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In the People's
Republic of China, the five ETR leaders who perished in the 1949 plane crash are remembered as heroes in the struggle against the Nationalist regime. Their remains were returned to China in April 1950 and later reburied in a heroes' memorial cemetery in Yining. The cemetery has a
1048:. In accordance with instructions from Moscow, Saifuddin Azizi kept the news secret from the population of the Three Districts and it was unreported by Beijing for several months until December 1949, when Saifuddin Azizi departed to Moscow to join Mao Zedong's delegation to sign
859:(formerly the East Turkestan National Army) into the PLA. Most of the remaining former ETR leadership accepted the absorption of the autonomous Three Districts into the PRC. They subsequently joined the surrendered KMT officials in taking senior positions in the PRC government.
832:. Under the coalition government which ruled Xinjiang from 1946 to 1949, the KMT controlled most of the province while the leaders of the former ETR retained autonomy in the Three Districts. The People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed on 1 October 1949, and PLA general
862:
The PRC's takeover of
Xinjiang was largely achieved through political means and thus faced little armed resistance. The PLA entered Xinjiang in October 1949 and controlled most of the region by the spring of 1950. Among the major military actors in Xinjiang, only
1215:
1052:
with Stalin and to retrieve bodies of The Three
Districts leaders (their already unrecognisable bodies were delivered from the USSR in April 1950) and when the People's Liberation Army had already secured most of the regions of the former Xinjiang Province.
1084:
in
September in Beijing, which proclaimed the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949), agreed to incorporate the Three Districts into the Xinjiang Province and accept important positions within the administration. However, some Kazakhs led by
1136:
1076:, who personally interrogated the Three Districts leaders, then ordered their execution. This was allegedly done in accordance with a deal between Stalin and Mao Zedong. The remaining important figures of the Three Districts, including
909:). The Second ETR was disbanded in name but the Three Districts retained autonomy. Qasimi became the vice-chairman of the coalition government. In June 1947, the Nationalist Chinese forces clashed with Mongolian and Soviet forces at
1232:
to the
Chinese Communist Party together with the Chairman of Xinjiang Provincial Government Burhan Shahidi, who was among the few cognizant of what had happened to the First delegation of the Three Districts in August in the
1223:
On 25 September, Tao Zhiyue and Burhan
Shahidi, the KMT's military general and political leader in Dihua, respectively, announced the formal surrender of Nationalist forces in Xinjiang to the CCP. The next day, 100,000
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913:
in northeastern
Xinjiang. In that conflict, Kazakh leader Osman Batur of the ETR repudiated the ETR and defected to join Nationalist Chinese forces in fighting against Soviet-backed Mongolian forces.
976:, accompanied by Soviet vice-consul in Ghulja Vasiliy Borisov, where they were told to cooperate with the Chinese Communist Party. Negotiations between Three Districts and Soviet representatives in
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and other people of
Xinjiang to gain freedom and independence that shouldn't be lost. So, the Three Districts delegation was offered to continue negotiations in Moscow directly with
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on 20 October 1949 on Soviet airplanes, provided by Stalin, and quickly established control in northern
Xinjiang, before moving into southern Xinjiang together with units of the
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969:
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1016:. On 25 August, the eleven delegates, Ehmetjan Qasim, Abdulkerim Abbas, Ishaq Beg, Luo Zhi, Dalelkhan Sugirbayev and accompanying officers of the Three Districts, boarded
1854:
1264:'s White Russian and Hui troops who served the Republic of China. Batur pledged his allegiance to the KMT and was killed in 1951. Yulbars Khan battled PLA forces at the
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The CCP persuaded the KMT provincial and military leadership to surrender. The Soviet Union induced the leaders of the former ETR to accede to the CCP. In August 1949,
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1949:
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joined in the defection to the PLA. They continued to serve in the PLA as officers in
Xinjiang. Some KMT leaders who refused to submit fled to Taiwan or Turkey.
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with Soviet support and was based in three northwest districts of Xinjiang. Tore disappeared in the Soviet Union in 1946, and another ETR leader,
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Allen S. Whiting and General Sheng Shih-ts'ai " Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot? " Michigan State University Press, 1958, East Lansing, Michigan, page 143
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with taking Xinjiang. In the fall of 1949, the CCP reached separate agreements with the political leadership of the KMT and the Three Districts.
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1068:) revealed that the five leaders were killed on Stalin's orders in Moscow on 27 August 1949, after a three-day imprisonment in the former
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1044:(interim leader of the Three Districts when Ehmetjan Qasim was not in Ili, and a member of Communist Party of Soviet Union) about the
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1987:
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Starr, Frederick (1985). "Chapter 3. Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978 James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun".
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supported Ehmetjan) to agree to incorporate the Three Districts into the future Chinese communist state, supposedly in 1951. The
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became its first chairman, when it was reorganised into an autonomous region for the 13 nationalities of Xinjiang (Uyghur,
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was proclaimed two years earlier, on 1 October 1949. Ehmetjan regarded the current situation as a historic opportunity for
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Tragic death of devoted revolutionaries, including Ehmetjan Qasim, in airplane crash near Lake Baikal en route to Beijing
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897:, head of the pro-Soviet Sinkiang Turkic People's National Liberation Committee, reached a political agreement with the
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of the Three Districts, thus establishing control over all ten districts of Xinjiang Province. On 20 December 1949 the
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stele with calligraphy by Mao Zedong, praising the heroes for their contributions to the Chinese people's revolution.
1268:, but when he was deserted, he fled through Tibet, evading the Dalai Lama's forces which harassed him, and escaped to
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later that year. The leaders of the Three Districts traveled to the Soviet Union on 22 August by automobiles through
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1977:
1237:. On 12 October, the PLA entered Xinjiang. Many other KMT generals in Xinjiang like the Salar Muslim General
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871:, a former ETR commander turned KMT supporter, fought against the CCP. They were both defeated by the PLA.
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and his delegation of four other top ETR leaders died in a plane crash en route to Beijing to attend the
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views Xinjiang's governance by the People's Republic of China as an "illegal military occupation".
1032:. On 3 September, the Soviet Union informed the Chinese government that the plane had crashed near
980:
continued for three days and were difficult because of the unwillingness of Three Districts leader
928:. Kuomintang administration in Xinjiang was threatened. The Kuomintang Xinjiang provincial leaders
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China's Last Nomads: History and Culture of China's Kazaks: History and Culture of China's Kazaks
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The only organized resistance the PLA encountered was from Osman Batur's Kazak militia and from
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continued their resistance until 1954. Units of the People's Liberation Army first arrived at
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1873:"Taiwan Exclusive: TTT Speaks To Prime Minister Salih Hudayar Of East Turkistan (Xinjiang)"
1072:'s stables, having been arrested upon arrival in Moscow by the Head of MGB Colonel General
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940:(CCP) side in September 1949. By the end of 1949, some Kuomintang officials fled to
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The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949
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2028:. Translated by Fletcher, Carissa. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
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The first sentimental group sent by the central government of PRC to Xinjiang.
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1080:(who led the Second delegation of the Three Districts, which participated in
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1895:"Written evidence submitted by East Turkistan Government in Exile (XIN0078)"
612:
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The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957
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1143: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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regime. The province's final status was instituted in 1955 as the
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Accession of the Three Districts (former East Turkestan Republic)
2779:
1950:"US Senate Declares China Committing Genocide on Uyghur Muslims"
1476:
China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State
1234:
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to form a coalition provincial government in Dihua (present-day
800:
and pressed toward Xinjiang. At the time, Xinjiang was ruled by
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1152:"Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China"
968:
invited the leaders of the Three Districts to take part in the
1112:
1105:, which underwent reforms before being eventually disbanded.
1061:
2953:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1028:, officially heading to Beijing, but flight was diverted for
855:
conference. In December, the PRC government incorporated the
751:
incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
21:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
777:. At the time, Xinjiang was divided into ten districts. The
92:
Xinjiang is incorporated into the People's Republic of China
1478:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 13 June 2019, 288 pages, page 57,
1036:
en route to Beijing, killing all on board. On the same day
1411:"THE UYGHUR INSURGENCY IN XINJIANG: THE SUCCESS POTENTIAL"
1228:
troops in the province switched their allegiance from the
1642:
Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949–1977
2025:
The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s
1763:(1 ed.). London: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 32–34.
2948:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1495:, A&C Black, 14 August 2014, 336 pages, page 56,
1461:, Routledge, 16 September 2016, 278 pages, page 115,
1382:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
956:
to negotiate with the Three Districts' leadership in
828:" in northern Xinjiang from 1944 to 1946, during the
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was arrested by the CCP and died in prison in 1952.
3858:
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3584:
3528:
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2770:
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984:(whose strategy was opposed by two other delegates-
936:led the KMT government and army's defection to the
812:(Kuomintang, KMT) and the leadership of the former
1493:The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China
1082:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
970:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
849:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
1843:
1841:
1839:
1644:(Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979), p. 30.
781:controlled seven districts and governed them as
1558:on 11 October 2017 – via www.academia.edu
1420:. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
20:
792:In the summer of 1949, the PLA drove into the
3986:Wars involving the People's Republic of China
2979:
2600:
2062:
730:
679:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
8:
2398:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
179:Three Districts Economic Commission (former
70:(2 months, 1 week and 3 days)
2672:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1101:joined the People's Liberation Army as the
3896:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
3520:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
2986:
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2964:
2774:
2607:
2593:
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1404:
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889:, was founded in November 1944 during the
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723:
388:
34:
17:
1543:
1541:
1203:Learn how and when to remove this message
3099:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1654:Accident description for CCCP-L1844
1625:Accident description for CCCP-L1844
1398:
1064:generals and high officers (among them
402:
391:
1717:A brief introduction of Uyghur history
3051:Chief Official of the Western Regions
1784:Starr, S. Frederick (15 March 2004).
1738:The quest for an eighth Turkic nation
190:(former East Turkestan National Army)
7:
3953:
3138:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
1901:. East Turkistan Government in Exile
1812:"Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations"
1522:"Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations"
1445:
1418:Defense Technical Information Center
1372:East Turkestan independence movement
1141:adding citations to reliable sources
1040:sent a telegram to Ghulja to inform
655:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
3046:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2000:Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland
1787:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
3891:East Turkistan Government in Exile
3699:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
1871:Buckton, Mark (24 February 2021).
1350:East Turkistan Government in Exile
14:
1278:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
885:The Second ETR, initially led by
690:Production and Construction Corps
3952:
3941:
3940:
3398:Xinjiang Agricultural University
2538:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
2222:
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2190:
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2114:
2104:
2094:
1824:from the original on 5 June 2011
1548:Dickens, Mark (1 January 1990),
1427:from the original on 1 June 2022
1117:
1109:Accession of the KMT in Xinjiang
1050:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
773:(PLA) in the waning days of the
684:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
525:Medieval and early modern period
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3724:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2527:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
1921:"East Turkistan Overview Brief"
1660:. Retrieved on 22 January 2016.
1631:. Retrieved on 22 January 2016.
1457:Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg:
1128:needs additional citations for
1058:dissolution of the Soviet Union
759:Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang
704:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3644:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
3268:Second East Turkestan Republic
3222:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1727:Birkbeck, University of London
814:Second East Turkestan Republic
787:Second East Turkestan Republic
1:
3536:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
3263:First East Turkestan Republic
3190:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
2648:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2567:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2542:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
2134:Constitutional ROC Government
67:12 October – 22 December 1949
3689:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
3674:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
3232:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
2556:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
2292:Chinese Communist Revolution
1948:CTN News (29 October 2020).
1692:"Accueil | Sciences Po CERI"
1332:people), thus replacing the
804:based in Dihua (present-day
3714:Assassination of Juma Tayir
3403:Xinjiang Medical University
2925:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
2788:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2743:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2152:Republic of China on Taiwan
2120:National Revolutionary Army
2088:Principal belligerents and
1592:
1580:
1568:
836:was tasked by his superior
671:2nd East Turkestan Republic
666:1st East Turkestan Republic
4012:
3918:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
3913:China–Kazakhstan relations
3280:People's Republic of China
2761:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
2620:People's Republic of China
2364:Fujian People's Government
2230:People's Republic of China
2022:Wang, Ke (15 March 2020).
1849:"三区革命烈士陵园（三区革命历史纪念馆）：伊宁市”
1678:
1508:
1245:fled via India to Taiwan.
1002:People's Republic of China
878:
115:People's Republic of China
3936:
3719:Xinjiang internment camps
3002:
2901:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
2237:
2084:
1377:Xinjiang internment camps
700:Xinjiang internment camps
371:
196:
100:
44:
33:
25:
3981:20th century in Xinjiang
3923:China–Pakistan relations
3704:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
3684:June 2013 Shanshan riots
3614:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
3375:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
2853:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
2215:People's Liberation Army
1759:Dikötter, Frank (2013).
1615:Accessed 8 November 2010
918:People's Liberation Army
771:People's Liberation Army
508:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
503:Western Turkic Khaganate
129:People's Liberation Army
3679:April 2013 Bachu unrest
3499:Chinese Islamic cuisine
2354:Chinese Soviet Republic
2330:Autumn Harvest Uprising
1658:Aviation Safety Network
1629:Aviation Safety Network
1551:The Soviets In Xinjiang
1103:Xinjiang 5th Army Corps
938:Chinese Communist Party
767:Chinese Communist Party
513:Second Turkic Khaganate
181:East Turkestan Republic
3928:China–Turkey relations
3709:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
3639:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
3244:Reconquest of Xinjiang
3104:Four Garrisons of Anxi
2865:Sino-Indian skirmishes
2552:Hainan Island campaign
2431:Double Tenth Agreement
2427:Chongqing Negotiations
2344:Encirclement campaigns
1976:Benson, Linda (1990).
1272:via India to join the
1220:
867:, a KMT loyalist, and
824:which controlled the "
808:), which consisted of
802:a coalition government
761:, was the takeover of
498:First Turkic Khaganate
197:Commanders and leaders
165:Republic of China Army
3908:World Uyghur Congress
3901:Independence movement
3871:Migration to Xinjiang
3664:Pishan hostage crisis
2642:Kuomintang insurgency
2441:Jiaochangkou Incident
1218:
1060:in 1991, some former
924:, the capital of the
3659:2011 Kashgar attacks
3604:1992 Ürümqi bombings
3556:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
3335:Gurbantünggüt Desert
3111:Beiting Protectorate
2919:Project Blue Sword-B
2859:Sino-Indian Standoff
2847:Sino-Indian skirmish
1857:2 April 2015 at the
1722:14 July 2014 at the
1640:Donald H. McMillen,
1611:7 April 2013 at the
1247:Muhammad Amin Bughra
1137:improve this article
1012:before departure to
916:In August 1949, the
810:Chinese Nationalists
3845:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
3694:2014 Kunming attack
3669:2012 Yecheng attack
3629:2008 Kashgar attack
3529:Visitor attractions
3393:Xinjiang University
3355:Karakoram Mountains
3227:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3133:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2895:Sino-Vietnamese War
2731:Yijiangshan Islands
2683:Cross-Taiwan Strait
2394:Second United Front
2314:Nanjing–Wuhan split
2262:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
2111:National Government
1743:13 May 2011 at the
1362:History of Xinjiang
899:Nationalist Chinese
753:, known in Chinese
598:Ming ruled Kara Del
555:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3624:2008 Uyghur unrest
3619:2007 Xinjiang raid
3594:1989 Ürümqi unrest
3441:Tocharian clothing
2907:Battle of Fakashan
2737:Dachen Archipelago
2693:(after 1 Oct 1949)
2334:Guangzhou Uprising
2272:First United Front
1952:. Chiang Rai Times
1928:Our Commons Canada
1875:. The Taiwan Times
1251:Isa Yusuf Alptekin
1221:
531:Tang Protectorates
3968:
3967:
3881:Chinese Turkestan
3654:2011 Hotan attack
3649:2010 Aksu bombing
3634:Shaoguan incident
3586:Xinjiang conflict
3541:Flaming Mountains
3431:Meshrep gathering
3350:Turpan Depression
3345:Taklamakan Desert
3329:Southern Xinjiang
3285:PRC incorporation
3251:Republic of China
3195:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3058:Kingdom of Khotan
2961:
2960:
2936:
2935:
2913:Battle of Laoshan
2694:
2666:Xinjiang conflict
2636:Chinese Civil War
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2496:Liaoshen campaign
2478:Yu Zisan Incident
2445:Peiping rape case
2414:
2413:
2326:Nanchang uprising
2322:Little Long March
2310:Shanghai massacre
2100:Nationalist Party
2078:Chinese Civil War
2035:978-962-996-769-7
2014:978-0-7656-1317-2
1797:978-0-7656-3192-3
1770:978-1-62040-347-1
1409:Ali Khan, Waqas.
1367:Xinjiang conflict
1340:Legacy of the ETR
1334:Xinjiang Province
1274:Republic of China
1213:
1212:
1205:
1187:
1099:Ili National Army
992:, while Generals
857:Ili National Army
851:, the CCP's apex
783:Xinjiang Province
779:Republic of China
775:Chinese Civil War
747:
746:
695:Xinjiang conflict
463:Kingdom of Khotan
387:
386:
188:Ili National Army
151:Republic of China
96:
95:
28:Chinese Civil War
4003:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3365:Kunlun Mountains
3200:Dzungar genocide
3160:Chagatai Khanate
3123:Uyghur Khaganate
3063:Sixteen Kingdoms
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2775:
2692:
2660:Tibetan uprising
2654:Battle of Chamdo
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2510:Pingjin campaign
2506:Huaihai campaign
2455:Marshall Mission
2420:
2419:
2306:Shanghai Commune
2302:Nanking incident
2255:
2254:
2240:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2194:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2138:ROC Armed Forces
2132:
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2018:
1993:
1962:
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1474:Nick Holdstock:
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1253:fled to Turkey.
1208:
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1188:
1186:
1145:
1121:
1113:
1066:Pavel Sudoplatov
986:Abdulkerim Abbas
739:
732:
725:
624:Dzungar genocide
578:Chagatai Khanate
560:Kingdom of Qocho
550:Uyghur Khaganate
451:Han Protectorate
417:
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389:
364:
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339:Abdulkerim Abbas
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3840:Shirzat Bawudun
3795:Saifuddin Azizi
3728:
3609:Ghulja incident
3580:
3524:
3515:Cotton industry
3503:
3445:
3407:
3379:
3370:Pamir Mountains
3360:Altai Mountains
3291:
3185:Dzungar Khanate
3180:Yarkent Khanate
3012:
2998:
2992:
2962:
2957:
2932:
2889:Paracel Islands
2870:
2835:Sino-Indian War
2820:
2793:
2766:
2725:Dongshan Island
2691:
2685:
2677:
2622:
2616:Armed conflicts
2613:
2583:
2578:
2573:
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2540:
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2521:Taiping Steamer
2508:
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2332:
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2324:
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2200:New Fourth Army
2171:Soviet Republic
2162:Communist Party
2154:
2144:
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2103:
2080:
2075:
2044:
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2015:
2007:: M.E. Sharpe.
1996:
1990:
1982:. M.E. Sharpe.
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:
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1953:
1947:
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1859:Wayback Machine
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1790:. M.E. Sharpe.
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1111:
1078:Saifuddin Azizi
1074:Viktor Abakumov
1042:Saifuddin Azizi
895:Ehmetjan Qasimi
883:
877:
826:Three Districts
818:satellite state
743:
714:
713:
661:Xinjiang clique
650:
642:
641:
634:Qing reconquest
603:Dzungar Khanate
526:
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455:Chief Officials
445:Western Regions
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3883:
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3862:
3860:
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3820:Zhang Chunxian
3817:
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3807:
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3785:Ehmetjan Qasim
3782:
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3175:Turpan Khanate
3172:
3167:
3162:
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3141:
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3118:Tibetan Empire
3115:
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3106:
3091:
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2749:Burmese border
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2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2678:
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2675:
2669:
2668:(1980–present)
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:Mainland China
2624:
2623:
2618:involving the
2614:
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2597:
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2196:8th Route Army
2187:Liberated Area
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2019:
2013:
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1967:
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1963:
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1384:
1379:
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1357:
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1338:
1266:Battle of Yiwu
1211:
1210:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1091:Ürümqi airport
1018:Ilyushin Il-12
982:Ehmetjan Qasim
934:Burhan Shahidi
926:Gansu Province
903:Zhang Zhizhong
876:
873:
845:Ehmetjan Qasim
798:Gansu Province
769:(CCP) and its
755:historiography
745:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
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715:
712:
711:
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545:Tibetan Empire
542:
527:
524:
523:
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519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
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459:
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437:
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424:Ancient period
423:
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418:
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400:
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392:
385:
384:
381:
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373:
369:
368:
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347:
329:
321:Ehmetjan Qasim
310:
308:
306:
305:
293:
281:
263:
255:Burhan Shahidi
244:
242:
240:
239:
227:
215:
202:
199:
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191:
169:
168:
167:
140:
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103:
102:
98:
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90:
84:
83:
78:
76:
72:
71:
50:
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4008:
3997:
3996:Xinjiang Wars
3994:
3992:
3991:1949 in China
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
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3960:
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3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Uyghur people
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Salih Hudayar
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Rebiya Kadeer
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Sabit Damolla
3773:
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3766:
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3627:
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3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Id Kah Mosque
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
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3537:
3534:
3533:
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3500:
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3340:Kumtag Desert
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2016:
2010:
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2002:
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1995:
1991:
1989:0-87332-509-5
1985:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1916:
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1899:UK Parliament
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1607:
1606:"历史资料：新疆和平解放"
1601:
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1336:(1884–1955).
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1240:
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1164:
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1157:
1154: –
1153:
1149:
1148:Find sources:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:This section
1124:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:National Army
1092:
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964:in Chinese).
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891:Ili Rebellion
888:
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881:Ili Rebellion
874:
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854:
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841:
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830:Ili Rebellion
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649:Modern period
646:
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629:Dungan Revolt
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614:
611:
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608:Kumul Khanate
606:
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483:Western Liang
481:
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73:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:PLA in Ürümqi
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
16:
3957:
3945:
3850:Rahile Dawut
3835:Sattar Sawut
3780:Sheng Shicai
3765:Yang Zengxin
3760:Zuo Zongtang
3566:Karakul Lake
3546:Jiaohe ruins
3284:
3212:Qing dynasty
3155:Yuan dynasty
3094:Tang dynasty
2952:
2903:(1979–1991)
2719:Nanri Island
2541:
2531:
2520:
2489:
2466:
2318:715 Incident
2155:
2043:
2024:
1999:
1978:
1954:. Retrieved
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1866:
1850:
1826:. Retrieved
1806:
1786:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1748:Taipei Times
1747:
1733:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1674:
1665:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1620:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1556:the original
1550:
1528:. Retrieved
1516:
1504:
1497:Google Books
1492:
1487:
1480:Google Books
1475:
1470:
1463:Google Books
1458:
1453:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1417:
1347:
1343:
1262:Yulbars Khan
1259:
1222:
1199:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1135:Please help
1130:verification
1127:
1055:
1045:
915:
884:
865:Yulbars Khan
861:
853:united front
842:
822:Soviet Union
791:
758:
750:
748:
678:
468:Former Liang
343:
325:
291:Yulbars Khan
171:
142:
106:
101:Belligerents
26:Part of the
15:
3825:Ilham Tohti
3815:Wang Lequan
3571:Kizil Caves
3325:Tarim Basin
3165:Moghulistan
3145:Qara Khitai
3041:Han dynasty
2867:(2020-2021)
2849:(1986-1987)
2817:(1965–1973)
2815:Vietnam War
2811:(1950–1953)
2650:(1950–1958)
2644:(1949–1961)
2282:Canton Coup
1698:(in French)
1593:Benson 1990
1581:Benson 1990
1569:Benson 1990
1286:Han Chinese
1255:Masud Sabri
1087:Osman Batur
1034:Lake Baikal
942:Afghanistan
887:Elihan Tore
869:Osman Batur
838:Peng Dehuai
584:Moghulistan
565:Qara Khitai
478:Later Liang
404:History of
303:Osman Batur
225:Peng Dehuai
87:Territorial
3975:Categories
3770:Jin Shuren
3576:Niya ruins
3494:Tunurkawab
3026:Tocharians
2809:Korean War
2802:and allies
2465:Operation
2374:Long March
1847:(Chinese)
1828:9 November
1679:Starr 2004
1604:(Chinese)
1509:Starr 2004
1388:References
1239:Han Youwen
1230:Kuomintang
1226:Kuomintang
1163:newspapers
1056:After the
1026:Kazakhstan
966:Mao Zedong
954:Deng Liqun
930:Tao Zhiyue
879:See also:
473:Former Qin
430:Tocharians
273:Tao Zhiyue
213:Mao Zedong
62:1949-12-22
55:1949-10-12
3876:Altishahr
3805:Nur Bekri
3790:Wang Zhen
3755:Yaqub Beg
3385:Education
3319:Dzungaria
3310:Tian Shan
3297:Geography
3217:Qing rule
2763:(1995–96)
2751:(1960–61)
2701:Kuningtou
2638:(1927–50)
2563:1950–1958
2502:1948–1949
2467:Beleaguer
2461:1945–1949
2451:1945–1947
2390:1937–1946
2370:1934–1936
2360:1933–1934
2350:1931–1934
2340:1930–1934
2288:1927–1949
2247:Post-1945
2090:campaigns
1702:6 January
1446:Wang 2020
1393:Citations
1280:of which
1193:June 2019
1020:plane in
998:Dalelkhan
994:Ishaq Beg
920:captured
911:Beitashan
834:Wang Zhen
816:(ETR), a
618:Qing rule
613:Yettishar
237:Wang Zhen
3947:Category
3740:Amursana
3551:Gaochang
3484:Pamirdin
3170:Kara Del
3073:Göktürks
3068:Gaochang
2995:Xinjiang
2941:See also
2755:Dong-Yin
2534:Incident
2532:Amethyst
2523:Incident
2492:incident
2243:Pre-1945
2180:Red Army
1956:20 March
1933:20 March
1905:20 March
1879:20 March
1855:Archived
1819:Archived
1741:Archived
1720:Archived
1609:Archived
1583::84, 101
1530:14 March
1422:Archived
1356:See also
1022:Alma-Ata
978:Alma-Ata
950:Pakistan
763:Xinjiang
488:Gaochang
406:Xinjiang
395:a series
393:Part of
372:Strength
80:Xinjiang
75:Location
3959:Commons
3859:Related
3745:Mingrui
3508:Economy
3479:Youtazi
3459:Dapanji
3451:Cuisine
3413:Culture
3085:Eastern
3081:Western
3036:Xiongnu
3018:History
3009:capital
2881:Vietnam
2490:Kiangya
1969:Sources
1656:at the
1627:at the
1595::123-27
1571::63, 70
1431:4 April
1318:Russian
1177:scholar
1038:Molotov
1014:Beijing
1006:Uyghurs
990:Luo Zhi
922:Lanzhou
901:leader
820:of the
765:by the
757:as the
592:Yarkent
539:Beiting
440:Xiongnu
380:100,000
89:changes
3810:Li Zhi
3733:People
3469:Sangza
3305:Cities
3089:Second
3031:Yuezhi
3005:Ürümqi
2997:topics
2927:(1988)
2921:(1986)
2915:(1984)
2909:(1981)
2897:(1979)
2891:(1974)
2861:(2017)
2855:(2013)
2843:(1967)
2837:(1962)
2790:(1969)
2757:(1965)
2745:(1958)
2739:(1955)
2733:(1955)
2727:(1953)
2721:(1952)
2715:(1950)
2709:(1949)
2703:(1949)
2688:Taiwan
2674:(1989)
2662:(1959)
2656:(1950)
2227:
2032:
2011:
2005:Armonk
1986:
1794:
1767:
1330:Manchu
1302:Mongol
1294:Kyrgyz
1290:Kazakh
1270:Taiwan
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1030:Moscow
1010:Stalin
974:Horgos
962:Yining
958:Ghulja
907:Urumqi
806:Ürümqi
588:Turpan
493:Rouran
435:Yuezhi
397:on the
383:40,000
377:80,000
359:
341:
323:
275:
257:
162:
126:
3489:Xurpa
3474:Samsa
3436:Muqam
3426:Music
3128:Qocho
3077:First
2827:India
1924:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
1314:Tatar
1310:Uzbek
1306:Tajik
1184:JSTOR
1170:books
996:and
946:India
3087:and
2780:USSR
2686:(vs
2548:1950
2516:1949
2484:1948
2474:1947
2437:1946
2423:1945
2405:1944
2380:1936
2298:1927
2278:1926
2268:1924
2258:1923
2204:etc.
2030:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1958:2021
1935:2021
1907:2021
1881:2021
1830:2010
1792:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1704:2024
1681:: 86
1532:2017
1511:: 86
1433:2022
1348:The
1326:Daur
1322:Xibe
1249:and
1235:USSR
1156:news
1070:Tsar
988:and
948:and
932:and
749:The
574:Yuan
535:West
49:Date
3464:Nan
2875:vs
2825:vs
2798:vs
2778:vs
2488:SS
1851:人民网
1298:Hui
1139:by
1062:KGB
796:of
3977::
3083:,
3079:,
3075::
2690:)
2217:)
2202:,
2198:,
2182:)
2164:/
2140:)
2122:)
2102:/
2003:.
1926:.
1897:.
1838:^
1817:.
1694:.
1540:^
1416:.
1401:^
1328:,
1324:,
1320:,
1316:,
1312:,
1308:,
1304:,
1300:,
1296:,
1292:,
1288:,
1024:,
944:,
789:.
702:/
590:;
576:;
537:;
453:;
183:)
3331:)
3327:(
3321:)
3317:(
3011:)
3007:(
2987:e
2980:t
2973:v
2879:/
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2400:)
2396:(
2219:→
2207:→
2189:(
2184:→
2173:(
2142:→
2136:(
2124:→
2113:(
2070:e
2063:t
2056:v
2038:.
2017:.
1992:.
1960:.
1937:.
1909:.
1883:.
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