296:. According to research, the 'impulsiveness' that occurs in the later stages of OCD is caused by progressive dysfunction of the ventral striatal circuit. Whereas in case of ICD and SUD, the increased dysfunction of dorsal striatal circuit increases the "ICD and SUD behaviours that are driven by the compulsive processes". OCD and ICD have traditionally been viewed as two very different disorders, the former one is generally driven by the desire to avoid harm whereas the latter one driven "by reward-seeking behaviour". Still, there are certain behaviors similar in both, for example the compulsive actions of ICD patients and the behavior of reward-seeking (for example hoarding) in OCD patients.
333:, however, has produced positive results in the treatment of pathological skin picking disorder, although more research is needed to conclude this information. Fluoxetine has also been evaluated in treating IED and demonstrated significant improvement in reducing frequency and severity of impulsive aggression and irritability in a sample of 100 subjects who were randomized into a 14-week, double-blind study. Despite a large decrease in impulsive aggression behavior from baseline, only 44% of fluoxetine responders and 29% of all fluoxetine subjects were considered to be in full remission at the end of the study.
57:
268:, hobbyism and walkabout). Prevalence studies suggest that ICDs occur in 13.6–36.0% of Parkinson's patients exhibited at least one form of ICD. There is a significant co-occurrence of pathological gambling and personality disorder, and is suggested to be caused partly by their common "genetic vulnerability". The degree of heritability to ICD is similar to other psychiatric disorders including
341:, has shown to improve the condition of the subjects of pathological gambling with anxiety symptoms. The results suggest that although SSRIs have shown positive results in the treatment of pathological gambling, inconsistent results with the use of SSRIs have been obtained which might suggest a neurological heterogeneity in the impulse-control disorder spectrum.
158:(hair-pulling) and skin-picking were moved in DSM-5 to the obsessive-compulsive chapter. Additionally, other disorders not specifically listed in this category are often classed as impulsivity disorders. Terminology was changed in the DSM-V from "Not Otherwise Classified" to "Not Elsewhere Classified".
403:
Although compulsive buying falls under the category of
Impulse-control disorder – Not Otherwise Specified in the DSM-IV-TR, some researchers have suggested that it consists of core features that represent impulse-control disorders which includes preceding tension, difficult to resist urges and relief
186:
has only recently been taken into consideration and has been added as a form of ICD. It is characterized by excessive and damaging usage of
Internet with increased amount of time spent chatting, web surfing, gambling, shopping or consuming pornography. Excessive and problematic Internet use has been
201:
Compulsive shopping or buying is characterized by a frequent irresistible urge to shop even if the purchases are not needed or cannot be afforded. The prevalence of compulsive buying in the U.S. has been estimated to be 2–8% of the general adult population, with 80–95% of these cases being females.
242:
is characterized by an impulsive urge to steal purely for the sake of gratification. In the U.S. the presence of kleptomania is unknown but has been estimated at 6 per 1000 individuals. Kleptomania is also thought to be the cause of 5% of annual shoplifting in the U.S. If true, 100,000 arrests are
173:
and depression, as well as unwanted pregnancy. There has not yet been a determined estimate of its prevalence due to the secretiveness of the disorder. However, research conducted in the early 1990s in the United States gave prevalence estimates between 5–6% in the U.S. population, with male cases
771:
Biundo R, Weis L, Abbruzzese G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cortelli P, Jori MC, Lopiano L, Marconi R, Matinella A, Morgante F, Nicoletti A, Tamburini T, Tinazzi M, Zappia M, Vorovenci RJ, Antonini A (November 2017). "Impulse control disorders in advanced
Parkinson's disease with dyskinesia: The ALTHEA
230:
or IED is a clinical condition of experiencing recurrent aggressive episodes that are out of proportion of any given stressor. Earlier studies reported a prevalence rate between 1–2% in a clinical setting, however a study done by
Coccaro and colleagues in 2004 had reported about 11.1% lifetime
374:
as well. Cognitive
Relaxation and Coping Skills Therapy (CRCST), which consists of 12 sessions starting first with the relaxation training followed by cognitive restructuring, then exposure therapy is taken. Later, the focus is on resisting aggressive impulses and taking other preventative
187:
reported across all age, social, economic, and educational ranges. Although initially thought to occur mostly in males, increasing rates have been also observed in females. However, no epidemiological study has been conducted yet to understand its prevalence.
251:
The signs and symptoms of impulse-control disorders vary based on the age of the persons with them, the actual type of impulse-control that they are struggling with, the environment in which they are living, and whether they are male or female.
231:
prevalence and 3.2% one month prevalence in a sample of a moderate number of individuals (n=253). Based on the study, Coccaro and colleagues estimated the prevalence of IED in 1.4 million individuals in the US and 10 million with lifetime IED.
1217:
1202:
213:
is characterized by impulsive and repetitive urges to deliberately start fires. Because of its nature, the number of studies performed for fire-setting are understandably limited. However, studies done on children and adolescents with
353:(CBT) which has been reported to have positive results in the case of treatment of pathological gambling and sexual addiction. There is general consensus that cognitive-behavioural therapies offer an effective intervention model.
324:
has been shown effective in the treatment, with reducing the problems of pathological gambling in a subject by up to 90%. Whereas in trichotillomania, the use of clomipramine has again been found to be effective,
218:
have reported its prevalence to be between 2.4 and 3.5% in the United States. It has also been observed that the incidence of fire-setting is more common in juvenile and teenage boys than girls of the same age.
972:
Fontenelle LF, Oostermeijer S, Harrison BJ, Pantelis C, YĂĽcel M (May 2011). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and drug addiction: common features and potential treatments".
169:
includes an increased urge in sexual behavior and thoughts. This compulsion may also lead to several consequences in the individual's life, including risky partner selection, increased chance for
272:. There has also been found a genetic factor to the development of ICD just as there is for substance use disorder. The risk for subclinical PG in a population is accounted for by the risk of
2541:
1740:
154:
Disorders characterized by impulsivity that were not categorized elsewhere in the DSM-IV-TR were also included in the category "Impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified".
130:
404:
or pleasure after action. The efficiency of cognitive behavior therapy for compulsive buying is not truly determined yet; however, common techniques for the treatment include
1102:
Coccaro, EF; Lee, RJ; Kavoussi, RJ (April 21, 2009). "A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in patients with intermittent explosive disorder".
146:". Five behavioral stages characterize impulsivity: an impulse, growing tension, pleasure on acting, relief from the urge, and finally guilt (which may or may not arise).
2579:
2660:
2534:
2564:
2770:
2212:
2168:
1271:
484:
2527:
2027:
1644:
1457:
94:
1437:
2724:
1763:
276:
by about 12–20% genetic and 3–8% environmental factors. There is a high rate of co-morbidity between ADHD and other impulse-control disorders.
304:
Impulse-control disorders have two treatment options: psychosocial and pharmacological. Treatment methodology is informed by the presence of
2673:
264:
may include a range of impulse-control disorders, including eating, buying, compulsive gambling, sexual behavior, and related behaviors (
2224:
1372:
85:, an urge, or an impulse; or having the inability to not speak on a thought. Many psychiatric disorders feature impulsivity, including
2785:
2698:
1474:
1449:
1284:
873:
1978:
289:
2260:
2080:
142:) on disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders covering disorders "characterized by problems in emotional and behavioral
2574:
2352:
1589:
1560:
1501:
685:
444:
405:
125:
2550:
1594:
1389:
1314:
454:
371:
227:
110:
106:
102:
2032:
2003:
1264:
170:
1773:
370:
Along with several other methods of treatments, cognitive behavioural therapy has also shown to be effective in the case of
2683:
1491:
1467:
2668:
2620:
2436:
1973:
1506:
1351:
350:
2494:
202:
The onset is believed to occur in late teens or early twenties and the disorder is considered to be generally chronic.
1681:
1479:
293:
640:
Black DW (January 2001). "Compulsive buying disorder: definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management".
2431:
1346:
1067:
Grant JE, Potenza MN (2004). "Impulse control disorders: clinical characteristics and pharmacological management".
386:
196:
86:
2765:
2595:
2441:
2410:
1788:
1671:
1257:
523:
Wright A, Rickards H, Cavanna AE (December 2012). "Impulse-control disorders in gilles de la tourette syndrome".
1565:
2635:
2405:
2400:
2097:
2060:
2052:
1870:
1839:
1580:
1232:
98:
2605:
2426:
1933:
1783:
1778:
1735:
1552:
495:
413:
360:
Pyromania is harder to control in adults due to lack of co-operation; however, CBT is effective in treating
2645:
2304:
1943:
1834:
1793:
1768:
1676:
918:
Erga AH, Dalen I, Ushakova A, Chung J, Tzoulis C, Tysnes OB, Alves G, Pedersen KF, Maple-Grødem J (2018).
269:
261:
2775:
2499:
2232:
2112:
2019:
1998:
459:
439:
559:
2739:
2324:
2237:
1993:
1813:
1414:
1394:
434:
417:
382:
90:
56:
2780:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2374:
2356:
2319:
2309:
2163:
2065:
2042:
1890:
1882:
1661:
1639:
1367:
1221:
920:"Dopaminergic and Opioid Pathways Associated with Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease"
394:
50:
2247:
2037:
1634:
1486:
997:
797:
702:
665:
409:
273:
183:
381:
In the case of kleptomania, the cognitive behaviour techniques used in these cases consists of
2693:
2650:
2283:
1808:
1798:
1730:
1656:
1540:
1165:
1119:
1084:
1046:
989:
951:
900:
869:"The Neurobiology and Genetics of Impulse Control Disorders: Relationships to Drug Addictions"
846:
789:
753:
683:
Weintraub D (2009). "S.14.04 Impulse control disorder: Prevalence and possible risk factors".
657:
622:
540:
337:
has shown to be somewhat effective although the results are inconsistent. Another medication,
166:
41:
2153:
2107:
2075:
1923:
1901:
1866:
1629:
1511:
1462:
1409:
1384:
1379:
1336:
1324:
1155:
1111:
1076:
1036:
1028:
981:
941:
931:
890:
882:
836:
828:
781:
743:
733:
694:
649:
612:
604:
532:
449:
421:
390:
361:
155:
114:
2678:
2600:
2329:
2287:
2158:
2145:
2092:
2087:
2070:
1950:
1745:
1717:
1518:
1341:
1280:
74:
2379:
817:"Impulsive and Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson's Disease: The Norwegian ParkWest Study"
17:
2688:
2615:
2314:
2255:
2179:
1988:
1955:
1938:
1928:
1041:
1016:
946:
919:
895:
868:
841:
816:
748:
721:
617:
592:
1226:
698:
27:
Class of mental disorders characterized by an inability to resist temptations or urges
2759:
2714:
2348:
2299:
1617:
985:
653:
536:
118:
1249:
1160:
1143:
1001:
706:
669:
593:"Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review"
2719:
2202:
1983:
1535:
801:
338:
321:
143:
2519:
1237:
1032:
2625:
2187:
1918:
1649:
1399:
317:
239:
78:
2630:
2504:
2197:
2102:
1803:
1528:
1523:
1319:
1080:
886:
608:
334:
330:
326:
82:
46:
936:
591:
Dell'Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E (December 2006).
2640:
2610:
2457:
2389:
2207:
1666:
1404:
1329:
1211:
215:
210:
139:
1169:
1123:
1088:
1050:
993:
955:
904:
850:
793:
757:
661:
626:
544:
2192:
1862:
1829:
1755:
1115:
305:
285:
1194:
1144:"[Cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulse control disorders]"
832:
265:
785:
1910:
1725:
1206:
1688:
815:
Erga AH, Alves G, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB, Pedersen KF (2017-02-07).
738:
135:
1015:
Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA (September 2010).
2523:
2478:
2346:
2281:
2133:
1860:
1705:
1615:
1435:
1296:
1253:
349:
The psychosocial approach to the treatment of ICDs includes
138:) that was published in 2013 includes a new chapter (not in
597:
European
Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
525:
The
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
494:. American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Archived from
243:
made in the U.S. annually due to kleptomaniac behavior.
131:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
1184:
2707:
2659:
2588:
2557:
2450:
2419:
2388:
2367:
2246:
2223:
2177:
2144:
2051:
2018:
1966:
1909:
1900:
1881:
1822:
1754:
1716:
1576:
1551:
1448:
1360:
1307:
1188:
40:
35:
722:"Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease"
316:In the case of pathological gambling, along with
2580:Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder
485:"Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"
1021:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
329:has not produced consistent positive results.
2535:
1265:
967:
965:
479:
477:
475:
8:
397:, and "alternative sources of satisfaction".
2565:Dimensional models of personality disorders
2542:
2528:
2520:
2475:
2364:
2343:
2278:
2169:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2141:
2130:
1906:
1878:
1857:
1713:
1702:
1612:
1445:
1432:
1304:
1293:
1272:
1258:
1250:
1185:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1062:
1060:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
55:
32:
1159:
1040:
945:
935:
894:
862:
860:
840:
747:
737:
616:
2432:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2028:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
518:
516:
95:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1017:"Introduction to behavioral addictions"
471:
7:
2674:Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
2135:Physiological and physical behavior
2699:Transference focused psychotherapy
2081:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1475:Emotional and behavioral disorders
25:
2261:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1148:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
288:may prove to be the link between
2575:Trauma model of mental disorders
1561:X-linked intellectual disability
1142:Hodgins DC, Peden N (May 2008).
986:10.2165/11591790-000000000-00000
686:European Neuropsychopharmacology
654:10.2165/00023210-200115010-00003
537:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.10010013
445:Body-focused repetitive behavior
406:exposure and response prevention
126:American Psychiatric Association
103:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
2551:Borderline personality disorder
1390:Intermittent explosive disorder
1315:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1161:10.1590/s1516-44462006005000055
455:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
372:Intermittent explosive disorder
367:Intermittent explosive disorder
228:Intermittent explosive disorder
223:Intermittent explosive disorder
111:borderline personality disorder
107:antisocial personality disorder
2033:Dissociative identity disorder
1298:Adult personality and behavior
1104:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
821:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
1:
2771:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
2684:Mentalization-based treatment
1069:Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
699:10.1016/S0924-977X(09)70247-0
2669:Dialectical behavior therapy
2621:Idealization and devaluation
2437:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
1974:Generalized anxiety disorder
1707:Neurological and symptomatic
1352:Sexual relationship disorder
1033:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
385:, imaginal desensitization,
351:cognitive behavioral therapy
2213:REM sleep behavior disorder
1682:Seasonal affective disorder
1480:Separation anxiety disorder
560:"Overview of DSM-V Changes"
87:substance-related disorders
2802:
2480:Symptoms and uncategorized
1581:developmental disabilities
1347:Sexual maturation disorder
387:systematic desensitization
197:Compulsive buying disorder
194:
174:being higher than female.
2786:Impulse-control disorders
2715:BPDFamily (support group)
2570:Impulse-control disorders
2485:
2474:
2442:Simple-type schizophrenia
2411:Schizophreniform disorder
2363:
2342:
2295:
2277:
2140:
2129:
1877:
1856:
1789:Mild cognitive impairment
1774:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1712:
1701:
1672:Major depressive disorder
1625:
1611:
1577:Psychological development
1444:
1431:
1303:
1292:
1081:10.1080/10401230490281366
887:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.043
609:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0
124:The fifth edition of the
18:Impulse control disorders
2490:Impulse-control disorder
2406:Schizoaffective disorder
2401:Brief reactive psychosis
2098:Mass psychogenic illness
2061:Body dysmorphic disorder
1840:Post-concussion syndrome
1450:Emotional and behavioral
937:10.3389/fneur.2018.00109
874:Biochemical Pharmacology
99:autism spectrum disorder
67:Impulse-control disorder
36:Impulse-control disorder
2606:Emotional dysregulation
2427:Childhood schizophrenia
1779:Frontotemporal dementia
1736:High-functioning autism
1553:Intellectual disability
414:cognitive restructuring
2589:Symptoms and behaviors
1944:Specific social phobia
1835:Organic brain syndrome
1677:Melancholic depression
1438:Childhood and learning
924:Frontiers in Neurology
726:F1000 Medicine Reports
270:substance use disorder
260:Complications of late
81:– failure to resist a
2611:Feelings of emptiness
2500:Psychomotor agitation
2290:and substance-related
2233:Postpartum depression
2113:Somatization disorder
1999:Acute stress reaction
1764:AIDS dementia complex
558:Varley, Christopher.
460:Biopsychosocial model
440:Binge eating disorder
91:behavioral addictions
75:psychiatric disorders
2740:Sibling estrangement
2495:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2325:Substance dependence
2238:Postpartum psychosis
1784:Huntington's disease
1566:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1415:Personality disorder
1116:10.4088/JCP.08m04150
720:Stacy M (May 2009).
435:Behavioral addiction
418:covert sensitization
383:covert sensitization
2745:Personal boundaries
2735:Family estrangement
2730:Emotional blackmail
2375:Delusional disorder
2320:Stimulant psychosis
2310:Physical dependence
2164:Rumination syndrome
2066:Conversion disorder
2043:Psychogenic amnesia
1893:with depressed mood
1891:Adjustment disorder
1794:Parkinson's disease
1769:Alzheimer's disease
1662:Atypical depression
1498:Social functioning
1373:Munchausen syndrome
1368:Factitious disorder
1154:(Suppl 1): S31–40.
501:on October 19, 2013
395:relaxation training
284:Dysfunction of the
262:Parkinson's disease
191:Compulsive shopping
51:clinical psychology
2394:schizophrenia-like
2038:Dissociative fugue
1487:Movement disorders
833:10.3233/jpd-160977
774:Movement Disorders
410:relapse prevention
274:alcohol dependence
247:Signs and symptoms
184:Internet addiction
178:Internet addiction
2753:
2752:
2708:Family challenges
2694:Social psychiatry
2651:Suicidal ideation
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2338:
2337:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2014:
2013:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1809:Vascular dementia
1731:Asperger syndrome
1697:
1696:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1541:Tourette syndrome
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1247:
1246:
867:Brewer P (2008).
786:10.1002/mds.27181
780:(11): 1557–1565.
400:Compulsive buying
362:child pyromaniacs
167:Sexual compulsion
162:Sexual compulsion
77:characterized by
64:
63:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2793:
2766:Mental disorders
2601:Eating disorders
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2476:
2365:
2344:
2279:
2154:Anorexia nervosa
2142:
2131:
2108:Psychogenic pain
2076:Globus pharyngis
1924:Childhood phobia
1907:
1879:
1858:
1714:
1703:
1613:
1512:Selective mutism
1463:Conduct disorder
1446:
1433:
1410:Trichotillomania
1385:Gender dysphoria
1380:Fear of intimacy
1337:Sexual anhedonia
1305:
1294:
1281:Mental disorders
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1012:
1006:
1005:
969:
960:
959:
949:
939:
915:
909:
908:
898:
864:
855:
854:
844:
812:
806:
805:
768:
762:
761:
751:
741:
717:
711:
710:
680:
674:
673:
637:
631:
630:
620:
588:
567:
566:
564:
555:
549:
548:
520:
511:
510:
508:
506:
500:
489:
481:
450:Child pyromaniac
422:stimulus control
391:aversion therapy
182:The disorder of
156:Trichotillomania
115:conduct disorder
73:) is a class of
60:
59:
33:
21:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2703:
2679:McLean Hospital
2655:
2584:
2553:
2548:
2518:
2509:
2481:
2462:
2446:
2415:
2393:
2384:
2359:
2334:
2291:
2288:substance abuse
2265:
2242:
2219:
2173:
2159:Bulimia nervosa
2136:
2117:
2093:Hypochondriasis
2088:False pregnancy
2071:Ganser syndrome
2053:Somatic symptom
2047:
2010:
1962:
1951:Specific phobia
1896:
1873:
1844:
1818:
1750:
1746:Savant syndrome
1718:Autism spectrum
1708:
1693:
1621:
1599:
1578:
1572:
1547:
1440:
1419:
1395:Dermatillomania
1356:
1342:Sexual anorexia
1299:
1288:
1278:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1197:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1110:(70): 653–662.
1101:
1100:
1096:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1014:
1013:
1009:
971:
970:
963:
917:
916:
912:
866:
865:
858:
814:
813:
809:
770:
769:
765:
719:
718:
714:
682:
681:
677:
639:
638:
634:
590:
589:
570:
562:
557:
556:
552:
522:
521:
514:
504:
502:
498:
487:
483:
482:
473:
468:
431:
347:
314:
302:
282:
258:
249:
237:
225:
208:
199:
193:
180:
164:
152:
54:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Schema therapy
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Hypersexuality
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Rebound effect
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:Hypersexuality
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1989:Panic disorder
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1956:Claustrophobia
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:Anthropophobia
1931:
1929:Social anxiety
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Pick's disease
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1285:Classification
1279:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:Classification
1182:
1181:External links
1179:
1176:
1175:
1129:
1094:
1056:
1007:
961:
910:
856:
827:(1): 183–191.
807:
763:
712:
675:
632:
568:
550:
512:
470:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
430:
427:
426:
425:
401:
398:
379:
376:
368:
365:
358:
346:
343:
313:
310:
301:
298:
281:
278:
257:
254:
248:
245:
236:
233:
224:
221:
207:
204:
195:Main article:
192:
189:
179:
176:
163:
160:
151:
148:
119:mood disorders
62:
61:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:Schizophrenia
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:Schizophrenia
2345:
2341:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Drug overdose
2298:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2248:Sexual desire
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:Social phobia
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:-related and
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:(5): 233–41.
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:(7): 827–40.
979:
975:
968:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
870:
863:
861:
857:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
764:
759:
755:
750:
745:
740:
739:10.3410/M1-29
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:: S196–S197.
692:
688:
687:
679:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
633:
628:
624:
619:
614:
610:
606:
603:(8): 464–75.
602:
598:
594:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
569:
561:
554:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
517:
513:
497:
493:
486:
480:
478:
476:
472:
465:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
364:. (Frey 2001)
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
246:
244:
241:
234:
232:
229:
222:
220:
217:
212:
205:
203:
198:
190:
188:
185:
177:
175:
172:
168:
161:
159:
157:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
52:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2776:Self-control
2725:Complex PTSD
2720:Codependency
2596:Dissociation
2569:
2489:
2380:Folie Ă deux
2305:Intoxication
2286:substances,
2284:Psychoactive
2203:Night terror
2020:Dissociative
1984:Panic attack
1536:Tic disorder
1231:
1216:
1201:
1151:
1147:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1075:(1): 27–34.
1072:
1068:
1024:
1020:
1010:
977:
973:
927:
923:
913:
881:(1): 63–75.
878:
872:
824:
820:
810:
777:
773:
766:
729:
725:
715:
690:
684:
678:
648:(1): 17–27.
645:
641:
635:
600:
596:
553:
531:(1): 16–27.
528:
524:
503:. Retrieved
496:the original
491:
348:
345:Psychosocial
339:escitalopram
322:clomipramine
315:
308:conditions.
303:
283:
259:
256:Co-morbidity
250:
238:
226:
209:
200:
181:
165:
153:
144:self-control
129:
123:
70:
66:
65:
2631:Mood swings
2626:Impulsivity
2353:schizotypal
2188:Hypersomnia
2178:Nonorganic
1919:Agoraphobia
1650:Cyclothymia
1645:Bipolar NOS
1620:(affective)
1492:Stereotypic
1400:Kleptomania
505:October 23,
378:Kleptomania
318:fluvoxamine
240:Kleptomania
235:Kleptomania
79:impulsivity
2781:Conformity
2760:Categories
2661:Management
2636:Projection
2505:Stereotypy
2368:Delusional
2357:delusional
2330:Withdrawal
2198:Parasomnia
2103:Nosophobia
1883:Adjustment
1871:somatoform
1804:Sundowning
1657:Depression
1640:Bipolar II
1529:Stuttering
1524:Cluttering
1320:Paraphilia
466:References
335:Paroxetine
331:Fluoxetine
327:fluoxetine
312:Medication
292:, ICD and
83:temptation
47:Psychiatry
2646:Splitting
2641:Self-harm
2458:Catatonia
2390:Psychosis
2225:Postnatal
2208:Nightmare
1814:Wandering
1667:Dysthymia
1635:Bipolar I
1590:Pervasive
1405:Pyromania
1330:Voyeurism
1325:Fetishism
642:CNS Drugs
375:measures.
357:Pyromania
300:Treatment
280:Mechanism
216:pyromania
211:Pyromania
206:Pyromania
140:DSM-IV-TR
117:and some
42:Specialty
2193:Insomnia
1863:Neurotic
1830:Delirium
1756:Dementia
1595:Specific
1170:17713695
1124:19389333
1089:15147110
1051:20560821
1002:26271117
994:21568361
956:29541058
905:17719013
851:27911342
794:28960475
772:study".
758:20948752
707:54348841
670:21073559
662:11465011
627:16960655
545:22450610
492:DSM5.org
429:See also
306:comorbid
286:striatum
2558:General
1902:Anxiety
1741:PDD-NOS
1630:Bipolar
1283: (
1238:D007174
1042:3164585
947:5835501
930:: 109.
896:2222549
842:5302042
802:5087420
749:2924724
618:1705499
266:punding
2146:Eating
1994:Stress
1911:Phobia
1867:stress
1726:Autism
1519:Speech
1308:Sexual
1168:
1122:
1087:
1049:
1039:
1000:
992:
954:
944:
903:
893:
849:
839:
800:
792:
756:
746:
732:(29).
705:
668:
660:
625:
615:
543:
420:, and
53:
2451:Other
2180:sleep
1967:Other
1823:Other
1689:Mania
1361:Other
1227:312.3
998:S2CID
974:Drugs
798:S2CID
703:S2CID
666:S2CID
563:(PDF)
499:(PDF)
488:(PDF)
150:Types
136:DSM-5
2355:and
2004:PTSD
1618:Mood
1458:ADHD
1233:MeSH
1222:9-CM
1166:PMID
1120:PMID
1085:PMID
1047:PMID
990:PMID
952:PMID
901:PMID
847:PMID
790:PMID
754:PMID
658:PMID
623:PMID
541:PMID
507:2013
171:STIs
2392:and
1979:OCD
1507:RAD
1502:DAD
1468:ODD
1218:ICD
1212:F63
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