1141:, founder of The Groundlings, taught improvisation around the country, focusing especially in Los Angeles. He was widely acclaimed as one of the greatest acting teachers in America. His work was grounded in the lessons he learned as an improviser at The Committee with Del Close, as well as in his experiences as founding director of The Groundlings. The Groundlings is often seen as the Los Angeles training ground for the "second generation" of improv performers and troupes. Stan Wells developed the "Clap-In" style of longform improvisation here, later using this as the basis for his own theatre, The Empty Stage, which in turn bred multiple troupes utilizing this style.
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1120:. In the United States, the Improv Olympics were later produced by Charna Halpern under the name "ImprovOlympic" and now as "IO"; IO operates training centers and theaters in Chicago and Los Angeles. At IO, Halpern combined Shepherd's "Time Dash" game with Del Close's "Harold" game; the revised format for the Harold became the fundamental structure for the development of modern longform improvisation.
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546:, a physically based improvisation form that treats language, movement and voice equally. Action Theatre performances have no scripts, no preplanned ideas and create full-length shows or shorter performances. Longform, dramatic, and narrative-based improvisation is well-established on the west coast with companies such as San Francisco's
899:. In improv, this is more commonly known as 'space object work' or 'space work', rather than 'mime', and the props and locations created by this technique, as 'space objects' created out of 'space substance', developed as a technique by Viola Spolin. As with all improv 'offers', improvisers are encouraged to respect the validity and
866:. It is the responsibility of the other improvisers to accept the offers that their fellow performers make; to not do so is known as blocking, negation, or denial, which usually prevents the scene from developing. Some performers may deliberately block (or otherwise break out of character) for comedic effect—this is known as
50:, in which most or all of what is performed is unplanned or unscripted, created spontaneously by the performers. In its purest form, the dialogue, action, story, and characters are created collaboratively by the players as the improvisation unfolds in present time, without use of an already prepared, written
366:, an English actress and director who was active from the 1950s to 1960s, made extensive use of improv in developing plays for performance. However, she was successfully prosecuted twice for allowing her actors to improvise in performance. Until 1968, British law required scripts to be approved by the
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in
Chicago. Shepherd was intent on developing a true "people's Theatre", and hoped to bring political drama to the stockyards. The Compass went on to play in numerous forms and companies, in a number of cities including New York and Hyannis, after the founding of The Second City. A number of Compass
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have been set up specifically to explore the possibilities offered by the use of the abstract in improvised performance, including dance, movement, sound, music, mask work, lighting, and so on. These groups are not especially interested in comedy, either as a technique or as an effect, but rather in
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rule, however, applies to a scene's early stage since it is in this stage that a "base (or shared) reality" is established in order to be later redefined by applying the "if (this is true), then (what else can also be true)" practice progressing the scene into comedy, as explained in the 2013 manual
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Improvisational techniques are often used extensively in drama programs to train actors for stage, film, and television and can be an important part of the rehearsal process. However, the skills and processes of improvisation are also used outside the context of performing arts. This practice, known
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In improv formats with multiple scenes, an agreed-upon signal is used to denote scene changes. Most often, this takes the form of a performer running in front of the scene, known as a "wipe". Tapping a character in or out can also be employed. The performers not currently part of the scene often
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changes, or other techniques as demanded by the situation. The improviser may be called upon to play a character of a different age or sex. Character motivations are an important part of successful improv scenes, and improvisers must therefore attempt to act according to the objectives that they
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were her most frequent collaborators in this regard. When The Second City opened its doors on
December 16, 1959, directed by Paul Sills, his mother Viola Spolin began training new improvisers through a series of classes and exercises which became the cornerstone of modern improv training. By the
535:" in Poland. During the sixties, Chaikin and the Open Theatre developed full theatrical productions with nothing but the actors, a few chairs, and a bare stage, creating character, time, and place through a series of transformations the actors physicalized and discovered through improvisations.
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comparative study, actors routinely enter into an altered state of consciousness (ASC). Acting is seen as altering most of the 14 dimensions of changed subjective experience which characterize ASCs according to
Farthing, namely: attention, perception, imagery and fantasy, inner speech, memory,
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Improvisational theatre often allows an interactive relationship with the audience. Improv groups frequently solicit suggestions from the audience as a source of inspiration, a way of getting the audience involved, and as a means of proving that the performance is not scripted. That charge is
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Longform improvisation is especially performed in
Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, Austin, Dallas, Boston, Minneapolis, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, Detroit, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington, D.C., and is building a growing following in Baltimore, Denver, Kansas City,
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Many of the current "rules" of comedic improv were first formalized in
Chicago in the late 1950s and early 1960s, initially among The Compass Players troupe, which was directed by Paul Sills. From most accounts, David Shepherd provided the philosophical vision of the Compass Players, while
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which evolved its family-friendly show format from
Johnstone's Theatersports, and Bill Johnson, creator/director of The Magic Meathands, who pioneered the concept of "Commun-edy Outreach" by tailoring performances to non-traditional audiences, such as the homeless and foster children.
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Improvisational theatre exists in performance as a range of styles of improvisational comedy as well as some non-comedic theatrical performances. It is sometimes used in film and television, both to develop characters and scripts and occasionally as part of the final product.
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Well, you are about to start the greatest improvisation of all. With no script. No idea what's going to happen, often with people and places you have never seen before. And you are not in control. So say "yes." And if you're lucky, you'll find people who will say "yes"
306:, WI. Expansion began with the addition of ComedySportz-Madison (WI), in 1985. The first Comedy League of America National Tournament was held in 1988, with 10 teams participating. The league is now known as CSz Worldwide and boasts a roster of 29 international cities.
389:. This play premiered at the London International Festival of Theater, and is considered one of the most extreme kinds of interactive improvised theater put on stage. The audience play the part of kidnapped tourists in today's Syria in a hyperreal sensory environment.
1116:, about these efforts. In the 1970s, David Shepherd and Howard Jerome created the Improvisational Olympics, a format for competition based improv. The Improv Olympics were first demonstrated at Toronto's Homemade Theatre in 1976 and have been continued on as the
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that might be useful in a scene. Improv companies may have at their disposal some number of readily accessible props that can be called upon at a moment's notice, but many improvisers eschew props in favor of the infinite possibilities available through
190:, started The Compass Players. Following the demise of the Compass Players, Paul Sills began The Second City. They were the first organized improv troupes in Chicago, and the modern Chicago improvisational comedy movement grew from their success.
66:, is used in classrooms as an educational tool and in businesses as a way to develop communication skills, creative problem solving, and supportive team-work abilities that are used by improvisational, ensemble players. It is sometimes used in
870:—but this generally prevents the scene from advancing and is frowned upon by many improvisers. Accepting an offer is usually accompanied by adding a new offer, often building on the earlier one; this is a process improvisers refer to as
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began as a club in
Chicago that emphasizes longform improvisation. The Annoyance Theatre has grown into multiple locations in Chicago and New York City. It is the home of the longest running musical improv show in history at 11 years.
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of the imaginary environment defined by themselves and their fellow performers; this means, for example, taking care not to walk through the table or "miraculously" survive multiple bullet wounds from another improviser's gun.
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In Europe the special contribution to the theatre of the abstract, the surreal, the irrational and the subconscious have been part of the stage tradition for centuries. From the 1990s onwards a growing number of
European
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Longform improv performers create shows in which short scenes are often interrelated by story, characters, or themes. Longform shows may take the form of an existing type of theatre, for example a full-length play or
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notes, "executives and engineers and people in transition are looking for support in saying yes to their own voice. Often, the systems we put in place to keep us secure are keeping us from our more creative selves."
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higher-level thought processes, meaning or significance of experiences, time experience, emotional feeling and expression, level of arousal, self-control, suggestibility, body image, and sense of personal identity.
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in New York and later they founded one in Los
Angeles, each with an accompanying improv/sketch comedy school. In September 2011 the UCB opened a third theatre in New York City's East Village, known as UCBeast.
423:, structure, or idea and driven by an audience suggestion. Many shortform exercises were first created by Viola Spolin, who called them theatre games, influenced by her training from recreational games expert
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An account of this process which lead up to the development of modern longform improvisation, as seen through first-person accounts of
Shepherd and Halpern, can be found in the following documentary film:
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and his wife Jessica. When The Committee disbanded in 1972, three major companies were formed: The Pitchell Players, The Wing, and Improvisation Inc. The only company that continued to perform Close's
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and is considered the cornerstone of improvisational technique. Every new piece of information added helps the improvisers to refine their characters and progress the action of the scene. The
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The story of the Compass Players and its development into The Second City is told by first-hand interviews in Jeffrey Sweet's book "Something Wonderful Right Away" (Limelight Editions, 2004)
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The Brave New Workshop has been crafting audacious, hilarious, and thought-provoking original comedy, improv and satire in Minneapolis since 1958 – longer than any other theatre in the U.S.
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Gunter Lösel compared the existing improvisational theater theories (including Moreno, Spolin, Johnstone, and Close), structured them and wrote a general theory of improvisational theater.
523:, and Peter Feldman. This avant-garde theatre group explored political, artistic, and social issues. The company, developing work through an improvisational process drawn from Chilton and
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858:, meaning that he or she defines some element of the reality of the scene. This might include giving another character a name, identifying a relationship, location, or using
527:, created well-known exercises, such as "sound and movement" and "transformations", and originated radical forms and techniques that anticipated or were contemporaneous with
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makes extensive use of improvisation in the creation of his films, including improvising important moments in the characters' lives that will not even appear in the film.
215:, the first official school of improvisation in the United States. During this time, Forsberg trained many of the performers who went on to star on The Second City stage.
356:' work in the 1960s. Some of this work led to pure improvisational performance styles, while others simply added to the theatrical vocabulary and were, on the whole,
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Modern theatrical improvisation games began as drama exercises for children, which were a staple of drama education in the early 20th century thanks in part to the
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Janet Coleman's "The Compass: The Improvisational Theatre that Revolutionized American Comedy" (Centennial Publications of The University of Chicago Press, 1991).
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Koppett, Kat. 2011. "Training to imagine practical improvisational theatre techniques to enhance creativity, teamwork, leadership, and learn." Stylus Publishing.
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often becoming part of the standard routine and making their way into their films. Many people, however, make a distinction between ad-libbing and improvising.
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Because improvisers may be required to play a variety of roles without preparation, they need to be able to construct characters quickly with physicality,
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580:, lists several rules of improv that apply in the workplace. There has been much interest in bringing lessons from improv into the corporate world. In a
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Many people who have studied improv have noted that the guiding principles of improv are useful, not just on stage, but in everyday life. For example,
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members were also founding members of The Second City. In the 1970s, Shepherd began experimenting with group-created videos. He is the author of
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to be successful, the improvisers involved must work together responsively to define the parameters and action of the scene, in a process of
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performers improvised based on a broad outline in the streets of Italy. In the 1890s, theatrical theorists and directors such as the Russian
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Many theatre troupes are devoted to staging improvisational performances and growing the improv community through their training centers.
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expanding the improv genre so as to incorporate techniques and approaches that have long been a legitimate part of European theatre.
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sometimes aimed at the masters of the art, whose performances can seem so detailed that viewers may suspect the scenes are planned.
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and improvisation performances for 62 years – longer than any other theater in the nation. Notable alumni of the BNW include
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In addition to for-profit theatre troupes, there are many college-based improv groups in the United States and around the world.
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are the founders of the UK and London's first improv theatre. They also run an annual UK improv festival and improv marathon.
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in 1976, where shortform improv and Harolds were performed through 1983. Stand-up comedians performing down the street at the
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Modern improvisational comedy, as it is practiced in the West, falls generally into two categories: shortform and longform.
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If I Understood You, Would I Have this Look on My Face?: My Adventures in the Art and Science of Relating and Communicating
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to use audience suggestions to create improvised sketches on stage. Improvisation exercises were developed further by
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investigates the way in which improvisation improves communication in the sciences. The book is based on his work at
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stand at the side or back of the stage, and can enter or exit the scene by stepping into or out of the stage center.
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Long-Form Improv: The Complete Guide to Creating Characters, Sustaining Scenes, and Performing Extraordinary Harolds
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is a 1995 comedy directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster created in part by the improvisations during the filming of
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Montreal, Columbus, New Orleans, Omaha, Rochester, NY, and Hawaii. Outside the United States, longform improv has a
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was the latter one. Its two former members, Michael Bossier and John Elk, formed Spaghetti Jam in San Francisco's
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148:(several translations and editions) spread the ideas of improv internationally. British playwright and director
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In B. Malle, D. Baldwin, & L. Moses (eds.), Intentions and Intentionality: Foundations of Social Cognition
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Many directors have made use of improvisation in the creation of both mainstream and experimental films. Many
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Applied Improv Network - annual global conference on using improv off-stage, in business, education, and life
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Rob Wittig and Mark C. Marino have developed a form of improv for online theatrical improvisation called
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and therapist training, and it has been speculated that improv training may be helpful in some cases of
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process and to a variety of acceptance-based psychotherapies. Improv training has been recommended for
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theater was active in North Beach during the 1960s. It was founded by alumni of Chicago's Second City,
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used improvisation in the making of their films, developing their gags while filming and altering the
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Some of the best known American film directors who used improvisation in their work with actors are
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was improvised from scripts which contained a minimal outline of each scene, and the comedy series
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Ryan Madson, Patricia. 2005. "Improv Wisdom: Don't Prepare, Just Show Up" New York: Bell Tower.
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started putting on shows and teaching classes in Glasgow, growing the improv scene in Scotland.
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The earliest well-documented use of improvisational theatre in Western history is found in the
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to engage audiences in the creation of dynamic fictional scenarios that evolve in real-time.
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Dudeck, Theresa Robbins. 2013. "Keith Johnstone: A Critical Biography." London: Bloomsbury.
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Three improvisers performing longform improv comedy at the Gorilla Tango Theatre in Chicago.
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on October 15, 1949, and ran for 22 episodes. "The Improvisers" were six actors (including
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would drop by and sit in. In 1979, Elk brought shortform to England, teaching workshops at
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incorporated dialogue drawn from a hat during the course of an episode. The American show
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Applying improv principles is also commonly used to enhance ideation in teams and groups.
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Shortform improv consists of short scenes usually constructed from a predetermined
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The unscripted nature of improv also implies no predetermined knowledge about the
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in 1958, the artists of the BNW have been writing, performing and producing live
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Simultaneously, Keith Johnstone's group The Theatre Machine, which originated in
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as a tool to gain insight into a person's thoughts, feelings, and relationships.
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Academic Literature Review of Theatrical Improvisation Training in the Workplace
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Non-comedic, experimental, and dramatic, narrative-based improvisational theater
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used improvisational theater techniques to create a multi-sensory play entitled
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Other forms of improvisational theatre training and performance techniques are
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came from The Second City, and the franchise has produced such comedy stars as
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Viola Spolin influenced the first generation of modern American improvisers at
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Improv comedy techniques have also been used in hit television shows such as
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was founded in New York City by a group of former students of acting teacher
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The Compass: The Improvisational Theatre that Revolutionized American Comedy
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1434:"Review of 66 Minutes in Damascus at Shoreditch Town Hall - Exeunt Magazine"
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Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance
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722:. A very early American improv television program was the weekly half-hour
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Experimental Theatre from Stanislavsky to Peter Brook by James Roose Evans
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Das Spiel mit dem Chaos - Zur Performativität des Improvisationstheaters
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Das Spiel mit dem Chaos - Zur Performativität des Improvisationstheaters
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to define the physical environment. These activities are also known as
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was central to the development of the premises for its improvisations.
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1262:"Improving Teenagers' Divergent Thinking With Improvisational Theater"
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2240:. Third rev. ed. Evanston, Il.: Northwestern University Press, 1999.
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were notorious for deviating from the script they were given, their
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is a popular and influential improv theatre and training center in
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Some key figures in the development of improvisational theatre are
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mid-1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé,
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received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style
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Scheiffele, Eberhard (2001). "an altered state of consciousness".
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Hainselin, Mathieu; Aubry, Alexandre; Bourdin, BĂ©atrice (2018).
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2015:"Learning to Fail with Glasgow Improv Theatre By Sam Gonçalves"
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1615:"How Improvisers Effectively Ideate In High-Stakes Situations"
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opened in London as a counterpart to American improv schools.
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has familiarized American and British viewers with shortform.
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were created with a mix of scripted and unscripted material.
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and avant-garde in nature and not necessarily intended to be
1404:"History of the Annoyance | The Annoyance Theatre & Bar"
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also contained improvised dialogue based on a plot outline.
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Stephen Colbert 2006 Commencement Address at Knox College
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improvisation, along with other techniques developed for
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Wiki about improvisational theatre (exercises and games)
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The Upright Citizens Brigade Comedy Improvisation Manual
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If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?
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Two theater members in front of the former building on
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Charna Halpern, Del Close, Kim Howard Johnson. 1994.
1887:
David Shepherd: A Lifetime in Improvisational Theatre
333:
Theatre, and he was the first American to perform at
136:
in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, and codified in her book
1482:"The Difference Between Long- and Short-Form Improv"
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2396:
2041:. Gunter Lösel. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2013.
2141:The Truth in Comedy - The Manual for Improvisation
1555:"Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Improv"
348:'s "happenings" in England during the late 1960s,
449:. One of the better-known longform structures is
16:Theatrical genre featuring unscripted performance
427:. The shortform improv comedy television series
82:of 391 BC. From the 16th to the 18th centuries,
2254:Improv Nation: How We Made a Great American Art
1990:"The Rise Of Improvised Comedy By Sarah Powell"
564:
340:Modern political improvisation's roots include
1903:"London's Best Improv Comedy Clubs and Nights"
1592:"Tina Fey's Rules For Improv… And Your Career"
1321:. ed. Alison Hodge. New York: Routledge, 2012.
283:, was touring Europe. This work gave birth to
2374:
2288:The Ultimate Guide to Improv: 101 Improv Tips
2125:Besser, Matt; Ian Roberts, Matt Walsh. 2013.
692:, the UK Channel 4 and ABC television series
8:
586:"Can Executives Learn to Ignore the Script?"
515:, and joined shortly thereafter by director
275:Members of the Montreal Improvisation League
1377:
1375:
1356:Improvisation for the Theater Third Edition
1082:, the British teacher and writer–author of
776:also had some improvised elements in them.
760:is an improvisational game show, much like
2647:
2640:
2503:
2381:
2367:
2359:
1200:Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science
291:has been home to a rich improv tradition.
2316:Improvisation: the Original Survival Tool
1389:
1387:
1295:
1277:
1236:List of improvisational theater festivals
1231:List of improvisational theatre companies
790:Acting: an altered state of consciousness
1521:"Fall Back Comedy Festival this weekend"
1349:
1347:
1345:
2157:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
1252:
1810:"Get the Laughs, but Follow the Rules"
792:. According to G. William Farthing in
467:growing presence in the United Kingdom
381:In 2012, Lebanese writer and director
2337:Group Mind and Intuition with Improv.
969:The Brave New Workshop Comedy Theater
124:in 1916. Some people credit American
7:
2193:Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre
710:), Nick Cannon's improv comedy show
155:Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre
1696:"The Thick of It: Back in the loop"
747:This Sitcom Is...Not to Be Repeated
2177:. New York: Allworth Press, 2012.
1452:"Current Issue - Dichtung Digital"
784:In the field of the psychology of
554:Applying improv principles in life
14:
1358:. Northwestern University Press.
1319:Twentieth Century Acting Training
1015:, Annie Reirson, Taylor Nikolai,
948:Notable contributors to the field
588:, Stanford professor and author,
298:(Kentucky Fried Theater) founded
3238:
3229:
3228:
2293:How to improvise stand-up comedy
2195:Rev. ed. London: Methuen, 2007.
2091:. MIT Press 2001. Archived from
1956:Holmes, Paul (17 October 2017).
1678:"BBC sitcom lets kids improvise"
1162:Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre
562:in a commencement address said,
1480:Holloway, Dan (March 5, 2013).
920:believe their character seeks.
794:The Psychology of Consciousness
2327:Fundamental Improv Principles.
1676:Ben Dowell (6 December 2008).
726:which premiered on New York's
701:Drew Carey's Green Screen Show
27:, a competitive form of improv
1:
2310:How To Be A Better Improviser
2238:Improvisation for the Theater
1852:Thompson, Mike (2007-11-15).
1123:In 1975 Jonathan Fox founded
1054:, founder of Chicago's famed
218:Many of the original cast of
138:Improvisation For The Theater
23:Swedish actors performing in
1976:"The Hoopla Improv Marathon"
1901:Paskett, Zoe (10 May 2018).
812:, are used extensively. The
2129:, Comedy Council of Nicea,
2114:. London: Nick Hern Books.
1107:, with Paul Sills, founded
846:In order for an improvised
707:Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza
337:, above a Soho strip club.
3298:
2332:Improv Comedy for Anxiety.
2283:Collection of improv games
1613:NathanMinns (2022-10-24).
1183:The Glasgow Improv Theatre
818:rule has been compared to
3224:
2258:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1749:"Levels of Consciousness"
1727:10.1080/13569780120070722
1058:troupe and originator of
672:, Christopher Guest, and
471:Edinburgh Festival Fringe
368:Lord Chamberlain's Office
327:Intersection for the Arts
1958:"Hoopla Improv Marathon"
1279:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01759
975:, Minnesota. Started by
884:Upright Citizens Brigade
800:In the growing field of
762:Whose Line Is It Anyway?
495:Theatre of the Oppressed
430:Whose Line Is It Anyway?
335:The Comedy Store, London
165:Whose Line Is It Anyway?
3265:Improvisational theatre
2678:Theatre of ancient Rome
1332:"TheatreSports History"
1266:Frontiers in Psychology
1137:, California. The late
1114:That Movie In Your Head
832:social anxiety disorder
695:Whose Line Is It Anyway
90:Konstantin Stanislavski
32:Improvisational theatre
2153:Coleman, Janet. 1991.
2112:The Improvisation Book
1204:Stony Brook University
965:
600:In film and television
569:
505:, to name only a few.
413:
387:66 Minutes in Damascus
276:
120:movement initiated by
113:
28:
2885:Theatre of the Absurd
2209:Lösel, Gunter. 2013.
2080:Povinelli, Daniel J.
1994:www.femalefirst.co.uk
1939:"Improv has got big!"
1854:"The Magic Meathands"
1647:. September 22, 2012.
1639:"improvise v. ad-lib"
1354:Viola Spolin (1999).
1336:interactiveimprov.com
1118:Canadian Improv Games
955:
838:Structure and process
719:Thank God You're Here
631:The British director
411:
396:. The form relies on
323:Old Spaghetti Factory
274:
118:progressive education
108:Italian Nobel-winner
107:
64:applied improvisation
22:
2860:Shakespearean comedy
2658:Ancient Greek comedy
2252:Wasson, Sam (2017).
2143:Meriwether Pub Ltd.
2110:Abbott, John. 2007.
1943:British Comedy Guide
1921:"Improv Comedy Club"
1176:The Free Association
685:Curb Your Enthusiasm
590:Patricia Ryan Madson
447:Spontaneous Broadway
213:The Players Workshop
2051:Alda, Alan (2017).
2021:. November 17, 2022
2019:www.theskinny.co.uk
1527:on November 3, 2012
1456:dichtung-digital.de
1144:In the late 1990s,
1109:The Compass Players
538:On the west coast,
221:Saturday Night Live
202:, Ted Flicker, and
172:The Compass Players
2848:Comédie larmoyante
2843:Sentimental comedy
2838:Restoration comedy
2801:Commedia dell'arte
2673:Corral de comedias
2342:2021-02-27 at the
2298:2016-03-05 at the
2171:Hauck, Ben. 2012.
1996:. October 31, 2017
1858:magicmeathands.com
1818:, 20 February 2014
1815:The New York Times
1792:. 13 February 2018
1702:. 23 October 2011.
1619:Green Light Improv
1578:2020-12-04 at the
1438:exeuntmagazine.com
966:
698:(and its spinoffs
645:films of director
638:This Is Spinal Tap
521:The Living Theatre
414:
309:In San Francisco,
277:
114:
85:commedia dell'arte
29:
3280:Theatrical genres
3270:Acting techniques
3252:
3251:
3030:Musical comedians
2993:
2992:
2791:Comedy of manners
2786:Comedy of humours
2776:Boulevard theatre
2764:
2763:
2668:Comédie-Italienne
2663:Comédie-Française
2630:
2629:
2219:978-3-8376-2398-7
2120:978-1-85459-961-2
1884:Mike Fly (2010).
1365:978-0-8101-4008-0
1221:Guerrilla theater
1078:. Others include
724:What Happens Now?
647:Christopher Guest
606:silent filmmakers
375:Annoyance Theatre
42:, is the form of
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3231:
3179:Self-referential
2796:Comedy of menace
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2189:Johnstone, Keith
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1559:Psychology Today
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1241:Playback Theatre
1125:Playback Theatre
1041:Cedric Yarbrough
1037:Melissa Peterman
764:The BBC sitcoms
652:Blue in the Face
509:The Open Theatre
503:the Open Theatre
491:Playback Theatre
489:. These include
383:Lucien Bourjeily
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2821:One-person show
2811:Improvisational
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2580:Science fiction
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2414:Comedy festival
2392:
2387:
2344:Wayback Machine
2306:, 11 April 2014
2300:Wayback Machine
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828:couples therapy
820:Milton Erickson
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773:The Thick of It
666:John Cassavetes
610:Charlie Chaplin
602:
584:article titled
560:Stephen Colbert
556:
529:Jerzy Grotowski
479:
453:, developed by
406:
364:Joan Littlewood
342:Jerzy Grotowski
242:Stephen Colbert
180:The Second City
178:, which led to
150:Keith Johnstone
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92:and the French
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2098:on 2007-03-20.
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582:New York Times
574:, in her book
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544:Action Theatre
519:, formerly of
517:Joseph Chaikin
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2234:Spolin, Viola
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2229:1-4000-8188-2
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1096:, founder of
1095:
1091:
1090:Theatresports
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:ImprovOlympic
1066:, founder of
1065:
1061:
1060:Theater Games
1057:
1053:
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1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Lizz Winstead
1026:
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1006:
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1001:Penn Jillette
998:
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986:
982:
981:sketch comedy
978:
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810:Drama Therapy
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786:consciousness
779:
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667:
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37:
36:improvisation
33:
26:
25:theatresports
21:
3072:Black sitcom
3052:Mockumentary
2960:Opéra bouffe
2928:Café-théâtre
2913:Ballad opera
2831:Harlequinade
2810:
2781:Comedy-drama
2560:Mockumentary
2444:Impersonator
2424:Comic timing
2253:
2237:
2213:transcript.
2210:
2192:
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2140:
2126:
2111:
2093:the original
2088:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1993:
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1924:
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1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1857:
1847:
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1834:November 19,
1832:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
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1794:. Retrieved
1787:
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1714:
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1690:
1682:the Guardian
1681:
1671:
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1642:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1600:the original
1595:
1586:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1515:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1446:
1437:
1432:Lois Jeary.
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1407:
1398:
1355:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1195:
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1187:
1180:
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1169:Hoopla Impro
1167:
1160:founded the
1143:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1098:ComedySportz
1094:Dick Chudnow
1083:
1070:(along with
1050:and her son
1048:Viola Spolin
1045:
1025:Linda Wallem
977:Dudley Riggs
967:
937:
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732:Larry Blyden
723:
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656:
650:
643:mockumentary
636:
630:
620:to fit. The
603:
595:
581:
575:
570:
565:
557:
540:Ruth Zaporah
537:
533:poor theater
525:Viola Spolin
513:Nola Chilton
507:
499:Poor Theatre
483:experimental
480:
463:
435:
428:
418:
415:
398:social media
391:
386:
380:
372:
362:
350:Augusto Boal
339:
315:Alan Myerson
308:
300:ComedySportz
296:Dick Chudnow
293:
278:
266:John Belushi
258:Chris Farley
254:Steve Carell
234:Bob Odenkirk
219:
217:
200:Mike Nichols
192:
169:
163:
153:
145:
142:Clive Barker
137:
134:Viola Spolin
130:vaudevillian
126:Dudley Riggs
115:
83:
77:
60:
56:
39:
35:
31:
30:
3140:Documentary
3136:(dry humor)
3099:Alternative
3077:Teen sitcom
2970:Opera buffa
2945:Light music
2940:Comedy club
2890:Tragicomedy
2855:Shadow play
1753:sci-con.org
1154:Ian Roberts
1150:Amy Poehler
1146:Matt Besser
1139:Gary Austin
1135:Los Angeles
1056:Second City
1021:Peter Tolan
1017:Nancy Steen
1009:Paul Menzel
1005:Carl Lumbly
973:Minneapolis
962:Minneapolis
878:Yes, and...
873:Yes, and...
852:co-creation
824:utilization
767:Outnumbered
736:Ross Martin
713:Wild 'N Out
690:Larry David
688:created by
548:BATS Improv
457:co-founder
358:avant-garde
354:The Diggers
346:Peter Brook
262:Dan Aykroyd
246:Eugene Levy
238:Amy Sedaris
209:Jo Forsberg
182:. Her son,
3259:Categories
3047:Television
2950:Music hall
2895:Vaudeville
2816:Macchietta
2806:Double act
2715:Indonesia
2709:Mo lei tau
2705:Hong Kong
2699:Xiangsheng
2570:Remarriage
2479:Visual gag
2469:Punch line
2464:Prank call
2183:1581159811
2149:1566080037
2074:References
2025:2023-11-17
2000:2019-03-07
1868:2021-02-12
1796:2018-11-12
1624:2022-10-30
1573:Transcript
1531:2015-01-29
1466:2014-11-03
1418:2018-10-28
1158:Matt Walsh
1076:The Harold
1052:Paul Sills
997:Al Franken
989:Mo Collins
901:continuity
815:"Yes, and"
780:Psychology
674:Rob Reiner
641:and other
633:Mike Leigh
577:Bossypants
542:developed
451:the Harold
226:Mike Myers
196:Elaine May
184:Paul Sills
122:John Dewey
3194:Slapstick
3119:Christian
3114:Character
3091:Subgenres
2906:and dance
2826:Pantomime
2612:Slapstick
2585:Screwball
2489:Word play
1735:145796956
1596:Women 2.0
1491:March 29,
1486:Backstage
1288:1664-1078
1192:Alan Alda
1181:In 2016,
1174:In 2015,
1064:Del Close
1013:Pat Proft
993:Tom Davis
928:Community
887:members.
864:endowment
752:Reno 911!
459:Del Close
425:Neva Boyd
373:In 1987,
304:Milwaukee
294:In 1984,
204:Del Close
3234:Category
3169:Physical
2980:Operetta
2754:Sarugaku
2622:Thriller
2514:American
2434:Humorist
2404:Comedian
2340:Archived
2304:Wired UK
2296:Archived
2236:. 1967.
2191:. 1981.
1576:Archived
1306:30319485
1272:: 1759.
1210:See also
1194:'s book
1092:format,
909:gestures
741:Train 48
608:such as
572:Tina Fey
445:such as
439:Broadway
230:Tina Fey
144:'s book
110:Dario Fo
46:, often
3206:Surreal
3134:Deadpan
3020:Hip hop
2918:Cabaret
2644:Country
2636:Theatre
2600:Mexican
2595:Italian
2575:Romance
2550:Fantasy
2529:Italian
2519:British
2507:Country
1665:. 1949.
1297:6167459
1216:Busking
913:accents
881:by the
868:gagging
626:ad libs
487:comedic
443:musical
441:-style
394:netprov
289:Toronto
176:Chicago
74:History
44:theatre
3275:Comedy
3244:Portal
3216:Zombie
3199:Topics
3159:Insult
3154:Horror
3129:Cringe
3062:Sitcom
3025:Parody
2749:Rakugo
2744:Owarai
2739:Manzai
2734:KyĹŤgen
2730:Japan
2724:Ludruk
2719:Lenong
2651:Europe
2617:Stoner
2607:Silent
2565:Parody
2555:Horror
2545:Action
2524:French
2474:Satire
2439:Humour
2397:Topics
2390:Comedy
2264:
2244:
2227:
2217:
2199:
2181:
2164:
2147:
2133:
2118:
2059:
1733:
1362:
1304:
1294:
1286:
1156:, and
1062:, and
1039:, and
728:WOR-TV
716:, and
497:, the
404:Comedy
319:Harold
281:London
264:, and
152:wrote
100:Modern
52:script
48:comedy
40:improv
3184:Shock
3124:Clown
3104:Black
3057:Roast
3042:Radio
3037:Novel
3010:Album
3005:Music
2998:Media
2985:Revue
2904:Music
2769:Genre
2694:China
2538:Genre
2454:Irony
2429:Farce
2096:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1731:S2CID
1247:Notes
1085:Impro
917:voice
892:props
856:offer
848:scene
681:HBO's
658:Smoke
567:back.
3189:Sick
3174:Prop
3145:High
3109:Blue
3015:Rock
2870:Spex
2687:Asia
2499:Film
2459:Joke
2262:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2057:ISBN
1836:2019
1493:2023
1360:ISBN
1302:PMID
1284:ISSN
897:mime
860:mime
770:and
704:and
618:plot
612:and
531:'s "
493:and
421:game
3149:low
2590:Sex
2484:Wit
1789:BBC
1723:doi
1292:PMC
1274:doi
1202:at
960:in
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302:in
174:in
62:as
38:or
3261::
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2260:.
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1905:.
1856:.
1838:.
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1786:.
1751:.
1729:.
1717:.
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1641:.
1617:.
1594:.
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1454:.
1436:.
1406:.
1386:^
1374:^
1344:^
1334:.
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1290:.
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2065:.
2028:.
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1978:.
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1890:.
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1799:.
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1755:.
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1725::
1719:6
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1534:.
1495:.
1469:.
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1421:.
1368:.
1338:.
1308:.
1276::
1270:9
964:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
