1249:, its cattle breeds superior, its cropping the most scientific and its yields the highest, with high wages leading to higher standard of living for agricultural workers than in comparable European countries. However, after 1877 wages declined and "farmers themselves sank into ever increasing embarrassments; bankruptcies and auctions followed each other; the countryside lost its most respected figures", with those who tended the land with greatest pride and conscience suffering most as the only chance of survival came in lowering standards. "For twenty years," Ensor claimed, "the only chance for any young or enterprising person on the countryside was to get out of it." The decline of agriculture also led to a fall in rural rents, especially in areas with arable land. Consequently, landowners, who until 1880 had been the richest class in the nation, were dethroned from this position. After they lost their economic leadership, the loss of their political leadership followed.
40:
1150:
strictly entitled to the merit. There has been a combination of parties, and that combination of parties together with the influence of the
Government, has led to the ultimate success of the measures. But, Sir, there is a name which ought to be associated with the success of these measures: it is not the name of the noble Lord, the member for London, neither is it my name. Sir, the name which ought to be, and which will be associated with the success of these measures is the name of a man who, acting, I believe, from pure and disinterested motives, has advocated their cause with untiring energy, and by appeals to reason, expressed by an eloquence, the more to be admired because it was unaffected and unadorned—the name which ought to be and will be associated with the success of these measures is the name of
157:
606:
515:
299:
982:
1183:
concern for preserving aristocratic government and a limited franchise in the face of threats from popular unrest. Peel was concerned primarily with preserving the institutions of government, and he considered reform as an occasional necessary evil to preclude the possibility of much more radical or tumultuous actions. He acted to check the expansion of democracy by ameliorating conditions which could provoke democratic agitation. He also took care to ensure that the concessions would represent no threat to the
British constitution.
1253:
calls from landowners to reintroduce the Corn Laws, Disraeli responded by saying that the issue was settled and that protection was impracticable. Ensor said that the difference between
Britain and the Continent was due to the latter having conscription; rural men were thought to be the best suited as soldiers. But for Britain, with no conscript army, this did not apply. He also said that Britain staked its future on continuing to be "the workshop of the world" as the leading manufacturing nation.
465:
770:, and proclaimed in 1839: "I have read all that has been written by the gravest authorities on political economy on the subject of rent, wages, taxes, tithes." He voted against repeal each year from 1837 to 1845. In 1842, in response to the Blue book published by Villiers' 1840 Committee on Import Duties, Peel offered a concession by modifying the sliding scale. He reduced the maximum duty to 20/– if the price were to fall to 51/– or less. In 1842, Peel's fellow-Conservative
484:, was presented to the House of Commons. The petition demanded free trade and an end to protective tariffs. The Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, who claimed to be in favour of free trade, blocked the petition. He argued, speciously, that complicated restrictions made it difficult to repeal protectionist laws. He added, though, that he believed Britain's economic dominance grew in spite of, not because of, the protectionist system. In 1821, the
5543:
5115:
3787:
669:. c. 60) decreed that corn could be imported when the price of domestically harvested corn rose to 80/– (£4) per quarter but that the import of corn would again be prohibited when the price fell to 70/– per quarter. After this act was passed, the corn price never rose to 80/– until 1828. In 1827, the landlords rejected Huskisson's proposals for a sliding scale, and during the next year Huskisson and the new
91:. The Corn Laws blocked the import of cheap corn, initially by simply forbidding importation below a set price, and later by imposing steep import duties, making it too expensive to import it from abroad, even when food supplies were short. The House of Commons passed the corn law bill on 10 March 1815, the House of Lords on 20 March and the bill received royal assent on 23 March 1815.
5125:
693:
1252:
The Prime
Minister at the time, Disraeli, had once been a staunch upholder of the Corn Laws and had predicted ruin for agriculture if they were repealed. However, unlike most other European governments, his government did not revive tariffs on imported cereals to save their farms and farmers. Despite
1100:
in
Ireland, there was a disastrous fall in food supplies. Prime Minister Peel called for repeal despite the opposition of most of his Conservative Party. The Anti-Corn Law League played a minor role in the passage of legislation—it had paved the way through its agitation but was now on the sidelines.
1374:
and Sheila
Hopkins, published in 2004. For comparison, international wheat prices from 2010 to 2018 have been in the range of £100–£225 per tonne. (Where a value given in this article is preceded by the word 'about', this indicates that the modern equivalent value has been arrived at by reference to
1265:
Similar patterns developed in
Ireland, where cereal production was labour-intensive. The reduction of grain prices reduced the demand for agricultural labour in Ireland, and reduced the output of barley, oats, and wheat. These changes occurred at the same time that emigration was reducing the labour
1257:
said that
Disraeli was dissuaded from reviving protection due to the urban working class enjoying cheap imported food at a time of industrial depression and rising unemployment. Enfranchised by Disraeli in 1867, working men's votes were crucial in a general election and he did not want to antagonise
1206:
argued that the high duty of corn mattered little because when
British agriculture suffered from bad harvests, this was also true for foreign harvests and so the price of imported corn without the duty would not have been lower. However, the threat to British agriculture came about twenty-five years
1149:
In reference to our proposing these measures, I have no wish to rob any person of the credit which is justly due to him for them. But I may say that neither the gentlemen sitting on the benches opposite, nor myself, nor the gentlemen sitting round me—I say that neither of us are the parties who are
842:
When provisions are high, the people have so much to pay for them that they have little or nothing left to buy clothes with; and when they have little to buy clothes with, there are few clothes sold; and when there are few clothes sold, there are too many to sell, they are very cheap; and when they
797:
by cheapening the price of food and ensuring more regular employment. Third, it would make
English agriculture more efficient by stimulating demand for its products in urban and industrial areas. Fourth, it would introduce through mutually advantageous international trade a new era of international
208:
As a staple of life, as well as an important commodity of trade, corn and its traffic was long the subject of debate and of government regulation – the Tudors legislating against speculating in corn, and the Stuarts introducing import and export controls. Import had been regulated as early as 1670;
1244:
wrote that these years witnessed the ruin of British agriculture, "which till then had almost as conspicuously led the world, was thrown overboard in a storm like an unwanted cargo" due to "the sudden and overwhelming invasion ... by American prairie-wheat in the late seventies." Previously,
942:
but he refused, preferring to remain an advocate of free trade outside the government. On 21 December Russell informed the Queen that he was unable to accept office. Later that same day Peel agreed to carry on as Prime Minister but, with the majority of his own party opposing his proposals, he was
1222:
In 1877, the price of British-grown wheat averaged 56/9 a quarter and for the rest of the 19th century it never reached within 10 shillings of that figure. In 1878 the price fell to 46/5. In 1886, the wheat price decreased to 31/– a quarter. By 1885, wheat-growing land declined by a million acres
1182:
Scholars have advanced several explanations to resolve the puzzle of why Peel made the seemingly irrational decision to sacrifice his government to repeal the Corn Laws, a policy which he had long opposed. Lusztig (1995) argues that his actions were sensible when considered in the context of his
1261:
Although proficient farmers on good lands did well, farmers with mediocre skills or marginal lands were at a disadvantage. Many moved to the cities, and unprecedented numbers emigrated. Many emigrants were small under-capitalised grain farmers who were squeezed out by low prices and inability to
847:
left in his pocket, he buys more clothing with it (ay, and other articles of comfort too), and that increases the demand for them, and the greater the demand ... makes them rise in price, and the rising price enables the working man to get higher wages and the masters better profits. This,
1237:
showed a decline of 92,250 in agricultural labourers in the ten years since 1871, with an increase of 53,496 urban labourers. Many of these had previously been farm workers who migrated to the cities to find employment, despite agricultural labourers' wages being higher than those of Europe.
843:
are very cheap, there cannot be much paid for making them: and that, consequently, the manufacturing working man's wages are reduced, the mills are shut up, business is ruined, and general distress is spread through the country. But when, as now, the working man has the said 25
810:
said: "The campaign for the abolition of the Corn Laws had begun and the workers' help was needed. The advocates of repeal therefore promised, not only a Big Loaf (which was to be doubled in size) but also the passing of the Ten Hours Bill" (to reduce working hours). In 1876,
426:
in Indonesia) caused famine by disastrously reducing crop yields. Reduced standard of living and food shortages due to poor harvests led to riots. But the ceiling price of 80 shillings a quarter for domestic grain was so high that, between 1815 and 1848, it was never reached.
1332:
in 1839, which maintained that the laws, which amounted to a subsidy, increased industrial costs. After a lengthy campaign, opponents of the law finally got their way in 1846—a significant triumph which was indicative of the new political power of the English middle class."
1233:% of the previous amount) and the barley area had dwindled greatly also. Britain's dependence on imported grain during the 1830s was 2%; during the 1860s it was 24%; during the 1880s it was 45% (for wheat alone during the 1880s it was 65%). The 1881
1109:
emerged as the most forceful opponents of repeal in parliamentary debates, arguing that repeal would weaken landowners socially and politically and therefore destroy the "territorial constitution" of Britain by empowering commercial interests.
4127:
1351:
A 'quarter' was a unit of volume rather than of weight but a 'quarter of wheat' weighed about 224 kg (494 lb). (The density of wheat is 0.770, and a quarter by volume (64 gallons) equates to 291 litres, multiplied by 0.770 gives 224
2877:
933:
resigned from the Cabinet in protest. It quickly became clear to Peel that he would not be able to bring most of his own party with him in support of repeal and so on 11 December he resigned as Prime Minister in frustration. The
1194:, Peel was influenced by economic ideas in his shift from protectionism to free trade in agriculture: "Economic ideas, and not the pressure of interests, were central to Peel's conversion to favor repeal of the Corn Laws."
922:
The appearance of Russell's letter spurred Peel and the free-traders in his cabinet to press ahead with repeal measures over the objections of their protectionist colleagues. On 4 December 1845, an announcement appeared in
1324:), they "were designed to protect English landholders by encouraging the export and limiting the import of corn when prices fell below a fixed point. They were eventually abolished in the face of militant agitation by the
1101:
On 27 January 1846, Peel gave his government's plan. He said that the Corn Laws would be abolished on 1 February 1849 after three years of gradual reductions of the tariff, leaving only a 1 shilling duty per quarter.
819:, co-founder of the League along with Cobden: "as for that party, Bright, Cobden and Co., 'Cheap and Nasty' was their watchword. It was folly to suppose good things were to be had cheap. The nation had been deluded."
4626:
1707:
Annals of Commerce, Manufactures, Fisheries, and Navigation with Brief Notices of the Arts and Sciences Connected with Them: Containing the Commercial Transactions of the British Empire and Other Countries, Volume
128:
in Britain. According to one 2021 study, the repeal of the Corn Laws benefitted the bottom 90% of income earners in the United Kingdom economically, while causing income losses for the top 10% of income earners.
711:
proposed motions for repeal in the House of Commons every year from 1837 to 1845. In 1842, the majority against repeal was 303; by 1845 this had fallen to 132. Although he had spoken against repeal until 1845,
1269:
Britain's reliance on imported food led to the danger of it being starved into submission during wartime. In 1914 Britain was dependent on imports for four-fifths of its wheat and 40% of its meat. During the
798:
fellowship and peace. The only barrier to these four beneficent solutions was the ignorant self-interest of the landlords, the "bread-taxing oligarchy, unprincipled, unfeeling, rapacious and plundering."
4132:
2948:
1545:
237:. c. 43), "An act to regulate the importation and exportation of corn" repealed Elizabethan controls on grain speculation; but also shut off exports and allowed imports when the price was above 48
689:. c. 60) whereby, when domestic corn was 52/– (£2/12/–) per quarter or less, the duty would be 34/8 (£1/14/8), and when the price increased to 73/– (£3/13/–), the duty decreased to one shilling.
5055:
4280:
2975:
1207:
after repeal due to the development of cheaper shipping (both sail and steam), faster and thus cheaper transport by rail and steamboat, and the modernisation of agricultural machinery. The
3876:
3609:
102:
and the costs of living for the British public, and hampered the growth of other British economic sectors, such as manufacturing, by reducing the disposable income of the British public.
2879:
Speech of the Rev. T. Spencer, of Bath, delivered at the meeting of the Anti-Corn-Law League, at Covent-Garden theatre, London, on June 19, 1844, to an audience of, at least six thousand
3162:
5085:
4896:
3851:
3823:
5612:
3177:
4139:
39:
5607:
5592:
730:
5017:
5602:
3649:
5325:
3167:
893:
to Great Britain despite its domestic privations. The problem in Ireland was not lack of food, but the price of it, which was beyond the reach of the poor. Peel argued in
3667:
938:
sent for Russell to form a government but, with the Whigs a minority in the Commons, he struggled to assemble the necessary support. Russell offered Cobden the post of
5642:
4997:
802:
The landlords claimed that manufacturers like Cobden wanted cheap food so that they could reduce wages and thus maximise their profits, an opinion shared by socialist
5597:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
3561:
2968:
826:
to travel the manufacturing regions of northern England to research their cause. Taylor published a number of books as an Anti-Corn Law propagandist, most notably,
4968:
3125:
1966:
838:(1844). Cobden and the rest of the Anti-Corn Law League believed that cheap food meant greater real wages and Cobden praised a speech by a working man who said:
4943:
729:
In 1838, Villiers spoke at a meeting of 5,000 "working-class men" in Manchester. In 1840, under Villiers' direction, the Committee on Import Duties published a
1245:
agriculture had employed more people in Britain than any other industry and until 1880 it "retained a kind of headship", with its technology far ahead of most
1158:
As a result, the Conservative Party divided and the Whigs formed a government with Russell as PM. Those Conservatives who were loyal to Peel were known as the
4980:
4873:
1163:
5587:
5330:
4963:
3816:
3355:
3350:
3345:
1102:
916:
875:
771:
64:
2713:
Heblich, Stephan, Stephen J. Redding, and Yanos Zylberberg. "The distributional consequences of trade: evidence from the repeal of the corn laws." (2022)
5320:
4660:
3906:
3790:
2961:
5300:
5295:
4938:
4808:
4430:
2754:
Irwin, Douglas A., and Maksym G. Chepeliev. "The economic consequences of Sir Robert Peel: a quantitative assessment of the repeal of the Corn Laws."
909:
4990:
4933:
4761:
4250:
4170:
4155:
2909:
930:
674:
2586:
1145:, and Tory protectionists." Peel subsequently resigned as Prime Minister. In his resignation speech he attributed the success of repeal to Cobden:
4112:
4107:
3958:
1275:
879:
396:
245:(thus compromising to allow for interests of producers and consumers alike). The issue however remained one of public debate (by figures such as
5406:
5161:
5128:
5118:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4640:
4575:
4072:
4007:
3809:
3566:
2388:
Van Vugt, William E. (1988). "Running from ruin?: the emigration of British farmers to the U.S.A. in the wake of the repeal of the Corn Laws".
1004:
628:
537:
321:
179:
1734:
5254:
5027:
5022:
4948:
4223:
3599:
2596:
1118:
4923:
4840:
939:
747:
670:
5355:
1215:
with simpler methods but cheaper labour. Every wheat-growing country decided to increase tariffs in reaction to this, except Britain and
5012:
4928:
4781:
3639:
3327:
105:
The laws became the focus of opposition from urban groups who had far less political power than rural areas. The first two years of the
5189:
1174:. Disraeli became overall Conservative leader in 1868, although, when Prime Minister, he did not attempt to reintroduce protectionism.
5335:
5310:
5285:
4958:
4609:
4597:
4553:
4067:
3384:
3323:
2567:
793:
First, it would guarantee the prosperity of the manufacturer by affording him outlets for his products. Second, it would relieve the
5632:
5627:
5290:
5249:
5070:
4973:
4918:
4697:
4680:
4650:
4415:
4265:
3928:
3923:
2984:
2857:
2815:
2798:
2731:
2674:
2622:
2559:
2540:
2502:
1663:
1565:
707:
governments, in power for most of the years between 1830 and 1841, decided not to repeal the Corn Laws. However the Liberal Whig MP
3576:
256:
committee recommended excluding foreign-grown corn until the price of domestically grown corn exceeded 80 shillings per quarter (8
1361:
or £4, about £330 today, Inflation between 1775 and 1815 was substantial, so 80s in 1813 was actually worth less than 44s in 1773.
5305:
5244:
4906:
4685:
3965:
3699:
3307:
3302:
3120:
1866:
986:
902:
610:
519:
392:
303:
114:
1278:
attempted to take advantage of this by sinking ships importing food into Britain, but they were eventually defeated. During the
5617:
5546:
5060:
5007:
4868:
4813:
4645:
4548:
4027:
3975:
3901:
3292:
3227:
3147:
2924:
2919:
906:
885:
In 1844, the agitation subsided as there were fruitful harvests. The situation changed in late 1845 with poor harvests and the
485:
118:
3051:
5391:
5280:
5209:
5080:
4985:
4891:
4744:
4592:
4580:
4501:
3987:
3716:
3634:
3142:
947:
737:, founded in 1838. The report was quoted in the major newspapers, reprinted in America, and published in an abridged form by
423:
5401:
5002:
4911:
4850:
4776:
4563:
4543:
4322:
3846:
3832:
3672:
3627:
3135:
2995:
1074:
894:
794:
785:, the Anti-Corn Law League was a large, nationwide middle-class moral crusade with a Utopian vision; its leading advocate
5184:
1121:(MPs) voted 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws. On 25 June the Duke of Wellington persuaded the
5239:
5065:
4886:
4749:
4727:
4707:
4636:
4558:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4092:
4057:
3913:
3622:
3589:
3463:
3446:
1234:
859:
492:, composed a Commons committee report which recommended a return to the "practically free" trade of the pre-1815 years.
4901:
4881:
4722:
4585:
4367:
4270:
3980:
3953:
3933:
3411:
3172:
161:
3677:
1822:
Sir Thomas Edlyne Tomlins; John Raithby; Nicholas Simons; Charles Dacres Bevan; Sir George Kettilby Rickards (1816).
1375:
the general index of consumer prices rather than a specific index for grains). £1,102 in 2004 is about £2,100 today.
249:) into the 1790s; and amendments to the 1773 act, favouring agricultural producers, were made in both 1791 and 1804.
5523:
5214:
5154:
5100:
4786:
4712:
3918:
3659:
3556:
3102:
2808:
The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: classical political economy the empire of free trade and imperialism, 1750–1850
2744:
272:, and that it would be dangerous for Britain to rely on imported corn because lower prices would reduce labourers'
5396:
4732:
4570:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4102:
3511:
3192:
2486:
1254:
919:
his support for immediate Corn Law repeal and called upon the government to take urgent action to avert famine.
225:(all classified as corn at the time, the same commodities being taxed when imported into England). In 1773, the
253:
3997:
3571:
3473:
2764:
Konishi, Masahiro. "Free Trade without Words: Popular Public Rituals and Corn Law Repeal in the Early 1840s."
1679:
1211:
farms of North America were thus able to export vast quantities of cheap grain, as were peasant farms in the
5493:
5234:
4405:
3992:
3943:
3594:
3429:
3421:
2390:
1167:
848:
therefore, is the way I prove that high provisions make lower wages, and cheap provisions make higher wages.
708:
43:
The 1815 Corn Law, officially "An Act to amend the Laws now in force for regulating the Importation of Corn"
2923:
950:
the CAPS was practically supplanting the local Conservative associations and in many areas the independent
5622:
5488:
5483:
5170:
5090:
3772:
3614:
3604:
3527:
3434:
3376:
3337:
3277:
3026:
2140:
Lusztig, Michael (1994). "Solving Peel's puzzle: Repeal of the Corn Laws and institutional preservation".
1283:
1097:
951:
890:
886:
106:
2869:
733:
examining the effects of the Corn Laws. Tens of thousands of copies were printed in pamphlet form by the
5437:
5375:
5370:
5340:
5315:
5147:
4845:
4835:
4602:
4450:
4317:
4295:
4228:
4032:
3938:
3389:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3182:
2769:
2749:
1590:"The Economic Consequences of Sir Robert Peel: A Quantitative Assessment of the Repeal of the Corn Laws"
1114:
994:
618:
527:
464:
436:
419:
311:
169:
4042:
2494:
109:
of 1845–1852 forced a resolution because of the urgent need for new food supplies. The Prime Minister,
1238:
Agriculture's contribution to the national income was about 17% in 1871; by 1911 it was less than 7%.
87:. The laws were designed to keep corn prices high to favour domestic farmers, and represented British
5637:
5447:
5350:
5194:
4825:
4818:
4473:
4410:
4382:
4357:
4352:
4327:
4285:
4087:
4037:
3866:
3491:
3483:
3232:
3041:
2759:
2142:
1325:
1295:
1246:
1106:
823:
734:
469:
448:
276:, and manufacturers would lose out due to the decrease of purchasing power of landlords and farmers.
889:
in Ireland; Britain experienced scarcity and Ireland starvation. Nevertheless, Ireland continued to
5508:
5503:
5427:
5365:
5259:
4445:
4400:
4392:
4337:
4245:
4180:
3871:
3644:
3468:
3272:
3267:
2582:
1738:
1138:
1370:
Price comparisons between this period and modern times are mainly based on the work of economists
699:
became Conservative Prime Minister in 1841, and his government succeeded in repealing the tariffs.
4521:
4511:
4478:
4377:
4347:
4240:
4215:
4175:
3282:
2852:, Vol. 1, London: T. Fisher Unwin, republished as Cobden, R. (1995), London: Routledge/Thoemmes,
2779:
2685:
2655:
2606:
2159:
1960:
1770:
1760:
1371:
1203:
1171:
758:, a major proponent of free trade, was elected for the first time. Peel had studied the works of
704:
3740:
1848:
578:
2793:, 12th ed., London: T. Fisher Unwin, 985 p., republished by London: Routledge/Thoemmes (1995),
5467:
5457:
5452:
5199:
4290:
4260:
3458:
3287:
2853:
2811:
2794:
2727:
2670:
2618:
2592:
2555:
2552:
From the Corn Laws to Free Trade: interests, ideas, and institutions in historical perspective
2536:
2508:
2498:
2194:
1774:
1659:
1609:
1561:
1300:
1187:
1088:
929:
that the government had decided to recall Parliament in January 1846 to repeal the Corn Laws.
912:
489:
56:
1823:
726:
stated that "it was Mr Charles Villiers who practically originated the Free Trade movement".
379:
5075:
4516:
4465:
4275:
4255:
3654:
3501:
3453:
3404:
3152:
3097:
2640:
2426:
2399:
2186:
2151:
1601:
1553:
1507:
1321:
898:
717:
1458:
5360:
4771:
4692:
4190:
4097:
4062:
4052:
4022:
3896:
3399:
3394:
3187:
3076:
3071:
2532:
2177:
Irwin, Douglas A. (1 March 1989). "Political Economy and Peel's Repeal of the Corn Laws".
1498:
Williamson, Jeffrey G (1 April 1990). "The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal".
775:
388:
72:
31:
1134:
1009:
905:
assembled to repeal the Corn Laws. His colleagues resisted this. On 22 November 1845 the
2650:
Clark, G. Kitson (1951). "The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Politics of the Forties."
1764:
5462:
5432:
5275:
5229:
4798:
4342:
4082:
3970:
3861:
3856:
3759:
3317:
3130:
3061:
3031:
3016:
2803:
2611:
2403:
2190:
1792:
O'Donoghue, Jim; Goulding, Louise (March 2004). "Consumer Price Inflation since 1750".
1212:
1151:
1122:
935:
863:
822:
The Anti-Corn Law League was agitating peacefully for repeal. They funded writers like
812:
786:
755:
454:
265:
242:
210:
95:
2714:
1950:
1202:
The price of wheat during the two decades after 1850 averaged 52 shillings a quarter.
946:
After Parliament was recalled the CAPS started a campaign of resistance. In the rural
5561:
5518:
5513:
5498:
5139:
4675:
4455:
4233:
4185:
4165:
4077:
3766:
3496:
3092:
3021:
2525:
1511:
1191:
1142:
854:
767:
739:
428:
2953:
2897:
Notes of a tour in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire: in a series of letters
1286:, Germany tried again to starve Britain into surrender, but again was unsuccessful.
1266:
supply and increasing wage rates to levels too great for arable farmers to sustain.
882:(CAPS, commonly known as the "Anti-League") to campaign in favour of the Corn Laws.
17:
5422:
4793:
4440:
4312:
3711:
3237:
3157:
2520:
1279:
1241:
1038:
646:
555:
481:
457:
as used at the time: £x/y/z, y/z, or y/–. For an explanation of this notation, see
339:
246:
197:
88:
1557:
2942:
1705:
1473:
1262:
increase production or adapt to the more complex challenge of raising livestock.
5345:
5224:
4484:
4332:
4307:
4300:
4121:
3948:
3801:
3747:
3733:
3506:
3312:
3242:
3000:
2774:
Lawson-Tancred, Mary (1960). "The Anti-League and the Corn Law Crisis of 1846."
2719:
1271:
1021:
816:
751:
713:
696:
473:
124:
Economic historians see the repeal of the Corn Laws as a decisive shift towards
110:
99:
5442:
4160:
3257:
3056:
1329:
782:
763:
759:
432:
415:, or ) to keep bread prices high. This resulted in serious rioting in London.
269:
125:
2198:
1613:
316:
An Act to amend the Laws now in force for regulating the Importation of Corn.
5219:
3262:
3066:
3046:
2617:. The Oxford history of England 13 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2417:
O'Rourke, Kevin (1994). "The repeal of the corn laws and Irish emigration".
1778:
925:
807:
722:
413:
An Act to amend the Laws now in force for regulating the Importation of Corn
408:
326:
234:
184:
2738:
From Adam Smith to Philip Snowden: A history of free trade in Great Britain
2430:
1170:. In 1859, the Peelites merged with the Whigs and the Radicals to form the
1828:. Printed by G. Eyre and A. Strahan, printers to the King. pp. 50–51.
1154:. Without scruple, Sir, I attribute the success of these measures to him.
5528:
4803:
3704:
3441:
3036:
1605:
1478:
The Victorian Web: literature, history and culture in the age of Victoria
803:
686:
666:
633:
542:
238:
27:
19th-century trade restrictions on import food and grain in Great Britain
2512:
2084:
Mary Lawson-Tancred, "The Anti-League and the Corn Law Crisis of 1846."
692:
5095:
3297:
3252:
2783:
2689:
2659:
2089:
1216:
1208:
1159:
94:
The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with
2461:
Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy and the Second World War
2163:
1526:
1141:
was defeated in the Commons by 292 to 219 by "a combination of Whigs,
789:
promised that repeal would settle four great problems simultaneously:
774:
said, at the time of this concession, that Villiers was "the solitary
4117:
2949:
William Cobbett & The Corn Laws – UK Parliament – Living Heritage
1589:
1069:
362:
257:
84:
52:
2843:
2833:
458:
2155:
121:
in Parliament, overcoming the opposition of most of his own party.
4830:
4702:
1897:
1895:
691:
463:
273:
261:
222:
76:
60:
38:
3753:
218:
5143:
3805:
2957:
1849:"Littleport's hunger riots: Descendants mark 200th anniversary"
1825:
The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1303:– catch-all legislation that criminalised destitution in the UK
2850:
Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P.
1924:
The Making of Modern England 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement
214:
80:
2667:
How Tory Governments Fall: The Tory Party in Power Since 1783
2335:. Vol. II: 1860–1881. London: John Murray. p. 1242.
999:
An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Importation of Corn.
623:
An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Importation of Corn.
532:
An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Importation of Corn.
2680:
Fairlie, S. "The Nineteenth-Century Corn Law Reconsidered".
832:
Notes of a tour in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire
435:
so that Britain could use its capital and population to its
1658:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231.
1637:
1635:
943:
now dependent on the backing of the Whigs to carry repeal.
716:
voted in favour in 1846. In 1853, when Villiers was made a
174:
An Act to regulate the Importation and Exportation of Corn.
2726:, New Oxford History of England, Oxford University Press,
2331:
Monypenny, William Flavelle; Buckle, George Earle (1929).
453:
This article gives prices in the pre-decimal notation for
260:), or the equivalent in 2004 prices of around £1,102 per
3610:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences
1805:
1803:
3163:
Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
862:
with help from the Anti-Corn Law League; his son-in-law
2665:
Coleman, B. (1996). "1841–1846", in: Seldon, A. (ed.),
2344:
2342:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2697:
Mr Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830
2359:
2357:
1525:
Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (1 January 2003).
2724:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846
1949:
Wilson, David Alec; MacArthur, David Wilson (1934).
1459:"CORN | English meaning – Cambridge Dictionary"
5476:
5415:
5384:
5268:
5177:
5044:
4861:
4760:
4625:
4618:
4534:
4464:
4391:
4366:
4214:
4203:
4148:
4015:
4006:
3885:
3839:
3725:
3692:
3650:
Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland
3549:
3540:
3520:
3482:
3420:
3375:
3368:
3336:
3216:
3111:
3085:
3009:
2848:Bright, J. and Thorold Rogers, J.E. (eds.) (1908).
2446:
The Deluge: British Society and the First World War
2333:
The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield
1087:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1016:
1003:
993:
967:
915:announced in an open letter to the electors in the
645:
640:
627:
617:
591:
577:
569:
564:
554:
549:
536:
526:
500:
378:
371:
361:
353:
348:
338:
333:
320:
310:
284:
196:
191:
178:
168:
142:
3168:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2610:
2524:
117:, achieved repeal in 1846 with the support of the
4809:Glasgow International Financial Services District
2527:England, 1870–1914, The Oxford History of England
2118:
2032:
2030:
1901:
1886:
1654:Stevenson, John (1987). Fletcher, Anthony (ed.).
1550:The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain
2840:Corn Law Agitation, Its Causes and Consequences
2566:Quantitative studies of the politics involved.
1546:"Trade: Discovery, mercantilism and technology"
840:
791:
3126:Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
2448:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 58.
1588:Irwin, Douglas A; Chepeliev, Maksym G (2021).
391:ended in 1815, corn prices decreased, and the
5613:Agriculture legislation in the United Kingdom
5155:
3817:
2969:
2463:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 14.
2009:
1680:"Bulk densities of some common food products"
897:that tariffs on grain should be rescinded by
480:In 1820, the Merchants' Petition, written by
8:
5608:History of agriculture in the United Kingdom
5593:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
3562:National Farmers' Union of England and Wales
1711:. London: Nichols and Son. pp. 537–538.
1025:
858:was founded in September 1843 by politician
5603:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
5162:
5148:
5140:
4622:
4211:
4012:
3824:
3810:
3802:
3546:
3372:
3220:
2976:
2962:
2954:
2830:England before the Repeal of the Corn Laws
2684:, vol. 18, no. 3, 1965, pp. 562–575.
1965:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1721:
1656:Order and disorder in early modern England
1641:
1626:
1320:According to David Cody (English Faculty,
964:
954:farmers were resisting the most fiercely.
588:
497:
281:
139:
30:For the British-Canadian trading act, see
3203:Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates
1527:"Commodity Market Integration, 1500–2000"
1096:In 1845 and 1846, the first two years of
778:sitting on the rock of Corn Law repeal".
2223:
2211:
1809:
1769:(1st ed.). London: Taylor. p.
5643:Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
4118:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
4058:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
2278:Democracy and Empire: Britain 1865–1914
1450:
1313:
880:Central Agricultural Protection Society
5598:Economic history of the United Kingdom
5583:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1846
5578:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1828
5573:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1822
5568:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1815
5407:Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848
2280:(London: Edward Arnold, 1985), p. 116.
1958:
677:, devised a new sliding scale for the
5255:List of memorials to the Great Famine
3600:Country Land and Business Association
2375:
2363:
2348:
2318:
2306:
2289:
2264:
2247:
2235:
1089:Text of statute as originally enacted
891:export substantial quantities of food
579:Text of statute as originally enacted
380:Text of statute as originally enacted
75:denoted all cereal grains, including
7:
5124:
4841:London Platinum and Palladium Market
2065:. London: Pimlico. pp. 238–240.
2050:. London: Pimlico. pp. 237–238.
1117:of Peel's Bill of Repeal on 15 May,
940:Vice-President of the Board of Trade
3640:Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre
3567:National Farmers' Union of Scotland
2588:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849
5588:19th century in the United Kingdom
5171:Great Hunger in Ireland, 1845–1852
2577:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2404:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1988.tb00473.x
2191:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1989.tb00004.x
1991:Bright and Thorold Rogers, p. 129.
1137:c. 22). On that same night Peel's
387:With the advent of peace when the
264:of wheat. The political economist
209:and in 1689 traders were provided
25:
5250:National Famine Commemoration Day
5071:Confederation of British Industry
4266:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
3929:Department for Business and Trade
3924:Competition and Markets Authority
2985:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
2892:, D. Appleton & Co., New York
5542:
5541:
5123:
5114:
5113:
3966:Office for Budget Responsibility
3786:
3785:
3308:Scottish Agricultural Revolution
3303:Rural Reconstruction Association
3121:Agricultural Land Classification
2904:Factories and the Factory System
2823:Primary and contemporary sources
2750:IOT: The Corn Laws 24 October 13
2419:Explorations in Economic History
1867:Ely and Littleport riots of 1816
1500:Explorations in Economic History
987:Parliament of the United Kingdom
980:
836:Factories and the Factory System
611:Parliament of the United Kingdom
604:
520:Parliament of the United Kingdom
513:
304:Parliament of the United Kingdom
297:
155:
67:between 1815 and 1846. The word
3902:Governor of the Bank of England
3148:British Cattle Movement Service
2931:(1 ed.). London: Ridgways.
2899:, London: Duncan & Malcolm.
2708:A History of the English People
2063:The Diaries of Charles Greville
2048:The Diaries of Charles Greville
486:President of the Board of Trade
5392:Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838
5210:Chronology of the Great Famine
5190:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
5081:Federation of Small Businesses
3635:National Non-Food Crops Centre
3577:Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster
3143:Animal and Plant Health Agency
2914:, an analysis of the Chrononym
2866:English agriculture in 1850–51
2810:, Cambridge University Press,
1939:, Chapter X, "The Working Day"
1125:to pass it, and it became the
828:The Natural History of Society
424:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
1:
5402:Irish Poor Law Extension Acts
4851:Alternative Investment Market
4831:London Interbank Offered Rate
4787:List of UK building societies
3833:Economy of the United Kingdom
3673:Royal Agricultural University
3628:National Museum of Rural Life
3136:Meat and Livestock Commission
3052:Müller Milk & Ingredients
2996:Economy of the United Kingdom
2710:) (1961) pp 103–38 on repeal.
2550:Schonhardt-Bailey, C (2006).
1558:10.1017/CHOL9780521820363.008
1075:Statute Law Revision Act 1861
795:Condition of England question
5066:British Chambers of Commerce
5061:British Bankers' Association
3623:Museum of English Rural Life
3590:British Egg Industry Council
3447:Scottish Crofting Foundation
2768:108.379-380 (2023): 87–107.
2613:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
2573:Sutherland, K., ed. (2008).
1512:10.1016/0014-4983(90)90007-L
681:Importation of Corn Act 1828
593:Importation of Corn Act 1828
3954:Chancellor of the Exchequer
3934:Financial Conduct Authority
3173:Institute for Animal Health
2926:Speech of Sir Hussey Vivian
2758:131.640 (2021): 3322–3337.
1438:£1/11/–, about £184 in 2023
1420:£2/16/9, about £337 in 2023
162:Parliament of Great Britain
5659:
5524:Irish National Land League
5245:Legacy of the Great Famine
5215:British Relief Association
5101:UK Payments Administration
4053:New Imperialism 1830s–1945
3877:Government-owned companies
3664:Universities and colleges
3660:Tenant Farmers Association
3103:Rare Breeds Survival Trust
2890:Natural History of Society
2791:The Life of Richard Cobden
2740:. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
2704:Victorian years, 1841–1895
2641:"The Anti-Corn Law League"
2459:Barnett, Correlli (1992).
1766:The Elements of Arithmetic
1704:MacPherson, David (1805).
1429:£2/6/5, about £285 in 2023
962:United Kingdom legislation
754:became Prime Minister and
586:United Kingdom legislation
495:United Kingdom legislation
452:
446:
279:United Kingdom legislation
137:United Kingdom legislation
29:
5537:
5397:Temporary Relief Act 1847
5240:Encumbered Estates' Court
5109:
4176:National champions policy
4171:Recessions and recoveries
4088:1979 Winter of Discontent
4023:1659–1849 Navigation Acts
3998:UK Trade & Investment
3907:Monetary Policy Committee
3781:
3585:
3474:Scotland Food & Drink
3223:
3193:Rights of way in Scotland
2991:
2639:Chaloner, W. H. (1968).
2024:(27 November 1845), p. 5.
1544:Harley, C. Knick (2004).
979:
974:
866:later became its editor.
603:
598:
512:
507:
296:
291:
154:
149:
5633:1846 in economic history
5628:1815 in economic history
5185:Irish Famine (1740–1741)
4113:2009 bank rescue package
4108:2008 bank rescue package
4073:1929–39 Great Depression
3944:HM Revenue & Customs
3852:Employee-owned companies
3678:Scotland's Rural College
2884:. London: B. D. Cousins.
2876:
2875:Spencer, Thomas (1844).
2444:Marwick, Arthur (1991).
2179:Economics & Politics
2088:(1960) 3#2 pp: 162–183.
1980:The Gentleman's Magazine
910:Leader of the Opposition
5494:European Potato Failure
5331:Marquess of Clanricarde
5296:Marquess of Londonderry
5235:Young Ireland rebellion
4281:List of counties by GVA
4063:1873–79 Long Depression
4028:Agricultural Revolution
3993:UK Statistics Authority
3595:British Poultry Council
3557:Farmers' Union of Wales
3385:Agriculture in Cheshire
3228:Agricultural Revolution
2682:Economic History Review
2652:Economic History Review
2391:Economic History Review
2061:Pearce, Edward (2000).
2046:Pearce, Edward (2000).
1274:, the Germans in their
1168:William Ewart Gladstone
781:According to historian
709:Charles Pelham Villiers
107:Great Famine in Ireland
5618:Great Famine (Ireland)
5489:Highland Potato Famine
5484:National Famine Museum
5091:Institute of Directors
5056:Business organisations
4981:Science and technology
4874:International students
4586:Working Time Directive
3959:Debt Management Office
3615:James Hutton Institute
3605:Fresh Start Initiative
3278:Highland Potato Famine
2906:, Jeremiah How, London
2431:10.1006/exeh.1994.1005
2119:Schonhardt-Bailey 2006
1955:. London. p. 386.
1902:Schonhardt-Bailey 2006
1887:Schonhardt-Bailey 2006
1684:engineeringtoolbox.com
1284:Battle of the Atlantic
1156:
874:In February 1844, the
850:
800:
700:
477:
268:believed this to be a
44:
5438:Robert Dudley Edwards
5376:William Henry Gregory
5371:Matthew James Higgins
5341:Christopher St George
5326:Marquess of Lansdowne
5316:Nassau William Senior
5086:Industry trade groups
4846:London Stock Exchange
4836:London Metal Exchange
4603:Trades Union Congress
4296:East London Tech City
4140:Cost-of-living crisis
4078:1948–52 Marshall Plan
4033:Industrial Revolution
3572:Ulster Farmers' Union
3390:Agriculture in London
3208:Single Payment Scheme
3198:Rural Payments Agency
3183:Quality Meat Scotland
2943:"The Corn Law Debate"
2736:Hirst, F. W. (1925).
2695:Gash, Norman (1972).
2654:4(1), pp. 1–13.
2473:Barnett, pp. 575–576.
1147:
1119:Members of Parliament
695:
467:
447:Further information:
437:comparative advantage
420:Year Without a Summer
411:. c. 26) (officially
59:on imported food and
42:
5351:Lionel de Rothschild
4880:Entertainment &
4103:Late-2000s recession
4098:1992 Black Wednesday
4038:Financial Revolution
3867:FTSE Fledgling Index
3322:Women's Land Army -
3233:British timber trade
3042:Frontier Agriculture
2945:with primary sources
2902:Taylor, W.C. (1844)
2895:Taylor, W.C. (1842)
2888:Taylor, W.C. (1841)
2583:Woodham-Smith, Cecil
2276:E. J. Feuchtwanger,
2143:Comparative Politics
2109:Coleman, p. 135–136.
1629:, pp. 535, 552.
1594:The Economic Journal
1552:. pp. 175–203.
1326:Anti-Corn Law League
1296:Canada Corn Act 1843
1129:Importation Act 1846
1107:Lord George Bentinck
1064:Importation Act 1815
969:Importation Act 1846
824:William Cooke Taylor
735:Anti-Corn Law League
661:Importation Act 1822
573:Importation Act 1815
502:Importation Act 1822
470:Anti-Corn Law League
449:Anti-Corn Law League
431:, however, espoused
403:Importation Act 1815
367:Importation Act 1846
357:Importation Act 1822
286:Importation Act 1815
18:Importation Act 1846
5509:Theories of famines
5504:Economic liberalism
5428:Cecil Woodham-Smith
5356:Stephen Spring Rice
5321:Viscount Palmerston
4576:Equal opportunities
4181:Economic liberalism
4083:1974 Three-Day Week
4068:1926 general strike
3872:FTSE SmallCap Index
3645:Rothamsted Research
3469:Royal Highland Show
3369:Nations and regions
3273:Highland Clearances
3268:Haughley Experiment
2699:, pp. 562–615.
2669:. London: Fontana.
2378:, pp. 698–699.
2292:, p. 115, 117.
2238:, pp. 115–116.
2226:, pp. 124–125.
1922:Asa Briggs (1959),
1761:de Morgan, Augustus
1741:on 28 November 2018
1724:, pp. 554–555.
1190:economic historian
1139:Irish Coercion Bill
5301:Marquess Conyngham
4991:Telecommunications
4156:Economic geography
3283:Lowland Clearances
2789:Morley, J. (1905)
2776:Historical Journal
2495:St. Martin's Press
2086:Historical Journal
2010:Woodham-Smith 1991
1982:, 1850, pp. 94–96.
1952:Carlyle in Old Age
1606:10.1093/ej/ueab029
1600:(640): 3322–3337.
1402:about £395 in 2023
1393:about £187 in 2023
1384:about £281 in 2023
1372:Henry Phelps Brown
1223:(4,000 km, 28
1204:Llewellyn Woodward
701:
675:Duke of Wellington
478:
98:. The laws raised
57:trade restrictions
45:
5555:
5554:
5468:Christine Kinealy
5453:Diarmaid Ferriter
5336:Charles Trevelyan
5311:Robert Gore-Booth
5260:1879 Irish Famine
5200:Absentee landlord
5137:
5136:
5040:
5039:
4819:Lloyd's of London
4530:
4529:
4502:Industrialisation
4416:Industrialisation
4199:
4198:
4128:COVID-19 pandemic
4048:1815–46 Corn Laws
3799:
3798:
3688:
3687:
3536:
3535:
3364:
3363:
3288:Napier Commission
2778:3#2 pp: 162–183.
2598:978-0-14-014515-1
2575:Wealth of Nations
2554:. The MIT Press.
1308:Explanatory notes
1301:Vagrancy Act 1824
1198:Effects of repeal
1188:Dartmouth College
1162:and included the
1103:Benjamin Disraeli
1094:
1093:
1056:Other legislation
975:Act of Parliament
913:Lord John Russell
870:Prelude to repeal
655:
654:
599:Act of Parliament
584:
583:
565:Other legislation
508:Act of Parliament
490:William Huskisson
476:in London in 1846
468:A meeting of the
385:
384:
349:Other legislation
292:Act of Parliament
206:
205:
150:Act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
5650:
5545:
5544:
5366:Paweł Strzelecki
5286:Viscount Halifax
5164:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5127:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5076:Co-operatives UK
4666:Hydroelectricity
4641:Renewable energy
4623:
4507:Renewable energy
4488:
4436:Renewable energy
4224:Atlantic Gateway
4212:
4043:Panic of 1796–97
4013:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3803:
3789:
3788:
3655:Soil Association
3547:
3541:Non-governmental
3521:Northern Ireland
3502:Royal Welsh Show
3373:
3221:
3153:The Country Code
3098:Hedgerow removal
3027:Bernard Matthews
2978:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2932:
2930:
2912:"Hungry Forties"
2885:
2883:
2838:Blake, Barnett.
2756:Economic Journal
2647:18#3 pp 196–204.
2628:
2616:
2602:
2578:
2565:
2546:
2530:
2516:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2082:
2076:
2075:Coleman, p. 134.
2073:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:. Archived from
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1472:Cody, D (1987).
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:about £5 in 2023
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1342:About £385 today
1340:
1334:
1322:Hartwick College
1318:
1280:Second World War
1247:European farming
1232:
1231:
1227:
1164:Earl of Aberdeen
1135:9 & 10 Vict.
1131:
1130:
1082:Status: Repealed
1027:
1010:9 & 10 Vict.
984:
983:
970:
965:
899:Order in Council
876:Duke of Richmond
718:Privy Counsellor
683:
682:
663:
662:
608:
607:
594:
589:
517:
516:
503:
498:
405:
404:
373:Status: Repealed
301:
300:
287:
282:
254:House of Commons
231:
230:
159:
158:
145:
140:
63:enforced in the
21:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5533:
5472:
5411:
5380:
5361:John Abel Smith
5264:
5173:
5168:
5138:
5133:
5105:
5048:
5046:
5036:
4944:Pharmaceuticals
4857:
4772:Baltic Exchange
4763:
4756:
4628:
4614:
4536:
4526:
4482:
4460:
4387:
4369:
4362:
4207:
4205:
4195:
4191:Nationalisation
4144:
4002:
3897:Bank of England
3889:
3887:
3881:
3835:
3830:
3800:
3795:
3777:
3741:Clarkson's Farm
3721:
3684:
3581:
3542:
3532:
3516:
3478:
3416:
3360:
3332:
3212:
3188:Natural England
3113:
3107:
3081:
3077:Vestey Holdings
3072:Saputo Dairy UK
3005:
2987:
2982:
2939:
2918:
2874:
2828:Besant, Annie.
2825:
2820:
2635:
2633:Further reading
2625:
2605:
2599:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2549:
2543:
2533:Clarendon Press
2519:
2505:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2130:Morley, p. 388.
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2036:Morley, p. 344.
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1913:Semmel, p. 143.
1912:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1794:Economic Trends
1791:
1790:
1786:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1735:"The corn laws"
1733:
1732:
1728:
1722:Sutherland 2008
1720:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1642:Sutherland 2008
1640:
1633:
1627:Sutherland 2008
1625:
1621:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1292:
1276:U-boat campaign
1272:First World War
1229:
1225:
1224:
1200:
1180:
1128:
1127:
1083:
1061:Repeals/revokes
989:
981:
968:
963:
960:
872:
776:Robinson Crusoe
772:Monckton Milnes
680:
679:
660:
659:
613:
605:
592:
587:
522:
514:
501:
496:
462:
451:
445:
422:(caused by the
402:
401:
389:Napoleonic Wars
374:
306:
298:
285:
280:
228:
227:
164:
156:
143:
138:
135:
111:Sir Robert Peel
73:British English
35:
32:Canada Corn Act
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5656:
5654:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5463:Tim Pat Coogan
5460:
5455:
5450:
5448:Cormac Ó Gráda
5445:
5440:
5435:
5433:F. S. L. Lyons
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Queen Victoria
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Irish diaspora
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5015:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4926:
4924:Legal services
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4804:Euronext.liffe
4801:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4633:
4631:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4549:Businesspeople
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4343:Thames Gateway
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3971:Pound sterling
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:FTSE 250 Index
3859:
3857:FTSE 100 Index
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3760:Farmers Weekly
3756:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3338:Foot-and-mouth
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3318:Victory garden
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:Potato Council
3123:
3117:
3115:
3114:and regulation
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Norbrook Group
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Faccenda Foods
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:ADAS (company)
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2937:External links
2935:
2934:
2933:
2920:Vivian, Hussey
2916:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2872:
2864:Caird, James.
2861:
2860:
2846:
2836:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2801:
2787:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2741:
2734:
2717:
2711:
2702:Halévy, Elie.
2700:
2693:
2678:
2663:
2648:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2607:Woodward, E.L.
2603:
2597:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2547:
2541:
2517:
2503:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2451:
2436:
2425:(1): 120–138.
2409:
2398:(3): 411–428.
2380:
2368:
2353:
2351:, p. 698.
2338:
2323:
2321:, p. 119.
2311:
2309:, p. 118.
2294:
2282:
2269:
2267:, p. 117.
2252:
2250:, p. 116.
2240:
2228:
2216:
2214:, p. 124.
2204:
2169:
2156:10.2307/422226
2150:(1): 393–408.
2132:
2123:
2121:, p. 239.
2111:
2102:
2093:
2077:
2068:
2053:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2012:, p. 165.
2002:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1906:
1891:
1879:
1870:
1865:including the
1840:
1831:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1752:
1726:
1714:
1696:
1671:
1664:
1646:
1644:, p. 543.
1631:
1619:
1580:
1566:
1536:
1517:
1506:(2): 123–156.
1490:
1464:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1213:Russian Empire
1199:
1196:
1179:
1176:
1152:Richard Cobden
1123:House of Lords
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
985:
977:
976:
972:
971:
961:
959:
956:
917:City of London
878:initiated the
871:
868:
864:Walter Bagehot
813:Thomas Carlyle
787:Richard Cobden
756:Richard Cobden
671:Prime Minister
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
638:
637:
631:
625:
624:
621:
615:
614:
609:
601:
600:
596:
595:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
571:
567:
566:
562:
561:
558:
552:
551:
547:
546:
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
518:
510:
509:
505:
504:
494:
444:
441:
397:Lord Liverpool
395:government of
383:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
351:
350:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
331:
330:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
302:
294:
293:
289:
288:
278:
266:Thomas Malthus
213:for exporting
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
182:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
160:
152:
151:
147:
146:
136:
134:
131:
96:land ownership
65:United Kingdom
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5655:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Protectionism
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:Malthusianism
5517:
5515:
5514:Food security
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Laissez-faire
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:Earl of Lucan
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5130:
5122:
5120:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:organisations
5043:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4929:Manufacturing
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:List of banks
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:North Sea oil
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4598:Trades unions
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:Big City Plan
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Privatisation
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Gold standard
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:1986 Big Bang
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:Chronological
4014:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Co-operatives
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:Farming Today
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:organisations
3539:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Animal breeds
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:Animal breeds
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Grazing marsh
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Arla Foods UK
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:0-415-12742-4
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:(Mann, 1839)
2841:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2816:0-521-54815-2
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:0-415-12742-4
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:0-19-921891-9
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:0-00-686366-3
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:History Today
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:0-19-821711-0
2620:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2561:0-262-19543-7
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2542:0-19-821705-6
2538:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:Ensor, Robert
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2504:0-19-832903-2
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:Blake, Robert
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2366:, p. 54.
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2224:Woodward 1962
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:Woodward 1962
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2100:Hirst, p. 35.
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2000:Hirst, p. 33.
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:, p. 10.
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:Hirst, p. 16.
1874:
1871:
1868:
1855:. 28 May 2016
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1838:Hirst, p. 15.
1835:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1812:, p. 61.
1811:
1810:Woodward 1962
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1665:9780521349321
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1567:9781139053853
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1192:Douglas Irwin
1189:
1186:According to
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1172:Liberal Party
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:third reading
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:6 August 1861
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1017:Introduced by
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
978:
973:
966:
957:
955:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
928:
927:
920:
918:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
856:
855:The Economist
852:The magazine
849:
846:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
815:commented on
814:
809:
805:
799:
796:
790:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
768:David Ricardo
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:1841 election
744:
742:
741:
740:The Spectator
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
698:
694:
690:
688:
684:
676:
672:
668:
664:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
632:
630:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
602:
597:
590:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
548:
544:
541:
539:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
511:
506:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
475:
471:
466:
460:
456:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
429:David Ricardo
425:
421:
418:In 1816, the
416:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:
381:
377:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:23 March 1815
343:
341:
337:
332:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
295:
290:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:Corn Act 1772
224:
220:
216:
212:
201:
199:
195:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
153:
148:
144:Corn Act 1772
141:
132:
130:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5423:John Mitchel
5306:Lord Farnham
5281:Earl Russell
5204:
4998:Supermarkets
4964:Construction
4959:Architecture
4794:Canary Wharf
4627:Resource and
4610:Unemployment
4581:Minimum wage
4544:Billionaires
4441:Silicon Glen
4313:M11 Corridor
4047:
3765:
3758:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3712:Fell farming
3247:
3238:Celtic field
3158:Crown Estate
3086:Conservation
2925:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2878:
2865:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2807:
2790:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2743:
2737:
2723:
2720:Hilton, Boyd
2707:
2703:
2696:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2644:
2612:
2587:
2574:
2551:
2526:
2493:. New York:
2490:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2371:
2332:
2326:
2314:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2185:(1): 41–59.
2182:
2178:
2172:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2085:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2021:
2017:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1889:, p. 9.
1882:
1873:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1765:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1729:
1717:
1706:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1655:
1649:
1622:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1483:16 September
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1453:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1366:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1328:, formed in
1316:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:Robert Blake
1251:
1242:Robert Ensor
1240:
1221:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1157:
1148:
1126:
1112:
1098:Great Famine
1095:
1043:26 June 1846
1039:Royal assent
952:free holding
945:
931:Lord Stanley
924:
921:
887:Great Famine
884:
873:
860:James Wilson
853:
851:
844:
841:
835:
834:(1842), and
831:
827:
821:
801:
792:
780:
745:
738:
728:
721:
702:
678:
658:
656:
651:15 July 1828
647:Royal assent
560:15 July 1822
556:Royal assent
482:Thomas Tooke
479:
417:
412:
400:
386:
340:Royal assent
251:
247:Edmund Burke
226:
207:
198:Royal assent
123:
115:Conservative
104:
93:
89:mercantilism
68:
48:
46:
36:
5638:Robert Peel
5458:Colm Tóibín
5346:Robert Peel
5225:Coffin ship
4974:Real estate
4698:Agriculture
4485:Cardiff Bay
4474:Agriculture
4431:Oil and gas
4406:Agriculture
4333:Silicon Fen
4308:M4 corridor
4301:London Plan
4122:Growth deal
3949:HM Treasury
3919:Company law
3888:governance,
3748:Countryfile
3734:The Archers
3313:Swing Riots
3243:Common land
3178:Legislation
3001:Agriculture
2745:In Our Time
2591:. Penguin.
1474:"Corn Laws"
1178:Motivations
1070:Repealed by
1022:Robert Peel
817:John Bright
752:Robert Peel
714:Robert Peel
697:Robert Peel
474:Exeter Hall
399:passed the
363:Repealed by
252:In 1813, a
202:10 May 1773
100:food prices
5562:Categories
5443:Joel Mokyr
5416:Historians
5195:Penal Laws
5028:High-speed
5023:Inter-city
4939:Automotive
4919:Healthcare
4907:Television
4897:Newspapers
4741:Materials
4656:Geothermal
4629:production
4571:Labour law
4554:Demography
4537:and labour
4318:Manchester
4229:Birmingham
4161:Free trade
3890:regulation
3700:Beekeeping
3258:Dutch barn
3112:Government
3057:NFU Mutual
2804:Semmel, B.
2531:. Oxford:
2376:Blake 1966
2364:Ensor 1936
2349:Blake 1966
2319:Ensor 1936
2307:Ensor 1936
2290:Ensor 1936
2265:Ensor 1936
2248:Ensor 1936
2236:Ensor 1936
1796:(604): 38.
1689:19 January
1446:References
1330:Manchester
995:Long title
903:Parliament
783:Asa Briggs
764:David Hume
760:Adam Smith
619:Long title
528:Long title
443:Opposition
433:free trade
354:Amended by
312:Long title
270:fair price
170:Long title
126:free trade
55:and other
5220:Souperism
5205:Corn Laws
5045:Trade and
5008:Transport
4955:Property
4934:Aerospace
4869:Education
4814:Insurance
4762:Financial
4646:Biodiesel
4522:Transport
4451:Transport
4411:Edinburgh
4383:Transport
4358:Wiltshire
4353:Transport
4328:Sheffield
4286:Liverpool
4149:Recurrent
3976:Banknotes
3886:Currency,
3840:Companies
3293:Rationing
3263:Enclosure
3248:Corn Laws
3067:Openfield
3010:Companies
2748:podcasts
2706:(Vol. 4:
2585:(1991) .
2199:1468-0343
2022:The Times
1961:cite book
1745:15 August
1614:0013-0133
926:The Times
808:Karl Marx
804:Chartists
731:blue book
723:The Times
409:55 Geo. 3
327:55 Geo. 3
239:shillings
235:13 Geo. 3
185:13 Geo. 3
49:Corn Laws
5547:Category
5529:Land War
5119:Category
5047:business
5013:Aviation
4986:Internet
4892:Gambling
4799:The City
4764:services
4745:Forestry
4728:Scottish
4719:Fishing
4661:Fracking
4593:Pensions
4401:Aberdeen
4393:Scotland
4368:Northern
4338:Somerset
4246:Cornwall
4206:regions,
4204:Nations,
3988:Taxation
3791:Category
3717:Forestry
3705:June Gap
3619:Museums
3507:Tŷ unnos
3442:Crofting
3435:Shetland
3422:Scotland
3400:Cornwall
3037:Farmcare
2922:(1839).
2806:(2004).
2722:(2008).
2609:(1962).
2523:(1936).
2491:Disraeli
2489:(1966).
2090:in JSTOR
1926:, p. 314
1853:BBC News
1779:22852767
1763:(1830).
1533:: 13–64.
1290:See also
1160:Peelites
1143:Radicals
1048:Repealed
1005:Citation
948:counties
830:(1841),
687:9 Geo. 4
667:3 Geo. 4
634:9 Geo. 4
629:Citation
543:3 Geo. 4
538:Citation
455:sterling
322:Citation
211:bounties
180:Citation
5477:Related
5178:General
5129:Commons
5096:Make UK
5003:Tourism
4969:Housing
4949:Exports
4912:Theatre
4777:Banking
4723:English
4619:Sectors
4564:Poverty
4517:Tourism
4512:Swansea
4497:History
4492:Fishing
4479:Cardiff
4446:Tourism
4426:History
4421:Fishing
4378:Belfast
4370:Ireland
4348:Tourism
4323:Reading
4271:Fishing
4251:Croydon
4241:Bristol
4216:England
4008:History
3981:Coinage
3773:Hurdles
3693:Sectors
3528:Cuisine
3512:Fishing
3497:Cuisine
3464:Fishing
3454:Cuisine
3412:Fishing
3395:Cuisine
3377:England
3298:Run rig
3253:Diggers
3217:History
2868:(1852)
2832:(1880)
2784:3020474
2766:History
2690:2592565
2660:2591654
2480:Sources
1937:Capital
1573:27 June
1282:in the
1228:⁄
1217:Belgium
1209:prairie
1113:On the
1026:Commons
895:Cabinet
746:In the
636:. c. 60
545:. c. 60
329:. c. 26
258:bushels
243:quarter
187:. c. 43
133:Origins
53:tariffs
5269:People
4887:Cinema
4750:Mining
4671:Marine
4637:Energy
4559:Income
4535:People
4481:
4456:Whisky
4291:London
4261:Dorset
4208:cities
4133:Impact
3914:Budget
3550:Unions
3459:Factor
2928:
2881:
2870:online
2856:
2844:online
2834:online
2814:
2797:
2782:
2770:online
2760:online
2730:
2715:online
2688:
2673:
2658:
2621:
2595:
2568:online
2558:
2539:
2511:
2501:
2197:
2164:422226
2162:
1935:Marx,
1859:28 May
1777:
1662:
1612:
1564:
1258:them.
1235:census
958:Repeal
901:until
750:, Sir
673:, the
570:Amends
85:barley
4902:Radio
4882:Media
4862:Other
4733:Welsh
4703:Cider
4681:Solar
4466:Wales
4276:Leeds
4256:Devon
3939:Gilts
3726:Other
3668:CAFRE
3484:Wales
3405:Devon
3047:Genus
2780:JSTOR
2686:JSTOR
2656:JSTOR
2160:JSTOR
1033:Dates
1012:c. 22
936:Queen
641:Dates
550:Dates
334:Dates
274:wages
262:tonne
223:wheat
192:Dates
119:Whigs
77:wheat
51:were
5385:Laws
5018:Rail
4713:Beer
4708:Wine
4693:Food
4686:Wind
4651:Coal
3754:Eglu
3356:2007
3351:2001
3346:1967
3328:WWII
2910:The
2854:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2513:8047
2509:OCLC
2499:ISBN
2195:ISSN
1967:link
1861:2016
1775:OCLC
1747:2018
1691:2020
1660:ISBN
1610:ISSN
1575:2017
1562:ISBN
1531:NBER
1485:2007
1352:kg).
1166:and
1105:and
1020:Sir
907:Whig
766:and
705:Whig
703:The
657:The
393:Tory
241:per
221:and
219:malt
113:, a
83:and
81:oats
69:corn
61:corn
47:The
4826:LCH
3324:WWI
2427:doi
2400:doi
2187:doi
2152:doi
1771:100
1708:III
1602:doi
1598:131
1554:doi
1508:doi
472:in
459:£sd
215:rye
71:in
5564::
3326:/
2643:,
2535:.
2507:.
2497:.
2423:31
2421:.
2396:41
2394:.
2356:^
2341:^
2297:^
2255:^
2193:.
2181:.
2158:.
2148:27
2146:.
2029:^
1963:}}
1959:{{
1894:^
1851:.
1802:^
1773:.
1682:.
1634:^
1608:.
1596:.
1592:.
1560:.
1548:.
1529:.
1504:27
1502:.
1476:.
1219:.
806:.
762:,
743:.
720:,
488:,
439:.
217:,
79:,
5163:e
5156:t
5149:v
4639:/
4487:)
4483:(
4124:)
4120:(
3825:e
3818:t
3811:v
2977:e
2970:t
2963:v
2786:.
2692:.
2677:.
2662:.
2627:.
2601:.
2564:.
2545:.
2515:.
2433:.
2429::
2406:.
2402::
2201:.
2189::
2183:1
2166:.
2154::
1969:)
1863:.
1781:.
1749:.
1693:.
1668:.
1616:.
1604::
1577:.
1556::
1514:.
1510::
1487:.
1461:.
1230:2
1226:1
1133:(
1028:)
1024:(
845:s
685:(
665:(
461:.
407:(
233:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
