Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv)

2049: 1099:, however, defamed Templers in his "Protestantismus und Sekten" (Protestantism and sects) as bearing "the character of the morbidly abnormal." When in March 1897 Pastor Schlaich had arrived in Jaffa, the Templers offered him their fellowship hall for his first accession preach to the Evangelical congregation, and Schlaich accepted However, in October the same year, travelling and fund-raising in Württemberg, Schlaich unveiled that his aim is proselytising among Muslims and Templers, who felt deeply insulted to be mentioned in the same breath with non-Christian Muslims. So the relations chilled down again. 1196:'s general abandonment of Christianity, considered indissolubly Judaised with the Ten Commandments and the Old Testament. Cornelius Schwarz, a Templer from Jaffa, led the Palestinian faction (Landesgruppe) of the Nazi party, with him many young men gained influence over long established institutions as the Evangelical provostry and its congregations as well as the Temple Society itself. The German Foreign Office imposed on Gentile Germans of different denominational affiliations a stronger co-operation under influence of Palestinian Nazi officials of Temple background. 1322: 1487:, that its loss of property in the Holy Land amounted to 891,785 marks at its pre-war rate (about £44,589.25 or $ 212,329.76). The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, finally became effective on 10 January 1920 and thus legalised the existing British custodianship of the property of the congregation, the parishioners and Jerusalem's Association. The schools of Jerusalem's Association were reopened under British government management in 1920. In April 1920 the Allies convened at the 1431:, for the latter of which it also serves today's congregation. However, then the German vice-consulate, still resided in that house and Consul Edmund Schmidt asked to be allowed to further stay there until the new, still-existing vice-consulate in today's Rechov Eilath # 59 would be completed. So the school stayed ad interim with Ustinov's "Hôtel du Parc". Metzler's former site in then Wilhelmstraße (today's Rechov Beer-Hofmann #15) was thus reserved for a future solitary church building. 1924: 1845: 1728: 1682: 1642: 347: 1176:

1869. Generally the revenues of the health insurance also covered the cost caused by poor patients from the general Jaffa population, who were treated even though they could not pay for it. In 1901 the relations between Protestants and Templers had eased so far, that the Protestant contributions were lowered to 20 and 30 francs p.a., before both religious groups paid equal contributions as of 1906

803:, holding crucial positions in the bureaucracy of the official Protestant church bodies, found other ways to pressurise the missionary societies. Foreign exchange assigned at non-market rates was exclusively to be disbursed for salaries of German nationals, thus salaries of Palestinian citizens (e.g. Arab Protestants) became very difficult to organise, Jerusalem's Association had to incur debts in 3503: 523:, the executive board of the Prussian state church, pressurised Jerusalem's Association to release Schlaich from his office in Jaffa, thus he was appointed for another pastorate in Germany. The Jaffa congregation gave Schlaich a farewell on 25 December 1905, and Georg Johannes Egger (1842) thanked Schlaich and his wife for 9 years of successful pastoral work. 1111: 1192:, while Templers were somewhat orphaned. After 1933 Templers increasingly usurped positions with influential connections to Nazi party and Nazi government bodies in Germany, while the German Protestant church bodies as partners of the Evangelical congregations in the Holy Land lost government support by the struggle of the churches and by Hitler's and 1161: 48: 769:. Most pastors in the Holy Land sided with the Confessing Church as also did most members of the executive board of Jerusalem's Association, among them Rabenau, an opponent of Nazism since 1931. Jerusalem's Association appointed pastors, fired or furloughed by Nazi-submissive official church bodies, for congregations in the Holy Land. 2757:, the panic among investors soared even more, so that the Nazis further restricted the access to foreign exchange, also using the rationing for political purposes, such as discriminating against companies of Jewish proprietors and all refugees from Germany, who desperately needed to transfer abroad at least part of their funds. 1545:

used the Immanuel Church for its services until 1947. The State of Israel, with Jaffa belonging to its state territory, succeeded the mandatory government in this custodianship in May 1948, however, excluding the building of Immanuel Church proper, since the new state did not seize places of worship.

1511:

Starting in 1933 the new German Nazi government tried to get the German schools in the Holy Land under its influence, using again the dependence of the school providers on transfers from Germany. Oertzen and Rhein fought the deconfessionalisation of the Evangelical schools. Provost Rhein succeeded to

745:

a share of 70–80% of the presbyters and synodals, with some exceptions. However, this did not automatically mean the total takeover of the German Christians in all Protestant organisations, since due to the decentral and grassroot organisation of many Protestant groups, the official church bodies had

1559:

After in 1899 the first construction works of a combined Evangelical church, community centre and school ended, with the cornerstone having been laid in November 1898, Jerusalem's Association returned as partner and financier of the church and commissioned Paul Ferdinand Groth (1859–1955), architect

1905:

The regular worship times are 11 am each Saturday (Shabbat) held in Hebrew and English, and at 10 am each Sunday in English. The Sacrament of Holy Communion is celebrated at almost all services which also have a strong element of bible teaching. Services are relatively informal and worshippers meet

1599:

in Jerusalem and son of the late Theodor Sandel, as supervisor, and the Templer Johannes Wennagel (1846–1927) from Sarona as building contractor, starting excavation on 11 May 1903, however, constructions progressed only slowly because Groth was late with sending the detailed plans, only completely

1594:

After Jerusalem's Association threatened to choose another architect, if Groth would not downsize his plans to a less costly project, Groth provided plans for a cheaper church at the begin of 1903. Jerusalem's Association then commissioned the architect and Templer Benjamin Sandel (1877–1941), then

1426:

The projected overall 30,000 marks were much too little, so some months later Jerusalem's Association withdrew from co-financing the project, it regarded to be nonserious. In 1899 Voigt declared the site to be too small for a community centre and a church, as was planned The congregation then spent

1310:

On 18 July 1898 Metzler, who then lived in Stuttgart, conveyed his last piece of real estate in Jaffa for the construction of an Evangelical church, community centre and pastor's apartment, to the congregation, while his friend and divorced son-in-law Ustinov rewarded Metzler with 10,000 francs two

1893:

The present Lutheran congregation is composed of a wide range of believers in Jesus from many different denominations. Some are either permanent residents or citizens of Israel and others are temporary workers in the country. All come together to worship and to affirm their common life together in

1179:

Pastor Zeller, who officiated in Jaffa since 1906, took his efforts to reconcile both groups. After ten years of negotiating the unification of the Evangelical and the Templer school, long rejected by the Provost of Jerusalem and Jerusalem's Association, due to their prejudices against Templers as

1171:

All German citizens hoped after the visit for an improvement of their treatment by the Ottoman authorities, but in vain, the tiny community of Germans in the Holy Land only played a marginal role in the German-Ottoman relationship, which was not to be obfuscated by quarrelling settlers in the Holy

1106:

and the German Foreign Office against the plans to build a combined Evangelical school and community centre, financed by generous donations of Braun and others. So the laying of the cornerstone for the Evangelical community centre was delayed, for Templers argued the title to the construction site

668:

becoming effective on 10 January 1920 the Egyptian camps were dissolved and Rabenau became the internees' coordinator of the closedown. Most internees returned to the Holy Land, except of those banned by a British black list, such as D. Dr. Friedrich Jeremias, Provost of Jerusalem. Rabenau went to

1187:

With the philosophy of the Temple Society, to reconstruct the Holy Land in order to gather the people of God, fading in view of the resurrection of the Holy Land by Jewish settlement, the Templers' faith lost binding power for many of its members and especially many younger discovered Nazism as a

1175:

The hospital, founded by Metzler and run since 1869 by Templers and Protestant deaconesses, was financed by a health insurance, which provided for higher contributions by Protestants and lower ones for Templers, who considered themselves as the main providers of the hospital since its purchase in

839:

claimed the supervision of German Protestant missions. Heckel also presided the board of trustees of the Evangelical Jerusalem Foundation since 1933. Heckel decided on behalf of the Ecclesiastical Foreign Department to also subsidise salaries of ecclesiastical employees in Jaffa and Haifa earlier

740:

imposed on all German church bodies an unconstitutional reelection of all presbyters and synodals on 23 July 1933, the massive voter participation of Protestant Nazis, who had not shown up for years in services, let alone church elections, caused an extraordinarily high turnout, which yielded the

3241:

Eisler 1997, p. 142. The building contractors "Gebrüder Wagner", Johannes Wennagel, "Wieland & Co." (all the three Templers) and the Protestants architect Appel and gardener and vintner Friedrich Lämmle (Sarona) finished the new consulate in 1915, when the new Consul Dr. Heinrich Brode moved

1507:

Jerusalem's Association resumed its own schools and its school in Jaffa, held in condominium with the Templers, however, Provost Rhein complained about the decline of pupils in the Evangelical schools, whose parents were German, Austrian or other German-speaking Jews, especially in the difficult

976:

in June 1934. For him Palestine became a safe exile from further Nazi stalking. After the Olympic close hunting season was over in Germany, the Nazi government increased again its persecution of opponents. The Gestapo arrested Rabenau and seven further leaders of the Confessing Church on 23 June

843:

Unlike other missions Jerusalem's Association had only tiny revenues in foreign exchange out of Nazi control, namely the rent from the former Armenian Orphanage in Bethlehem, rented out to the British mandatory government for its insane asylum. Thus the foreign efforts of Jerusalem's Association

472:

granted Jaffa's Evangelical congregation financial subsidies. The pupils of apostate families had been excluded from the Templer school since 1874. The German government generally co-financed the schools of German language in the Holy Land with about a quarter of their annual budgets since 1880.

437:

among the schismatics and succeeded in forming Evangelical congregations. In 1889 former Templers, Protestant German and Swiss expatriates, and domestic and foreign proselytes established the Evangelical congregation of Jaffa. Johann Georg Kappus sen. (1826–1905) became the first chairman of the

1504:, signed on 24 July 1923 and becoming effective on 5 August 1925. Thus the public custodianship ended in the same year and the prior holders achieved the fully protected legal position as proprietors. Jerusalem's Association applied for registration as Palestinian legal entity, granted in 1928. 945:

in summer 1935, since his Protestant wife Ilse (d. 1988), serving as presbyter of the Jerusalem Evangelical congregation, counted by the Nazi racist categories as partially Jewish. "Among the German inhabitants in the country, only the Lutherans expressed sorrow at Wolff's dismissal and their

988:

After Moderow's return to Germany in 1937 the retired Oertzen served again as pastor in Jaffa until 1939. Jerusalem's Association in Germany experienced a growing hostility by anti-Semites to its name, referring to Jerusalem, and its journal, referring to the Levant. Thus on 27 February 1938

692:

In April 1926 Jerusalem's Association appointed Ernst Paetzold as auxiliary pastor for Jaffa. In September 1928 he held a lecture at the annual conference of Levantine Protestant pastors titled "Our congregations in their position towards other groups of German culture". By 1930 the German

2161:, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, 1991, (Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; , 25), simultaneously: Marburg upon Lahn, Univ., Magisterarbeit, 1987/88 and Berlin, Evang. Kirche in Berlin-Brandenburg (Berlin West), Wiss. Hausarb. for the first theological examination, 1988/89, 1138:, protectress of Jerusalem's Association, and their entourage stayed in Jaffa on 27 October 1898. Their travel agency Thomas Cook accommodated the imperial guests in Ustinov's "Hôtel du Parc", the only establishment in Jaffa regarded suited for them, while the further entourage stayed in 1406:

as well as of other Protestant churches in Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and the US, altogether 45 women and men of the imperial delegation. From the local notables Christoph Hoffmann II (jun.), president of the Temple Society, and representatives of the Evangelical congregations in

1449:. In November 1917 the school had been closed by the Britons. All the property of the congregation, Jerusalem's Association and of parishioners of German and other enemy nationality was taken into public custodianship. With the establishment of a regular British administration in 1918 1180:

sectarians, an agreement was achieved. On 27 October 1913 the Evangelical and the Templer school merged into a common school in the new school building of the Templers, completed in October 1912, until its demolition located in today's Rechov Pines, opposite to #44 It remained an

2748:

In 1931 the destructive deflationary policy of the German Reich's government caused an increased capital flight. This was not fought by reestablishing reliable and sound currency relations, but by a severe rationing of foreign exchange and punitive taxes on capital exports (Cf.

1188:

non-denominational replacement of the vacuum. Thus most Nazis in the Holy Land were from Templer background. This led to a complete turnaround in the Evangelical-Templers' relationship, because before 1933 the Evangelical Protestants had strong mental and financial support by

992:

In July 1939 Oertzen left Jaffa for a summer holiday in Germany, but also to look after his salary, which had been withheld on a German account, for – in preparation of the war – the rationing office blocked most transfers abroad since early 1939. Jerusalem's Association used

2048: 919:, the Pomeranian Confessing Church executive, had agreed to release its Vicar Felix Moderow, he moved to Jaffa to serve there as auxiliary pastor from 1935 to 1937. Also Provost Rhein demanded an opponent pastor as his new vicar and chose another Pomeranian theologist, 592:

The Ottoman authorities forced all enemy missionary institutions to close in October 1914 and many missionary pupils then joined the joint Evangelical-Templer school of Jaffa. Their premises were confiscated for military purposes. In November 1914 the Ottoman Sultan

1914:

Immanuel Church is used frequently for concerts of music, generally (but not exclusively) from the classical genre. The organ of the church is regarded as one of the best in the country and plays a big part in concerts, as well as its key use in regular worship.

984:

The "Neueste Nachrichten aus dem Morgenland", the journal of Jerusalem's Association, complained about Jewish immigration to Palestine (1937) and Arab Nationalism (1939), which it regarded as being due to the infiltration by European decomposing ideologies.

608:

The war years were characterised by an increasing inflation of the Ottoman banknotes, causing Jerusalem's Association severe transfer losses at remitting salaries to its collaborators in the Holy Land, since the association had to purchase – in return for

1491:

and agreed on the British rule in Palestine, followed by the official establishment of the civil administration on 1 July 1920. From that date on Keith-Roach transferred the collected rents for property in custodianship to the actual proprietors. The

989:

Jerusalem's Association adopted the name affix Jerusalemsverein/Versorgung deutscher evangelischer Gemeinden und Arabermission in Palästina (Jerusalem's Association/Maintenance of German Protestant congregations and missioning of Arabs in Palestine).

322:

The church was built in 1904 for the benefit of the German Evangelical community, which it served until its dissolution at the onset of World War II in 1940. In 1955, the Lutheran World Federation transferred control of the church building to the

1476:, so that the property of German missions would be excepted from being expropriated for German reparations for World War I. Jerusalem's Association and the Evangelical Jerusalem Foundation had meanwhile appointed the Swedish Lutheran Archbishop 870:

of May 1934, however, the actual policy depended – case to case – on the opinion of the respective responsible person. While in Germany ecclesiastical media were banned to report on the struggle of the churches, there was no censorship in

1522:(NSLB), but Palestinian NSLB president Dr. Kurt Hegele refused Rhein's membership. So by 1938 all Gentile teachers of German nationality had joined the NSLB, except of Rhein and some further Evangelical missionary . 697:

made up the biggest group of Germans in the Holy Land, however a minority among all Palestinians, the Templers amounted to 1,300, and the remaining 400 Germans were – except of few Catholics (mostly clergy) and few

400:. Temple leader Hardegg and about a third of the Templers seceded from the Temple Society, after personal and substantial quarrels with Christoph Hoffmann. In 1878 Hardegg and most of the schismatics founded the 530:

German colonists, reporting their fears, that they could be expelled in the end, and thus recommended their emigration to a German, less populated colony in Africa. He was followed by the charismatic pastor Dr.

1772:

Miss Neef from Stuttgart financed the altar and the pulpit, while Ustinov granted the congregation a great crucifix from olive tree wood. The parishioners collected 4,050 francs for the pipe organ, produced by

627:

of their pre-war rate in mark, which was inflated itself. The war-related scarcity of goods further caused a dearness of most products so Jerusalem's Association had to increase its transfers to the Holy Land.

1751:(also German Emperor) and his wife Auguste Victoria donated the main bell with the inscription "Gestiftet von S.M. d.K.u.K. Wilhelm II u. I.M. d.K.u.K. Auguste Victoria 1904/Zweifle nicht! Ap. Gesch. 10.20". 496:

for its services. Schlaich introduced some Lutheran traditions from Württemberg's state church. In 1900 ca. 30–40 congregants attended services on Sundays in the chapel of the London Jews Missionary Society.

811:

Since missions depended on transferring funds abroad the government rationing of foreign exchange became the means to blackmail their cooperation. Jerusalem's Association gained a certain support within the

617:

denominated in inflationary Ottoman banknotes, which had to be sold again in Jaffa for less inflated Ottoman hard coins at a rate far below par. Until 1916 the Ottoman banknotes had dropped to a ¼, later to

1626:

The inauguration of Immanuel Church was then delayed to Monday June 6, held as a sober ceremony and attended by Büge, participants from other Evangelical congregations, and Templers. A year later on June 6

1318:, permitting the building, finally arrived on 27 October 1898, after attempts of Templers to baffle the planned constructions, however, too late for an imperial attendance in the laying of the cornerstone. 820:

and the Confessing Church, which both collected and transferred funds for the efforts of Jerusalem's Association. Since February 1934 the new Ecclesiastical Foreign Department (Kirchliches Außenamt) under

1869:, which took care of the formerly German Protestant missionary property in Israel, found an agreement on compensation for the lost missionary property and the future use of the actual places of worship. 807:

with Deutsche Palästina-Bank, which again had to be permitted by the Nazi government, which submitted any foreign indebtedness of German legal entities to its agreement as part of its austerity policy.

526:

Between 1906 and 1912 the Jerusalem's Association and Evangelical State Church of Württemberg financed Pastor Wilhelm Georg Albert Zeller. He considered the growing Jewish immigration a threat to the

1334: 1434:

In April 1900 Pastor Schlaich and his wife moved into Heilpern's house, as well as the school with its 30 pupils, among them Catholic and Jewish pupils, but no Templers, from Jaffa and neighbouring

2143:, Haifa: אוניברסיטת חיפה / המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19, 1999, (פרסומי המכון ע"ש גוטליב שומכר לחקר פעילות העולם הנוצרי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-19/Abhandlungen des 1603:

Braun, the most prominent donor for the congregation and church, travelled on behalf of Jerusalem's Association from Stuttgart to Jaffa to attend the inauguration of Immanuel Church, scheduled for

911:

In February 1935 Rabenau, meanwhile a leading representative of the Confessing Church and opponent of Nazism, resigned from doing the German public relations of Jerusalem's Association. After the

931: 1541:. With the internment of all Jaffa parishioners of German or other enemy nationality in 1940 the premises and houses in Jaffa were confiscated by the Mandatory government. Later the Anglican 1419:, held the speech at the ceremony and donated himself 10,000 marks The actual cornerstone included the deed of foundation and seeds of grain and vegetables, symbolising the fertility of the 485: 3452:

In English translation (King James Version): "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life."

484:, a theologian and educator. He arrived on 10 March 1897 and stayed at Ustinov's hotel until he and his wife found suitable accommodations. The congregation rented the local chapel of the 1240: 893: 284: 1311:

thirds of the site's estimated price In August 1898 Ernst August Voigt, architect of Haifa, handed in his plans for a combined church, community centre, school and pastor's apartment.

1876:, the new umbrella of German church bodies taking care of their foreign efforts, and the Jerusalem's Association (with its vice-president Rabenau), handed over Immanuel Church to the 1254:

1925 – in December 1925 the Evangelical congregations of Jaffa, as well as that of Beirut (est. 1856), Haifa, Jerusalem and Waldheim joined the new umbrella organisation of the

3468:, Karl-Heinz Ronecker (ed.) on behalf of the 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 183–200, here footnote 13 on p. 192. 844:

mostly depended on transfers from Germany, now under Nazi government financial control. To get a ration of foreign exchange Jerusalem's Association needed the consent of the

636:

On 17 November 1917 Britons captured Jaffa and most male parishioners of Austrian, German or Ottoman nationality from Jaffa and Sarona, including Rabenau, were interned in

1529:

in September 1939 all property of the Jaffa congregation, of its parishioners of German or other enemy nationality and of Jerusalem's Association were submitted to the

3251:

Eisler 1997, pp. 132seq. The school enrolment developed as follows: 1890 – 15, 1892 – 8, 1898 – 16, 1900 – 30, 1901 – 17, 1903 – 24, 1905 – 27, 1906 – 23, 1907 – 21.

1579:, to collect the needed funds, with Braun and his wife themselves donating 25,000 marks. In 1902 the Ottoman authorities recognised the construction site in then 1364:

Thus the Protestant dignitaries among them participated in the laying of the cornerstone for the Evangelical church and community centre in Jaffa, among them Dr.

2872:, Karl-Heinz Ronecker (ed.) on behalf of the 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 222–228, here p. 227. 428: 3569: 2124:

Eisler, Ejal Jakob (איל יעקב איזלר), ""Kirchler" im Heiligen Land: Die evangelischen Gemeinden in den württembergischen Siedlungen Palästinas (1886–1914)", in:

2098:(1973), , Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2000, (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg: Reihe B, Forschungen; vol. 77). 2683: 1394:

of different ecclesiastical provinces within the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces, representatives of other German and Swiss Protestant

860: 118: 1444: 1157:(Supreme governor of the Evangelical State Church in Prussia's older Provinces) kept the balance between Templers and Evangelical Protestants at his visit. 169: 1612: 1568: 1512:

resist the merger of the remaining Evangelical schools with Templer schools until 1937, on which occasion they became paganised, teaching the pupils Nazi

3415:

Eisler 1997, p. 134 English translation of the German text: "Donated by H M t E a K William II a H M the E a Q Auguste Victoria 1904 / doubting nothing!

2190:, Karl-Heinz Ronecker (ed.) on behalf of the 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 222–228. 1357:, 31 October 1898, the bulk of the accompanying entourage was determined to return to Jaffa, to get back to their ship. However, a train accident on the 1350: 1338: 969: 682: 678: 67: 2128:, Karl-Heinz Ronecker (ed.) on behalf of the 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 81–100. 477: 3594: 3559: 2171:

Löffler, Roland, "Die Gemeinden des Jerusalemsvereins in Palästina im Kontext des kirchlichen und politischen Zeitgeschehens in der Mandatszeit", in:

2175:, Almut Nothnagle (ed.) on behalf of 'Jerusalemsverein' within Berliner Missionswerk, Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 2001, pp. 185–212. 2023: 1542: 3539: 1255: 513: 2230: 1056:

had sold other real estate and his hospital, which he had built up, to the Templers on 5 March 1869 under the proviso to further cooperate with

2679: 1135: 1755: 423: 550: 504:

Dr. Eugen Büge (1859–1936) in Jaffa to be breaking consular secrets in return for gifts. So Büge was transferred for disciplinary reasons to

3584: 3579: 3564: 3554: 916: 3432:

Eisler 1997, p. 135, footnote 586. English translation: "Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest."

518: 3589: 3549: 2627:

Deutsche Interessen in Syrien und Palästina, 1841 – 1898: Aktivitäten religiöser Institutionen, wirtschaftliche und politische Einflüsse

2338:

Deutsche Interessen in Syrien und Palästina, 1841 – 1898: Aktivitäten religiöser Institutionen, wirtschaftliche und politische Einflüsse

2203:

Deutsche Interessen in Syrien und Palästina, 1841 – 1898: Aktivitäten religiöser Institutionen, wirtschaftliche und politische Einflüsse

1184:

school until its closure by the Britons in November 1917. Jerusalem's Association spent 10% of its budget for schools in the Holy Land.

730: 574: 3574: 1519: 765:-subjected church bodies, which the Confessing Church considered to be schismatic for their abandonment of the universal sacrament of 946:

Jerusalem newspaper published a warm article in praise of his activities. Similar sentiments were expressed in the Hebrew newspaper

3599: 3473: 2877: 2634: 2345: 2210: 2195: 2180: 2166: 2152: 2133: 2118: 2103: 1791: 859:. The pastors of Jaffa and Haifa anyway reported, that their congregations felt more related to Jerusalem's Association than to the 648:, while the parishioners remaining in Jaffa were subjected to strict police control. In August 1918 the internees were relocated to 546: 3466:

Dem Erlöser der Welt zur Ehre: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Einweihung der evangelischen Erlöserkirche in Jerusalem

2870:

Dem Erlöser der Welt zur Ehre: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Einweihung der evangelischen Erlöserkirche in Jerusalem

2188:

Dem Erlöser der Welt zur Ehre: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Einweihung der evangelischen Erlöserkirche in Jerusalem

2126:

Dem Erlöser der Welt zur Ehre: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Einweihung der evangelischen Erlöserkirche in Jerusalem

1561: 3198: 1457:, who rented out the property and collected the rents, until the property was finally returned to its actual proprietors in 1925. 1427:

with Braun's consent his donation of 10,000 marks for Heilpern's house (today's Rechov Beer-Hofmann #9), to become the school and

2675: 1968: 532: 373:

municipality. They erected their wooden houses from prefabricated segments they had brought with them. Many settlers contracted

334:, and a new congregation started taking shape. Today the church is used by a variety of Protestant denominations, including the 3507: 1391: 1139: 1119: 964:

In 1937 Pastor Christian Berg succeeded the retired Detwig von Oertzen in Haifa. Berg had been furloughed by his employer, the

1375:(*1832–1901*), Prussian minister of education, cult, culture and medicine, the executive board of Jerusalem's Association, D. 887:) report on the German struggle of the churches, openly siding with the Confessing Church, in his article on the occasion of 721:

aimed at roughing up with the Protestant church bodies in Germany as of 1932, especially with the constitutional election of

3544: 1873: 1769:

with her handwritten dedication: "Ja kommet her zu mir alle, die ihr mühselig und beladen seid; ich will Euch erquicken."

1740: 1077:

and to provide charitable health care for all, who needed it The physician was Dr. Gottlob Sandel, father of the engineer

2612:

Löffler 2001, p. 205. In the German original: "Unsere Gemeinden in ihrer Stellung zu den anderen Gruppen des Deutschtums"

1877: 1786: 454:, who moved to Jaffa in 1899 when the bank opened its branch there. Ustinov offered the new congregation the hall of his 324: 1736: 1416: 729:

of the old-Prussian church in November 1932, this did not play a role in the Holy Land. However, the newly founded Nazi

162: 112: 1358: 308: 2173:

Seht, wir gehen hinauf nach Jerusalem! Festschrift zum 150jährigen Jubiläum von Talitha Kumi und des Jerusalemsvereins

1611:

after his arrival and died hospitalised in Jerusalem on 31 May 1904. He was buried on the Anglo-Prussian simultaneous

1538: 1057: 81: 3513: 1760: 1576: 1261:

1940 – with the internment of most of its parishioners in Wilhelma the congregation de facto ceased to exist in 1940.

705:

In April 1931 Paetzold returned to Germany, and the pastorate remained unstaffed due to financial constraints in the

669:

Germany to reunite with his family, the Britons refused his return to Jaffa in July 1920. In April 1921 the Prussian

512:

urged also Schlaich's transfer, since it considered Schlaich and not Büge to have damaged its reputation abroad. The

2458:

Carmel 1973, p. 283. Cf. Zeller's article: "Auswanderungspläne der deutschen Kolonisten in Palästina (nach Afrika)".

1021:

started, followed by the British internment of most male Jaffa parishioners of German or other enemy nationality as

480:

agreed to pay the salary of a professional pastor for the Jaffa congregation. They hired Albert Eugen Schlaich from

3441: 2089: 1235: 1131: 952: 866:

In October 1934 the DEMB convened again in Tübingen, declaring its partisanship with the Confessing Church and its

451: 1439: 1376: 1321: 1089: 1067: 788:. Jerusalem's Association retained its legal independence, successfully rejected the application of the so-called 3203: 1866: 1572: 1381: 1014: 462: 378: 3161:

Eisler 1998, p. 90. Voigt had already built the roads between Haifa and Jaffa for the imperial visit since 1897.

664:. Rabenau and the internees built up congregational life in their Egyptian exile, lasting three years. With the 1973: 957:, which lauded his consular activity and heralded his efforts not to hurt the feelings of those opposed to the 537: 509: 2147:-Instituts zur Erforschung des christlichen Beitrags zum Wiederaufbau Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert; vol. 2), 2084: 3420: 2674:

won a majority within the old-Prussian general synod and within its provincial synods – except of the one of

1094: 1083: 1849: 1827: 1803:

In 1977 Immanuel Church underwent a renovation, replacing the old windows and the pipe organ. The Norwegian

1693: 978: 785: 614: 1472:, Mott becoming the president and Oldham the secretary. Mott and Oldham succeeded to get Art. 438 into the 908:

Heckel, head of the Ecclesiastical Foreign Department, heftily criticised Rhein and Weiß for that article.

3437: 3197:

Foerster 1991, p. 165. All the Protestant notabilities had been received by William II for an audience in

1937: 1596: 1518:. In order to regain influence on the curriculum, Rhein then tried to join the Palestinian section of the 1488: 1046: 1882: 940: 589:

ordered his return in October. His wife and their two sons moved to Germany for the duration of the war.

329: 2698: 2686:, and the Lutheran Evangelical Church in Württemberg, which the opposition thus regarded as uncorrupted 1748: 1326: 1628: 792:

for its own employees and the new appointment of its executive board with a majority of two thirds for

746:

no direct control, this was especially true for missionary endowments such as Jerusalem's Association.

481: 377:, and about a third of them died. Most returned to America. In 1869, newly arriving settlers from the 3464:, "Die evangelische lutherische Kirche in Palästina und Jordanien: Vergangenheit und Gegenwart", in: 3416: 2687: 1473: 1072: 665: 578: 493: 404:(Tempelverein), but after Hardegg's death in the following year the cohesion of its adherents faded. 53: 2234: 1894:

meals, prayer, bible study and simple fellowship, both in regular services and throughout the week.

1078: 1037:, which was converted into an internment camp. The remainder was evacuated to Cyprus in April 1948. 935: 825: 2792: 2144: 1950:

1866–1886?: Pastor Johannes Gruhler (*1833–1905*), only partially accepted due to his Anglican Rite

1902:

The church is open to visitors through the week. People of all faiths, and none, are most welcome.

1835: 1813: 1477: 1034: 872: 637: 382: 216: 2008:

1931–1935: Ernst Rhein (*1885–1969*), Provost of Jerusalem, and Pastor von Oertzen (Haifa) per pro

1365: 1942: 1712: 1686: 1501: 1450: 1051: 920: 867: 386: 296: 2703: 2625:, one in Jaffa and some in Haifa. Cf. ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو), 2111:

Der deutsche Beitrag zum Aufstieg Jaffas 1850–1914: Zur Geschichte Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert

1841:"כי כה אהב אלהים את העולם עד כי נתן את בנו יחידו למען לא יאבד כל המאמין בו, אלא ינחל חיי עולם." 1765:, with Auguste Victoria as its protectress, donated the small bells. She also donated the altar 947: 1361:, opened in 1892, interrupted their journey, so that they only arrived in Jaffa on November 2. 702:– prevailingly Protestant, among them 160 parishioners (as of 1927) of the Jaffa congregation. 17: 3469: 3433: 2873: 2630: 2341: 2206: 2191: 2176: 2162: 2148: 2129: 2114: 2099: 2072: 1981:

1917–1920 (in Egyptian exile): Pastor von Rabenau continued to serve the interned parishioners

1923: 1844: 1727: 1681: 1641: 1493: 1143: 1123: 780:

and rejected the attempt to subject the missionary societies – in the course of the pervasive

758: 610: 598: 582: 447: 397: 346: 335: 236: 2750: 2066: 1800:. In 1906 a plaque commemorating Friedrich Braun was fixed on the walls of Immanuel Church. 1774: 1526: 1403: 1399: 1193: 1147: 1018: 888: 706: 570: 221: 2621:

Besides the clergy in 1900 there lived three German Catholic families in Jerusalem, two in

1633: 438:

congregation, seconded and later followed by his son Johann Georg Kappus jun. (1855–1928).

2889: 2754: 1671: 1354: 1342: 1315: 1244: 1212: 927: 897: 804: 789: 781: 354: 316: 288: 275: 88: 2113:, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins; vol. 22) 1152: 467: 1234:, established according to its standards with full rights and bodies such as an elected 2692: 1853: 1831: 1514: 750: 390: 875:. So Provost Ernst Rhein, the responsible editor of the "Gemeindeblatt", let his then 3533: 1991: 1928: 1804: 1782: 1103: 830: 699: 674: 566: 370: 2629:, Berlin: Baalbek, 1982, (Studien zum modernen islamischen Orient; vol. 3), p. 222. 2340:, Berlin: Baalbek, 1982, (Studien zum modernen islamischen Orient; vol. 3), p. 131. 2895: 2796: 1620: 1588: 1567:

Stuttgart's Court Preacher Braun started a fund-raising campaign, also attended by

1465: 1420: 1415:, Haifa, and Jerusalem participated in the ceremony. Braun, court preacher of King 1412: 1395: 1189: 1026: 1010: 1006: 856: 737: 686: 641: 489: 1819: 1987:

1917–1918: D. Dr. Friedrich Jeremias (*1868–1945*), Provost of Jerusalem, per pro

1370: 3485: 3461: 2186:

Rhein, Christoph, "Als Kind der deutschen Propstes in Jerusalem 1930–1938", in:

1797: 1778: 1697: 1435: 1181: 1022: 958: 562: 501: 434: 2868:

Christoph Rhein, "Als Kind der deutschen Propstes in Jerusalem 1930–1938", in:

2678:– , as well as in many synods of other Protestant church bodies, except of the 1107:

would be under dispute So William II and Auguste Victoria could not attend it.

1701: 1667: 1654:

The walls are built from two kinds of natural stone, a yellowish-grey type of

1616: 1564:, by the end of 1901 to design plans for the future solitary Immanuel Church. 718: 657: 649: 553:

visited Jaffa and Immanuel Church, where they were received by Pastor Zeller.

304: 84: 75: 2141:

Peter Martin Metzler (1824–1907): Ein christlicher Missionar im Heiligen Land

1295:

1920: Jaffa congregation had lost parishioners through emigration after 1918.

1045:

The relations of the early Protestants of Jaffa were without major tensions.

184: 171: 2205:, Berlin: Baalbek, 1982, (Studien zum modernen islamischen Orient; vol. 3), 1675: 1659: 1655: 1645:

Northern façade from sandstone with the roof covered with tiles of Marseille

1608: 1604: 1461: 1408: 1060: 884: 722: 645: 245: 241: 206: 1890:

Today a number of congregations besides the Lutheran are using the church.

605:, which aroused fear for anti-Christian atrocities among the parishioners. 130:

Services on Saturdays in Hebrew/English at 11am. Sundays in English at 10am

3502: 772:

On October 18–20, 1933 the German Protestant missionary endowments within

761:, which paralleled in all destroyed Protestant church bodies the official 1808: 981:. After interrogations and some time in detention he was released again. 973: 749:

In Germany the Protestant opposition first formed among pastors with the

594: 577:

on 7 September 1914. Many young male parishioners left Jaffa to join the

312: 151: 72: 1110: 757:

for their Jewish ancestry. This covenant helped to found the Protestant

733:

gained an average of a third of the presbyters and synodals in Germany.

3521: 2739:

carried out the foreign exchange transfers for Jerusalem's Association.

1428: 1331:

Supreme Governor of the Evangelical Church of Prussia's older Provinces

1216: 1160: 1030: 994: 851:

The Levantine Protestant pastors decided on their annual conference at

848:, to cause the government rationing office allotting foreign exchange. 766: 527: 374: 258: 1500:, the Ottoman successor, finally legalised the British Mandate by the 1211:

1894 and after – the congregation comprised parishioners in Jaffa and

47: 2622: 2096:

Die Siedlungen der württembergischen Templer in Palästina (1868–1918)

1872:

In 1955, the Lutheran World Federation, deciding in consent with the

1663: 1497: 1064: 880: 852: 777: 653: 505: 155: 3000:

In the German original: "… das Gepräge des krankhaft Abnormen." Cf.

1997:

1921–1926: Pastor Detwig von Oertzen (*1876–1950*) in Haifa, per pro

1285:

In 1903 parishioners in Jaffa and Haifa amounted to 250 altogether.

2159:

Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945

1956:

1885–1895: Pastor Carl Schlicht (*1855–1930*) in Jerusalem, per pro

1560:

of Jerusalem's Evangelical Church of the Redeemer and renovator of

1146:#6; רחוב אוארבך) of the Templer Ernst Hardegg. Thus William II, as 855:

1934 (1 April), to keep their congregations out of the German Nazi

2047: 1922: 1843: 1766: 1747:

of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces King

1726: 1708: 1680: 1640: 1320: 1227: 1223: 1159: 1109: 876: 726: 661: 602: 362: 358: 345: 1102:

In 1897 and 1898 Templers of Jaffa and Sarona intrigued with the

2799:), which provided it a much more independent financial position. 1823: 1716: 2680:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the river Rhine

2864: 2862: 2231:""Beit Immanuel and Immanuel Church" on Holy Land Pilgrimages" 1496:

legitimised this by granting a mandate to Britain in 1922 and

1222:

1906 – the congregation of Jaffa included besides Sarona also

694: 972:, after the Nazi government sued him in a political trial in 2106:, simultaneously: Jerusalem, Hebr. Univ., PhD (Diss.), 1970. 1984:

1917–1926 (for the parishioners remaining in Jaffa): vacant

1535:

Committee for Supervision of German Educational Institutions

1533:, Keith-Roach again, and the schools were supervised by the 1208:

1890 – it opened its school, its first permanent institution

644:. In 1918 the interned men were deported to a camp south of 2201:

Sinnū, ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو),

1964:

1906–1912: Pastor Wilhelm Georg Albert Zeller (*1879–1929*)

1600:

arriving in February 1904. Groth then waived any honorary.

997:

Ltd. for its transfers to Palestine between 1937 and 1939.

2336:ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو), 1587:#15) as religious property, including its liberation from 486:

London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews

450:

and Wilhelm Friedrich Faber (1863–1923), president of the

396:

However, in June 1874 the Temple denomination underwent a

1906:

afterwards to share their experiences and meet visitors.

1571:, the niece and adoptee of the late Württembergian Queen 1485:

Reich's commissioner on Germans as enemy nationals abroad

3259: 3257: 3085: 3083: 3081: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2658: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2535: 2533: 2496: 2494: 2475: 2473: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 1735:

The furnishings were mostly imported from Germany. King

926:

However, in the German diplomatic service the so-called

3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3280: 3278: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2852: 2850: 3228: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3012: 3010: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2427: 2425: 1088:. In 1882 the Württembergian royal court preacher Dr. 573:

and consular jurisdiction for foreigners according to

2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2298: 2296: 1961:

1897–1906: Pastor Albert Eugen Schlaich (*1870–1954*)

1232:

Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces

1230:, and became a fully fledged congregation within the 1707:

The tower, housing a staircase, flanks the northern

1033:

Germans, Hungarians, and Italians, were interned in

784:

of all civic organisations – to the Nazi-submissive

753:, founded to fight for pastors discriminated by the 446:

Among the parishioners were wealthy members such as

1826:is decorated by an inscription of the Hebrew verse 1258:(1922–1933), then led by President Hermann Kappler. 1025:. In May 1940 all remaining enemy aliens of Jaffa, 251: 235: 227: 215: 205: 200: 161: 147: 142: 134: 126: 105: 95: 66: 61: 29: 2213:, simultaneously: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 1982 1265:The number of parishioners developed as follows: 2735:Foerster 1991, p. 178. Between 1934 and 1937 the 1483:In May 1919 Jerusalem's Association informed the 1029:, Sarona and Tel Aviv, not yet interned, such as 970:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg 2795:had an agricultural farm in Bir Salem (today's 1685:View through the main nave towards the western 1455:Public Custodian of Enemy Property in Palestine 1349:After Emperor William II's inauguration of the 542:, again supported by Stuttgart-based sponsors. 2892:, "Swastikas over Jerusalem", in: Ha-Aretz.com 1865:On 29 August 1951 the State of Israel and the 109:Norwegian Church Ministry to Israel since 1955 2002:1926–1931: Cand. Ernst Paetzold (*1899–1957*) 1743:donated the church clock. In his function as 476:The Jerusalem's Association and the Lutheran 8: 3486:"Immanuel Church Jaffa » Contact/Staff" 2684:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover 2281:Eisler 1997, pp. 113seq., also footnote 479. 1200:Status and number of parishioners, 1899–1940 861:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 100:formerly: Provostry of Jerusalem (1898–1940) 2062:1912–1917/1920: Eitel-Friedrich von Rabenau 1607:1904 (May 22). Unfortunately he contracted 1569:Grand Duchess Vera Constantinovna of Russia 1470:Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions 1205:1889 – the Evangelical congregation emerged 2016:1937–1939: Pastor Detwig von Oertzen rtrd. 1969:Eitel-Friedrich Karl Balthasar von Rabenau 1807:created the new windows of stained glass. 1388:Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council 846:Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council 818:Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council 679:German Protestant Institute of Archaeology 671:Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council 587:Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council 533:Eitel-Friedrich Karl Balthasar von Rabenau 514:Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council 350:Immanuel Church in Jaffa's American colony 46: 26: 2697:, as opposed to the other then so-called 1638:celebrated a memorial service for Braun. 1398:(Braun for Württemberg), of the Lutheran 3199:Bethlehem's Evangelical Christmas Church 1822:created the new pipe organ in 1977. The 1537:under the Anglican bishop of Jerusalem, 1256:German Federation of Protestant Churches 923:(1910–2005), as his vicar in Jerusalem. 2222: 2022:1940?–1947: A minister of the Anglican 1919:Missionaries and pastors (1858–present) 1351:then Evangelical Church of the Redeemer 840:paid by Jerusalem's Association alone. 835:(1894–1967) of the new Nazi-submissive 581:. Rabenau accompanied them to serve as 478:Evangelical State Church in Württemberg 365:on 22 September 1866. They founded the 2013:1935–1937: Vicar Felix Moderow (*?-?*) 1731:The new pipe organ of 1977 by Paul Ott 2139:Eisler, Ejal Jakob (איל יעקב איזלר), 2109:Eisler, Ejal Jakob (איל יעקב איזלר), 2038:2009–2016: Pastor Christian Rasmussen 2024:Church's Ministry Among Jewish People 1543:Church's Ministry Among Jewish People 357:and Abraham McKenzie, colonists from 7: 3570:European-Israeli culture in Tel Aviv 917:Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania 774:Deutscher Evangelischer Missionsbund 500:In 1905 Schlaich accused the German 422:In 1885 Pastor Carl Schlicht of the 1878:Norwegian Church Ministry to Israel 1787:Glasmalereianstalt Ferdinand Müller 1251:, literally: congregation council). 731:Faith Movement of German Christians 575:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire 325:Norwegian Church Ministry to Israel 279: 2044:2022–present: Pastor Eyvind Volle 2035:2004–2009: Pastor Jan H. Mortensen 1861:Second congregation (1955–present) 1692:The interior of the approximately 1520:National Socialist Teachers League 1339:Evangelical Church of the Redeemer 683:Evangelical Church of the Redeemer 442:Sponsorship and pastors until 1914 424:Jerusalem Evangelical congregation 25: 1595:leading the constructions of the 932:Jerusalem's German Consul-General 547:Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia 3595:19th-century Protestant churches 3560:Arab Israeli culture in Tel Aviv 3501: 3004:; No. 13 (29 March 1882), p. 99. 1386:(*1831–1903*), president of the 1142:(then Seestraße, today's Rechov 1122:(right), façades towards Rechov 863:and its Provostry of Jerusalem. 569:de facto abolished the personal 119:Church of the old-Prussian Union 2052:Signpost to the Immanuel Church 1898:Church access and worship times 1468:, two oecumenists, founded the 1190:German Protestant church bodies 713:Pre-WWII position vs. the Nazis 681:in Jerusalem as Provost at the 65: 18:Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv-Yafo) 3540:20th-century Lutheran churches 3320:Foerster 1991, pp. 17 and 150. 2365:Foerster 1991, pp. 81 and 118. 1756:Evangelischer Kirchenbauverein 1658:quarried close to Jaffa and a 1562:All Saints' Church, Wittenberg 1480:their speaker at the Britons. 1337:after the inauguration of the 408:First congregation (1899-1948) 1: 1874:Evangelical Church in Germany 1613:Anglican-Evangelical Cemetery 1164:Explanatory plaque on former 799:However, the Nazi-submissive 751:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 551:Sophie Charlotte of Oldenburg 488:for an annual payment of 100 113:Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem 2527:Foerster 1991, pp. 134, 136. 2041:2016–2018: Rev. Bradley Long 1931:and the lecterns in the apse 1377:Friedrich Wilhelm Barkhausen 1118:(left) and Hardegg's former 977:1937, when leaving Berlin's 597:declared in his function as 389:(1815-1885), members of the 52:The northern façade towards 3585:Messianic Judaism in Israel 3580:Lutheran churches in Israel 3565:Austrian diaspora in Israel 3555:American diaspora in Israel 2982:Eisler 1999, pp. 46 and לט. 2959:Eisler 1999, pp. 29 and כה. 2737:Bank der Tempelgesellschaft 2254:Eisler 1999, pp. 44 and לו. 1670:. The roof is covered with 1539:George Francis Graham Brown 1531:Custodian of Enemy Property 1306:Congregational institutions 3616: 3590:Norwegian diaspora in Asia 3550:Churches completed in 1904 3508:Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv) 3043:Foerster 1991, pp. 104seq. 2924:Foerster 1991, pp. 183seq. 2906:Foerster 1991, pp. 178seq. 2791:Foerster 1991, p. 82. The 2488:Foerster 1991, pp. 125seq. 1785:windows were a product of 1696:prayer hall is covered by 816:-streamlined old-Prussian 3575:German diaspora in Israel 3272:Löffler 2001, pp. 193seq. 2026:served at Immanuel Church 1927:Stained glass windows of 1867:Lutheran World Federation 1737:William II of Württemberg 1704:was installed on a loft. 1700:, on its northern side a 1417:William II of Württemberg 1068:deaconesses' mother house 837:German Evangelical Church 786:German Evangelical Church 256: 45: 34: 3600:Swiss diaspora in Israel 2410:Eisler 1997, pp. 138seq. 2374:Eisler 1997, pp. 129seq. 2085:Carmel, Alex (אלכס כרמל) 1666:, from the mountains at 1508:years of 1931 and 1932. 1041:Relation to the Templers 1013:(September 17) invading 857:struggle of the churches 2383:Eisler 1997, p. 129seq. 2057:Noteworthy parishioners 1953:1870/1886–1897: vacant 1525:After the begin of the 1392:General Superintendents 1359:Jaffa–Jerusalem railway 979:Friedrichswerder Church 930:caused the furlough of 677:, formerly head of the 632:British rule until 1931 557:World War I (1914-1917) 463:Jerusalem's Association 458:in Jaffa for services. 452:Deutsche Palästina-Bank 185:32.056627°N 34.762588°E 3438:Matthew the Evangelist 3356:Foerster 1991, p. 105. 3347:Foerster 1991, p. 193. 3311:Foerster 1991, p. 150. 3293:Foerster 1991, p. 142. 3263:Foerster 1991, p. 138. 3179:Foerster 1991, p. 108. 3107:Foerster 1991, p. 165. 3089:Foerster 1991, p. 117. 2950:Foerster 1991, p. 184. 2936:Foerster 1991, p. 178. 2915:Foerster 1991, p. 180. 2844:Foerster 1991, p. 172. 2826:Foerster 1991, p. 171. 2782:Foerster 1991, p. 173. 2766:Foerster 1991, p. 182. 2726:Foerster 1991, p. 170. 2662:Foerster 1991, p. 162. 2650:Foerster 1991, p. 177. 2603:Foerster 1991, p. 152. 2589:Foerster 1991, p. 144. 2571:Foerster 1991, p. 143. 2557:Foerster 1991, p. 139. 2539:Foerster 1991, p. 137. 2518:Foerster 1991, p. 129. 2509:Foerster 1991, p. 130. 2500:Foerster 1991, p. 126. 2479:Foerster 1991, p. 124. 2449:Foerster 1991, p. 118. 2053: 1936:1858–1870: Missionary 1932: 1857: 1732: 1689: 1646: 1597:Hagia Maria Sion Abbey 1489:Conference of San Remo 1346: 1248: 1168: 1127: 1009:(September 1) and the 1001:World War II and after 901: 561:After the outbreak of 508:, however, the German 379:Kingdom of Württemberg 369:in Jaffa, now part of 351: 309:American–German Colony 300: 292: 282:, Knesiyat Immanu'el; 163:Geographic coordinates 3338:Löffler 2001, p. 207. 3329:Löffler 2001, p. 212. 3302:Löffler 2001, p. 189. 3284:Löffler 2001, p. 194. 3143:Löffler 2001, p. 198. 3125:Foerster 1991, p. 97. 3075:Löffler 2001, p. 208. 3002:Die Warte des Tempels 2856:Löffler 2001, p. 210. 2835:Foerster 1991, p. 73. 2817:Löffler 2001, p. 201. 2808:Löffler 2001, p. 211. 2755:takeover of the Nazis 2717:Löffler 2001, p. 209. 2580:Löffler 2001, p. 196. 2548:Löffler 2001, p. 193. 2467:Eisler 1997, pp. 142. 2419:Eisler 1997, pp. 139. 2392:Foerster 1991, p. 82. 2051: 1926: 1847: 1749:William II of Prussia 1730: 1684: 1644: 1327:William II of Prussia 1324: 1163: 1113: 349: 342:Historical background 261:.immanuelchurch-jaffa 117:Foreign Dept. of the 3545:Churches in Tel Aviv 3510:at Wikimedia Commons 3417:Acts of the Apostles 3406:Eisler 1997, p. 136. 3390:Eisler 1997, p. 135. 3374:Eisler 1997, p. 134. 3232:Eisler 1997, p. 132. 3220:Eisler 1997, p. 131. 3170:Eisler 1997, p. 117. 3152:Eisler 1997, p. 130. 3134:Eisler 1997, p. 127. 3061:Eisler 1997, p. 141. 3052:Carmel 1973, p. 257. 3034:Carmel 1973, p. 161. 3025:Eisler 1997, p. 116. 3016:Eisler 1997, p. 115. 2973:Eisler 1997, p. 140. 2894:, 13 November 2008, 2431:Eisler 1997, p. 139. 2356:Carmel 1973, p. 131. 2318:Eisler 1997, p. 133. 2302:Eisler 1997, p. 128. 2290:Eisler 1997, p. 114. 2272:Eisler 1997, p. 113. 2263:Carmel 1973, p. 102. 1938:Peter Martin Metzler 1711:and the westernmost 1474:Treaty of Versailles 1058:Reformed (Calvinist) 1047:Peter Martin Metzler 915:of the old-Prussian 666:Treaty of Versailles 579:German Imperial Army 494:Latin Monetary Union 211:Paul Ferdinand Groth 190:32.056627; 34.762588 56:street רחוב בר-הופמן 3208:on 30 October 1898. 3188:Carmel 1973, p. 55. 3116:Eisler 1997, p. 72. 3098:Eisler 1998, p. 96. 2991:Carmel 1973, p. 38. 2401:Eisler 1998, p. 92. 2327:Eisler 1998, p. 88. 2145:Gottlieb-Schumacher 1990:1921: Prof. D. Dr. 1836:John the Evangelist 1818:(*1903–1991*) from 1585:Rechov Beer-Hofmann 1301:1934: 80–90 persons 776:(DEMB) convened in 759:Confessing Churches 383:Georg David Hardegg 181: / 138:Pastor Eyvind Volle 2699:destroyed churches 2054: 2019:1939–1940?: vacant 2005:1931–1935: vacant 1967:1912–1917: Pastor 1933: 1858: 1733: 1690: 1647: 1502:Treaty of Lausanne 1451:Edward Keith-Roach 1409:Bethlehem in Judea 1347: 1345:, 31 October 1898) 1292:1913: 136 persons. 1249:Gemeindekirchenrat 1169: 1132:Emperor William II 1128: 879:Georg Weiß (later 868:Barmen declaration 402:Temple Association 387:Christoph Hoffmann 352: 3506:Media related to 2672:German Christians 2157:Foerster, Frank, 2073:Plato von Ustinov 2029:1947–1955: vacant 1994:, provost per pro 1629:Theodor Schneller 1494:League of Nations 1460:On 14 April 1918 1298:1927: 160 persons 1289:1904: 130 persons 1281:1901: 104 persons 1114:Ustinov's former 873:British Palestine 801:German Christians 794:German Christians 755:German Christians 743:German Christians 583:military chaplain 461:Starting in 1890 448:Plato von Ustinov 393:, replaced them. 311:neighbourhood of 269: 268: 122: 101: 16:(Redirected from 3607: 3526: 3518: 3505: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3430: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3372: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3076: 3073: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2937: 2934: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2887: 2881: 2866: 2857: 2854: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2793:Syrian Orphanage 2789: 2783: 2780: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2751:Reich Flight Tax 2746: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2696: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2651: 2648: 2637: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2432: 2429: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2233:. Archived from 2227: 2093: 2067:Jona von Ustinov 1977: 1946: 1886: 1817: 1795: 1775:Walcker Orgelbau 1764: 1745:summus episcopus 1662:, the so-called 1637: 1527:Second World War 1478:Nathan Söderblom 1448: 1404:Church of Sweden 1400:Church of Norway 1385: 1374: 1353:in Jerusalem on 1335:Auguste Victoria 1278:1900: 93 persons 1275:1898: 75 persons 1272:1889: 50 persons 1269:1869: 18 persons 1243: 1194:Alfred Rosenberg 1156: 1148:summus episcopus 1136:Auguste Victoria 1098: 1087: 1076: 1055: 1019:Second World War 966:German Christian 956: 944: 913:Brethren Council 906:German Christian 896: 889:Harvest Festival 834: 823:German Christian 814:German Christian 805:Palestine pounds 763:German Christian 707:Great Depression 626: 624: 615:foreign exchange 571:exterritoriality 545:On 6 April 1910 541: 522: 471: 432: 385:(1812–1879) and 333: 287: 281: 265: 262: 260: 222:Neo-Gothic style 196: 195: 193: 192: 191: 186: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 111: 99: 87:(Lutheran & 50: 27: 21: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3516: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3431: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3394: 3389: 3378: 3373: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3079: 3074: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2890:David Kroyanker 2888: 2884: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2701: 2690: 2688:intact churches 2670: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2640: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2087: 2081: 2059: 1971: 1940: 1921: 1912: 1900: 1880: 1863: 1811: 1789: 1758: 1725: 1652: 1631: 1557: 1552: 1550:Church building 1442: 1379: 1368: 1355:Reformation Day 1343:Reformation Day 1308: 1239: 1202: 1150: 1140:Hotel Jerusalem 1120:Hotel Jerusalem 1092: 1090:Friedrich Braun 1081: 1070: 1049: 1043: 1003: 950: 938: 928:Aryan paragraph 892: 828: 790:Aryan paragraph 782:Gleichschaltung 715: 642:enemy nationals 634: 623: 620: 619: 585:. The Prussian 559: 535: 516: 465: 444: 426: 420: 415: 410: 367:American Colony 344: 327: 283: 272:Immanuel Church 257: 189: 187: 183: 180: 175: 172: 170: 168: 167: 116: 110: 79: 57: 41: 39: 37: 30:Immanuel Church 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3511: 3497: 3496:External links 3494: 3492: 3491: 3477: 3454: 3445: 3425: 3408: 3392: 3376: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3274: 3265: 3253: 3244: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3077: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3006: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2961: 2952: 2938: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2882: 2858: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2784: 2768: 2759: 2741: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2664: 2652: 2638: 2614: 2605: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2490: 2481: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2433: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2329: 2320: 2304: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2199: 2184: 2169: 2155: 2137: 2122: 2107: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1896: 1862: 1859: 1854:Gospel of John 1724: 1721: 1651: 1648: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1515:Weltanschauung 1341:in Jerusalem ( 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1252: 1220: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1079:Theodor Sandel 1042: 1039: 1002: 999: 936:Heinrich Wolff 826:Theodor Heckel 714: 711: 700:irreligionists 633: 630: 621: 558: 555: 510:Foreign Office 443: 440: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 391:Temple Society 343: 340: 307:church in the 301:Immanuelkirken 293:Immanuelkirche 267: 266: 254: 253: 249: 248: 239: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 219: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 198: 197: 165: 159: 158: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 51: 43: 42: 40:Immanuelkirken 38:Immanuelkirche 35: 32: 31: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3612: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474:3-374-01706-1 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878:3-374-01706-1 2875: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753:). 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Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv)

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