298:, to "consider and advise upon the policy to be adopted as regards an Imperial wireless service so as to protect and facilitate public interest." Its report was presented to the Postmaster-General on 23 February 1924 The committee's recommendations were similar to those of the Norman Committee – that any stations in the United Kingdom used to communicate with the Empire should be in the hands of the state, that they should be operated by the Post Office, and that eight high-power
335:
Beam
Wireless Services with the cable services of various parts of the empire, to report upon it and to make recommendations with a view to a common policy being adopted by the various governments concerned." It concluded that the cable companies would not be able to compete in an unrestricted market, but that the cable links remained of both commercial and strategic value. It therefore recommended that the cable and wireless interests of the
86:
2101:
413:
181:, the committee unanimously concluded that a "chain of Imperial wireless stations" should be established as a matter of urgency. An expert committee also advised that Marconi were the only company with technology that was proven to operate reliably over the distances required (in excess of 2,000 miles (3,200 km)) "if rapid installation and immediate and trustworthy communication be desired".
22:
2111:
391:. Due to such factors Cable and Wireless were never able to earn the revenue which had been forecast, resulting in low dividends and an inability to reduce the rates charged to customers as much as had been expected. To ease the financial pressure, the British Government finally decided to transfer the beam stations to Cable and Wireless, in exchange for 2,600,000 of the 30,000,000
2090:
2121:
334:
companies. An "Imperial
Wireless and Cable Conference" was therefore held in London in January 1928, with delegates from the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions, India, the Crown Colonies and Protectorates, to "examine the situation which arose as a result of the competition of the Imperial
317:
concentrated the radio transmission into a narrow directional beam). The beam stations would communicate with those
Dominions that chose the new shortwave technology. Parliament finally approved an agreement between the Post Office and Marconi to build beam stations to communicate with Canada, South
160:
to provide the service and concluded that no government department was in a position to do so, and the
Treasury were reluctant to fund the creation of a new department. Contracting the construction to a commercial "wireless company" was the favoured option, and a contract was signed with Marconi's
403:
Government nationalised Cable and
Wireless, integrating its UK assets with those of the Post Office. By this stage, however, three of the original stations had been closed, after the service was centralised during 1939–1940 at Dorchester and Somerton. The longwave Rugby radio station continued to
351:
position. The merged company would be overseen by an
Imperial Advisory Committee, would purchase the government-owned cables in the Pacific, West Indies and Atlantic, and would also be given a lease on the beam stations for a period of 25 years, for the sum of £250,000 per year.
507:, erected in a line at 640 feet (200 m) intervals and at right angles to the overseas receiving station. These were topped by cross-arm measuring 10 feet (3.0 m) high by 90 feet (27 m) wide, from which the vertical wires of the aerial were hung, forming a "
275:. However, the report was not acted upon. While British politicians procrastinated, Marconi constructed stations for other nations, linking North and South America, as well as China and Japan, in 1922. In January 1922 the
326:
From when the Post Office began operating the "Post Office Beam" services, through to March, 31st, 1929, they had earned gross receipts of £813,100 at a cost of £538,850, leaving a net surplus of £274,250.
247:(the Norman Committee), which reported in 1920. The Norman Report recommended that transmitters should have a range of 2,000 miles, which required relay stations, and that Britain should be connected to
313:(announced on 13 July 1922 by the previous government) would be completed since it used proven technology, in addition to which a number of shortwave "beam stations" would be built (so called because a
2155:
153:. The proposed stations would directly compete with cables for a fixed amount of transoceanic telegram traffic, reducing the revenue of the cable companies and possibly bankrupting them.
146:
to construct a series of wireless telegraphy stations to link the
British Empire within three years. While not then accepted, the Marconi proposal created serious interest in the concept.
367:
Limited, with Cable and
Wireless Limited being renamed as Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited. From the beginning of April 1928 the beam services were operated by the Post Office as
330:
Even before the final link became operational between
Australia and Canada, it was apparent that the commercial success of the Wireless Chain was threatening the viability of the
208:
led to the suspension of the contract by the government. Meanwhile
Germany successfully constructed its own wireless chain before the war, at a cost equivalent to two million
128:, as indeed happened during the war. Starting around 1908, industrialized nations built global networks of powerful transoceanic wireless telegraphy stations to exchange
359:, leading to the creation of two new companies on 8 April 1929; an operating company Imperial and International Communications, in turn owned by a holding company named
511:". At Tetney the antenna for India was similar to those at Bodmin and Bridgwater, while the Australian aerial was carried on three 275 feet (84 m) high masts.
233:
420:
The shortwave Imperial Wireless Chain "beam stations" operated in pairs; one transmitting and one receiving. Pairs of stations were sited at (transmitters first):
279:
added their voice to the demands for action, adopting a resolution urging the government to urgently resolve the matter, as did other organisations such as the
302:
stations should be used, as well as land-lines. The scheme was estimated at £500,000. At the time the committee was unaware of Marconi's 1923 experiments into
2073:
2045:
2040:
1065:
1004:
2160:
239:
Parliament's decision came shortly after legal action initiated by Marconi in June 1919, claiming £7,182,000 in damages from the British government for
2190:
933:
306:
radio transmissions, which offered a much cheaper alternative – although not a commercially proven one – to high-power long-wave transmission system.
882:
503:
At Bodmin and Bridgwater, each aerial stretched to nearly half a mile (800 m) long, and consisted of a row of five 277 feet (84 m) high
243:, and in which they were awarded £590,000 by the court. The government also commissioned the "Imperial Wireless Telegraphy Committee" chaired by
340:
2150:
2067:
225:
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2052:
2032:
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841:
829:
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703:
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805:
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232:) and Egypt (in Cairo), to be completed in early 1920 – although in the event the link opened on 24 April 1922, two months after the UK
1829:
1923:
537:
162:
1708:
1256:
1058:
416:
A much smaller, more recent shortwave "curtain antenna" (unconnected with the Imperial Wireless Chain) illustrates the principle
124:
became a strategic defense technology, as it was realized that a nation without radio could be isolated by an enemy cutting its
1819:
1814:
1365:
617:
331:
149:
A dilemma faced by Britain throughout the negotiations to establish the chain was that Britain owned the largest network of
1839:
244:
2124:
977:
918:
894:
753:
77:, Egypt, eventually opened on 24 April 1922, with the final link, between Australia and Canada, opening on 16 June 1928.
2114:
1875:
1772:
1315:
1082:
276:
228:
agreed in 1919 that £170,000 should be spent constructing the first two radio stations in the chain, in Oxfordshire (at
30:
658:
2104:
1611:
1051:
2170:
1963:
1885:
1824:
1531:
161:
Wireless Telegraph Company in March 1912. The government then found itself facing severe criticism and appointed a
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1441:
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229:
150:
125:
70:
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1918:
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428:
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1401:
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1209:
1174:
1757:
1561:
1526:
1446:
1426:
1348:
1236:
1157:
670:
178:
112:, and radio began to be used for practical ship-to-shore communication around 1900. His company, the
1671:
1631:
1601:
1358:
1293:
1184:
189:
53:. The stations exchanged commercial and diplomatic text message traffic transmitted at high speed by
1681:
1621:
1380:
1342:
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1140:
1125:
314:
310:
309:
Following the Donald Report and discussions with the Dominions, it was decided that the high-power
90:
347:
and Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company should be merged to form a single organisation holding a
1908:
1865:
1796:
1666:
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1506:
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58:
46:
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1375:
1241:
1135:
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105:
101:
224:
continuing to apply pressure on the government to provide an "Imperial wireless system", the
1953:
1913:
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1747:
1661:
1516:
1501:
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1451:
1411:
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542:
514:
Electronic components for the system were built at Marconi's New Street wireless factory in
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380:
1581:
1436:
1204:
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1037:
1008:
508:
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201:
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143:
139:
121:
113:
42:
1179:
609:
The Tentacles of Progress : Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940
192:
voting in favour, 140 against. The course of these events was disrupted somewhat by the
1779:
1651:
1626:
1586:
1556:
1431:
1266:
1152:
450:
209:
109:
85:
50:
26:
965:, Paul Hewitt, Tetney County Primary School, published 2005-09-24, accessed 2010-10-04
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1928:
1701:
1691:
1606:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1466:
1288:
1147:
504:
484:
368:
295:
16:
Radiotelegraphic communications network within the British Empire in the 20th century
412:
1806:
1646:
1591:
1521:
1486:
1421:
1320:
1310:
1162:
945:
256:
185:
174:
66:
980:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1927-10-05, accessed 2010-10-03
921:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1928-07-10, accessed 2010-10-03
870:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1923-07-18, accessed 2010-10-03
858:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1926-11-20, accessed 2010-10-03
844:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1924-02-25, accessed 2010-10-03
832:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1922-12-08, accessed 2010-10-03
820:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1923-01-29, accessed 2010-10-03
808:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1922-08-16, accessed 2010-10-03
796:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1921-07-21, accessed 2010-10-03
784:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1922-01-27, accessed 2010-10-03
772:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1921-07-16, accessed 2010-10-03
718:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1919-08-04, accessed 2010-10-03
706:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1915-09-11, accessed 2010-10-03
596:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1928-06-16, accessed 2010-10-03
584:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1921-11-21, accessed 2010-10-03
572:
Papers Past, Evening Post (New Zealand), published 1923-04-23, accessed 2010-10-03
283:, which claimed that the Empire was suffering "incalculable loss" in its absence.
184:
After further negotiations prompted by Treasury pressure, a modified contract was
21:
2006:
1656:
1566:
1551:
1511:
1471:
1330:
525:
264:
260:
205:
117:
62:
946:
History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy – Cable & Wireless
2011:
1718:
1416:
1325:
1281:
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1229:
1219:
1194:
515:
492:
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170:
129:
54:
1996:
1461:
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303:
272:
268:
252:
41:
was a strategic international communications network of powerful long range
1024:
962:
1991:
1981:
1898:
1723:
1546:
348:
299:
221:
157:
132:
69:
to implement an operational system. The first link in the chain, between
1986:
1971:
1030:
388:
2016:
1976:
1298:
1090:
1043:
468:
440:
424:
248:
399:. The ownership of the beam stations was reversed in 1947, when the
735:. Vol. 103, no. 96. New Zealand. 26 April 1922. p. 7
363:. In 1934 Imperial and International Communications was renamed as
2001:
1938:
1246:
444:
294:
government commissioned the Empire Wireless Committee, chaired by
196:, when it was alleged that highly placed members of the governing
84:
74:
20:
692:
Post Office Contracts Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, Limited
200:
party had used their knowledge of the negotiations to indulge in
1943:
1047:
212:, and was able to use it to its advantage during the conflict.
1189:
909:
The Canberra Times, published 1928-07-28, accessed 2010-10-04
992:
Shortwave Central, published 2010-11-30, accessed 2011,03-06
673:
Subterranea Britannica, Malcolm Hancock, accessed 2010-10-04
355:
The conference's recommendations were incorporated into the
341:
Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Company
25:
The areas of the world that at one time were part of the
897:
Library of Congress (Open Library), accessed 2010-10-04
612:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 126–130.
371:
for Imperial and International Communications Limited.
639:. Scientific American Publishing Co. pp. 259–263.
524:
was home to a receiving station until the outbreak of
165:
to examine the topic. After hearing evidence from the
116:, dominated early radio. In the period leading up to
885:, Hansard, published 1929-07-22, accessed 2010-10-04
661:, Hansard, Published 1913-08-08, accessed 2010-10-03
61:
machines. Although the idea was conceived prior to
2156:
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
2025:
1962:
1884:
1848:
1805:
1746:
1680:
1389:
1081:
936:Hansard, published 1938-05-30, accessed 2010-10-04
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878:
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907:Empire Communications – Cable and Wireless Merger
687:
685:
683:
681:
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654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
385:International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation
65:, the United Kingdom was the last of the world's
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971:
852:
850:
404:remain under Post Office ownership throughout.
318:Africa, India and Australia, on 1 August 1924.
156:Parliament ruled out the creation of a private
565:
563:
1059:
8:
395:in the company, under the provisions of the
2074:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
760:, published 1919-07-26, accessed 2010-10-03
671:The Official History of Rugby Radio Station
2110:
1066:
1052:
1044:
1002:The Marconi Company Departments 1912–1970
958:
956:
954:
694:Hansard, 1924-08-01 , accessed 2010-10-03
188:by Parliament on 8 August 1913, with 221
135:traffic with their overseas colonies.
411:
729:"Wireless Service: Britain–Egypt Route"
559:
475:– the latter actually in the hamlet of
895:Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference
990:Beam Wireless – The Original Stations
7:
2120:
142:received a formal proposal from the
491:in Canada, and with Kliphevel (now
204:in Marconi shares. The outbreak of
383:, as well as competition from the
241:breach of their July 1912 contract
114:Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company
14:
2161:Telecommunications infrastructure
1011:Martin Bates, accessed 2010-10-04
754:Marconi Company Wins From Britain
538:List of Marconi wireless stations
379:The 1930s saw the arrival of the
2191:Transatlantic telecommunications
2119:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2088:
1709:Free-space optical communication
948:Bill Glover, accessed 2010-10-04
220:With the end of the war and the
633:Lescarboura, Austin C. (1922).
286:Under this pressure, after the
91:Hillmorton transmitting station
1027:– Tetney County Primary School
1:
2151:History of telecommunications
104:invented the first practical
49:to link the countries of the
2095:Telecommunication portal
1876:Telecommunications equipment
1040:– South Dorset Radio Society
606:Headrick, Daniel R. (1988).
397:Imperial Telegraphs Act 1938
361:Cable & Wireless Limited
357:Imperial Telegraphs Act 1929
277:British Chambers of Commerce
31:British overseas territories
2166:Radio in the United Kingdom
2146:History of radio technology
1612:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
770:Relays in the Wireless Line
177:, and representatives from
2207:
2181:1928 in the United Kingdom
2176:1922 in the United Kingdom
1316:Telecommunications history
234:declared Egypt independent
151:submarine telegraph cables
126:submarine telegraph cables
89:Longwave masts at Rugby's
2083:
1924:Public Switched Telephone
1736:telecommunication circuit
1697:Fiber-optic communication
1442:Francis Blake (telephone)
1237:Optical telecommunication
345:Western Telegraph Company
337:Eastern Telegraph Company
45:stations, created by the
1835:Orbital angular-momentum
1272:Satellite communications
1111:Communications satellite
1031:Dorchester Radio Station
934:Imperial Telegraphs Bill
919:An Important Development
743:– via Papers Past.
1714:Molecular communication
1537:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1366:Undersea telegraph line
1101:Cable protection system
1007:20 October 2010 at the
439:in Australia, and with
39:Imperial Wireless Chain
1856:Communication protocol
1642:Charles Sumner Tainter
1457:Walter Houser Brattain
1402:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1210:Information revolution
818:Link Up Wireless Chain
417:
375:Transfers of ownership
311:Rugby longwave station
98:
34:
33:are underlined in red.
1830:Polarization-division
1562:Narinder Singh Kapany
1527:Erna Schneider Hoover
1447:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1427:Alexander Graham Bell
1158:online video platform
806:New Wireless Services
659:New Marconi Agreement
415:
288:1922 General Election
190:Members of Parliament
88:
24:
1672:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1632:Almon Brown Strowger
1602:Charles Grafton Page
1257:Prepaid mobile phone
1185:Electrical telegraph
1036:23 July 2008 at the
365:Cable & Wireless
1622:Johann Philipp Reis
1381:Wireless revolution
1343:The Telephone Cases
1200:Hydraulic telegraph
1025:Tetney Beam Station
963:Tetney Beam Station
868:High Power Wireless
830:Radio Communication
636:Radio for Everybody
479:which is nearer to
315:directional antenna
73:in Oxfordshire and
1820:Frequency-division
1797:Telephone exchange
1667:Charles Wheatstone
1597:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1572:Innocenzo Manzetti
1507:Reginald Fessenden
1242:Optical telegraphy
1075:Telecommunications
758:The New York Times
704:The Wireless Chain
418:
281:Empire Press Union
106:radio transmitters
99:
47:British government
35:
2171:Guglielmo Marconi
2133:
2132:
1871:Store and forward
1866:Data transmission
1780:Network switching
1731:Transmission line
1577:Guglielmo Marconi
1542:Internet pioneers
1407:Mohamed M. Atalla
1376:Whistled language
548:Telecommunication
322:Commercial impact
296:Sir Robert Donald
102:Guglielmo Marconi
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2103:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2091:
1964:Notable networks
1954:Wireless network
1894:Cellular network
1886:Types of network
1861:Computer network
1748:Network topology
1662:Thomas A. Watson
1517:Oliver Heaviside
1502:Philo Farnsworth
1477:Daniel Davis Jr.
1452:Charles Bourseul
1412:John Logie Baird
1121:Data compression
1116:Computer network
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582:Wireless Service
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543:History of radio
499:in South Africa)
381:Great Depression
332:cable telegraphy
245:Sir Henry Norman
226:House of Commons
216:Post World War I
163:select committee
120:, long distance
95:alternative view
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1582:Robert Metcalfe
1437:Tim Berners-Lee
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1205:Information Age
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1038:Wayback Machine
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1009:Wayback Machine
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509:curtain antenna
481:North Petherton
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387:and affordable
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324:
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210:pounds sterling
202:insider trading
194:Marconi scandal
144:Marconi Company
140:Colonial Office
122:radiotelegraphy
83:
43:radiotelegraphy
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794:Wireless Links
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782:Wireless Chain
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1311:Smoke signals
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485:Drummondville
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1807:Multiplexing
1682:Transmission
1647:Nikola Tesla
1637:Henry Sutton
1592:Samuel Morse
1522:Robert Hooke
1487:Amos Dolbear
1422:John Bardeen
1341:
1321:Telautograph
1225:Mobile phone
1180:Edholm's law
1163:social media
1096:Broadcasting
997:
985:
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737:. Retrieved
733:Evening Post
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354:
349:monopolistic
329:
325:
308:
292:Conservative
285:
257:South Africa
238:
219:
183:
179:South Africa
175:India Office
155:
148:
138:In 1910 the
137:
100:
67:great powers
38:
36:
18:
2007:NPL network
1719:Radio waves
1657:Alfred Vail
1567:Hedy Lamarr
1552:Dawon Kahng
1512:Elisha Gray
1472:Yogen Dalal
1397:Nasir Ahmed
1331:Teleprinter
1195:Heliographs
526:World War I
265:East Africa
206:World War I
118:World War I
63:World War I
2140:Categories
2053:Antarctica
2012:Toasternet
1934:Television
1417:Paul Baran
1349:Television
1333:(teletype)
1326:Telegraphy
1304:transistor
1282:Phryctoria
1252:Photophone
1230:Smartphone
1220:Mass media
619:019802178X
554:References
516:Chelmsford
493:Klipheuwel
489:Yamachiche
473:Bridgwater
460:Dorchester
171:War Office
130:Morse code
59:paper tape
55:Morse code
29:. Current
2037:Americas
2026:Locations
1997:Internet2
1758:Bandwidth
1462:Vint Cerf
1359:streaming
1337:Telephone
1277:Semaphore
1168:streaming
497:Milnerton
477:Huntworth
455:Brentwood
447:in India)
429:Winthorpe
304:shortwave
273:Hong Kong
269:Singapore
259:, Egypt,
253:Australia
222:Dominions
167:Admiralty
110:receivers
2105:Category
1992:Internet
1982:CYCLADES
1899:Ethernet
1849:Concepts
1773:terminal
1724:wireless
1547:Bob Kahn
1390:Pioneers
1215:Internet
1106:Cable TV
1034:Archived
1005:Archived
739:12 March
532:See also
464:Somerton
437:Rockbank
300:longwave
230:Leafield
186:ratified
158:monopoly
133:telegram
71:Leafield
2125:Commons
2115:Outline
2068:Oceania
1987:FidoNet
1972:ARPANET
1785:circuit
1354:digital
1083:History
522:Devizes
389:airmail
198:Liberal
2063:Europe
2033:Africa
2017:Usenet
1977:BITNET
1914:Mobile
1790:packet
1299:MOSFET
1294:device
1091:Beacon
616:
495:) and
483:(with
469:Bodmin
441:Khadki
433:Ballan
431:(with
425:Tetney
401:Labour
393:shares
339:, the
290:, the
271:, and
249:Canada
57:using
2046:South
2041:North
2002:JANET
1939:Telex
1929:Radio
1768:Nodes
1763:Links
1684:media
1262:Radio
1247:Pager
1175:Drums
1141:video
1136:image
1126:audio
451:Ongar
445:Daund
369:agent
261:India
75:Cairo
2058:Asia
1944:UUCP
1904:ISDN
741:2024
614:ISBN
487:and
471:and
462:and
453:and
443:and
435:and
427:and
108:and
37:The
1949:WAN
1919:NGN
1909:LAN
1190:Fax
1131:DCT
2142::
970:^
953:^
926:^
875:^
849:^
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731:.
678:^
645:^
562:^
528:.
518:.
343:,
267:,
263:,
255:,
251:,
236:.
173:,
169:,
2076:)
2072:(
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
622:.
97:)
93:(
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