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distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation, although this is not always the case. Such municipal corporations result from a process of "externalization", and require different skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes in the institutional landscape of public services. They are argued to be more efficient than government bureaucracies, but have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial autonomy.
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468:. Such special purpose districts may encompass areas in multiple municipalities or counties. According to the US Census Bureau's data collected in 2012, there were 89,004 local government units in the United States. This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007.
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local governments. Depending on the state, local governments may operate under their own charters or under general law, or a state may have a mix of chartered and general-law local governments. Generally, in a state having both chartered and general-law local governments, the chartered local
538:
According to one definition of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership". Some such corporations rely on revenue from user fees,
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form the primary unit of local government below the state level, in some cases eliminating the need for county government entirely. Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level.
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governments have more local autonomy and home rule. Municipalities are typically subordinate to a county government, with some exceptions. Certain cities, for example, have consolidated with their county government as
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1215:
249:'s borough status, lost in 1840, was restored in 1937; it was formally styled "the Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough of Galway", but referred to as "the Corporation".
81:
become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a
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423:. The types and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state. In addition to these general-purpose local governments, states may also create
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Tavares, Antonio F.; Camoes, Pedro J. (2007). "Local service delivery choices in
Portugal: A political transaction costs network".
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were renamed "cities" and their corporations became "city councils"; other borough corporations were renamed "borough councils".
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Scotland were similar in origin and were reformed or replaced in the nineteenth century before being abolished by the
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from the county in which they would otherwise be a part. In some states, particularly in New
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In addition to counties and municipalities, states often create special purpose authorities, such as
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Population centers may be organized into incorporated municipalities of several types, including the
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or towns are used as subdivisions of a county in 20 states, mostly in the
Northeast and Midwest.
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606:"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review"
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Grossi, G.; Reichard, C. (2008). "Municipal corporatization in
Germany and Italy".
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265:. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the Provinces in 1876.
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aligned the powers of the remaining borough corporations with those of the new
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is the oldest municipal corporation in the world outside the United
Kingdom.
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with councils not designated as "corporations", with the exception of the
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gained borough status in 1930 as "The
Corporation of Dun Laoghaire".
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Voorn, Bart; Van
Genugten, Marieke L.; van Thiel, Sandra (2017).
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931:"Characteristics and State Requirements for Incorporated Places"
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allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new
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and territories have at least two tiers of local government:
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is also subdivided into smaller entities. Puerto Rico has
464:, public parks or forests, water resource management, and
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904:- New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 30 June 1852
793:. p. §11(3), §11(4), Schedule 2. Archived from
334:. The Irish borough corporations within what is now
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315:. All borough corporations were replaced under the
871:"Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 2"
844:"Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 3"
817:"Local Government (Dublin) Act, 1930, Section 3"
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514:is subdivided in various ways. For example, the
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127:, There are 330 such municipal corporations in
73:Municipal corporation as local self-government
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37:, including (but not necessarily limited to)
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348:Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972
119:List of municipal corporations in Bangladesh
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944:"Municipal Disincorporation in California"
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340:Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840
77:Municipal incorporation occurs when such
65:. The term can also be used to describe
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471:Each of the five permanently inhabited
101:establishing a municipality, such as a
938:Municipal disincorporation/dissolution
761:. Chennai. 2003-04-02. Archived from
534:Municipal corporations as enterprises
360:Local government in the United States
241:, and Wexford (non-county boroughs).
27:Legal term for a local governing body
7:
332:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973
275:Borough status in the United Kingdom
186:The title "corporation" was used in
1311:Technical aspects of urban planning
898:"New Zealand Constitution Act 1852"
725:"Making City Corporation effective"
452:and districts for fire protection,
344:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
145:In Canada, charters are granted by
25:
902:Victoria University of Wellington
307:and other small rural areas. The
287:were typically incorporated by a
259:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
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1086:Cities with the most skyscrapers
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518:is subdivided into agencies and
505:districts and unorganized atolls
1562:Sustainable Development Goal 11
1443:Most populous national capitals
301:Municipal Corporations Act 1882
297:Municipal Corporations Act 1835
291:, though some were boroughs by
159:Municipal Corporations in India
1448:Most populous satellite cities
303:abolished the corporations of
141:Municipal government in Canada
67:municipally owned corporations
1:
1438:Most densely populated cities
626:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360
785:"Local Government Act, 2001"
176:Greater Chennai Corporation
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1306:Theories of urban planning
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321:City of London Corporation
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209:, the corporations in the
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1301:History of urban planning
1211:Central business district
946:- California City Finance
703:10.1080/14719030802264275
665:10.1080/03003930701417544
483:has four municipalities.
317:Local Government Act 1972
309:Local Government Act 1888
196:Local Government Act 2001
18:Incorporated municipality
1656:Types of business entity
691:Public Management Review
653:Local Government Studies
613:Local Government Studies
481:Northern Mariana Islands
436:, cities are completely
326:The corporations of the
263:Provinces of New Zealand
33:is the legal term for a
1651:Government corporations
1552:Million Tree Initiative
925:Municipal incorporation
753:"The first corporation"
313:urban district councils
1537:Ecological engineering
1426:World's largest cities
1398:Cycling infrastructure
1283:Peri-urban agriculture
933:- United States Census
466:conservation districts
225:(county boroughs) and
198:. Under the 2001 act,
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147:provincial authorities
1577:Urban forest inequity
1368:Multiple nuclei model
1358:Concentric zone model
1343:Mixed-use development
1216:Most expensive cities
1201:World's cities by GDP
458:public transportation
338:were reformed by the
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31:Municipal corporation
1567:Sustainable urbanism
1542:Green infrastructure
346:and replaced by the
207:Partition of Ireland
190:from soon after the
35:local governing body
1607:Urban reforestation
1226:Most livable cities
741:. 12 February 2023.
554:Unincorporated area
526:is subdivided into
493:U.S. Virgin Islands
168:Chennai Corporation
1506:Urban homesteading
1431:throughout history
876:Irish Statute Book
849:Irish Statute Book
822:Irish Statute Book
797:on 4 February 2014
790:Irish Statute Book
512:Indian Reservation
398:county equivalents
394:U.S. Census Bureau
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1631:Cities portal
1592:Urban heat island
1501:Urban exploration
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1321:Public open space
1161:direct-controlled
1111:Abandoned village
1066:Metropolitan area
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574:Cities portal
477:78 municipalities
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95:municipal charter
83:municipal charter
55:charter townships
16:(Redirected from
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1557:Sustainable city
1511:Unitary urbanism
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374:municipalities
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1582:Urban forest
1466:New Urbanism
1363:Sector model
1348:Urban design
1241:Modern ruins
1183:Capital city
1156:Municipality
1142:
1133:College town
1091:Urbanization
906:. Retrieved
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1520:Environment
1408:Walkability
1393:Cyclability
1326:Green space
1278:Habitat III
1246:Shanty town
1231:Urban decay
1206:Global city
1151:City status
1128:Closed city
1081:Megalopolis
1061:Conurbation
1049:City proper
1029:Twin cities
1002:City centre
635:2066/176125
528:Communities
438:independent
366:U.S. states
253:New Zealand
1645:Categories
1597:Urban park
1532:Eco-cities
1383:Smart city
1333:Urban wild
1173:City-state
1106:Ghost town
1071:Metropolis
997:Urban area
583:References
479:, and the
205:After the
194:until the
125:Bangladesh
113:Bangladesh
1353:Grid plan
1261:Squatting
1123:Tent city
1118:Lost city
1039:Edge city
1024:Core city
758:The Hindu
711:153354582
673:154709321
497:districts
456:service,
378:Louisiana
223:Waterford
51:townships
1458:Urbanism
1378:Land use
1251:Skid row
1076:Megacity
1007:Downtown
769:14 April
543:See also
489:villages
434:Virginia
370:counties
231:Kilkenny
227:Drogheda
219:Limerick
188:boroughs
63:boroughs
59:villages
43:counties
908:2 April
421:village
417:borough
390:borough
239:Clonmel
182:Ireland
1338:Zoning
1236:Ghetto
1054:limits
1014:Suburb
981:Cities
882:13 May
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