1152:, founder of The Groundlings, taught improvisation around the country, focusing especially in Los Angeles. He was widely acclaimed as one of the greatest acting teachers in America. His work was grounded in the lessons he learned as an improviser at The Committee with Del Close, as well as in his experiences as founding director of The Groundlings. The Groundlings is often seen as the Los Angeles training ground for the "second generation" of improv performers and troupes. Stan Wells developed the "Clap-In" style of longform improvisation here, later using this as the basis for his own theatre, The Empty Stage, which in turn bred multiple troupes utilizing this style.
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1131:. In the United States, the Improv Olympics were later produced by Charna Halpern under the name "ImprovOlympic" and now as "IO"; IO operates training centers and theaters in Chicago and Los Angeles. At IO, Halpern combined Shepherd's "Time Dash" game with Del Close's "Harold" game; the revised format for the Harold became the fundamental structure for the development of modern longform improvisation.
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557:, a physically based improvisation form that treats language, movement and voice equally. Action Theatre performances have no scripts, no preplanned ideas and create full-length shows or shorter performances. Longform, dramatic, and narrative-based improvisation is well-established on the west coast with companies such as San Francisco's
910:. In improv, this is more commonly known as 'space object work' or 'space work', rather than 'mime', and the props and locations created by this technique, as 'space objects' created out of 'space substance', developed as a technique by Viola Spolin. As with all improv 'offers', improvisers are encouraged to respect the validity and
877:. It is the responsibility of the other improvisers to accept the offers that their fellow performers make; to not do so is known as blocking, negation, or denial, which usually prevents the scene from developing. Some performers may deliberately block (or otherwise break out of character) for comedic effect—this is known as
61:, in which most or all of what is performed is unplanned or unscripted, created spontaneously by the performers. In its purest form, the dialogue, action, story, and characters are created collaboratively by the players as the improvisation unfolds in present time, without use of an already prepared, written
377:, an English actress and director who was active from the 1950s to 1960s, made extensive use of improv in developing plays for performance. However, she was successfully prosecuted twice for allowing her actors to improvise in performance. Until 1968, British law required scripts to be approved by the
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in
Chicago. Shepherd was intent on developing a true "people's Theatre", and hoped to bring political drama to the stockyards. The Compass went on to play in numerous forms and companies, in a number of cities including New York and Hyannis, after the founding of The Second City. A number of Compass
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have been set up specifically to explore the possibilities offered by the use of the abstract in improvised performance, including dance, movement, sound, music, mask work, lighting, and so on. These groups are not especially interested in comedy, either as a technique or as an effect, but rather in
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rule, however, applies to a scene's early stage since it is in this stage that a "base (or shared) reality" is established in order to be later redefined by applying the "if (this is true), then (what else can also be true)" practice progressing the scene into comedy, as explained in the 2013 manual
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Improvisational techniques are often used extensively in drama programs to train actors for stage, film, and television and can be an important part of the rehearsal process. However, the skills and processes of improvisation are also used outside the context of performing arts. This practice, known
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In improv formats with multiple scenes, an agreed-upon signal is used to denote scene changes. Most often, this takes the form of a performer running in front of the scene, known as a "wipe". Tapping a character in or out can also be employed. The performers not currently part of the scene often
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changes, or other techniques as demanded by the situation. The improviser may be called upon to play a character of a different age or sex. Character motivations are an important part of successful improv scenes, and improvisers must therefore attempt to act according to the objectives that they
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were her most frequent collaborators in this regard. When The Second City opened its doors on
December 16, 1959, directed by Paul Sills, his mother Viola Spolin began training new improvisers through a series of classes and exercises which became the cornerstone of modern improv training. By the
546:" in Poland. During the sixties, Chaikin and the Open Theatre developed full theatrical productions with nothing but the actors, a few chairs, and a bare stage, creating character, time, and place through a series of transformations the actors physicalized and discovered through improvisations.
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comparative study, actors routinely enter into an altered state of consciousness (ASC). Acting is seen as altering most of the 14 dimensions of changed subjective experience which characterize ASCs according to
Farthing, namely: attention, perception, imagery and fantasy, inner speech, memory,
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Improvisational theatre often allows an interactive relationship with the audience. Improv groups frequently solicit suggestions from the audience as a source of inspiration, a way of getting the audience involved, and as a means of proving that the performance is not scripted. That charge is
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Longform improvisation is especially performed in
Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, Austin, Dallas, Boston, Minneapolis, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, Detroit, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington, D.C., and is building a growing following in Baltimore, Denver, Kansas City,
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Many of the current "rules" of comedic improv were first formalized in
Chicago in the late 1950s and early 1960s, initially among The Compass Players troupe, which was directed by Paul Sills. From most accounts, David Shepherd provided the philosophical vision of the Compass Players, while
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which evolved its family-friendly show format from
Johnstone's Theatersports, and Bill Johnson, creator/director of The Magic Meathands, who pioneered the concept of "Commun-edy Outreach" by tailoring performances to non-traditional audiences, such as the homeless and foster children.
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Improvisational theatre exists in performance as a range of styles of improvisational comedy as well as some non-comedic theatrical performances. It is sometimes used in film and television, both to develop characters and scripts and occasionally as part of the final product.
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Well, you are about to start the greatest improvisation of all. With no script. No idea what's going to happen, often with people and places you have never seen before. And you are not in control. So say "yes." And if you're lucky, you'll find people who will say "yes"
317:, WI. Expansion began with the addition of ComedySportz-Madison (WI), in 1985. The first Comedy League of America National Tournament was held in 1988, with 10 teams participating. The league is now known as CSz Worldwide and boasts a roster of 29 international cities.
400:. This play premiered at the London International Festival of Theater, and is considered one of the most extreme kinds of interactive improvised theater put on stage. The audience play the part of kidnapped tourists in today's Syria in a hyperreal sensory environment.
1127:, about these efforts. In the 1970s, David Shepherd and Howard Jerome created the Improvisational Olympics, a format for competition based improv. The Improv Olympics were first demonstrated at Toronto's Homemade Theatre in 1976 and have been continued on as the
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that might be useful in a scene. Improv companies may have at their disposal some number of readily accessible props that can be called upon at a moment's notice, but many improvisers eschew props in favor of the infinite possibilities available through
201:, started The Compass Players. Following the demise of the Compass Players, Paul Sills began The Second City. They were the first organized improv troupes in Chicago, and the modern Chicago improvisational comedy movement grew from their success.
77:, is used in classrooms as an educational tool and in businesses as a way to develop communication skills, creative problem solving, and supportive team-work abilities that are used by improvisational, ensemble players. It is sometimes used in
881:—but this generally prevents the scene from advancing and is frowned upon by many improvisers. Accepting an offer is usually accompanied by adding a new offer, often building on the earlier one; this is a process improvisers refer to as
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began as a club in
Chicago that emphasizes longform improvisation. The Annoyance Theatre has grown into multiple locations in Chicago and New York City. It is the home of the longest running musical improv show in history at 11 years.
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of the imaginary environment defined by themselves and their fellow performers; this means, for example, taking care not to walk through the table or "miraculously" survive multiple bullet wounds from another improviser's gun.
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In Europe the special contribution to the theatre of the abstract, the surreal, the irrational and the subconscious have been part of the stage tradition for centuries. From the 1990s onwards a growing number of
European
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Longform improv performers create shows in which short scenes are often interrelated by story, characters, or themes. Longform shows may take the form of an existing type of theatre, for example a full-length play or
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notes, "executives and engineers and people in transition are looking for support in saying yes to their own voice. Often, the systems we put in place to keep us secure are keeping us from our more creative selves."
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higher-level thought processes, meaning or significance of experiences, time experience, emotional feeling and expression, level of arousal, self-control, suggestibility, body image, and sense of personal identity.
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in New York and later they founded one in Los
Angeles, each with an accompanying improv/sketch comedy school. In September 2011 the UCB opened a third theatre in New York City's East Village, known as UCBeast.
434:, structure, or idea and driven by an audience suggestion. Many shortform exercises were first created by Viola Spolin, who called them theatre games, influenced by her training from recreational games expert
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An account of this process which lead up to the development of modern longform improvisation, as seen through first-person accounts of
Shepherd and Halpern, can be found in the following documentary film:
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and his wife Jessica. When The Committee disbanded in 1972, three major companies were formed: The Pitchell Players, The Wing, and Improvisation Inc. The only company that continued to perform Close's
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and is considered the cornerstone of improvisational technique. Every new piece of information added helps the improvisers to refine their characters and progress the action of the scene. The
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The story of the Compass Players and its development into The Second City is told by first-hand interviews in Jeffrey Sweet's book "Something Wonderful Right Away" (Limelight Editions, 2004)
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The Brave New Workshop has been crafting audacious, hilarious, and thought-provoking original comedy, improv and satire in Minneapolis since 1958 – longer than any other theatre in the U.S.
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Gunter Lösel compared the existing improvisational theater theories (including Moreno, Spolin, Johnstone, and Close), structured them and wrote a general theory of improvisational theater.
534:, and Peter Feldman. This avant-garde theatre group explored political, artistic, and social issues. The company, developing work through an improvisational process drawn from Chilton and
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869:, meaning that he or she defines some element of the reality of the scene. This might include giving another character a name, identifying a relationship, location, or using
538:, created well-known exercises, such as "sound and movement" and "transformations", and originated radical forms and techniques that anticipated or were contemporaneous with
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makes extensive use of improvisation in the creation of his films, including improvising important moments in the characters' lives that will not even appear in the film.
226:, the first official school of improvisation in the United States. During this time, Forsberg trained many of the performers who went on to star on The Second City stage.
367:' work in the 1960s. Some of this work led to pure improvisational performance styles, while others simply added to the theatrical vocabulary and were, on the whole,
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Modern theatrical improvisation games began as drama exercises for children, which were a staple of drama education in the early 20th century thanks in part to the
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Janet Coleman's "The Compass: The Improvisational Theatre that Revolutionized American Comedy" (Centennial Publications of The University of Chicago Press, 1991).
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Koppett, Kat. 2011. "Training to imagine practical improvisational theatre techniques to enhance creativity, teamwork, leadership, and learn." Stylus Publishing.
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often becoming part of the standard routine and making their way into their films. Many people, however, make a distinction between ad-libbing and improvising.
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Because improvisers may be required to play a variety of roles without preparation, they need to be able to construct characters quickly with physicality,
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591:, lists several rules of improv that apply in the workplace. There has been much interest in bringing lessons from improv into the corporate world. In a
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Many people who have studied improv have noted that the guiding principles of improv are useful, not just on stage, but in everyday life. For example,
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members were also founding members of The Second City. In the 1970s, Shepherd began experimenting with group-created videos. He is the author of
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to be successful, the improvisers involved must work together responsively to define the parameters and action of the scene, in a process of
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performers improvised based on a broad outline in the streets of Italy. In the 1890s, theatrical theorists and directors such as the Russian
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Many theatre troupes are devoted to staging improvisational performances and growing the improv community through their training centers.
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expanding the improv genre so as to incorporate techniques and approaches that have long been a legitimate part of European theatre.
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sometimes aimed at the masters of the art, whose performances can seem so detailed that viewers may suspect the scenes are planned.
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and improvisation performances for 62 years – longer than any other theater in the nation. Notable alumni of the BNW include
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In addition to for-profit theatre troupes, there are many college-based improv groups in the United States and around the world.
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are the founders of the UK and London's first improv theatre. They also run an annual UK improv festival and improv marathon.
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in 1976, where shortform improv and Harolds were performed through 1983. Stand-up comedians performing down the street at the
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Modern improvisational comedy, as it is practiced in the West, falls generally into two categories: shortform and longform.
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If I Understood You, Would I Have this Look on My Face?: My Adventures in the Art and Science of Relating and Communicating
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to use audience suggestions to create improvised sketches on stage. Improvisation exercises were developed further by
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investigates the way in which improvisation improves communication in the sciences. The book is based on his work at
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stand at the side or back of the stage, and can enter or exit the scene by stepping into or out of the stage center.
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Long-Form Improv: The Complete Guide to Creating Characters, Sustaining Scenes, and Performing Extraordinary Harolds
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is a 1995 comedy directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster created in part by the improvisations during the filming of
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Montreal, Columbus, New Orleans, Omaha, Rochester, NY, and Hawaii. Outside the United States, longform improv has a
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was the latter one. Its two former members, Michael Bossier and John Elk, formed Spaghetti Jam in San Francisco's
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159:(several translations and editions) spread the ideas of improv internationally. British playwright and director
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In B. Malle, D. Baldwin, & L. Moses (eds.), Intentions and Intentionality: Foundations of Social Cognition
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Many directors have made use of improvisation in the creation of both mainstream and experimental films. Many
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Applied Improv Network - annual global conference on using improv off-stage, in business, education, and life
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Rob Wittig and Mark C. Marino have developed a form of improv for online theatrical improvisation called
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and therapist training, and it has been speculated that improv training may be helpful in some cases of
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process and to a variety of acceptance-based psychotherapies. Improv training has been recommended for
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theater was active in North Beach during the 1960s. It was founded by alumni of Chicago's Second City,
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used improvisation in the making of their films, developing their gags while filming and altering the
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Some of the best known American film directors who used improvisation in their work with actors are
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was improvised from scripts which contained a minimal outline of each scene, and the comedy series
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Ryan Madson, Patricia. 2005. "Improv Wisdom: Don't Prepare, Just Show Up" New York: Bell Tower.
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started putting on shows and teaching classes in Glasgow, growing the improv scene in Scotland.
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The earliest well-documented use of improvisational theatre in Western history is found in the
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to engage audiences in the creation of dynamic fictional scenarios that evolve in real-time.
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Dudeck, Theresa Robbins. 2013. "Keith Johnstone: A Critical Biography." London: Bloomsbury.
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Three improvisers performing longform improv comedy at the Gorilla Tango Theatre in Chicago.
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on October 15, 1949, and ran for 22 episodes. "The Improvisers" were six actors (including
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would drop by and sit in. In 1979, Elk brought shortform to England, teaching workshops at
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incorporated dialogue drawn from a hat during the course of an episode. The American show
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Applying improv principles is also commonly used to enhance ideation in teams and groups.
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Shortform improv consists of short scenes usually constructed from a predetermined
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The unscripted nature of improv also implies no predetermined knowledge about the
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in 1958, the artists of the BNW have been writing, performing and producing live
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Simultaneously, Keith Johnstone's group The Theatre Machine, which originated in
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as a tool to gain insight into a person's thoughts, feelings, and relationships.
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Academic Literature Review of Theatrical Improvisation Training in the Workplace
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Non-comedic, experimental, and dramatic, narrative-based improvisational theater
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used improvisational theater techniques to create a multi-sensory play entitled
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Other forms of improvisational theatre training and performance techniques are
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came from The Second City, and the franchise has produced such comedy stars as
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Viola Spolin influenced the first generation of modern American improvisers at
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Improv comedy techniques have also been used in hit television shows such as
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was founded in New York City by a group of former students of acting teacher
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The Compass: The Improvisational Theatre that Revolutionized American Comedy
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Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance
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Experimental Theatre from Stanislavsky to Peter Brook by James Roose Evans
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Das Spiel mit dem Chaos - Zur Performativität des Improvisationstheaters
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Das Spiel mit dem Chaos - Zur Performativität des Improvisationstheaters
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to define the physical environment. These activities are also known as
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was central to the development of the premises for its improvisations.
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1273:"Improving Teenagers' Divergent Thinking With Improvisational Theater"
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were notorious for deviating from the script they were given, their
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is a popular and influential improv theatre and training center in
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Some key figures in the development of improvisational theatre are
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mid-1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé,
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received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style
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Scheiffele, Eberhard (2001). "an altered state of consciousness".
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Hainselin, Mathieu; Aubry, Alexandre; Bourdin, BĂ©atrice (2018).
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2026:"Learning to Fail with Glasgow Improv Theatre By Sam Gonçalves"
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1626:"How Improvisers Effectively Ideate In High-Stakes Situations"
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opened in London as a counterpart to American improv schools.
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has familiarized American and British viewers with shortform.
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were created with a mix of scripted and unscripted material.
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and avant-garde in nature and not necessarily intended to be
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also contained improvised dialogue based on a plot outline.
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Stephen Colbert 2006 Commencement Address at Knox College
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improvisation, along with other techniques developed for
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Wiki about improvisational theatre (exercises and games)
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The Upright Citizens Brigade Comedy Improvisation Manual
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If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?
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Two theater members in front of the former building on
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Charna Halpern, Del Close, Kim Howard Johnson. 1994.
1898:
David Shepherd: A Lifetime in Improvisational Theatre
344:
Theatre, and he was the first American to perform at
147:
in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, and codified in her book
1493:"The Difference Between Long- and Short-Form Improv"
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2407:
2052:. Gunter Lösel. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2013.
2152:The Truth in Comedy - The Manual for Improvisation
1566:"Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Improv"
359:'s "happenings" in England during the late 1960s,
460:. One of the better-known longform structures is
27:Theatrical genre featuring unscripted performance
438:. The shortform improv comedy television series
93:of 391 BC. From the 16th to the 18th centuries,
2265:Improv Nation: How We Made a Great American Art
2001:"The Rise Of Improvised Comedy By Sarah Powell"
575:
351:Modern political improvisation's roots include
1914:"London's Best Improv Comedy Clubs and Nights"
1603:"Tina Fey's Rules For Improv… And Your Career"
1332:. ed. Alison Hodge. New York: Routledge, 2012.
294:, was touring Europe. This work gave birth to
2385:
2299:The Ultimate Guide to Improv: 101 Improv Tips
2136:Besser, Matt; Ian Roberts, Matt Walsh. 2013.
703:, the UK Channel 4 and ABC television series
8:
597:"Can Executives Learn to Ignore the Script?"
526:, and joined shortly thereafter by director
286:Members of the Montreal Improvisation League
1388:
1386:
1367:Improvisation for the Theater Third Edition
1093:, the British teacher and writer–author of
787:also had some improvised elements in them.
771:is an improvisational game show, much like
2658:
2651:
2514:
2392:
2378:
2370:
1211:Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science
302:has been home to a rich improv tradition.
2327:Improvisation: the Original Survival Tool
1400:
1398:
1306:
1288:
1247:List of improvisational theater festivals
1242:List of improvisational theatre companies
801:Acting: an altered state of consciousness
1532:"Fall Back Comedy Festival this weekend"
1360:
1358:
1356:
2168:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
1263:
1821:"Get the Laughs, but Follow the Rules"
803:. According to G. William Farthing in
478:growing presence in the United Kingdom
392:In 2012, Lebanese writer and director
2348:Group Mind and Intuition with Improv.
980:The Brave New Workshop Comedy Theater
135:in 1916. Some people credit American
7:
2204:Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre
721:), Nick Cannon's improv comedy show
166:Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre
1707:"The Thick of It: Back in the loop"
758:This Sitcom Is...Not to Be Repeated
2188:. New York: Allworth Press, 2012.
1463:"Current Issue - Dichtung Digital"
795:In the field of the psychology of
565:Applying improv principles in life
25:
1369:. Northwestern University Press.
1330:Twentieth Century Acting Training
1026:, Annie Reirson, Taylor Nikolai,
959:Notable contributors to the field
599:, Stanford professor and author,
309:(Kentucky Fried Theater) founded
3249:
3240:
3239:
2304:How to improvise stand-up comedy
2206:Rev. ed. London: Methuen, 2007.
2102:. MIT Press 2001. Archived from
1967:Holmes, Paul (17 October 2017).
1689:"BBC sitcom lets kids improvise"
1173:Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre
573:in a commencement address said,
1491:Holloway, Dan (March 5, 2013).
931:believe their character seeks.
805:The Psychology of Consciousness
2338:Fundamental Improv Principles.
1687:Ben Dowell (6 December 2008).
737:which premiered on New York's
712:Drew Carey's Green Screen Show
38:, a competitive form of improv
1:
2321:How To Be A Better Improviser
2249:Improvisation for the Theater
1863:Thompson, Mike (2007-11-15).
1134:In 1975 Jonathan Fox founded
1065:, founder of Chicago's famed
229:Many of the original cast of
149:Improvisation For The Theater
34:Swedish actors performing in
1987:"The Hoopla Improv Marathon"
1912:Paskett, Zoe (10 May 2018).
823:, are used extensively. The
2140:, Comedy Council of Nicea,
2125:. London: Nick Hern Books.
1118:, with Paul Sills, founded
857:In order for an improvised
718:Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza
348:, above a Soho strip club.
3307:
2343:Improv Comedy for Anxiety.
2294:Collection of improv games
1624:NathanMinns (2022-10-24).
1194:The Glasgow Improv Theatre
829:rule has been compared to
3235:
2269:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1760:"Levels of Consciousness"
1738:10.1080/13569780120070722
1069:troupe and originator of
683:, Christopher Guest, and
482:Edinburgh Festival Fringe
379:Lord Chamberlain's Office
338:Intersection for the Arts
1969:"Hoopla Improv Marathon"
1290:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01759
986:, Minnesota. Started by
895:Upright Citizens Brigade
811:In the growing field of
773:Whose Line Is It Anyway?
506:Theatre of the Oppressed
441:Whose Line Is It Anyway?
346:The Comedy Store, London
176:Whose Line Is It Anyway?
3276:Improvisational theatre
2689:Theatre of ancient Rome
1343:"TheatreSports History"
1277:Frontiers in Psychology
1148:, California. The late
1125:That Movie In Your Head
843:social anxiety disorder
706:Whose Line Is It Anyway
101:Konstantin Stanislavski
43:Improvisational theatre
2164:Coleman, Janet. 1991.
2123:The Improvisation Book
1215:Stony Brook University
976:
611:In film and television
580:
516:, to name only a few.
424:
398:66 Minutes in Damascus
287:
131:movement initiated by
124:
39:
2896:Theatre of the Absurd
2220:Lösel, Gunter. 2013.
2091:Povinelli, Daniel J.
2005:www.femalefirst.co.uk
1950:"Improv has got big!"
1865:"The Magic Meathands"
1658:. September 22, 2012.
1650:"improvise v. ad-lib"
1365:Viola Spolin (1999).
1347:interactiveimprov.com
1129:Canadian Improv Games
966:
849:Structure and process
730:Thank God You're Here
642:The British director
422:
407:. The form relies on
334:Old Spaghetti Factory
285:
129:progressive education
119:Italian Nobel-winner
118:
75:applied improvisation
33:
2871:Shakespearean comedy
2669:Ancient Greek comedy
2263:Wasson, Sam (2017).
2154:Meriwether Pub Ltd.
2121:Abbott, John. 2007.
1954:British Comedy Guide
1932:"Improv Comedy Club"
1187:The Free Association
696:Curb Your Enthusiasm
601:Patricia Ryan Madson
458:Spontaneous Broadway
224:The Players Workshop
2062:Alda, Alan (2017).
2032:. November 17, 2022
2030:www.theskinny.co.uk
1538:on November 3, 2012
1467:dichtung-digital.de
1155:In the late 1990s,
1120:The Compass Players
549:On the west coast,
232:Saturday Night Live
213:, Ted Flicker, and
183:The Compass Players
2859:Comédie larmoyante
2854:Sentimental comedy
2849:Restoration comedy
2812:Commedia dell'arte
2684:Corral de comedias
2353:2021-02-27 at the
2309:2016-03-05 at the
2182:Hauck, Ben. 2012.
2007:. October 31, 2017
1869:magicmeathands.com
1829:, 20 February 2014
1826:The New York Times
1803:. 13 February 2018
1713:. 23 October 2011.
1630:Green Light Improv
1589:2020-12-04 at the
1449:exeuntmagazine.com
977:
709:(and its spinoffs
656:films of director
649:This Is Spinal Tap
532:The Living Theatre
425:
320:In San Francisco,
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96:commedia dell'arte
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3291:Theatrical genres
3281:Acting techniques
3263:
3262:
3041:Musical comedians
3004:
3003:
2802:Comedy of manners
2797:Comedy of humours
2787:Boulevard theatre
2775:
2774:
2679:Comédie-Italienne
2674:Comédie-Française
2641:
2640:
2230:978-3-8376-2398-7
2131:978-1-85459-961-2
1895:Mike Fly (2010).
1376:978-0-8101-4008-0
1232:Guerrilla theater
1089:. Others include
735:What Happens Now?
658:Christopher Guest
617:silent filmmakers
386:Annoyance Theatre
53:, is the form of
16:(Redirected from
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3190:Self-referential
2807:Comedy of menace
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1252:Playback Theatre
1136:Playback Theatre
1052:Cedric Yarbrough
1048:Melissa Peterman
775:The BBC sitcoms
663:Blue in the Face
520:The Open Theatre
514:the Open Theatre
502:Playback Theatre
500:. These include
394:Lucien Bourjeily
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2355:Wayback Machine
2317:, 11 April 2014
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784:The Thick of It
677:John Cassavetes
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595:article titled
571:Stephen Colbert
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540:Jerzy Grotowski
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464:, developed by
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353:Jerzy Grotowski
253:Stephen Colbert
191:The Second City
189:, which led to
161:Keith Johnstone
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2257:0-8101-4008-X
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2245:Spolin, Viola
2243:
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2240:1-4000-8188-2
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1670:"Tele Topics"
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1655:WordReference
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1237:Improvisation
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1107:, founder of
1106:
1102:
1101:Theatresports
1098:
1097:
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1084:
1080:
1079:ImprovOlympic
1077:, founder of
1076:
1072:
1071:Theater Games
1068:
1064:
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1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Lizz Winstead
1037:
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1012:Penn Jillette
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
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992:sketch comedy
989:
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813:Drama Therapy
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790:
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681:Robert Altman
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633:Marx Brothers
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293:
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171:Theatresports
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47:improvisation
44:
37:
36:theatresports
32:
19:
3083:Black sitcom
3063:Mockumentary
2971:Opéra bouffe
2939:Café-théâtre
2924:Ballad opera
2842:Harlequinade
2821:
2792:Comedy-drama
2571:Mockumentary
2455:Impersonator
2435:Comic timing
2264:
2248:
2224:transcript.
2221:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2151:
2137:
2122:
2104:the original
2099:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
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1981:
1972:
1962:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1907:
1897:
1888:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1868:
1858:
1850:
1845:November 19,
1843:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
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1754:
1729:
1725:
1719:
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1701:
1693:the Guardian
1692:
1682:
1673:
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1653:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1619:
1611:the original
1606:
1597:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1526:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1457:
1448:
1443:Lois Jeary.
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1418:
1409:
1366:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1206:
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1198:
1191:
1184:
1180:Hoopla Impro
1178:
1171:founded the
1154:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1114:
1109:ComedySportz
1105:Dick Chudnow
1094:
1081:(along with
1061:and her son
1059:Viola Spolin
1056:
1036:Linda Wallem
988:Dudley Riggs
978:
948:
945:
942:
933:
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743:Larry Blyden
734:
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689:
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667:
661:
654:mockumentary
647:
641:
631:to fit. The
614:
606:
592:
586:
581:
576:
568:
551:Ruth Zaporah
548:
544:poor theater
536:Viola Spolin
524:Nola Chilton
518:
510:Poor Theatre
494:experimental
491:
474:
446:
439:
429:
426:
409:social media
402:
397:
391:
383:
373:
361:Augusto Boal
350:
326:Alan Myerson
319:
311:ComedySportz
307:Dick Chudnow
304:
289:
277:John Belushi
269:Chris Farley
265:Steve Carell
245:Bob Odenkirk
230:
228:
211:Mike Nichols
203:
180:
174:
164:
156:
153:Clive Barker
148:
145:Viola Spolin
141:vaudevillian
137:Dudley Riggs
126:
94:
88:
71:
67:
50:
46:
42:
41:
3151:Documentary
3147:(dry humor)
3110:Alternative
3088:Teen sitcom
2981:Opera buffa
2956:Light music
2951:Comedy club
2901:Tragicomedy
2866:Shadow play
1764:sci-con.org
1165:Ian Roberts
1161:Amy Poehler
1157:Matt Besser
1150:Gary Austin
1146:Los Angeles
1067:Second City
1032:Peter Tolan
1028:Nancy Steen
1020:Paul Menzel
1016:Carl Lumbly
984:Minneapolis
973:Minneapolis
889:Yes, and...
884:Yes, and...
863:co-creation
835:utilization
778:Outnumbered
747:Ross Martin
724:Wild 'N Out
701:Larry David
699:created by
559:BATS Improv
468:co-founder
369:avant-garde
365:The Diggers
357:Peter Brook
273:Dan Aykroyd
257:Eugene Levy
249:Amy Sedaris
220:Jo Forsberg
193:. Her son,
3270:Categories
3058:Television
2961:Music hall
2906:Vaudeville
2827:Macchietta
2817:Double act
2726:Indonesia
2720:Mo lei tau
2716:Hong Kong
2710:Xiangsheng
2581:Remarriage
2490:Visual gag
2480:Punch line
2475:Prank call
2194:1581159811
2160:1566080037
2085:References
2036:2023-11-17
2011:2019-03-07
1879:2021-02-12
1807:2018-11-12
1635:2022-10-30
1584:Transcript
1542:2015-01-29
1477:2014-11-03
1429:2018-10-28
1169:Matt Walsh
1087:The Harold
1063:Paul Sills
1008:Al Franken
1000:Mo Collins
912:continuity
826:"Yes, and"
791:Psychology
685:Rob Reiner
652:and other
644:Mike Leigh
588:Bossypants
553:developed
462:the Harold
237:Mike Myers
207:Elaine May
195:Paul Sills
133:John Dewey
3205:Slapstick
3130:Christian
3125:Character
3102:Subgenres
2917:and dance
2837:Pantomime
2623:Slapstick
2596:Screwball
2500:Word play
1746:145796956
1607:Women 2.0
1502:March 29,
1497:Backstage
1299:1664-1078
1203:Alan Alda
1192:In 2016,
1185:In 2015,
1075:Del Close
1024:Pat Proft
1004:Tom Davis
939:Community
898:members.
875:endowment
763:Reno 911!
470:Del Close
436:Neva Boyd
384:In 1987,
315:Milwaukee
305:In 1984,
215:Del Close
3245:Category
3180:Physical
2991:Operetta
2765:Sarugaku
2633:Thriller
2525:American
2445:Humorist
2415:Comedian
2351:Archived
2315:Wired UK
2307:Archived
2247:. 1967.
2202:. 1981.
1587:Archived
1317:30319485
1283:: 1759.
1221:See also
1205:'s book
1103:format,
920:gestures
752:Train 48
619:such as
583:Tina Fey
456:such as
450:Broadway
241:Tina Fey
155:'s book
121:Dario Fo
57:, often
3217:Surreal
3145:Deadpan
3031:Hip hop
2929:Cabaret
2655:Country
2647:Theatre
2611:Mexican
2606:Italian
2586:Romance
2561:Fantasy
2540:Italian
2530:British
2518:Country
1676:. 1949.
1308:6167459
1227:Busking
924:accents
892:by the
879:gagging
637:ad libs
498:comedic
454:musical
452:-style
405:netprov
300:Toronto
187:Chicago
85:History
55:theatre
3286:Comedy
3255:Portal
3227:Zombie
3210:Topics
3170:Insult
3165:Horror
3140:Cringe
3073:Sitcom
3036:Parody
2760:Rakugo
2755:Owarai
2750:Manzai
2745:KyĹŤgen
2741:Japan
2735:Ludruk
2730:Lenong
2662:Europe
2628:Stoner
2618:Silent
2576:Parody
2566:Horror
2556:Action
2535:French
2485:Satire
2450:Humour
2408:Topics
2401:Comedy
2275:
2255:
2238:
2228:
2210:
2192:
2175:
2158:
2144:
2129:
2070:
1744:
1373:
1315:
1305:
1297:
1167:, and
1073:, and
1050:, and
739:WOR-TV
727:, and
508:, the
415:Comedy
330:Harold
292:London
275:, and
163:wrote
111:Modern
63:script
59:comedy
51:improv
3195:Shock
3135:Clown
3115:Black
3068:Roast
3053:Radio
3048:Novel
3021:Album
3016:Music
3009:Media
2996:Revue
2915:Music
2780:Genre
2705:China
2549:Genre
2465:Irony
2440:Farce
2107:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1742:S2CID
1258:Notes
1096:Impro
928:voice
903:props
867:offer
859:scene
692:HBO's
669:Smoke
578:back.
3200:Sick
3185:Prop
3156:High
3120:Blue
3026:Rock
2881:Spex
2698:Asia
2510:Film
2470:Joke
2273:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2068:ISBN
1847:2019
1504:2023
1371:ISBN
1313:PMID
1295:ISSN
908:mime
871:mime
781:and
715:and
629:plot
623:and
542:'s "
504:and
432:game
3160:low
2601:Sex
2495:Wit
1800:BBC
1734:doi
1303:PMC
1285:doi
1213:at
971:in
833:'s
313:in
185:in
73:as
49:or
3272::
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2271:.
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1952:.
1934:.
1916:.
1867:.
1849:.
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1797:.
1762:.
1740:.
1728:.
1709:.
1691:.
1672:.
1652:.
1628:.
1605:.
1568:.
1495:.
1465:.
1447:.
1417:.
1397:^
1385:^
1355:^
1345:.
1311:.
1301:.
1293:.
1279:.
1275:.
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2179:.
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2076:.
2039:.
2014:.
1989:.
1975:.
1938:.
1920:.
1901:.
1882:.
1810:.
1783:.
1766:.
1748:.
1736::
1730:6
1695:.
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1545:.
1506:.
1480:.
1451:.
1432:.
1379:.
1349:.
1319:.
1287::
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975:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
