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814:(a legion which was stationed at Mainz from 71 to 86 AD, dating the helmet to this period). Although its crest attachment was missing, a round imprint suggests a soldered on disc, indicating it had an Italian style "twist on" crest holder, rather than the Gallic style "slide-on" crest. Three orichalcum helmets of this style are known. All three show evidence of feather holders, which occur only rarely on iron ones, and it may be possible that in the late 1st century when iron helmets seem more common, the brass helmets and feather tubes suggest a higher rank, perhaps that of
671:
eyebrows on the forehead region and tending to be carefully made and elaborately decorated) were the products of Celtic craftsmen in Gaul whereas "Imperial Italic" helmets (lacking the eyebrows and somewhat more roughly made) were the product of less-skilled copycats in Italy and elsewhere in the Empire. These differences in decoration and workmanship tended to diminish as time went on; the last two Italic types classified by
Robinson, the Hebron (Italic G) and Niedermörmter (Italic H) helmets, were as carefully crafted and well-decorated as any Imperial Gallic helmet.
717:
25:
836:. More likely, the Italic D was the product of a single workshop producing a more decorative type for soldiers who might wish to shell out a bit more for splashy headgear. Since the Italic D has integral brass cross-braces placed flat against the skull, providing a double-thickness of metal at a critical point, it is tempting to speculate that the superior performance of this type versus the Dacian falx is what led to the decision to retrofit cross bracing to all helmets in the Dacian theatre.
151:
794:, Germany. Other datable helmets indicate a trend toward these more sloping neck guards in the last half of the 1st century, which continued through the 2nd and 3rd centuries. However, as both styles of neck guard were clearly used side by side, it was likely a matter of personal preference and/or armoury issue of what type could be worn by a particular Roman soldier.
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The type D helmet was decorated with gilded motifs, yet appears to have been mass-produced. A second very similar cheek piece has been found, as well as a complete helmet (Imperial Italic E) which appears to have had the same style decoration, though most had been stripped off when it was discarded.
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was coined by H. Russell
Robinson, who further sub-divided this main type into the two sub-types of "Imperial Gallic" and "Imperial Italic". They drew these names from their main manufacturers, rather than wearers – Robinson believed "Imperial Gallic" helmets (featuring a pair of distinctive embossed
690:
produced further developments in helmet design, particularly the two iron bars riveted crosswise across the helmet skull (alternatively, two thick bronze strips might be riveted to the top of a bronze legionary or auxiliary helmet); it has been suggested that this form of reinforcement was added as
869:
The
Niedermörmter helmet, classified by Robinson as Imperial Italic H, is one of the best-preserved Roman Imperial helmets to have survived from antiquity. Made of bronze (an iron version reportedly resides in a private collection), the helmet is heavily decorated and has a neck guard which is far
832:
This helmet is often depicted in modern artwork as a centurion's headpiece, but the surviving fore and aft crest attachment hooks suggest it belonged to a regular soldier. Because it is so distinctive, it is sometimes stated that it may have been a special item for a particular unit such as the
747:
Robinson considered this the "typical mid-first century legionary helmet" (although the Coolus/Montefortino was probably more common) and it seems to have continued in use on into the early 2nd century AD. The best example was found in the Rhine River at
860:
under
Hadrian, can be closely dated. It is the earliest Roman helmet discovered in which the post-Dacian Wars crossbars were probably part of the original construction, as evidenced by the brass lunate decorations applied between the crossbars.
870:
deeper than usual. The cross bracing across the skull is actually embossed, rather than applied, and there is a rather unusual dome-shaped knob where the braces meet at the crown of the head. This helmet is typically dated to the late
640:. Prior to the Empire, Roman Republican soldiers often provided their own equipment, which was passed down from father to son. Thus, a variety of equipment, from different eras was present in the ranks. Even as the professional
698:
This started as a field modification, as seen on several
Imperial Gallic helmets with the crossbars hastily riveted right over the decorative eyebrows (crossbars are seen on some, though not all, of the legionary helmets on
878:
eras, c. AD 180–235, but the find context of the helmet is unknown and the dating is based solely on its typology (i.e. it looks about 40–60 years down the evolutionary trail from the Italic G).
644:
emerged, and short-term service citizen soldiers became rare, useful equipment was never discarded. So when the improved
Imperial helmet appeared, it replaced what remained of the very old
619:
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of AD 61, though they lack the
Weisenau example's carrying handle, which probably makes the Weisenau one later. The Weisenau example's brass rosettes resemble those found on the
786:
This helmet is similar in design to the Gallic G, but features a different style of eyebrows and a more sloping neck guard. The most complete example of this type is from
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This helmet dates to the same period as the
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type, which continued to serve alongside it for a time. This constituted the final evolutionary stage of the legionary helmet (
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Celeris of
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The original example of this distinct type was found in a cave near
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77:Learn how and when to remove this message
764:) and so can definitely be dated to the
16:Helmet worn by ancient Roman legionaries
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484:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
398:Frontiers and fortifications
1482:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
210:Decorations and punishments
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1618:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
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762:Colchester Castle Museum
513:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
498:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
168:Military of ancient Rome
32:This article includes a
854:Palestinian territories
827:Imperial Italic D and E
736:Imperial Gallic helmets
691:protection against the
596:Ancient Rome portal
61:more precise citations.
1820:Advanced Combat Helmet
2106:Ancient Roman helmets
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479:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
294:Technological history
1462:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
634:Imperial helmet-type
469:Lower Germanic Limes
368:Strategy and tactics
303:Military engineering
205:Unit types and ranks
95:legionary helmet or
1633:Romanian M73 helmet
1587:M1918 (Switzerland)
1507:Mk II talker helmet
1472:Stahlhelm (Germany)
1027:Henry VIII's Horned
650:Montefortino helmet
464:Lauter Valley Limes
92:Development of the
1870:Lightweight Helmet
1345:Lobster-tailed pot
662:Sub-classification
565:Limes Tripolitanus
186:Structural history
34:list of references
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1932:Gridiron football
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1542:SSh-39 and SSh-40
1477:M1934/39 (Greece)
865:Imperial Italic H
858:Bar Kochba Revolt
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1087:Staffordshire
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642:Imperial army
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533:Limes Moesiae
531:
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505:Norican Limes
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67:February 2013
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2048:Heraldic use
2036:Helmet cover
1808:2001–present
1638:Mº 44 E.T.A.
1492:M42 Duperite
1390:Takula tofao
1340:Lamellenhelm
1238:Early Modern
1236:Medieval and
1207:Montefortino
1186:
952:Benty Grange
868:
843:
830:
801:
785:
769:
746:
697:
685:
678:
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631:
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556:
547:
511:
451:
425:
409:
312:
131:
124:
119:
108:Montefortino
96:
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
1825:BK-3 helmet
1779:Hełm wz. 93
1703:Paratrooper
1688:Modèle 1978
1683:Modèle 1951
1658:Hełm wz. 67
1653:Hełm wz. 63
1648:Hełm wz. 50
1522:Hełm wz. 31
1487:M33 (Italy)
1426:Pith helmet
1421:Pickelhaube
1409:Late Modern
1385:Spangenhelm
1370:Pickelhaube
1270:Cervelliere
1152:Boar's tusk
1012:Guisborough
977:Coțofenești
808:River Rhine
688:Dacian wars
675:Development
646:Coolus type
443:Saxon Shore
59:introducing
1959:Motorcycle
1942:Revolution
1927:Equestrian
1754:M90 (Iraq)
1335:Kulah khud
1295:Frog-mouth
1172:Corinthian
1162:Chalcidian
1092:Sutton Hoo
1077:Ribchester
1037:Iron Gates
1032:Horncastle
1002:Gjermundbu
972:Coppergate
962:Canterbury
933:historical
931:Individual
888:Legio XXIV
804:orichalcum
758:Colchester
474:Main Limes
2085:Zuckerman
2041:Mitznefet
1990:Custodian
1969:Scrum cap
1937:Eyeshield
1815:A2 Helmet
1732:1980–2000
1718:Swiss M71
1601:1945–1980
1440:1914–1945
1310:Hounskull
1192:Kegelhelm
850:West Bank
776:Corbridge
666:The term
459:Alb Limes
2100:Category
2063:Tarnhelm
2005:Hard hat
1954:Lacrosse
1893:Athletic
1865:KH-B2000
1840:ECH (US)
1668:M76 Para
1613:CABAL II
1285:Enclosed
1265:Burgonet
1260:Bascinet
1250:Aventail
1227:Shmarjet
1217:Phrygian
1187:Imperial
1182:Illyrian
1157:Boeotian
1112:Waterloo
1107:Venetian
1082:Shorwell
1062:Nijmegen
1057:Newstead
1017:Hallaton
997:Gevninge
967:Ciumeşti
942:Agighiol
872:Antonine
792:Augsburg
254:Admirals
229:Generals
160:a series
158:Part of
120:Imperial
2058:Mahiole
2015:Welding
1922:Cricket
1917:Bicycle
1905:Coolflo
1900:Batting
1794:SPECTRA
1723:Type 66
1416:Dragoon
1380:Secrete
1315:Jingasa
1280:Dragoon
1255:Barbute
1140:Ancient
1072:Pioneer
1047:Meyrick
1042:Lokrume
935:helmets
924:Helmets
882:Sources
876:Severan
790:, near
778:hoard.
774:in the
681:ribbing
224:Auxilia
215:Legions
55:improve
2080:Winged
2053:Horned
2031:Flight
1995:Diving
1964:Racing
1949:Hockey
1830:QGF-03
1764:M59/85
1713:SSh-68
1708:SSh-60
1698:OR-201
1643:M59/85
1567:SSK 90
1537:SSh-36
1512:Mk III
1452:Brodie
1447:Adrian
1400:Viking
1395:Turban
1375:Sallet
1365:Paseki
1355:Morion
1330:Kettle
1325:Katapu
1320:Kabuto
1167:Coolus
1132:Combat
1067:Peretu
1052:Nemiya
1022:Hellvi
846:Hebron
357:
314:Castra
249:Fleets
176:AD 476
172:753 BC
162:on the
113:Coolus
2024:Other
1789:Sfera
1774:PASGT
1759:JK 96
1749:GOLFO
1739:CG634
1693:MPC-1
1673:Mk IV
1360:Nasal
1350:Mempo
1305:Great
1275:Close
1245:Armet
1222:Pilos
1212:Negau
1197:Konos
1177:Galea
1147:Attic
1102:Veksø
1097:Tjele
992:Emesa
947:Agris
816:optio
754:Worms
750:Mainz
655:galea
417:Walls
411:Limes
334:Roads
97:galea
40:, or
2068:Pith
1983:Work
1880:Mk 7
1875:MICH
1860:IHPS
1850:6B47
1845:FAST
1678:Mk 6
1623:GK80
1122:Yarm
957:Broe
788:Lech
693:falx
632:The
239:Navy
195:Army
1974:Ski
1799:6B7
1769:M87
1744:M92
1663:M63
1532:RAC
1502:M1C
874:or
695:.
658:).
2102::
1497:M1
852:,
848:,
818:.
174:–
44:,
36:,
916:e
909:t
902:v
621:e
614:t
607:v
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
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