments published in 2006 in the
2521:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To
2225:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
3407:Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
1217:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
917:H Jick; A M Walker; K J Rothman (March 1980).
146:density and muscle strength. It also improves
3290:
2625:
2087:
1919:"Demographic Consequences of Defeating Aging"
118:in its practice by organizations such as the
8:
1896:"Scientists' Open Letter on Aging Research"
1159:"Senolytic therapies for healthy longevity"
1008:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3297:
3283:
3275:
2846:
2632:
2618:
2610:
2094:
2080:
2072:
1701:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1470:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1351:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
142:mass, decreasing fat mass, and increasing
2180:Index of topics related to life extension
1942:
1675:
1614:
1596:
1555:
1537:
1443:
1425:
1325:
1276:
1190:
1133:
1084:
1035:
942:
864:"Aging: Disease or Business Opportunity?"
759:
644:
462:
460:
1638:Cerletti, Massimiliano; Jang, Young C.;
444:Index of life extension-related articles
1108:Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T (August 2015).
456:
120:American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
277:, takes a more conservative approach.
551:from the original on 28 December 2016
7:
1854:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
1526:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
514:. Springer Netherlands. p. 30.
336:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
246:, "destroying") is among a class of
45:devoted to eliminating or reversing
1427:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.015
629:"The War on "Anti-Aging Medicine""
539:Landman, Beth (12 December 2016).
170:were popularized by the 1966 book
25:
1414:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
923:American Journal of Public Health
612:from the original on 2012-05-02.
3573:
3572:
2775:Biodemography of human longevity
2238:
761:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01275.x
224:This section is an excerpt from
2255:Timeline of senescence research
481:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.021
2053:Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
1979:Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
1020:10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5
834:"Selling The Promise Of Youth"
1:
2028:10.1126/science.296.5568.656a
1800:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.008
1758:'Health Products for Seniors:
1300:Fishman, Jennifer R. (2008).
469:Social Science & Medicine
439:List of life extension topics
150:parameters (i.e. decrease of
3480:Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov
3412:Future of Humanity Institute
1318:10.1016/j.jaging.2008.05.010
2382:Alliance for Aging Research
1157:van Deursen JM (May 2019).
1126:10.1016/j.exger.2014.10.012
199:, but increase the risk of
197:postmenopausal osteoporosis
166:and other hormones such as
68:, allowing us to reach the
3625:
2716:research into centenarians
2417:Gerontology Research Group
1991:10.1089/109454503769684775
1660:10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.002
1269:10.1038/s41419-020-03126-0
1230:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.016
223:
103:
88:. However, figures in the
29:
3568:
2785:Longevity escape velocity
2672:aging-associated diseases
2457:MPI for Biology of Ageing
2236:
2190:Longevity escape velocity
2065:10.1089/10945450260195685
971:Women's Health Initiative
627:Binstock, Robert (2003).
182:Women's Health Initiative
70:longevity escape velocity
3346:Eradication of suffering
3325:Transhumanism in fiction
3264:Longest-living organisms
2568:Experimental Gerontology
2467:SENS Research Foundation
1539:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00208
1306:Journal of Aging Studies
1257:Cell Death & Disease
1114:Experimental Gerontology
839:January 4, 2010, at the
602:"Who is Aubrey de Grey?"
384:Brian Hanley (biohacker)
158:Menopausal hormone drugs
2540:Ageing Research Reviews
2185:List of aging processes
1866:10.3949/ccjm.73.12.1049
1860:(12): 1049–1056, 1058.
1787:Trends in Biotechnology
1721:10.1196/annals.1396.005
1490:10.1196/annals.1396.037
1371:10.1196/annals.1396.005
1183:10.1126/science.aaw1299
122:(A4M) co-founded by Dr
3424:US Transhumanist Party
3259:Transhumanist politics
3177:Immortality in fiction
3155:Biological immortality
2699:cognitive epidemiology
2230:Transhumanist politics
748:Clinical Endocrinology
545:The Hollywood Reporter
399:Biological immortality
296:dehydroepiandrosterone
3063:regions by continents
2682:negligible senescence
2677:degenerative diseases
2582:Rejuvenation Research
2575:Neurobiology of Aging
2452:Methuselah Foundation
1935:10.1089/rej.2009.0977
1923:Rejuvenation Research
935:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.264
646:10.1093/geront/43.1.4
606:Singularity Symposium
394:Negligible senescence
341:negligible senescence
266:Scientific approaches
3540:Gennady Stolyarov II
3381:Techno-progressivism
2908:regions of countries
2728:LGBT life expectancy
713:10.1179/acb.2010.002
701:Acta Clinica Belgica
308:alternative medicine
136:human growth hormone
130:Human growth hormone
3397:Foresight Institute
3249:Longevity insurance
3167:Digital immortality
2793:calorie restriction
2780:Indefinite lifespan
2770:Anti-aging movement
2740:Biomarkers of aging
2427:Immortalist Society
2175:Indefinite lifespan
2155:Free-radical theory
2135:Calorie restriction
2125:Anti-aging movement
1713:2007NYASA1114..428E
1482:2007NYASA1114..434W
1363:2007NYASA1114..428E
1175:2019Sci...364..636V
409:Indefinite lifespan
310:, purchase and use
291:age-related disease
285:Calorie restriction
279:Caloric restriction
106:Anti-aging medicine
100:Anti-aging medicine
39:anti-aging movement
3445:José Luis Cordeiro
3371:Singularitarianism
2899:World macroregions
2798:Diet and longevity
2497:The First Immortal
1763:2010-01-06 at the
1640:Finley, Lydia W.S.
889:Robert A. Wilson,
869:The New York Times
862:(April 15, 2007).
799:(Suppl 3): 37–41.
312:herbal supplements
209:endometrial cancer
162:Administration of
126:and Ronald Klatz.
86:Arthur D. Levinson
32:Anti-aging product
3586:
3585:
3560:Eliezer Yudkowsky
3550:Natasha Vita-More
3530:Martine Rothblatt
3272:
3271:
3103:
3102:
2823:stem-cell therapy
2735:Maximum life span
2607:
2606:
2437:Insilico Medicine
2276:Eric R. Braverman
2220:Stem-cell therapy
1833:on March 18, 2013
1827:Positive Futurist
1821:Pelletier, Dick.
1598:10.2337/dc05-2565
1169:(6441): 636–637.
1071:(12): 1424–1435.
805:10.1159/000023531
633:The Gerontologist
570:Hamilton, Craig.
521:978-94-007-3870-6
189:systematic review
124:Robert M. Goldman
112:medical specialty
96:of the movement.
16:(Redirected from
3616:
3609:Health movements
3576:
3575:
3555:Mark Alan Walker
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3115:Longevity claims
2847:
2711:supercentenarian
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2505:Fantastic Voyage
2296:Leonard Hayflick
2242:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2047:
2010:
1976:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1929:(2–3): 329–334.
1914:
1908:
1907:
1902:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:. Archived from
1818:
1812:
1811:
1778:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1600:
1591:(6): 1337–1344.
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1541:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1224:(5): 1323–1331.
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
999:
986:
985:
983:
982:
963:
957:
956:
946:
914:
908:
891:Feminine Forever
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
856:
850:
831:
825:
824:
793:Hormone Research
788:
782:
781:
763:
739:
733:
732:
696:
690:
669:
663:
662:
648:
624:
618:
617:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
578:. Archived from
567:
561:
560:
558:
556:
536:
530:
529:
507:
501:
500:
464:
236:(from the words
178:Robert A. Wilson
173:Feminine Forever
55:cosmetic surgery
21:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3564:
3535:Anders Sandberg
3505:Ole Martin Moen
3450:K. Eric Drexler
3428:
3385:
3329:
3308:
3303:
3273:
3268:
3232:
3186:Longevity genes
3181:
3141:
3099:
3058:
2903:
2842:life expectancy
2840:
2834:
2744:
2723:Life expectancy
2662:Longevity myths
2643:
2638:
2608:
2603:
2587:
2527:
2476:
2472:Sierra Sciences
2422:Human Longevity
2367:2045 Initiative
2355:
2351:Michael D. West
2259:
2243:
2234:
2108:
2100:
2050:
2013:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1964:Further reading
1961:
1960:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1771:September, 2001
1765:Wayback Machine
1756:
1752:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1077:10.1038/nm.4000
1065:Nature Medicine
1058:
1057:
1053:
1014:(1): CD004143.
1001:
1000:
989:
980:
978:
965:
964:
960:
916:
915:
911:
888:
884:
874:
872:
858:
857:
853:
841:Wayback Machine
832:
828:
790:
789:
785:
741:
740:
736:
698:
697:
693:
670:
666:
626:
625:
621:
600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
582:on June 6, 2012
569:
568:
564:
554:
552:
538:
537:
533:
522:
509:
508:
504:
466:
465:
458:
453:
448:
369:
327:
304:
287:
268:
263:
262:
256:senescent cells
248:small molecules
229:
221:
160:
152:LDL cholesterol
132:
108:
102:
43:social movement
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3604:Life extension
3601:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Aubrey de Grey
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3376:Technogaianism
3373:
3368:
3366:Postpoliticism
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Antinaturalism
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Longevity risk
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:organ printing
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2750:Life extension
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2694:biogerontology
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2599:Life extension
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2561:Biogerontology
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2489:Life Extension
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Buck Institute
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Ilya Mechnikov
2318:
2313:
2311:Dimu Kotsovsky
2308:
2306:Cynthia Kenyon
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Aubrey de Grey
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Organ printing
2202:
2197:
2195:Mind uploading
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:life extension
2101:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:(2): 239–240.
2048:
2011:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1909:
1906:on 2015-04-29.
1887:
1844:
1813:
1794:(5): 219–221.
1773:
1750:
1707:(1): 428–433.
1691:
1654:(5): 515–519.
1648:Cell Stem Cell
1630:
1571:
1511:
1476:(1): 434–455.
1459:
1400:
1357:(1): 428–433.
1341:
1312:(4): 295–303.
1292:
1243:
1206:
1149:
1100:
1051:
987:
958:
929:(3): 264–267.
909:
906:978-0871310491
882:
851:
849:March 20, 2006
826:
783:
734:
691:
688:978-0060984342
671:Ronald Klatz,
664:
619:
593:
562:
531:
520:
502:
475:(3): 643–653.
455:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:
441:
436:
434:Biogerontology
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
368:
365:
361:space colonies
331:life extension
326:
323:
303:
300:
286:
283:
271:Biogerontology
267:
264:
252:basic research
230:
222:
220:
217:
193:bone fractures
159:
156:
148:cardiovascular
131:
128:
104:Main article:
101:
98:
82:Cynthia Kenyon
74:Aubrey de Grey
51:life extension
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3621:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Julian Huxley
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Zoltan Istvan
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:Organizations
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Postgenderism
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:Transhumanism
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Eternal youth
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:Oldest people
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3095:South America
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:North America
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:South America
2875:
2873:
2872:North America
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:Topic outline
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:Organizations
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Denham Harman
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Anti-oxidants
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:(5568): 656.
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(2): 91–106.
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:Turner, Leigh
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
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116:certification
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19:
3545:Vernor Vinge
3525:David Pearce
3510:Hans Moravec
3500:Ray Kurzweil
3490:James Hughes
3485:Robin Hanson
3460:Ben Goertzel
3440:Nick Bostrom
3416:
3351:Extropianism
3160:Regeneration
3012:South Africa
2818:rejuvenation
2808:nanomedicine
2803:gene therapy
2769:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2519:
2513:Ending Aging
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2331:Durk Pearson
2316:Ray Kurzweil
2286:Laura Deming
2271:Bill Andrews
2210:Rejuvenation
2200:Nanomedicine
2160:Gene therapy
2124:
2056:
2052:
2019:
2015:
1982:
1978:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1904:the original
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1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
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979:. Retrieved
975:the original
970:
961:
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875:December 13,
873:. Retrieved
867:
860:Wilson, Duff
854:
844:
843:cover story
829:
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747:
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707:(1): 13–22.
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584:. Retrieved
580:the original
575:
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553:. Retrieved
544:
534:
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511:
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472:
468:
429:Rejuvenation
424:Extropianism
356:
345:
335:
328:
319:billionaires
316:
305:
288:
269:
243:
237:
231:
171:
161:
133:
109:
62:Ray Kurzweil
59:
38:
36:
3455:David Gobel
3356:Immortalism
3147:Immortality
2706:Centenarian
2689:Gerontology
2346:Roy Walford
2326:Liz Parrish
2165:Gerontology
1420:: 366–382.
1263:(10): 925.
639:(1): 4–14.
555:27 December
404:Immortality
275:gerontology
90:gerontology
78:Gary Ruvkun
18:Immortalist
3593:Categories
3320:Transhuman
3130:by country
3027:Tajikistan
2992:Kazakhstan
2850:by country
2667:Senescence
2592:Categories
2554:Aging Cell
2387:Altos Labs
2341:Sandy Shaw
2215:Senescence
2130:Biohacking
2103:Outline of
981:2009-12-13
451:References
389:Senescence
239:senescence
219:Senolytics
66:technology
3520:Elon Musk
3418:LessWrong
3402:Humanity+
3313:Overviews
3244:Blue zone
3002:Palestine
2920:Australia
2915:Argentina
2641:Longevity
2336:Mark Roth
2301:Saul Kent
2170:Glycation
1874:0891-1150
1729:0077-8923
1668:1934-5909
1607:0149-5992
1548:1662-5153
1436:0891-5849
1379:1749-6632
1120:: 19–25.
1028:1469-493X
660:movement.
489:0277-9536
414:Longevity
353:menopause
325:Reception
234:senolytic
226:Senolytic
168:progestin
3578:Category
3515:Max More
3334:Currents
3125:verified
3047:shortest
2867:Americas
2839:Lists of
2789:Methods
2532:Journals
2150:Exercise
2140:Cryonics
2036:11985356
2007:43033426
1999:14614799
1953:20426616
1882:17190308
1808:15109806
1761:Archived
1745:30275713
1737:17717102
1686:22560075
1625:16732018
1566:27847471
1498:17986602
1454:24941891
1395:30275713
1387:17717102
1336:23264719
1287:33116117
1238:32386656
1201:31097655
1144:25446976
1095:26646499
1046:28093732
837:Archived
821:30263334
813:10971102
778:12681649
770:11422104
729:24874132
721:20373593
655:12604740
610:Archived
549:Archived
497:16040177
367:See also
317:Certain
186:Cochrane
164:estrogen
3475:FM-2030
3237:Related
3108:Records
3090:Oceania
3052:longest
2962:Germany
2957:Finland
2925:Belgium
2894:Oceania
2657:Old age
2402:BioViva
2044:7235337
2016:Science
1944:3192186
1837:May 26,
1709:Bibcode
1677:3561899
1616:2677812
1557:5088205
1532:: 208.
1506:8145691
1478:Bibcode
1445:4111977
1359:Bibcode
1327:3528075
1278:7595194
1192:6816502
1171:Bibcode
1163:Science
1135:4412760
1086:4748967
1037:6465148
953:7356090
944:1619376
586:May 26,
357:decline
294:plasma
3599:Ageing
3433:People
3218:Klotho
3135:living
3080:Europe
3070:Africa
3032:Turkey
3022:Sweden
3007:Russia
2997:Mexico
2977:Israel
2967:Greece
2952:France
2945:Cities
2935:Canada
2930:Brazil
2889:Europe
2862:Africa
2649:Ageing
2524:(2019)
2516:(2007)
2508:(2004)
2500:(1998)
2492:(1982)
2407:Calico
2264:People
2248:Events
2145:Cyborg
2113:Issues
2042:
2034:
2005:
1997:
1951:
1941:
1880:
1872:
1806:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1684:
1674:
1666:
1623:
1613:
1605:
1564:
1554:
1546:
1504:
1496:
1452:
1442:
1434:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1334:
1324:
1285:
1275:
1236:
1199:
1189:
1142:
1132:
1093:
1083:
1044:
1034:
1026:
951:
941:
904:
897:
819:
811:
776:
768:
727:
719:
686:
679:
653:
518:
495:
487:
250:under
244:-lytic
211:, and
201:stroke
140:muscle
84:, and
72:, and
3223:SIRT1
3193:FOXO3
3017:Spain
2987:Japan
2982:Italy
2972:India
2940:China
2857:World
2763:index
2547:Aging
2481:Books
2412:ERIBA
2040:S2CID
2003:S2CID
1975:(PDF)
1741:S2CID
1502:S2CID
1391:S2CID
817:S2CID
774:S2CID
725:S2CID
379:Aging
374:Death
47:aging
41:is a
3203:CETP
3198:APOE
3075:Asia
2884:Asia
2828:SENS
2442:LEAF
2377:AgeX
2032:PMID
1995:PMID
1949:PMID
1878:PMID
1870:ISSN
1839:2012
1804:PMID
1733:PMID
1725:ISSN
1705:1114
1682:PMID
1664:ISSN
1621:PMID
1603:ISSN
1562:PMID
1544:ISSN
1494:PMID
1474:1114
1450:PMID
1432:ISSN
1383:PMID
1375:ISSN
1355:1114
1332:PMID
1283:PMID
1234:PMID
1197:PMID
1140:PMID
1091:PMID
1042:PMID
1024:ISSN
949:PMID
902:ISBN
895:ISBN
877:2022
809:PMID
766:PMID
717:PMID
684:ISBN
677:ISBN
651:PMID
588:2012
557:2016
516:ISBN
493:PMID
485:ISSN
242:and
144:bone
37:The
3228:TNF
3213:IL6
3208:ACE
3042:USA
2462:NIA
2447:LEF
2432:ILA
2392:AGE
2372:A4M
2061:doi
2024:doi
2020:296
1987:doi
1939:PMC
1931:doi
1862:doi
1796:doi
1769:GAO
1717:doi
1672:PMC
1656:doi
1611:PMC
1593:doi
1552:PMC
1534:doi
1486:doi
1440:PMC
1422:doi
1367:doi
1322:PMC
1314:doi
1273:PMC
1265:doi
1226:doi
1222:145
1187:PMC
1179:doi
1167:364
1130:PMC
1122:doi
1081:PMC
1073:doi
1032:PMC
1016:doi
939:PMC
931:doi
801:doi
756:doi
709:doi
641:doi
477:doi
195:or
176:by
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