45:
6887:
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209:
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745:(CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding
4127:
7594:
7536:
356:, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body. Ehrlich accustomed mice to the poisons ricin and abrin. After feeding them with small but increasing dosages of ricin he ascertained that they had become "ricin-proof". Ehrlich interpreted this as immunization and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months.
1019:, for example, rely on several different symbionts for defense from key parasites, and can vertically transmit their symbionts from parent to offspring. Therefore, a symbiont that successfully confers protection from a parasite is more likely to be passed to the host offspring, allowing coevolution with parasites attacking the host in a way similar to traditional immunity.
7568:
4107:
7558:
4097:
3287:
865:
7606:
2713:
Sizonenko PC, Paunier L (November 1975). "Hormonal changes in puberty III: Correlation of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, FSH, and LH with stages of puberty and bone age in normal boys and girls and in patients with
Addison's disease or hypogonadism or with premature or late adrenarche".
717:
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a
477:
The immune system has the capability of self and non-self-recognition. An antigen is a substance that ignites the immune response. The cells involved in recognizing the antigen are
Lymphocytes. Once they recognize, they secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that neutralize the disease-causing
1040:
The study of the interaction of the immune system with cancer cells can lead to diagnostic tests and therapies with which to find and fight cancer. The immunology concerned with physiological reaction characteristic of the immune state. Inflammation is an immune response that can be seen in many
892:
can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly, the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six and nine months after birth, a
504:
It is now getting clear that the immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions like
Alzheimer's disease. Besides, there are direct implications of the
505:
immune system in the infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and helminth infestations) as well. Hence, research in the field of immunology is of prime importance for the advancements in the fields of modern medicine, biomedical research, and biotechnology.
1007:
species when infected with parasites. These toxins reduce parasite growth in the offspring of the infected
Monarch. However, when uninfected Monarch butterflies are forced to feed only on these toxic plants, they suffer a fitness cost as reduced lifespan relative to other uninfected Monarch
681:. Fellows in Clinical Immunology are typically exposed to many of the different aspects of the specialty and treat allergic conditions, primary immunodeficiencies and systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions. As part of their training fellows may do additional rotations in
352:"in recognition of their work on immunity". He pinned small thorns into starfish larvae and noticed unusual cells surrounding the thorns. This was the active response of the body trying to maintain its integrity. It was Mechnikov who first observed the phenomenon of
583:
caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
879:
present is maternal IgG. These antibodies are transferred from the placenta to the fetus using the FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor). Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA do not cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by
776:
are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child's immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to
523:
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made the antibody an excellent tool for the detection of substances by a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with an
532:
or with a color-forming enzyme in order to detect it. However, the similarity between some antigens can lead to false positives and other errors in such tests by antibodies cross-reacting with antigens that are not exact matches.
2180:
Coutinho A, Forni L, Holmberg D, Ivars F, Vaz N (1984). "From an antigen-centered, clonal perspective of immune responses to an organism-centered network perspective of autonomous reactivity of self-referential immune systems".
445:
the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
449:
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive
1313:
Miyahara S, Yokomuro K, Takahashi H, Kimura Y (November 1983). "Regeneration and the immune system. I. In vitro and in vivo activation of lymphocytes by liver regeneration and the role of
Kupffer cells in stimulation".
888:. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response.
508:
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
341:. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
1642:
951:, increase immune response. As in females, the male sex hormones seem to have more control of the immune system during puberty and post-puberty than during the rest of a male's adult life.
857:
like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during
4604:
373:
for 'exempt', early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the
1266:"Immune responses in vitro. IV. Suppression of primary M, G, and A plaque-forming cell responses in mouse spleen cell cultures by class-specific antibody to mouse immunoglobulins"
54:
1671:
705:
When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs, including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissues, can be
4163:
1059:
acceptance. The term has also been used by fertility clinics to address fertility problems, recurrent miscarriages, premature deliveries and dangerous complications such as
478:
microorganisms. Antibodies do not directly kill pathogens, but instead, identify antigens as targets for destruction by other immune cells such as phagocytes or NK cells.
749:
or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
1008:
butterflies. This indicates that laying eggs on toxic plants is a costly behaviour in
Monarchs which has probably evolved to reduce the severity of parasite infection.
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4597:
268:
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4724:
976:
Ecoimmunology, or ecological immunology, explores the relationship between the immune system of an organism and its social, biotic and abiotic environment.
1650:
940:
and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
3616:
722:, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by
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in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of
4590:
4156:
3556:
772:
The body's capability to react to antigens depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented.
730:, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism's "humors" rather than its cells.
1572:
307:
functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as
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Benten WP, Stephan C, Wunderlich F (June 2002). "B cells express intracellular but not surface receptors for testosterone and estradiol".
1471:
718:
battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by
6895:
5412:
1083:
884:. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low
2784:
Stimson WH (September 1988). "Oestrogen and human T lymphocytes: presence of specific receptors in the T-suppressor/cytotoxic subset".
6483:
4149:
3992:
3334:
2672:
Holt PG, Macaubas C, Cooper D, Nelson DJ, McWilliam AS (1997). "Th-1/Th-2 Switch
Regulation in Immune Responses to Inhaled Antigens".
1678:
640:
501:
erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
6508:
5556:
3008:
Parker BJ, Barribeau SM, Laughton AM, de Roode JC, Gerardo NM (May 2011). "Non-immunological defense in an evolutionary framework".
2299:
1517:
4110:
1399:
979:
More recent ecoimmunological research has focused on host pathogen defences traditionally considered "non-immunological", such as
5448:
4495:
933:
908:
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by
261:
7571:
814:
4490:
3982:
3416:
929:
3132:"Cellular mechanism for selective vertical transmission of an obligate insect symbiont at the bacteriocyte-embryo interface"
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but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing
595:
7584:
7519:
5549:
5493:
5463:
5443:
4994:
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924:. Estradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these
605:
236:
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7509:
5481:
5476:
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943:
The female sex hormone 17-β-estradiol has been shown to regulate the level of immunological response, while some male
254:
1216:
571:) and people with other immune deficiencies. This includes regulating factors such as IL-2, IL-10, GM-CSF B, IFN-α.
6959:
4319:
3586:
1055:
This area of the immunology is devoted to the study of immunological aspects of the reproductive process including
556:
2572:"The maturing immune system: implications for development and testing HIV-1 vaccines for children and adolescents"
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2108:
Langman RE, Cohn M (June 2000). "A minimal model for the self-nonself discrimination: a return to the basics".
971:
999:. More broadly, "behavioural" ecological immunity has been demonstrated in multiple species. For example, the
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5158:
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activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished
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734:
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31:
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6747:
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5638:
5363:
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such as testosterone seem to suppress the stress response to infection. Other androgens, however, such as
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471:
226:
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2008:
81:
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3862:
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1094:
1089:
1072:
529:
345:
323:); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system
231:
103:
3043:"Commentaries on Evolutionary Foundations of Cultural Variation: Evoked Culture and Mate Preferences".
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4130:
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2036:
1580:
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241:
178:
86:
4116:
2872:"Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones estradiol and progesterone"
785:. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like
409:
in nature, and not associated with specific organs, but rather embedded or circulating in various
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Kanda N, Tamaki K (February 1999). "Estrogen enhances immunoglobulin production by human PBMCs".
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1986:
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production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total
552:
44:
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until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in
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1978:
1903:
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525:
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594:, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include
567:. Immunotherapy is also often used for patients who are immunosuppressed (such as those with
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7168:
6855:
6742:
6352:
6315:
6200:
6170:
5683:
5331:
5307:
5028:
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2410:
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2314:
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2041:
1970:
1893:
1883:
1828:
1614:
1505:
1442:
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1323:
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is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired.
752:
More recently, several theoretical frameworks have been suggested in immunology, including "
727:
719:
591:
463:
434:
410:
390:
348:, who advanced studies on immunology and received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908 with
312:
149:
139:
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The use of immune system components or antigens to treat a disease or disorder is known as
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aroused by stimuli encountered around pathogen-infected individuals, such as the smell of
761:
662:
Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent the immune system's attempts to destroy
648:
451:
144:
2440:"The evolution of the danger theory. Interview by Lauren Constable, Commissioning Editor"
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3202:
2963:
2588:
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2256:
2027:
1966:
1879:
1407:
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Maternal factors also play a role in the body's immune response. At birth, most of the
760:" (or "danger theory"), and the "discontinuity" theory. The danger model, suggested by
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987:-mediated defenses, and fecundity trade-offs. Behavioural immunity, a phrase coined by
898:
876:
787:
782:
551:. Immunotherapy is most commonly used to treat allergies, autoimmune disorders such as
406:
93:
2924:
2888:
2871:
2840:
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2366:
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1898:
1863:
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The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories:
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548:
542:
293:
66:
2813:
2605:
2383:
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2210:
2061:
1990:
1527:
1343:
493:, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (
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2749:
Verthelyi D (June 2001). "Sex hormones as immunomodulators in health and disease".
1702:
1603:"Approaches to minimizing interference by cross-reacting molecules in immunoassays"
1012:
921:
894:
810:
778:
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and colleagues, has been very influential, arousing many comments and discussions.
757:
682:
601:
433:, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the
422:
353:
349:
196:
128:
2399:"Cutting edge commentary: a Copernican revolution? Doubts about the danger theory"
1974:
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across host generations, despite a non-genetic direct basis for the transmission.
208:
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3211:
2681:
2676:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 417. pp. 301–06.
2539:
1953:
Bretscher P, Cohn M (September 1970). "A theory of self-nonself discrimination".
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5525:
5228:
5223:
4825:
4708:
3899:
3844:
3741:
3596:
3571:
3389:
3183:"Immunological insights into the life and times of the extinct Tasmanian tiger (
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1619:
1602:
881:
834:
793:
753:
738:
723:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2245:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1868:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1643:"Transplant rejection: T-helper cell paradigm | British Society for Immunology"
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The (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and
455:
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noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could
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304:
50:
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2505:
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1769:
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Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in
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7019:
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6546:
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4989:
4921:
4872:
4838:
4703:
4683:
4673:
4571:
4276:
4060:
3802:
3797:
3661:
3639:
3514:
3478:
3148:
2265:
2045:
1802:
1004:
984:
913:
858:
663:
3230:
3167:
3116:
3029:
2991:
2972:
2897:
2848:
2770:
2658:
2597:
2524:
2473:
2424:
2326:
2284:
2129:
2121:
2053:
1907:
1888:
1456:
1327:
1178:
991:, specifically refers to psychological pathogen avoidance drivers, such as
604:, in which the immune system attacks its own host's body (examples include
17:
3286:
2932:
2805:
2727:
2699:
2375:
2202:
1982:
1848:
1628:
1335:
1299:
1281:
643:, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper")
7471:
7396:
7326:
7258:
7253:
7078:
7012:
6609:
6566:
6465:
6337:
6212:
6188:
5988:
5913:
5843:
5773:
5768:
5593:
5267:
5218:
5116:
5010:
4889:
4877:
4853:
4848:
4636:
4561:
4346:
4334:
4292:
4246:
4210:
3566:
3343:
3261:
3107:
2735:
996:
944:
917:
869:
854:
838:
822:
818:
467:
430:
426:
325:
297:
289:
183:
1677:. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
1500:
Rich, Robert R.; Chaplin, David D. (2019). "The Human Immune Response".
1022:
The preserved immune tissues of extinct species, such as the thylacine (
7486:
7218:
7088:
7005:
6850:
6825:
6810:
6792:
6639:
6604:
6445:
6440:
6367:
6362:
6342:
6135:
6120:
6071:
6003:
5733:
5603:
5486:
5018:
4865:
4566:
4380:
4229:
4200:
4045:
3505:
3473:
3366:
992:
937:
925:
909:
798:
773:
706:
629:
580:
486:
482:
398:
337:
331:
285:
5541:
2455:
7153:
6684:
6669:
6629:
6624:
6498:
6420:
6415:
6325:
5668:
5289:
5253:
5210:
5106:
4982:
4646:
4538:
4526:
4271:
4222:
644:
639:
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is
625:
564:
490:
386:
382:
374:
2318:
864:
6815:
6714:
6646:
6634:
6372:
6320:
5061:
2300:"The speed of change: towards a discontinuity theory of immunity?"
1056:
1016:
897:, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to
863:
442:
402:
370:
6694:
6679:
6619:
6295:
6184:
6140:
948:
6044:
5545:
5175:
4586:
4145:
3316:
6473:
5171:
3302:
809:
in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult.
656:
568:
3078:
Lefèvre T, Oliver L, Hunter MD, De Roode JC (December 2010).
1423:"The thymus and the immune system: layered levels of control"
1145:"Systems Immunology: Learning the Rules of the Immune System"
673:
Clinical immunology and allergy is usually a subspecialty of
2948:"Identification of a human recent thymic emigrant phenotype"
2350:"Danger – pathogen on the premises! Immunological tolerance"
1504:. Principles and Practice (5th ed.). pp. 3–17.e1.
6357:
3312:
2620:"Neonatal Immunology | British Society for Immunology"
6040:
3307:
2570:
Jaspan HB, Lawn SD, Safrit JT, Bekker LG (February 2006).
2077:
The limits of the self: immunology and biological identity
1819:
Tauber AI (1994). "The Immune Self: Theory or Metaphor?".
3246:"NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: coming of age"
2946:
McFarland RD, Douek DC, Koup RA, Picker LJ (April 2000).
2226:
Tending Adam's garden: Evolving the cognitive immune self
2002:
2000:
893:
child's immune system begins to respond more strongly to
1241:"Transplant rejection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
709:
excised for examination while patients are still alive.
429:. It studies the relationship between the body systems,
3297:
1541:
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001).
1217:"Specific Disease Types | Immune Deficiency Foundation"
489:
released from a certain class of immune cells known as
3080:"Evidence for trans-generational medication in nature"
2674:
Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology
2147:
In defense of self: how the immune system really works
1573:"What is immunology? | British Society for Immunology"
1358:"Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff) (1845–1916)"
7582:
1476:
Immunology Course Medical School, University of Pavia
632:) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless
55:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
30:"Immunobiology" redirects here. For the journal, see
2716:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2241:"On the definition of a criterion of immunogenicity"
1864:"The natural-selection theory of antibody selection"
1548:
Immunobiology the immune system health & disease
405:. However, many components of the immune system are
303:
Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the
7497:
7059:
7029:
6905:
6894:
6791:
6723:
6655:
6595:
6517:
6464:
6381:
6288:
6128:
6119:
6012:
5511:
5434:
5425:
5393:
5288:
5209:
5136:
5096:
5070:
5042:
5009:
4962:
4897:
4888:
4824:
4815:
4795:
4723:
4645:
4630:
4621:
4554:
4512:
4454:
4355:
4285:
4193:
4186:
4003:
3941:
3702:
3630:
3585:
3494:
3365:
3350:
3130:Koga R, Meng XY, Tsuchida T, Fukatsu T (May 2012).
1827:(3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 134–6.
1472:"The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications"
1376:"Phagocytosis: Definition, Process, & Examples"
192:
158:
118:
73:
61:
2144:
1814:
1812:
1143:Villani AC, Sarkizova S, Hacohen N (April 2018).
1026:), can also provide insights into their biology.
805:is very limited. For example, the mean level of
3244:Taniguchi, Koji; Karin, Michael (January 2018).
2637:Glezen WP (December 2001). "Maternal vaccines".
2348:Janeway CA, Goodnow CC, Medzhitov R (May 1996).
1924:The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity
1727:"Emil von Behring: The Founder of Serum Therapy"
1264:Pierce CW, Solliday SM, Asofsky R (March 1972).
421:Classical immunology ties in with the fields of
2565:
2563:
2561:
2913:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1672:"Clinical Immunology and Allergy Competencies"
912:, of which the most significant in females is
27:Branch of medicine studying the immune system
6056:
5557:
5187:
4598:
4157:
3328:
2544:(5th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
2298:Pradeu T, Jaeger S, Vivier E (October 2013).
262:
8:
37:
3308:Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies
2009:"The danger model: a renewed sense of self"
1421:Lee DK, Hakim FT, Gress RE (October 2010).
364:
6902:
6125:
6063:
6049:
6041:
5564:
5550:
5542:
5431:
5294:
5194:
5180:
5172:
4894:
4821:
4729:
4651:
4642:
4627:
4605:
4591:
4583:
4190:
4164:
4150:
4142:
3617:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3362:
3335:
3321:
3313:
269:
255:
203:
6030:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
3958:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3220:
3210:
3157:
3147:
3106:
2981:
2971:
2887:
2587:
2514:
2504:
2463:
2414:
2365:
2274:
2264:
2035:
1897:
1887:
1785:Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology
1618:
1446:
1289:
1168:
801:activity and the ability to activate the
344:The term was coined by Russian biologist
2876:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
2239:Pradeu T, Carosella ED (November 2006).
1942:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1927:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1543:"Chapter 9: The Humoral Immune Response"
954:Physical changes during puberty such as
756:" views, "cognitive immune" views, the "
7589:
5112:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
1110:
215:
962:Ecoimmunology and behavioural immunity
890:Passively acquired maternal antibodies
825:receptors, which limit the ability of
381:, and chief lymphatic tissues such as
36:
6025:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3298:American Association of Immunologists
3003:
3001:
2870:Beagley KW, Gockel CM (August 2003).
2151:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1940:Cellular Immunology: Self and Notself
1787:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1703:"Robert Koch | German bacteriologist"
1601:Miller JJ, Valdes R (February 1991).
1161:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053035
1003:often lays its eggs on certain toxic
462:. The latter is further divided into
7:
7557:
4096:
3857:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2444:Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
1270:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1011:Symbiont-mediated defenses are also
958:also affect immunological response.
579:Clinical immunology is the study of
7567:
5413:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
4106:
2589:10.1097/01.aids.0000210602.40267.60
2489:"The danger theory: 20 years later"
2079:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1551:(5th ed.). New York: Garland.
1400:"Definition of immunity in English"
1193:"Hypersensitivities | Microbiology"
1084:International Reviews of Immunology
737:, inspired by a suggestion made by
6484:Evolutionary developmental biology
3993:Medical Scientist Training Program
2798:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01459.x
2786:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
2195:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb00492.x
1510:10.1016/B978-0-7020-6896-6.00001-6
460:acquired or adaptive immune system
25:
6509:Post-transcriptional modification
3010:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2116:(3): 189–95, discussion 257–344.
701:Clinical and pathology immunology
7604:
7592:
7566:
7556:
7547:
7546:
7534:
6885:
5449:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
4125:
4115:
4105:
4095:
4086:
4085:
3285:
3099:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01537.x
2751:International Immunopharmacology
934:secondary sexual characteristics
207:
43:
4126:
4491:Immunoglobulin class switching
3983:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3417:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3303:British Society for Immunology
1783:Tauber AI, Chernyak L (1991).
1316:European Journal of Immunology
1:
2925:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70503-8
2889:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00202-5
2841:10.1016/S0039-128X(02)00013-2
2763:10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00044-3
2651:10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70041-5
2538:Goldsby RA, Kindt TK (2003).
2367:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00531-6
1975:10.1126/science.169.3950.1042
1754:. San Diego: Academic Press.
928:not only act directly on the
598:and primary immune diseases);
596:chronic granulomatous disease
413:located throughout the body.
363:, from the etymological root
5494:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
5482:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
5477:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
5464:Uterine natural killer cells
5444:Cytokine-induced killer cell
4803:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
3963:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3730:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3212:10.1371/journal.pone.0144091
2682:10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_49
2487:Pradeu T, Cooper EL (2012).
2228:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2075:Pradeu T, Vitanza E (2012).
1833:10.1016/0167-5699(94)90157-0
1439:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181f20474
1427:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
841:are slow and have a reduced
657:human immunodeficiency virus
606:systemic lupus erythematosus
359:Prior to the designation of
2416:10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.1725
1364:. Arizona State University.
1149:Annual Review of Immunology
7643:
4320:Polyclonal B cell response
3057:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_2
3022:10.1016/j.tree.2011.02.005
2307:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2007:Matzinger P (April 2002).
1862:Jerne NK (November 1955).
1470:Gherardi, E (2007-01-02).
1048:
1033:
965:
861:but are not fully active.
540:
516:
485:. Antibodies are specific
49:MRSA (yellow) engulfed by
29:
7528:
6995:Polymerase chain reaction
6955:Green fluorescent protein
6883:
6532:Earliest known life forms
6078:
5579:
5472:
5297:
4969:Antigen-presenting cells
4757:
4732:
4694:
4654:
4081:
3250:Nature Reviews Immunology
1620:10.1093/clinchem/37.2.144
1197:courses.lumenlearning.com
697:and the immunologic lab.
292:that covers the study of
42:
5057:Nucleated red blood cell
4613:Myeloid blood cells and
3917:Transplantation medicine
3808:Clinical neurophysiology
3725:Obstetric anesthesiology
3645:Interventional radiology
3405:Digestive system surgery
2506:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287
2438:Matzinger P (May 2012).
972:Behavioral immune system
851:Antigen-presenting cells
768:Developmental immunology
7047:species discovery curve
6175:Response to environment
5521:Hematopoietic stem cell
5280:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
5159:Hematopoietic stem cell
5078:Leukocyte extravasation
4947:Foreign-body giant cell
3788:Intensive care medicine
3762:Mass gathering medicine
3607:Maternal–fetal medicine
3185:Thylacinus cynocephalus
3149:10.1073/pnas.1119212109
2493:Frontiers in Immunology
2266:10.1073/pnas.0608683103
2046:10.1126/science.1071059
1752:A history of immunology
1750:Silverstein AM (1989).
1707:Encyclopedia Britannica
1433:(10 Suppl 4): S273–76.
1380:Encyclopedia Britannica
1051:Reproductive immunology
1045:Reproductive immunology
868:Artist's impression of
743:clonal selection theory
557:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
53:(purple) Photo Source:
32:Immunobiology (journal)
7520:Plant morphology terms
7124:Biological engineering
6806:Biological interaction
5639:Biological engineering
4434:Tolerance in pregnancy
4176:adaptive immune system
3380:Cardiothoracic surgery
2973:10.1073/pnas.070061597
2645:(4): 791–806, vi–vii.
2122:10.1006/smim.2000.0231
2110:Seminars in Immunology
1889:10.1073/pnas.41.11.849
1328:10.1002/eji.1830131104
1024:Thylacine cynocephalus
872:
713:Theoretical immunology
365:
7209:Developmental biology
7184:Computational biology
7164:Cellular microbiology
6504:Mendelian inheritance
6416:Energy transformation
5724:Developmental biology
5699:Computational biology
5679:Cellular microbiology
5427:Innate lymphoid cells
5403:Natural killer T cell
4469:Somatic hypermutation
4303:Polyclonal antibodies
4298:Monoclonal antibodies
4031:Personalized medicine
3890:Reproductive medicine
3815:Occupational medicine
3769:Evolutionary medicine
3045:Psychological Inquiry
2728:10.1210/jcem-41-5-894
2403:Journal of Immunology
2183:Immunological Reviews
1282:10.1084/jem.135.3.675
1095:History of immunology
1090:Outline of immunology
1073:List of immunologists
903:vaccination schedules
867:
513:Diagnostic immunology
346:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
7427:Reproductive biology
7312:Mathematical biology
7239:Evolutionary biology
7189:Conservation biology
7000:Two-hybrid screening
6970:Protein purification
6801:Biogeochemical cycle
6763:Internal environment
6411:Cellular respiration
5944:Reproductive biology
5829:Mathematical biology
5754:Evolutionary biology
5704:Conservation biology
5154:Hematopoietic system
4942:Langhans giant cells
4486:Junctional diversity
4254:Antigen presentation
4051:Traditional medicine
4011:Alternative medicine
3878:Addiction psychiatry
3692:Transfusion medicine
3687:Medical microbiology
3602:Gynecologic oncology
3454:Reproductive surgery
3294:at Wikimedia Commons
3262:10.1038/nri.2017.142
920:) and, in males, is
668:transplant rejection
610:rheumatoid arthritis
561:rheumatoid arthritis
452:innate immune system
417:Classical immunology
321:transplant rejection
126:Rheumatoid arthritis
7214:Ecological genetics
6925:Gel electrophoresis
6915:Genetic engineering
6868:Population dynamics
6778:Reproductive system
5729:Ecological genetics
5573:Branches of biology
5395:Innate-like T cells
5275:Transitional B cell
4917:Alveolar macrophage
4481:V(D)J recombination
4464:Affinity maturation
4216:Antigenic variation
4073:History of medicine
4056:Veterinary medicine
3863:Preventive medicine
3715:Adolescent medicine
3557:Infectious diseases
3203:2015PLoSO..1044091O
3051:(2): 96–137. 2006.
2964:2000PNAS...97.4215M
2257:2006PNAS..10317858P
2028:2002Sci...296..301M
1967:1970Sci...169.1042B
1880:1955PNAS...41..849J
1502:Clinical Immunology
1404:Oxford Dictionaries
983:, self-medication,
691:otorhinolaryngology
614:Hashimoto's disease
575:Clinical immunology
309:autoimmune diseases
179:Immunoprecipitation
39:
7541:Biology portal
7437:Structural biology
7422:Relational biology
7249:Generative biology
7244:Freshwater biology
7042:mark and recapture
6990:Restriction enzyme
6783:Respiratory system
6738:Circulatory system
6665:Epidermis (botany)
6020:History of biology
5954:Structural biology
5939:Relational biology
5764:Generative biology
5759:Freshwater biology
5088:Intrinsic immunity
4952:Touton giant cells
4021:Molecular oncology
3978:Doctor of Medicine
3968:Master of Medicine
3885:Radiation oncology
3757:Emergency medicine
3710:Addiction medicine
3677:Clinical chemistry
3672:Clinical pathology
3464:Transplant surgery
3422:Orthopedic surgery
3400:Colorectal surgery
2919:(2 Pt 1): 282–88.
2624:www.immunology.org
1938:Burnet FM (1969).
1921:Burnet FM (1959).
1731:www.nobelprize.org
1647:www.immunology.org
1607:Clinical Chemistry
1577:www.immunology.org
1362:The Embryo Project
1120:"What is Biology?"
1041:types of cancers.
981:pathogen avoidance
873:
831:adhesion molecules
803:complement cascade
747:histocompatibility
733:In the mid-1950s,
491:B lymphocytes
313:hypersensitivities
135:Autoimmune disease
7580:
7579:
7442:Synthetic biology
7322:Molecular biology
7179:Cognitive biology
7055:
7054:
6881:
6880:
6572:Natural selection
6353:Organic compounds
6250:Scientific method
6240:Emergent property
6181:Hierarchy of life
6151:Energy processing
6038:
6037:
5959:Synthetic biology
5839:Molecular biology
5694:Cognitive biology
5539:
5538:
5507:
5506:
5421:
5420:
5169:
5168:
5132:
5131:
5005:
5004:
4932:Epithelioid cells
4811:
4810:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4719:
4718:
4580:
4579:
4508:
4507:
4258:professional APCs
4139:
4138:
3973:Master of Surgery
3937:
3936:
3922:Tropical medicine
3868:Prison healthcare
3783:Hospital medicine
3747:Disaster medicine
3737:Aviation medicine
3552:Hospital medicine
3459:Surgical oncology
3444:Pediatric surgery
3438:
3385:Endocrine surgery
3290:Media related to
2691:978-1-4757-9968-2
2551:978-0-7167-4947-9
2456:10.1586/eci.12.21
2397:Vance RE (2000).
2158:978-0-19-533663-4
2143:Clark WR (2008).
2086:978-0-19-977528-6
1961:(3950): 1042–49.
1794:978-0-19-506447-6
1761:978-0-12-643770-6
1653:on April 23, 2019
1558:978-0-8153-3642-6
1410:on July 25, 2018.
1221:primaryimmune.org
1036:Cancer immunology
1030:Cancer immunology
1001:Monarch butterfly
956:thymic involution
829:to interact with
741:, formulated the
735:Macfarlane Burnet
675:internal medicine
618:myasthenia gravis
530:fluorescent label
519:Immunodiagnostics
317:immune deficiency
279:
278:
202:
201:
16:(Redirected from
7634:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7597:
7596:
7588:
7570:
7569:
7560:
7559:
7550:
7549:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7515:Ecological terms
7169:Chemical biology
7030:Field techniques
6903:
6889:
6748:Digestive system
6743:Endocrine system
6316:Chemical element
6275:Biology journals
6171:Self-replication
6126:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6042:
5684:Chemical biology
5566:
5559:
5552:
5543:
5459:Adaptive NK cell
5432:
5295:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5173:
5103:Precursor cells
5029:Promegakaryocyte
4895:
4822:
4747:Promegakaryocyte
4730:
4652:
4643:
4628:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4474:Clonal selection
4446:Immune privilege
4441:Immunodeficiency
4396:Cross-reactivity
4386:Hypersensitivity
4191:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4143:
4129:
4128:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4089:
4088:
3793:Medical genetics
3778:General practice
3655:Nuclear medicine
3530:Gastroenterology
3486:Vascular surgery
3436:
3363:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3197:(12): e0144091.
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3142:(20): E1230–37.
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2369:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2251:(47): 17858–61.
2236:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2039:
2022:(5566): 301–05.
2013:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1821:Immunology Today
1816:
1807:
1806:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1649:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1579:. Archived from
1569:
1563:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1478:. Archived from
1467:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:. Archived from
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1115:
797:. In neonates,
728:Emil von Behring
720:Elie Metchnikoff
592:immunodeficiency
526:isotopic (radio)
435:plague of Athens
368:
271:
264:
257:
211:
204:
162:
150:Immunodeficiency
140:Hypersensitivity
122:
99:
97:
96:(Immunogenetics)
47:
40:
21:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7605:
7603:
7591:
7583:
7581:
7576:
7533:
7532:
7524:
7510:Botanical terms
7493:
7492:
7491:
7452:Systems biology
7417:Quantum biology
7051:
7025:
6907:
6897:
6890:
6877:
6787:
6768:Muscular system
6725:
6719:
6710:Vascular tissue
6657:
6651:
6591:
6552:History of life
6513:
6494:Gene regulation
6489:Gene expression
6460:
6377:
6284:
6115:
6074:
6069:
6039:
6034:
6008:
5969:Systems biology
5934:Quantum biology
5575:
5570:
5540:
5535:
5503:
5468:
5417:
5389:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5335:
5327:
5320:
5284:
5262:
5205:
5200:
5170:
5165:
5128:
5092:
5071:Immune response
5066:
5044:Red blood cells
5038:
5001:
4978:Langerhans cell
4973:Dendritic cells
4958:
4884:
4807:
4783:
4767:Proerythroblast
4753:
4715:
4699:Monocytopoiesis
4690:
4634:
4617:
4611:
4581:
4576:
4550:
4504:
4450:
4429:Clonal deletion
4357:
4351:
4281:
4182:
4170:
4140:
4135:
4077:
4066:Chief physician
3999:
3944:
3933:
3927:Travel medicine
3912:Sports medicine
3895:Sexual medicine
3835:Palliative care
3830:Pain management
3774:Family medicine
3752:Diving medicine
3698:
3626:
3588:
3581:
3497:
3490:
3449:Plastic surgery
3395:General surgery
3375:Cardiac surgery
3356:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3282:
3277:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3093:(12): 1485–93.
3087:Ecology Letters
3082:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2692:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2354:Current Biology
2347:
2346:
2342:
2319:10.1038/nri3521
2302:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:Irun C (2000).
2223:
2222:
2218:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2159:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1520:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1245:medlineplus.gov
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:Osteoimmunology
1069:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
974:
966:Main articles:
964:
899:polysaccharides
783:polysaccharides
770:
762:Polly Matzinger
715:
703:
649:dendritic cells
577:
553:Crohn's disease
545:
539:
521:
515:
419:
284:is a branch of
275:
246:
188:
160:
154:
145:Immune disorder
120:
113:
95:
92:
91:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7640:
7638:
7630:
7629:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7601:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7554:
7544:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7307:Marine biology
7304:
7299:
7294:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7119:Bioinformatics
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6950:DNA microarray
6947:
6945:DNA sequencing
6942:
6937:
6935:Centrifugation
6932:
6930:Chromatography
6927:
6922:
6920:Transformation
6917:
6911:
6909:
6900:
6892:
6891:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:Climate change
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6773:Nervous system
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6705:Vascular plant
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6562:Microevolution
6559:
6557:Macroevolution
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6451:Photosynthesis
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6406:Cell signaling
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6289:Chemical basis
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6255:Taxonomic rank
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6235:Reductionistic
6232:
6178:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6096:
6091:
6082:Introduction (
6079:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5824:Marine biology
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Bioinformatics
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5348:
5343:
5333:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5024:Megakaryoblast
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4817:Myeloid tissue
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4762:Erythropoiesis
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4742:Megakaryoblast
4737:Thrombopoiesis
4733:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4659:Granulopoiesis
4655:
4649:
4640:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4460:
4458:
4456:Immunogenetics
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4401:Co-stimulation
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:Immune complex
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:Dendritic cell
4250:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:Conformational
4237:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4004:Related topics
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Medical school
3949:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Sleep medicine
3904:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3720:Anesthesiology
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:Neuroradiology
3647:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:Obstetrics and
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3469:Trauma surgery
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3432:Otolaryngology
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3358:subspecialties
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3281:
3280:External links
3278:
3276:
3275:
3256:(5): 309–324.
3236:
3181:Old J (2015).
3173:
3122:
3070:
3035:
2997:
2958:(8): 4215–20.
2938:
2903:
2862:
2819:
2776:
2741:
2722:(5): 894–904.
2705:
2690:
2664:
2629:
2611:
2557:
2550:
2530:
2479:
2430:
2409:(4): 1725–28.
2389:
2340:
2313:(10): 764–69.
2290:
2231:
2216:
2172:
2157:
2135:
2100:
2085:
2067:
2037:10.1.1.127.558
1996:
1945:
1930:
1913:
1874:(11): 849–57.
1854:
1808:
1793:
1775:
1760:
1742:
1718:
1694:
1663:
1634:
1593:
1564:
1557:
1533:
1518:
1492:
1462:
1413:
1391:
1367:
1349:
1322:(11): 878–83.
1305:
1256:
1232:
1208:
1184:
1135:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1049:Main article:
1046:
1043:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
963:
960:
914:17-β-estradiol
877:immunoglobulin
788:Staphylococcus
769:
766:
714:
711:
702:
699:
622:
621:
599:
576:
573:
563:, and certain
541:Main article:
538:
535:
517:Main article:
514:
511:
418:
415:
294:immune systems
277:
276:
274:
273:
266:
259:
251:
248:
247:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
223:
220:
219:
213:
212:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
163:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
123:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
100:
90:
89:
84:
78:
75:
71:
70:
63:
59:
58:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7639:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7612:
7602:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7573:
7565:
7563:
7555:
7553:
7545:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7387:Phylogenetics
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7284:Human biology
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7174:Chronobiology
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Biotechnology
7147:
7145:
7144:Biostatistics
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7037:Belt transect
7035:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6985:Southern blot
6983:
6981:
6980:Northern blot
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6888:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Immune system
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6675:Ground tissue
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6577:Phylogenetics
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Genetic drift
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Nucleic acids
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6311:Chemical bond
6309:
6307:
6306:Carbohydrates
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Phylogenetics
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Human biology
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Chronobiology
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Biotechnology
5662:
5660:
5659:Biostatistics
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5532:
5531:Prolymphocyte
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5513:Lymphopoiesis
5510:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:Memory T cell
5349:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Cytotoxic CD8
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:Marginal zone
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5124:Myelomonocyte
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5034:Megakaryocyte
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Kupffer cells
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Metamyelocyte
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:Hematopoiesis
4620:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Clonal anergy
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:Microantibody
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4132:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4102:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Public health
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Allied health
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Oral medicine
3823:
3821:
3820:Ophthalmology
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Cytopathology
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3622:Urogynecology
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Endocrinology
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3108:2027.42/79381
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:(5): 242–48.
3015:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:(7): 647–54.
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:(3): 345–50.
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:(6): 983–93.
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2582:(4): 483–94.
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:(4): 311–17.
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2360:(5): 519–22.
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1684:on 2021-09-26
1680:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1613:(2): 144–53.
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1583:on 2018-07-21
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:9780702068966
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1482:on 2007-01-02
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:(3): 675–97.
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:(1): 813–42.
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:pre-eclampsia
1058:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:Mark Schaller
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
968:Ecoimmunology
961:
959:
957:
952:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:glycoproteins
891:
887:
883:
878:
871:
866:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:up-regulation
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:glycoproteins
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
712:
710:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:immunotherapy
544:
543:Immunotherapy
537:Immunotherapy
536:
534:
531:
527:
520:
512:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
473:
472:cell-mediated
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:lymph vessels
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:physiological
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
253:
252:
250:
249:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
198:
195:
191:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Agglutination
167:
166:
164:
157:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
127:
124:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
33:
19:
7432:Sociobiology
7412:Protistology
7377:Photobiology
7372:Pharmacology
7362:Parasitology
7357:Paleontology
7337:Neuroscience
7317:Microbiology
7229:Epidemiology
7199:Cytogenetics
7159:Cell biology
7139:Biosemiotics
7129:Biomechanics
7109:Biogeography
7104:Biochemistry
7099:Bacteriology
7094:Astrobiology
7018:
7011:
7004:
6975:Western blot
6965:Enzyme assay
6940:Cell culture
6841:Conservation
6726:and function
6724:Animal form
6658:and function
6431:Fermentation
6209:Organ system
6167:Reproduction
6145:Properties (
5949:Sociobiology
5929:Protistology
5894:Photobiology
5889:Pharmacology
5879:Parasitology
5874:Paleontology
5854:Neuroscience
5834:Microbiology
5808:
5744:Epidemiology
5714:Cytogenetics
5674:Cell biology
5654:Biosemiotics
5644:Biomechanics
5624:Biogeography
5619:Biochemistry
5614:Bacteriology
5609:Astrobiology
5083:Phagocytosis
5052:Reticulocyte
4826:Granulocytes
4777:Reticulocyte
4669:Promyelocyte
4632:Myelopoiesis
4391:Inflammation
4376:Alloimmunity
4371:Autoimmunity
4356:Immunity vs.
4308:Autoantibody
4206:Superantigen
4041:Rural health
4026:Nanomedicine
3577:Rheumatology
3509:
3508: /
3427:Hand surgery
3412:Neurosurgery
3253:
3249:
3239:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3013:
3009:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2882:(1): 13–22.
2879:
2875:
2865:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2673:
2667:
2642:
2639:Primary Care
2638:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2579:
2575:
2540:
2533:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2310:
2306:
2293:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2146:
2138:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2076:
2070:
2019:
2015:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1923:
1916:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1824:
1820:
1784:
1778:
1751:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1686:. Retrieved
1679:the original
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1646:
1637:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1567:
1547:
1536:
1501:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1475:
1465:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1408:the original
1403:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1124:www.ntnu.edu
1123:
1113:
1082:
1054:
1039:
1023:
1021:
1010:
978:
975:
953:
942:
922:testosterone
907:
874:
792:
786:
771:
758:danger model
751:
732:
716:
704:
683:rheumatology
672:
661:
638:
623:
602:autoimmunity
586:
578:
546:
522:
507:
503:
498:
494:
480:
476:
474:components.
448:
437:in 430 BCE.
423:epidemiology
420:
358:
354:phagocytosis
350:Paul Ehrlich
343:
336:
330:
324:
302:
281:
280:
216:
197:Immunologist
159:Significant
129:Inflammation
119:Significant
77:
74:Subdivisions
65:
7572:WikiProject
7482:Xenobiology
7477:Virophysics
7447:Systematics
7402:Primatology
7347:Ornithology
7289:Ichthyology
7274:Herpetology
7269:Gerontology
7234:Epigenetics
7194:Cryobiology
7084:Agrostology
7074:Aerobiology
7069:Abiogenesis
6906:Laboratory
6753:Homeostasis
6656:Plant form
6479:Epigenetics
6401:Cell theory
6301:Amino acids
6280:Common name
6270:Peer review
6245:Mechanistic
5999:Xenobiology
5994:Virophysics
5964:Systematics
5919:Primatology
5864:Ornithology
5804:Ichthyology
5789:Herpetology
5784:Gerontology
5749:Epigenetics
5709:Cryobiology
5599:Agrostology
5589:Aerobiology
5584:Abiogenesis
5526:Lymphoblast
5224:Plasmablast
5203:Lymphocytes
4937:giant cells
4927:Osteoclasts
4907:Histiocytes
4899:Macrophages
4709:Promonocyte
4514:Lymphocytes
4173:Lymphocytic
4111:Wikiproject
3900:Venereology
3845:Neonatology
3742:Dermatology
3597:Gynaecology
3589:gynaecology
3572:Pulmonology
3390:Eye surgery
3352:Specialties
882:breast milk
847:lymphocytes
835:endothelium
827:neutrophils
794:Pseudomonas
754:autopoietic
739:Niels Jerne
724:Robert Koch
695:dermatology
687:pulmonology
653:macrophages
456:vertebrates
395:lymph nodes
379:bone marrow
369:, which is
174:Immunoassay
18:Immunologic
7627:Immunology
7498:Glossaries
7467:Toxicology
7462:Teratology
7407:Proteomics
7392:Physiology
7332:Neontology
7297:Lipidology
7293:Immunology
7264:Geobiology
7224:Embryology
7204:Dendrology
7134:Biophysics
7114:Biogeology
6908:techniques
6863:Microbiome
6690:Plant stem
6582:Speciation
6527:Adaptation
6456:Prokaryote
6436:Metabolism
6396:Cell cycle
6227:>
6223:>
6219:>
6217:Population
6215:>
6211:>
6207:>
6203:>
6199:>
6195:>
6191:>
6187:>
6163:Regulation
6147:Adaptation
5984:Toxicology
5979:Teratology
5924:Proteomics
5909:Physiology
5849:Neontology
5814:Lipidology
5809:Immunology
5779:Geobiology
5739:Embryology
5719:Dendrology
5649:Biophysics
5629:Biogeology
5340:Regulatory
5313:Helper CD4
5239:Follicular
4861:Eosinophil
4844:Neutrophil
4834:Myeloblast
4772:Normoblast
4664:Myeloblast
4555:Substances
4419:Peripheral
4407:Inaction:
4286:Antibodies
4267:Macrophage
4180:complement
3873:Psychiatry
3859:(PM&R)
3852:Phlebology
3840:Pediatrics
3667:Anatomical
3632:Diagnostic
3612:Obstetrics
3562:Nephrology
3547:Hematology
3542:Geriatrics
3535:Hepatology
3520:Cardiology
3510:Immunology
3292:Immunology
2541:Immunology
2189:: 151–68.
1841:4930079483
1736:2018-07-25
1712:2018-07-25
1688:2021-09-26
1657:2019-04-23
1587:2018-07-21
1486:2018-07-27
1385:2018-07-25
1250:2018-07-25
1226:2018-07-25
1202:2018-07-25
1129:2018-07-25
1118:Fossen C.
1106:References
1078:Immunomics
811:Phagocytic
707:surgically
679:pediatrics
664:allografts
628:and other
439:Thucydides
282:Immunology
217:Immunology
193:Specialist
51:neutrophil
38:Immunology
7382:Phycology
7367:Pathology
7352:Osteology
7342:Nutrition
7302:Mammalogy
7279:Histology
7020:in silico
6896:Research
6873:Resources
6846:Ecosystem
6836:Community
6821:Biosphere
6733:Breathing
6615:Eukaryote
6597:Diversity
6547:Gene flow
6519:Evolution
6426:Eukaryote
6338:Molecules
6229:Biosphere
6225:Ecosystem
6221:Community
6193:Organelle
6088:Evolution
5899:Phycology
5884:Pathology
5869:Osteology
5859:Nutrition
5819:Mammalogy
5794:Histology
5499:LTi cells
5454:Null cell
5302:Thymocyte
5144:Phagocyte
5011:Platelets
4990:Monoblast
4922:Microglia
4890:Monocytes
4873:Mast cell
4839:Band cell
4704:Monoblast
4684:Band cell
4674:Myelocyte
4572:Cytolysin
4562:Cytokines
4409:Tolerance
4358:tolerance
4277:Immunogen
4061:Physician
3945:education
3803:Neurology
3798:Narcology
3662:Pathology
3640:Radiology
3515:Angiology
3479:Andrology
3270:1474-1741
3065:219729311
2167:917294223
2095:793571104
2032:CiteSeerX
1770:909269335
1013:heritable
945:androgens
938:pubescent
870:monocytes
859:gestation
855:cytokines
839:monocytes
634:compounds
630:allergies
431:pathogens
298:organisms
109:Molecular
7621:Category
7611:Medicine
7552:Category
7472:Virology
7457:Taxonomy
7397:Pomology
7327:Mycology
7259:Genomics
7254:Genetics
7079:Agronomy
7060:Branches
7013:in vitro
6610:Bacteria
6587:Taxonomy
6567:Mutation
6537:Function
6466:Genetics
6368:Proteins
6213:Organism
6189:Molecule
6173:),
6129:Overview
6104:Timeline
6084:Genetics
6013:See also
5989:Virology
5974:Taxonomy
5914:Pomology
5844:Mycology
5774:Genomics
5769:Genetics
5594:Agronomy
5487:Nuocytes
5436:NK cells
5268:B10 cell
5117:CFU-GEMM
4878:CFU-Mast
4854:CFU-Baso
4849:Basophil
4637:CFU-GEMM
4522:Cellular
4366:Immunity
4364:Action:
4347:Paratope
4335:Idiotype
4325:Allotype
4293:Antibody
4247:Mimotope
4211:Allergen
4194:Antigens
4187:Lymphoid
4091:Category
3567:Oncology
3498:medicine
3496:Internal
3344:Medicine
3231:26655868
3191:PLOS ONE
3168:22517738
3117:21040353
3030:21435735
2992:10737767
2898:12900050
2849:11996938
2829:Steroids
2814:38920551
2771:11407317
2659:11739030
2606:20277590
2598:16470112
2525:23060876
2474:22607177
2425:10925247
2384:14347980
2335:11366176
2327:23995627
2285:17101995
2211:46481630
2130:10910739
2062:13615808
2054:11951032
1991:26916828
1908:16589759
1803:22906314
1528:88829315
1457:20859118
1344:22400759
1179:29677477
1067:See also
1005:milkweed
985:symbiont
926:steroids
918:estrogen
910:hormones
886:affinity
837:. Their
823:selectin
819:integrin
774:Neonates
581:diseases
487:proteins
483:antigens
468:antibody
454:and, in
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407:cellular
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7599:Biology
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7219:Ecology
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6826:Climate
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6640:Protist
6605:Archaea
6499:Genomes
6446:Mitosis
6441:Meiosis
6363:Polymer
6343:Monomer
6331:Quantum
6165:,
6161:,
6157:,
6153:,
6149:,
6136:Science
6121:Biology
6099:History
6094:Outline
6072:Biology
6004:Zoology
5734:Ecology
5604:Anatomy
5290:T cells
5219:B1 cell
5211:B cells
5019:CFU-Meg
4866:CFU-Eos
4796:General
4567:Opsonin
4546:NK cell
4534:Humoral
4414:Central
4381:Allergy
4330:Isotype
4230:Epitope
4201:Antigen
4131:Outline
4101:Commons
4046:Therapy
3943:Medical
3506:Allergy
3474:Urology
3367:Surgery
3222:4684372
3199:Bibcode
3159:3356617
2960:Bibcode
2933:9949320
2857:1056135
2806:2973658
2700:9286377
2516:3443751
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2465:4803042
2376:8805259
2276:1693837
2253:Bibcode
2203:6235170
2024:Bibcode
2016:Science
1983:4194660
1963:Bibcode
1955:Science
1876:Bibcode
1849:8172646
1629:1993317
1448:2951290
1336:6227489
1300:4536706
1291:2139142
1170:6597491
993:disgust
930:primary
833:in the
799:opsonic
659:(HIV).
655:by the
645:T cells
565:cancers
464:humoral
411:tissues
387:tonsils
366:immunis
338:in vivo
332:in situ
296:in all
286:biology
232:Outline
104:Humoral
7154:Botany
6960:vector
6816:Biomes
6685:Phloem
6670:Flower
6630:Fungus
6625:Animal
6421:Enzyme
6326:Matter
6321:Lipids
6260:Theory
6201:Tissue
6155:Growth
5669:Botany
5234:Memory
5229:Plasma
5149:Plasma
5107:CFU-GM
4983:CFU-DL
4647:CFU-GM
4615:plasma
4539:B cell
4527:T cell
4272:B cell
4235:Linear
4223:Hapten
4121:Portal
3988:MD–PhD
3268:
3229:
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626:asthma
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383:spleen
375:thymus
335:, and
319:, and
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6856:niche
6715:Xylem
6700:Shoot
6647:Virus
6635:Plant
6383:Cells
6373:Water
6296:Atoms
6205:Organ
6159:Order
6111:Index
5346:Naïve
5254:Pre-B
5249:Naïve
5137:Other
5097:Other
5062:CFU-E
4963:Other
3703:Other
3083:(PDF)
3061:S2CID
2983:18202
2853:S2CID
2810:S2CID
2602:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2331:S2CID
2303:(PDF)
2207:S2CID
2058:S2CID
2012:(PDF)
1987:S2CID
1682:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1524:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1057:fetus
997:vomit
497:body
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161:tests
6695:Root
6680:Leaf
6620:Alga
6197:Cell
6185:Atom
6141:Life
5306:αβ (
5263:cell
4178:and
3266:ISSN
3227:PMID
3164:PMID
3113:PMID
3026:PMID
2988:PMID
2929:PMID
2894:PMID
2845:PMID
2802:PMID
2767:PMID
2732:PMID
2696:PMID
2686:ISBN
2655:PMID
2594:PMID
2576:AIDS
2546:ISBN
2521:PMID
2470:PMID
2421:PMID
2372:PMID
2323:PMID
2281:PMID
2199:PMID
2163:OCLC
2153:ISBN
2126:PMID
2091:OCLC
2081:ISBN
2050:PMID
1979:PMID
1904:PMID
1845:PMID
1837:OCLC
1799:OCLC
1789:ISBN
1766:OCLC
1756:ISBN
1625:PMID
1553:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1453:PMID
1332:PMID
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1175:PMID
970:and
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932:and
916:(an
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791:and
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651:and
641:AIDS
616:and
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495:anti
466:(or
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288:and
6474:DNA
6391:ATP
6265:Law
5261:reg
4995:MPS
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4496:MHC
3437:ENT
3355:and
3258:doi
3217:PMC
3207:doi
3154:PMC
3144:doi
3140:109
3103:hdl
3095:doi
3053:doi
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2968:doi
2921:doi
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2794:doi
2759:doi
2724:doi
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2647:doi
2584:doi
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2118:doi
2042:doi
2020:296
1971:doi
1959:169
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