280:, the Emperor erected an expansive water-system that was capable of captivating the empire's most elite. Having canals like most Inca settlements and estates, Caranqui's canals were unusual. Open and closed stone-walled channels would run parallel to each other, something uncharacteristic from what has been studied before. Some archeologists believe that the purpose of two channels running side-by-side in the heart of the city was because they carried two different fluids. Also throughout the city are what seem to be pothole-like constructions meant to carry excess water away from the city. Some of the drains flowed water into what is thought to be a semi-subterranean temple. The temple has multiple floors in which the water drains through, accumulating in a large space that was likely anticipated for large performances. The significance of this temple is the size being much larger than most baths or pools in previous Inca constructions, but also its historical significance. The temple is assuredly "estanque", a pool in which
332:
113:. Inca engineers in Machu Picchu were able to use an ingenious stone collection system to increase the yield of the perennial spring that normally only had substantial flows as mountain snow melted in the warmer months. Without this innovation, the population of Machu Picchu would have been unsustainable. While the area received enough rainfall for agricultural production, there were few freshwater sources for domestic use. Water had to travel 749 m (about half of a mile) to reach the city center. The Inca exhibited a large degree of technological prowess in their careful gradation of the aqueducts. By cutting the canals out of one stone, lining canals with rock, and filling joints with clay, the Inca were able to reduce water loss due to seepage.
147:
221:), the largest lake that fully inhabits Peru, holds three water features. Both an Inca bath and a water holding tank are connected via an open 1 km long canal that runs through the main plaza in the center. The bath is small and located in a housing compound. To the west is the holding tank, a rectangular reservoir that is 1 meter deep. All water features seem to be exclusive to the housing district that was reserved for elite members of the location.
320:
royal estates. Having water flow through rocks was a significant part of the Inca's spiritual and cultural identity, many fountains at
Fallingwater are large rock structures with channels flowing through resembling those at Inca sites. Along with distinctly Inca-inspired water features, Fallingwater also uses large natural rocks. In Inca culture, these large natural rocks sometimes noted as "living rocks", carried much spiritual significance.
1007:
308:
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walled-depressions. Some of the fine masonries of the area are shown in the water's access points; trapezoid-shaped openings, steps, and niched walls decorate the elaborate hydraulic system. The pool, which some have assessed to be a sunken garden, is filled by the draining of a nearby spring. The abundant water divided the estimated 3,500 building site built by
261:
accompany these intricate aquatic systems such as a semi-circle cut stone and a large cross-shaped stone that houses a pool in the center. All of these features are fed by tanks and tunnels that are found throughout the site. Some archeologists believe that all of these elaborate waterways could have been a filtration system.
174:. They also improved the three existing canals. The Inca then created a trough on the top of the wall, which moved water from surface and ground sources to a nearby ravine, transferring over a thousand cubic meters of water. The ravine was then used for irrigation. The use of both ground and surface water, referred to as
275:
The derelict remains of perhaps the last imperial settlement of the Inca empire, Caranqui, harbors some evidence for significant hydraulic architecture. As part of the northern expansion of the empire, Huayna Capac demonstrated complete control of water and possibly other fluids. After massacring the
229:
Another Inca provincial site, Huánaco Pampa was a large settlement centered around a large plaza. On the east side, there are baths similar to Pumpu. However, Huánaco Pampa also features a pool. A series of open and covered canals and channels feed the baths and pool, between these features are large
46:
The water came mostly from nearby rivers but was also brought down from freshwater springs on mountains. The ancients discovered that if they diverted certain amounts of water from rivers, then they didn't have to worry about scarce rain and drought and they could also stimulate plants to grow faster
205:
constructor of the estate which is divided into four sectors, all connected through elaborate waterways. The water features at Pisac originate from a spring that diverges into two canals which feed the many baths and fountains inhabiting the estate. These aquatic features accentuate the sacred stone
116:
The water from this stream provided water for sixteen fountains, lending an additional visual and auditory aspect to life in Machu Picchu. Those fountains served as water sources for those houses not directly provided with water from the canals, but also were places of worship and ceremony. Those
260:
had ever seen. While most of the ancient city is unrecoverable due to modern construction, there is still evidence of expansive drainage systems, canals, baths, a pool, and even a manmade lake. The lake is below terraces that lead up to a structure believed to be a sun temple. Some stone features
189:
The aesthetic qualities of the Tipón channel system were striking. While the principal purpose of the canals was to provide the estate with water and sustain agriculture, Inca engineers also took into account how the water would look flowing through Tipón's many terraces. Waterfalls and drops are
131:
Moray is an archeological site approximately halfway between Cuzco and Machu Picchu. The site is noted for its three unusual depressions of concentric terraced circles. Vertical channels drop water from one level of the terrace to the next, creating a beautiful waterfall-like effect. Unlike Machu
319:
house in
Pennsylvania is an example of this. When observed though, elements of Inca architecture shine through their modern-contemporary counterparts. As the name implies, the property is defined by its manipulation of water. Channels, pools, and fountains run throughout the house just like Inca
204:
Also located near Cuzco, around 25km northeast is the Inca royal estate of Pisac. There are mass burials situated in the cliffs alongside Pisac, leading experts to believe that the land was considered sacred before Inca improvements were placed there. Inca emperor
Pachacuti is attributed as the
185:
surveying and analysis, not unlike what would be done in a modern building project. This project depended on the labor of the Inca citizenry, though no peasant builders would reside within the complex. The central Inca government levied no taxes on its people, except for labor requirements on
132:
Picchu, Moray did not receive enough rain to sustain agriculture. Therefore, aqueducts were required for transporting water from the three surrounding springs. Reservoirs supplemented those aqueducts, which allowed for a steady flow of water despite the variable yields of the springs.
162:. Located thirteen miles east of Cuzco in the Cuzco Valley, this ensemble of ruins was once an estate for the Inca elite and nobility. The aqueducts of this area are set atop walls that predate the Inca occupation of the area. Scholars believe these walls too have been built by the
209:, emphasizing the moving water and animating these huacas to show dominance over the indigenous people and express ritual purification. This relationship consisting of the water, huacas, and ancestry is a theme found at many Inca sites associated with Pachacuti.
78:"Along this road there is a very large, broad wall, along the top of which, according to the natives, ran pipes of water, laboriously brought from some river and piped in with the forethought and care they used in building their irrigation ditches."
117:
fountains are notable because they suggest that the flow of water was integrated into the city's planning at a very early stage, which demonstrated that the Inca had a very advanced concept of city planning and resource management.
108:
Machu Picchu, the most famous and well preserved of Inca archeological sites, contains a complex aqueduct system. Construction of Machu Picchu began as an estate for nobility around the mid-1400s under
Emperor
166:
civilization. After the Inca took control of Tipón in 1400CE, Emperor
Vircocha sent engineers to survey the site. Those engineers reinforced the existing Wari wall by using
50:
In seasons when too much mountain snow melted, the floodwaters were carried to huge masonry reservoirs for storage, channeling water to their cities and religious centers.
1215:
926:
865:
Phillips, Ruth Anne; R. Sarah
Richardson (December 2013). "Stone, Water, and Mortarless Constructions: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Pre-Columbian Inca".
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noted several aqueducts during his exploration of Peru in the late 1800s, including those that watered gardens on the terraces of the Yucay or
604:
390:
365:
986:
486:
Niemeyer, Shirley (October 2007). "Urban
Landscapes of Peru South America: Bridging Historic Inca Urban Centers and Current Housing".
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to be a second capital along with Cuzco, Tomebamba has some extensive networks of hydraulic construction that archeologists such as
919:
31:
people. The Inca built such structures to increase arable land and provide drinking water and baths to the population. Due to
47:
by getting enough water in time. Workers dug tunnels through mountains and cut channels into cliffs to complete the project.
90:, north of Cuzco. He also recorded an account of the ruins of a sixty-foot-high aqueduct in the foothills of the Andes near
43:. Such structures, some of which survive today, show the advanced hydraulic and civil engineering capabilities of the Inca.
1093:
912:
315:
Famed
American architect of the twentieth century, Frank Lloyd Wright, had known interests in Inca architecture. The
1171:
74:, which scholars argue he was referring to the aqueduct at the Piquillacta archeological site. Cieza writes:
39:
region, advanced water management was necessary for the Inca to thrive and expand along much of the coast of
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construction projects, giving the Inca the human capital to back up their engineering expertise.
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The provincial site of Pumpu which served as an administrative center for
Chinchaycocha (
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The first recorded accounts of Inca water transportation structures came from
Spanish
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391:"aqueduct :: Inca and Aztec Aqueducts - Britannica Student Encyclopaedia"
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488:
2007 Annual Housing Education and Research Association Conference Proceeding
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822:
Bray, Tamara (1 June 2013). "Water, Ritual, and Power in the Inca Empire".
764:
Bray, Tamara (1 June 2013). "Water, Ritual, and Power in the Inca Empire".
706:
Bray, Tamara (1 June 2013). "Water, Ritual, and Power in the Inca Empire".
663:
Bray, Tamara (1 June 2013). "Water, Ritual, and Power in the Inca Empire".
620:
Bray, Tamara (1 June 2013). "Water, Ritual, and Power in the Inca Empire".
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accompanied by fountains, which may have also held a ceremonial function.
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178:, is further evidence of the prudent use of the Inca's scarce resources.
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36:
576:
Wright, Kenneth (September 2008). "A True Test of Sustainability".
531:
Wright, Kenneth (September 2008). "A True Test of Sustainability".
501:
Wright, Kenneth (September 2008). "A True Test of Sustainability".
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Wright, Kenneth (September 2008). "A True Test of Sustainability".
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66:. In his published chronicles detailing his travels through
565:. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 11.
550:. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 10.
520:. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 10.
158:
Aqueducts can also be found at the archeological site at
563:
Tipon: Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire
548:
Tipon: Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire
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Tipon: Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire
70:, he noted seeing a large wall as he headed east from
170:
and the characteristic Inca technique of mortarless
1170:
1092:
1014:
942:
592:
453:Wright, Kenneth; Alfredo Valencia Zegarra (2000).
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811:. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
62:in the sixteenth century. One such explorer was
276:local men by drowning them in the nearby lake,
920:
8:
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913:
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481:
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1216:Buildings and structures in South America
181:This engineering marvel required complex
455:Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel
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311:Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania
7:
578:Water, Environment, and Technology
533:Water, Environment, and Technology
503:Water, Environment, and Technology
470:Water, Environment, and Technology
16:Aqueducts built by the Inca people
14:
292:Influences on modern architecture
1005:
457:. ACSE Publications. p. 26.
419:The Incas of Pedro Cieza de León
415:De Cieza de León, Pedro (1959).
330:
807:Cieza de León, Pedro (1986) .
591:MacQuarrie, Kim (2007-06-17).
442:. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
1:
284:wrote about in his 1553 book
753:. Quito: J. Sáenz Rebolledo.
82:Noted American archeologist
23:refer to any of a series of
423:. U. of Oklahoma. pp.
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836:10.7183/1045-6635.24.2.164
778:10.7183/1045-6635.24.2.164
720:10.7183/1045-6635.24.2.164
677:10.7183/1045-6635.24.2.164
634:10.7183/1045-6635.24.2.164
595:The last Days of the Incas
366:"Inca and Aztec Aqueducts"
300:
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252:and envisioned by his son
241:
197:
150:Inca aqueduct at Tipón in
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124:
101:
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824:Latin American Antiquity
766:Latin American Antiquity
708:Latin American Antiquity
665:Latin American Antiquity
622:Latin American Antiquity
599:. Simon & Schuster.
561:Wright, Kenneth (2006).
546:Wright, Kenneth (2006).
516:Wright, Kenneth (2006).
438:Squier, Ephraim (1877).
751:Las ruinas de Tomebamba
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155:
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84:Ephraim George Squier
338:Civilizations portal
282:Pedro Cieza de León
64:Pedro Cieza de León
749:Uhle, Max (1923).
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303:Frank Lloyd Wright
297:Frank Lloyd Wright
232:Topa Inca Yupanqui
156:
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977:Invasion of Chile
879:10.1111/tla.12011
867:Latin Americanist
606:978-0-7432-6049-7
127:Moray (Inca ruin)
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1172:Inca mathematics
1074:Inca agriculture
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399:. Retrieved
395:the original
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370:the original
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254:Huayna Capac
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98:Machu Picchu
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1137:Pacha Kamaq
1122:Manco Cápac
992:Ransom Room
962:Inca Empire
936:Inca Empire
278:Yaguarcocha
1200:Categories
1117:Mama Killa
1112:Coricancha
1064:Warachikuy
671:(2): 177.
401:2008-03-10
376:2008-03-10
352:References
219:Lake Junin
1206:Aqueducts
1157:Viracocha
1142:Pariacaca
1069:Inca army
952:Sapa Inca
895:143779897
887:1557-2021
852:163849818
844:1045-6635
794:163849818
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736:163849818
728:1045-6635
693:163849818
685:1045-6635
650:163849818
642:1045-6635
250:Topa Inca
248:Built by
244:Tumebamba
238:Tomebamba
111:Pachacuti
25:aqueducts
490:: 161–8.
324:See also
265:Caranqui
258:Max Uhle
168:andesite
1152:Vichama
1059:Panakas
1044:Chasqui
944:History
505:: 84–5.
172:masonry
35:in the
1185:Yupana
1034:Amauta
893:
885:
850:
842:
792:
784:
734:
726:
691:
683:
648:
640:
603:
535:: vii.
207:huacas
154:, Peru
37:Andean
1180:Quipu
1132:Supay
1054:Ñusta
1049:Mitma
1039:Ayllu
1029:Aclla
891:S2CID
848:S2CID
790:S2CID
732:S2CID
689:S2CID
646:S2CID
580:: 85.
472:: 80.
213:Pumpu
200:Pisac
194:Pisac
160:Tipón
152:Cusco
142:Tipón
136:Tipón
121:Moray
72:Cuzco
1211:Inca
1127:Inti
883:ISSN
840:ISSN
782:ISSN
724:ISSN
681:ISSN
638:ISSN
601:ISBN
440:Peru
164:Wari
92:Lima
68:Peru
41:Peru
29:Inca
19:The
1107:Apu
875:doi
832:doi
774:doi
716:doi
673:doi
630:doi
425:262
288:.
1202::
889:.
881:.
871:57
869:.
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626:24
624:.
478:^
234:.
94:.
928:e
921:t
914:v
897:.
877::
854:.
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776::
738:.
718::
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